Occurrence of Salmonella spp. in fecal samples from foals with and without diarrhea in the state of São Paulo: microbiological diagnosis, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and molecular detection / Ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em amostras fecais de potros com e sem diarreia no estado de São Paulo: diagnóstico microbiológico, perfil de susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos e detecção molecular

ABSTRACT: The present study investigated Salmonella spp. in the feces of 200 foals up to one year of age (100 with clinical signs of diarrhea and 100 without clinical signs of diarrhea). Bacteriological culture, serotyping, antimicrobial susceptibility, and real-time PCR (qPCR SYBR® Green or a TaqMan®) for detecting the invA gene (with and without a selective pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate broth) were performed. Bacterial culture revealed 15% (n=30) of positive animals (21 animals with diarrhea and nine without diarrhea). Among the 30 isolates, 13 different serovars were identified: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multidrug resistance was found in 43.33% (n=13) of the isolates, with one isolate obtained from animals without diarrhea and 12 isolates from animals with diarrhea. All qPCR techniques used in the study classified more samples as positive for Salmonella spp. than the bacterial culture of feces. In addition, all qPCR techniques detected more positive animals in the diarrhea group than in the diarrhea-free group. The results confirm the utility of the qPCR method without the pre-enrichment step in tetrathionate as a rapid test for Salmonella spp. in carrier animals. In animals with clinical signs of diarrhea, it can be combined with bacterial culture (antimicrobial susceptibility testing and serotyping). The isolation of Salmonella spp. in nine animals without diarrhea confirms the importance of asymptomatic carrier animals in the epidemiology of the disease. The multidrug resistance observed highlights the importance of rational antimicrobial use in horses and adopting biosecurity protocols that are efficacious in controlling the spread of infections between animals and zoonotic transmission in farms.

RESUMO: O presente estudo investigou a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em fezes de 200 potros com até um ano de idade (100 com sinais clínicos de diarreia e 100 sem sinais clínicos de diarreia), utilizando as técnicas de cultivo bacteriológico e PCR em tempo real (qPCR) pelos métodos de corante fluorescente (SYBR® Green) e sonda específica (Taqman®) para a detecção do gene invA com e sem etapa de pré-enriquecimento seletivo em caldo de tetrationato. O cultivo bacteriológico revelou 15% (n=30) de animais positivos (21 animais com diarreia e nove animais sem diarreia). Dentre esses 30 isolados, 13 sorovares diferentes foram identificados: S. Infantis, S. Minnesota, S. I.4,5,12:i:-; S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Oranienburg, S. Braenderup, S. Give, S. Newport, S. IIIb 61:c:z35, S. 109:-:1.5, S. I.4.12:d:-, S. I.6.8:-:-. Multirresistência foi constatada em 43,33% (n=13) dos isolados, sendo um isolado obtido de animal sem diarreia e 12 isolados de animais com diarreia. Todas as técnicas de qPCR empregadas no estudo apresentaram maior número de amostras classificadas como positivas para Salmonella spp. comparadas ao cultivo bacteriológico de fezes. Adicionalmente, em todas as técnicas de qPCR houve maior número de animais detectados como positivos no grupo de animais com diarreia em relação aos animais sem diarreia. Os resultados confirmaram a utilidade do método qPCR sem a etapa de pré-enriquecimento em tetrationato, como um teste rápido para detecção de Salmonella spp. em animais portadores ou em animais com sinais clínicos de diarreia. O cultivo bacteriológico deve ser associado para a realização do teste de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos e sorotipificação. O isolamento de Salmonella spp. em nove animais sem diarreia, confirma a importância dos animais portadores assintomáticos na epidemiologia da doença. A multirresistência observada evidencia a importância do uso racional de antimicrobianos em equinos e a importância da adoção de protocolos de biossegurança que sejam eficazes para controlar a disseminação de infecções entre animais e a transmissão zoonótica nas fazendas.

