The rural environmental registry (car) obligatory and the benefits in environmental conservation / Obrigatoriedade do cadastro ambiental rural (car) e os benefícios na conservação ambiental

The Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) aims the conservation of natural resources by the identification and integration of rural property information. This article intends to gather the information available in the literature about the obligation and benefits of the Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR), from the legislation point of view and technical aspects for environmental conservation. As a result, it seeks an environmental adequacy, deforestation control and natural resources protection. The legalization and adequacy of rural properties are fundamental, for the continuity and conciliation between agricultural activities and the environment. However, it needs more clarifications about its applicability and importance in the protection of future generations.

O Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR) visa à conservação dos recursos naturais por meio da identificação e integração das informações de propriedades rurais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reunir informações disponíveis na literatura acerca da obrigatoriedade e benefícios do Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR), na visão da legislação e os aspectos técnicos para a conservação do meio ambiente. Isso, por sua vez, busca a adequação ambiental, o controle do desmatamento e a proteção dos recursos naturais. A legalização e adequação das propriedades rurais são fundamentais para a continuidade e conciliação das atividades agropecuárias com o meio ambiente. Entretanto, necessita maiores esclarecimentos sobre a sua aplicabilidade e importância na proteção das gerações futuras.

The rural environmental registry (car) obligatory and the benefits in environmental conservation / Obrigatoriedade do cadastro ambiental rural (car) e os benefícios na conservação ambiental

The Rural Environmental Registry (CAR) aims the conservation of natural resources by the identification and integration of rural property information. This article intends to gather the information available in the literature about the obligation and benefits of the Rural Environmental Cadastre (CAR), from the legislation point of view and technical aspects for environmental conservation. As a result, it seeks an environmental adequacy, deforestation control and natural resources protection. The legalization and adequacy of rural properties are fundamental, for the continuity and conciliation between agricultural activities and the environment. However, it needs more clarifications about its applicability and importance in the protection of future generations.(AU)

O Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR) visa à conservação dos recursos naturais por meio da identificação e integração das informações de propriedades rurais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo reunir informações disponíveis na literatura acerca da obrigatoriedade e benefícios do Cadastro Ambiental Rural (CAR), na visão da legislação e os aspectos técnicos para a conservação do meio ambiente. Isso, por sua vez, busca a adequação ambiental, o controle do desmatamento e a proteção dos recursos naturais. A legalização e adequação das propriedades rurais são fundamentais para a continuidade e conciliação das atividades agropecuárias com o meio ambiente. Entretanto, necessita maiores esclarecimentos sobre a sua aplicabilidade e importância na proteção das gerações futuras.(AU)