Listeria innocua and serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from clinical cases in small ruminants in the northwest of Uruguay / Listeria innocua e serotipos do Listeria monocytogenes isoladas dos casos clínicos em pequenos ruminantes no noroeste do Uruguai

Listeriosis is an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Listeria, the neurological form being more common in ruminants. There are many reports of listeriosis in small ruminants in the region that includes Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay. However, these diagnoses were mainly based on histological lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) without the isolation and characterization of the involved Listeria strains. The aim of this study was to report sheep and goats listeriosis cases from 2016 to 2021 in northwestern Uruguay. The diagnosis was made according to lesions observed at histopathology, plus Listeria isolation in CNS, identifying it at specie and serotype level. Nine animals (n=9) of three outbreaks and five sporadic cases of listeriosis were studied. Sheep was the species with more cases in relation to goats, and adults were the category most affected. Cases occurred in spring and less frequently in winter. All presented neurological clinical signs and the lesions in the CNS were consistent with suppurative meningoencephalitis and micro-abscesses in the brainstem. In eight of nine CNS samples, Listeria strains were isolated (seven L. monocytogenes and one L. innocua). All the L. monocytogenes isolates carried the inlA gene; serotyping showed that four strains belonged to serotype 1/2b, two isolates belonged to serotype 4b, and one to serotype 1/2a. Considering that listeriosis is a common disease in this region and the fact that isolates are scarcely recovered from small ruminants, it would be important to emphasize the need for Listeria isolation to better characterize the strains that affect animals. Not only to improve knowledge about the epidemiology of disease but also with the objective of developing serotype specific vaccines for animal use.

Listeriose uma doença bacteriana causada pelo gênero Listeria, a forma nervosa é a mais comum em ruminantes. No Brasil, Argentina e Uruguai há vários relatos de listeriose em pequenos ruminantes com diagnóstico baseado na histopatologia do sistema nervoso central (SNC), sem o isolamento e a caracterização do agente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar uma série de casos diagnosticados em ovinos e caprinos no período 2016-2021 no noroeste do Uruguai. O diagnóstico foi feito basado nas lesões observadas na histopatologia, e caracterização das cepas de Listeria recuperadas do SNC quanto à espécie e sorotipo. Nove animais (n=9) do três surtos e cinco casos isolados de listeriose foram estudados. Os ovinos foram a espécie com o maior número de casos em relação aos caprinos, sendo os animais adultos a categoria mais afetada em ambas espécies. A doença ocorreu principalmente na primavera com alguns casos observados no inverno. Todos os casos apresentavam sinais clínicos nervosos e as lesões no SNC caracterizavam-se por meningoencefalite supurativa com presença de microabscessos no tronco encefálico. Em oito de nove amostras do SNC foram isoladas cepas de Listeria (sete L. monocytogenes e uma L. innocua). Todos os isolados de L. monocytogenes continham o gene inlA; a sorotipagem apresentou quatro cepas do serotipo 1/2b, duas cepas serotipo 4b e uma cepa 1/2a. Levando em consideração que nesta região a listeriose é uma doença frequente e que existem poucos isolados recuperados de casos clínicos em pequeño ruminantes, torna-se relevante o isolamento deste agente para caracterização das cepas que afetam os animais. Não só para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a epidemiologia da doença, mas também com o objetivo de desenvolver vacinas sorotipo-especificas para uso animal.

Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from commercial poultry sheds and associated factors in Paraná, Brazil: Cross-sectional retrospective study

ABSTRACT The epidemiology of salmonellosis in poultry is complex, which makes it difficult to identify the origin and spread of this disease in poultry farms. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica in epidemiological units in Paraná, Brazil; and to investigate correlations between this microorganism and associated factors. Among the epidemiological units, 78 of 243 (32.10%) were positive. Spatially, the northwestern and western regions had higher concentrations of positive cases than the other regions. In bivariate analyses, the presence of other animal species in the epidemiological unit (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.430.95; p = 0.022) and proximity to establishments at risk (PR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.320.81; p = 0.001) did not influence positivity, but the average population per poultry shed (between 30,501 and 32,500; PR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.723.83; p = 0.001) was associated with Salmonella positivity. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the average population per poultry shed, presence of surrounding risk-posing establishments and presence of surrounding poultry sheds produced a significant multiple model for S. enterica. The results indicated that the presence of S. enterica may be related to higher density broiler in poultry sheds, presence of surrounding poultry sheds, proximity between positive and negative epidemiological units and altitude of the municipality. The information obtained showed that some factors were related to positivity for this microorganism and emphasizes the importance of serotyping to obtain other epidemiological data.

Association between non-typhoidal Salmonella isolated from commercial poultry sheds and associated factors in Paraná, Brazil: Cross-sectional retrospective study

The epidemiology of salmonellosis in poultry is complex, which makes it difficult to identify the origin and spread of this disease in poultry farms. The aims of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of Salmonella enterica in epidemiological units in Paraná, Brazil; and to investigate correlations between this microorganism and associated factors. Among the epidemiological units, 78 of 243 (32.10%) were positive. Spatially, the northwestern and western regions had higher concentrations of positive cases than the other regions. In bivariate analyses, the presence of other animal species in the epidemiological unit (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.64; 95% confidence interval, CI = 0.43­0.95; p = 0.022) and proximity to establishments at risk (PR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.32­0.81; p = 0.001) did not influence positivity, but the average population per poultry shed (between 30,501 and 32,500; PR = 2.57; 95% CI = 1.72­3.83; p = 0.001) was associated with Salmonella positivity. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated that the average population per poultry shed, presence of surrounding risk-posing establishments and presence of surrounding poultry sheds produced a significant multiple model for S. enterica. The results indicated that the presence of S. enterica may be related to higher density broiler in poultry sheds, presence of surrounding poultry sheds, proximity between positive and negative epidemiological units and altitude of the municipality. The information obtained showed that some factors were related to positivity for this microorganism and emphasizes the importance of serotyping to obtain other epidemiological data.

Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellaentericaserovars in surface river water and sediment / Diversidade e resistência antimicrobiana de sorovares de Salmonella enterica em águas superficiais de rios e sedimentos

This study aimedto evaluate the contamination by Salmonellasp. in the Capinzal River, to determinethe prevalent serovars, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and the genetic relationships between the serovars identified. A total of 108 samples were collected from 2016 to 2018. The isolation of Salmonellaspp. was conducted accordingto InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) standards. The antimicrobial resistance profile of the Salmonella isolates was evaluated, and isolates were selected for serotyping and verification of genetic similarity using the Pulsed-FieldGel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Technique. Of the 108 samples collected, 35 (32.4%) were positive for Salmonella; 17.2% of the isolates were from the rural area; and 88.6% were from the urban area. Salmonellawas isolated from all collect points along the river, with a higher incidence at the beginning of the urban area, indicating that contamination starts in the rural area and intensifies in the urban area of the city. A percentageof 35.1% of the Salmonellaisolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics, while 18.9% were considered multidrug-resistant (resistant to at least two antibiotics of different classes). Seven serovars were distinguished from the serotyped isolates, with a prevalence rate of 23.5% for S.Infantis, S.Orion, and S. Javiana; 11.8% forS.Senfterberg, and 5.9% forS. Montevideo, S.Heidelberg, and S.entericasubsp. enterica(O: 6.8). The variability in specific restriction sites generated by PFGE resulted in 10 pulsotypes, separating mainly different serotypes.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação por Salmonellasp. no rio Capinzal, para determinar os sorovares prevalentes, padrões de resistência antimicrobiana e as relações genéticas entre os sorovaresidentificados. Um total de 108 amostras foram coletadas de 2016 a 2018. O isolamento de Salmonellaspp. foi conduzido de acordo com os padrões da International Organization for Standardization (ISO). O perfil de resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados de Salmonellafoi avaliado, e os isolados foram selecionados para sorotipagem e verificação de similaridade genética por meio da Técnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado (PFGE). Das 108 amostras coletadas, 35 (32,4%) foram positivaspara Salmonella; 17,2% dos isolados eram da área rural; e 88,6% da área urbana. Salmonellafoi isolada em todos os pontos de coleta ao longo do rio, com maior incidência no início da área urbana, indicando que a contaminação começa na área rural e se intensifica na área urbana da cidade. Um percentual de 35,1%dos isolados de Salmonellaforam resistentes a pelo menos dois antibióticos, enquanto 18,9% foram considerados multirresistentes (resistentes a pelo menos dois antibióticos de classes diferentes). Sete sorovares foram diferenciadosdos isolados sorotipados, com uma taxa de prevalência de 23,5% para S.Infantis,S.Orion e S.Javiana; 11,8% para S.Senfterberg e 5,9% para S.Montevidéu, S.Heidelberg e S.enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6,8). A variabilidade emlocais de restrição específicos gerados por PFGE resultou em 10 pulsotipos, separando principalmente diferentes sorotipos.

Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonellaentericaserovars in surface river water and sediment / Diversidade e resistência antimicrobiana de sorovares de Salmonella enterica em águas superficiais de rios e sedimentos

This study aimedto evaluate the contamination by Salmonellasp. in the Capinzal River, to determinethe prevalent serovars, patterns of antimicrobial resistance, and the genetic relationships between the serovars identified. A total of 108 samples were collected from 2016 to 2018. The isolation of Salmonellaspp. was conducted accordingto InternationalOrganization for Standardization (ISO) standards. The antimicrobial resistance profile of the Salmonella isolates was evaluated, and isolates were selected for serotyping and verification of genetic similarity using the Pulsed-FieldGel Electrophoresis (PFGE) Technique. Of the 108 samples collected, 35 (32.4%) were positive for Salmonella; 17.2% of the isolates were from the rural area; and 88.6% were from the urban area. Salmonellawas isolated from all collect points along the river, with a higher incidence at the beginning of the urban area, indicating that contamination starts in the rural area and intensifies in the urban area of the city. A percentageof 35.1% of the Salmonellaisolates were resistant to at least two antibiotics, while 18.9% were considered multidrug-resistant (resistant to at least two antibiotics of different classes). Seven serovars were distinguished from the serotyped isolates, with a prevalence rate of 23.5% for S.Infantis, S.Orion, and S. Javiana; 11.8% forS.Senfterberg, and 5.9% forS. Montevideo, S.Heidelberg, and S.entericasubsp. enterica(O: 6.8). The variability in specific restriction sites generated by PFGE resulted in 10 pulsotypes, separating mainly different serotypes.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação por Salmonellasp. no rio Capinzal, para determinar os sorovares prevalentes, padrões de resistência antimicrobiana e as relações genéticas entre os sorovaresidentificados. Um total de 108 amostras foram coletadas de 2016 a 2018. O isolamento de Salmonellaspp. foi conduzido de acordo com os padrões da International Organization for Standardization (ISO). O perfil de resistência antimicrobiana dos isolados de Salmonellafoi avaliado, e os isolados foram selecionados para sorotipagem e verificação de similaridade genética por meio da Técnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado (PFGE). Das 108 amostras coletadas, 35 (32,4%) foram positivaspara Salmonella; 17,2% dos isolados eram da área rural; e 88,6% da área urbana. Salmonellafoi isolada em todos os pontos de coleta ao longo do rio, com maior incidência no início da área urbana, indicando que a contaminação começa na área rural e se intensifica na área urbana da cidade. Um percentual de 35,1%dos isolados de Salmonellaforam resistentes a pelo menos dois antibióticos, enquanto 18,9% foram considerados multirresistentes (resistentes a pelo menos dois antibióticos de classes diferentes). Sete sorovares foram diferenciadosdos isolados sorotipados, com uma taxa de prevalência de 23,5% para S.Infantis,S.Orion e S.Javiana; 11,8% para S.Senfterberg e 5,9% para S.Montevidéu, S.Heidelberg e S.enterica subsp. enterica (O: 6,8). A variabilidade emlocais de restrição específicos gerados por PFGE resultou em 10 pulsotipos, separando principalmente diferentes sorotipos.(AU)

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil

The extensive use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in Brazil. A total of 230 Salmonella strains, isolated from cloacal swabs (n=56) and broiler carcasses swabs (n=174) before and after chilling from slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection Service within the period 2012-2017, were analyzed. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on all the isolates. Serotyping results showed that 41% of the strains were Salmonella Heidelberg, 29% S. Minnesota, 12% S. Saintpaul, 6.5% S. Enteritidis, 3.9% S. Anatum, 2.2% S. Cerro, 2.2% S. Senftenberg, 1.7% S. Newport, 0.4% S. Ealing, 0.4% S. O:4,5 and 0.4% S. O:9,12. MDR rates of the isolates were 67.4%. S. Heidelberg 89.5%, S. Minnesota 51.5%, S. Saintpaul 82.1%, S. Anatum 66.7%, S. Cerro 60%, S. Senftenberg 40%. Out of the 230 strains, 41.3% presented resistance to Penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitor, Penicillin, 1st and 2nd Generation Cephalosporin, 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporin, Tetracycline and Sulfonamide. Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Senftenberg and S. Minnesota were isolated after chilling tank highlighting a food safety concern for the industry of poultry and poultry products indicating a risk to collective health. The high prevalence of MDR nontyphoidal Salmonella obtained in this study limit the options available to treat infectious disease in humans and animals.(AU)