DIAGNÓSTICO DE Leishmania sp. EM CÃES DOMÉSTICOS E ANIMAIS SILVESTRES DO ESTADO DE GOIÁS

As leishmanioses, visceral (LV) e tegumentar ou cutânea (LC), são promovidas por um protozoário classificado pelo gênero de Leishmania. Sua incidência é influenciada por mudanças ambientais, e sua presença pode ser percebida predominantemente em áreas de transição entre os meios rural e urbano, casas com grandes quintais, galinheiros e muitas árvores, que parecem ser ambientes adequados para reprodução dos flebotomíneos. O aparecimento de casos humanos normalmente é precedido por casos caninos e a infecção em cães tem sido mais prevalente do que no homem. Em áreas endêmicas para LV, cães infectados clinicamente saudáveis podem ser uma fonte de infecção para vetores de flebotomíneos. Estas doenças apresentam dois ciclos de transmissão entre os animais, o doméstico e o silvestre, de modo que diversas espécies de mamíferos silvestres atuam como reservatório aos parasitas e estão vinculados à manutenção da doença em ambientes silvestres. No entanto, o cão doméstico, além de desenvolver a doença, permanece sendo a principal fonte de infeção no meio urbano. O papel dos animais silvestres como reservatórios de doenças é um fator com inúmeras implicações e de uma importância fundamental na manutenção de zoonoses no meio urbano. Pouco se sabe a respeito do ciclo selvagem da Leishmania spp. A epidemiologia da LC nas Américas é complexa, com variações nos ciclos de transmissão, hospedeiros reservatórios, vetores de flebotomíneos e múltiplas espécies de Leishmania ocupando a mesma área geográfica. O Brasil é endêmico em todas as formas clínicas da doença. Em Goiás, a Secretaria de Estado da Saúde, em um inquérito epidemiológico realizado no estado, relatou que houve grande oscilação no registro de casos, com queda expressiva anual de 2009 até 2013 e de 2014 para 2015, configurando um perfil com tendência cíclica da LVC a cada cinco anos. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de identificar fatores de risco para Leishmaniose Visceral Canina, e realizar o diagnóstico em cães e animais silvestres a partir de amostras de sangue. As áreas de coleta foram selecionadas tendo em vista o caráter turístico e de grande movimentação humana e animal. Os animais submetidos à coleta para realização deste estudo foram animais de abrigos, Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) protetoras de animais e protetores (as) independentes das cidades de Caldas Novas, Cidade de Goiás e na região metropolitana de Goiânia. Os sinais de perda de pelo ou pelagem opaca (38 cães), perda de peso (28 cães) e apatia/perda de vitalidade (16 animais) foram os mais frequentemente observados. Mais de 50% dos animais foram expostos a pelo menos três fatores de risco à infecção por Leishmania spp. O fator de risco de maior ocorrência foi aquele relacionado à exposição dos animais ao ambiente externo, seguido pela presença de estruturas potenciais para abrigo do vetor e pela presença de vegetação no abrigo dos cães. Das 200 amostras avaliadas, 14,5% foram reativas no ELISA e 4,5% no DPP.

Leishmaniasis, visceral (LV) and tegumentar or cutaneous (LC), are promoted by a protozoan classified by genus as Leishmania. Its incidence is influenced by environmental changes, and its presence can be predominantly perceived in transitional areas between rural and urban environments, large backyards houses, chicken houses and a bunch of trees areas, which seem to be adequate environments for phlebotomine reproduction. The appearance of human cases is usually preceded by canine cases, and infection in dogs has been more prevalent than in humans. In endemic areas for LV, clinically healthy infected dogs may be a source of infection for phlebotomine vectors. These diseases present two cycles of transmission between animals, domestic and wild, so that several species of wild mammals act as reservoirs to the parasites and are linked to the disease maintenance in wild environments. However, the domestic dog, besides the disease development, remains the main source of infection in urban environment. The role of wild animals as disease reservoir is a factor with innumerable implications and fundamental importance in the maintenance of zoonoses in the urban environment. Little is known about the Leishmania spp. wild cycle. The epidemiology of LC is complex in Americas, with transmission cycles and reservoir hosts variations, phlebotomine vectors, and multiple species of Leishmania occupying the same geographical area. All clinical forms of the disease are endemic in Brazil. In Goias, the State Health Department, in an epidemiological survey, reported a great oscillation in cases registry, with significant annual decline from 2009 to 2013 and 2014 to 2015, forming a five years cyclical tendency profile of LVC. This study was developed in order to identify risk factors for Visceral Canine Leishmaniasis, and to perform the diagnosis from blood samples of domestic dogs and wild animals. All areas were selected by tourist character and considerable movement of human and animals. Blood samples were collected of sheltered dogs from shelters, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) protecting animals and independent protectors from Caldas Novas, Goias City and the metropolitan region of Goiania. Signs of hair loss or opaque coat (38 dogs), weight loss (28 dogs) and apathy / vitality loss (16 dogs) were frequently observed. More than 50% of animals were exposed to, at least, three risk factors for Leishmania spp. The highest risk factor was related to the animals exposure to external environment, followed by the presence of potential structures to vector refuge and the presence of vegetation in dog shelters. From 200 blood samples evaluated, 14.5% were ELISA reactive and 4.5% were DPP reactive.

General characterization of venom from the Moroccan snakes Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes

Ophidian envenomation accidents constitute a serious public health problem in many countries around the globe. Over 5 million such accident cases occur each year causing more than 100,000 deaths. In Africa, more than 20,000 deaths per year are registered while 400,000 envenomation victims retain severe and permanent functional sequelae. In Morocco, snakebites are frequent and of greater severity in children. They occur mostly in rural areas. The incidence of these bites remains poorly understood and vastly underestimated. The epidemiological data are not well known due to the absence of a national registry, whereas a significant proportion of envenomations receive only traditional treatment methods in non-medical intensive care. This prompted us to investigate the enzymatic and biological properties of venom biochemical constituents from two of the most dangerous snake venoms in Morocco: Cerastes cerastes (Cc) and Macrovipera mauritanica (Mm). Also, we studied the immune cross-reactivity of Cc and Mm venoms in comparison to that of another important dangerous Moroccan viper, Bitis arietans (Ba), to identify the best candidates (venom or a mixture of venoms) for producing the most efficient and protective antivenom. In the present study, we report a preliminary venom characterization of Cc and Mm and the cross-reactivity that may exist between their venoms and Ba. These venoms are known to be highly toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights. Interestingly, both Cc and Mm venoms are characterized by intense hemorrhagic and phospholipase A2 activities and their ability to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen. They display very low proteolysis through the casein test. After injection into mice, Cc and Mm induce myonecrosis in skeletal muscles, which most likely reflects direct action of myotoxins and indirect action of hemorrhagic molecules present in these venoms. In mice, this myonecrosis diminishes serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. As expected, Cc venom is immunogenic and induces highly protective antivenom against Mm and Ba venom antigens. This protective capacity is similar to that of the antivenom produced against the Mm venom.(AU)

General characterization of venom from the Moroccan snakes Macrovipera mauritanica and Cerastes cerastes

Ophidian envenomation accidents constitute a serious public health problem in many countries around the globe. Over 5 million such accident cases occur each year causing more than 100,000 deaths. In Africa, more than 20,000 deaths per year are registered while 400,000 envenomation victims retain severe and permanent functional sequelae. In Morocco, snakebites are frequent and of greater severity in children. They occur mostly in rural areas. The incidence of these bites remains poorly understood and vastly underestimated. The epidemiological data are not well known due to the absence of a national registry, whereas a significant proportion of envenomations receive only traditional treatment methods in non-medical intensive care. This prompted us to investigate the enzymatic and biological properties of venom biochemical constituents from two of the most dangerous snake venoms in Morocco: Cerastes cerastes (Cc) and Macrovipera mauritanica (Mm). Also, we studied the immune cross-reactivity of Cc and Mm venoms in comparison to that of another important dangerous Moroccan viper, Bitis arietans (Ba), to identify the best candidates (venom or a mixture of venoms) for producing the most efficient and protective antivenom. In the present study, we report a preliminary venom characterization of Cc and Mm and the cross-reactivity that may exist between their venoms and Ba. These venoms are known to be highly toxic and contain several proteins that differ by molecular weights. Interestingly, both Cc and Mm venoms are characterized by intense hemorrhagic and phospholipase A2 activities and their ability to degrade the α and γ chains of fibrinogen. They display very low proteolysis through the casein test. After injection into mice, Cc and Mm induce myonecrosis in skeletal muscles, which most likely reflects direct action of myotoxins and indirect action of hemorrhagic molecules present in these venoms. In mice, this myonecrosis diminishes serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. As expected, Cc venom is immunogenic and induces highly protective antivenom against Mm and Ba venom antigens. This protective capacity is similar to that of the antivenom produced against the Mm venom.(AU)