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil

The extensive use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in Brazil. A total of 230 Salmonella strains, isolated from cloacal swabs (n=56) and broiler carcasses swabs (n=174) before and after chilling from slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection Service within the period 2012-2017, were analyzed. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on all the isolates. Serotyping results showed that 41% of the strains were Salmonella Heidelberg, 29% S. Minnesota, 12% S. Saintpaul, 6.5% S. Enteritidis, 3.9% S. Anatum, 2.2% S. Cerro, 2.2% S. Senftenberg, 1.7% S. Newport, 0.4% S. Ealing, 0.4% S. O:4,5 and 0.4% S. O:9,12. MDR rates of the isolates were 67.4%. S. Heidelberg 89.5%, S. Minnesota 51.5%, S. Saintpaul 82.1%, S. Anatum 66.7%, S. Cerro 60%, S. Senftenberg 40%. Out of the 230 strains, 41.3% presented resistance to Penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitor, Penicillin, 1st and 2nd Generation Cephalosporin, 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporin, Tetracycline and Sulfonamide. Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Senftenberg and S. Minnesota were isolated after chilling tank highlighting a food safety concern for the industry of poultry and poultry products indicating a risk to collective health. The high prevalence of MDR nontyphoidal Salmonella obtained in this study limit the options available to treat infectious disease in humans and animals.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Broilers Technological Processing and Determination of a Performance Objective (PO) for Frozen Chicken Breast

The present study investigated the frequency, level of contamination and serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from broiler flocks in different processing sites and the fulfillment of a Performance Objective (PO) in frozen chicken breasts, as a risk assessment to measure the efficacy of prevention and control programs applied to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. in raw poultry meat that contribute to reach food safety and public health goals. From 1,800 samples of cloacal swabs, carcasses before and after immersion chilling and frozen breasts derived from 20 broiler flocks slaughtered at two processing plants located in the mid-west and southern regions of Brazil, 278 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) automated BAX System (DUPONT QUALICOM, USA), and 118 were enumerated by miniaturized most probable number technique. 122 Salmonella spp. strains were serotyped at the National Reference Laboratory of Cholera and Enteric Diseases of Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation (FIOCRUZ), showing a dominance of Salmonella Minnesota in every processing steps of the slaughterhouse located in the Brazilian mid-west region. Only 1 lot failed to reach the expected result for the Performance Objective (PO), using a maximum of 10% positivity acceptance for Salmonella spp. in frozen chicken breasts. Qualitative and quantitative results combined may be considered an effective tool to evaluate the effect of prevention and control programs for Salmonella spp. on the safety of the final product.(AU)

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Broilers Technological Processing and Determination of a Performance Objective (PO) for Frozen Chicken Breast

The present study investigated the frequency, level of contamination and serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from broiler flocks in different processing sites and the fulfillment of a Performance Objective (PO) in frozen chicken breasts, as a risk assessment to measure the efficacy of prevention and control programs applied to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. in raw poultry meat that contribute to reach food safety and public health goals. From 1,800 samples of cloacal swabs, carcasses before and after immersion chilling and frozen breasts derived from 20 broiler flocks slaughtered at two processing plants located in the mid-west and southern regions of Brazil, 278 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) automated BAX System (DUPONT QUALICOM, USA), and 118 were enumerated by miniaturized most probable number technique. 122 Salmonella spp. strains were serotyped at the National Reference Laboratory of Cholera and Enteric Diseases of Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation (FIOCRUZ), showing a dominance of Salmonella Minnesota in every processing steps of the slaughterhouse located in the Brazilian mid-west region. Only 1 lot failed to reach the expected result for the Performance Objective (PO), using a maximum of 10% positivity acceptance for Salmonella spp. in frozen chicken breasts. Qualitative and quantitative results combined may be considered an effective tool to evaluate the effect of prevention and control programs for Salmonella spp. on the safety of the final product.

Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from swines feces and carcasses / Diversidade e resistência aos antimicrobianos de Salmonella isoladas de fezes e carcaças de suínos

The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent Salmonella serovars in swine feces in the farm, piggery’s waiting slaughterhouse and after in their carcasses during slaughter, as well as their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Eighty six strains of Salmonella spp. were used, they were previously isolated from three different lots in different collections. The identification of serovars was done by serotyping and the resistance to antimicrobial agents was determined by disc diffusion. A variety of serovars was observed, and the 86 strains were serologically identified as: 28 (32.55%) S. Typhimurium, 20 (23.26%) S. Agona, 17 (19.77%) S. Infantis, 6 (6.98%) S. Panama, and 15 (17.44%) S. Minnesota. The diversity of serovars indicated that different factors influence the infection of finishing pigs and the persistence of microorganisms in the carcass after slaughter of these animals. More than 50% of the isolates were resistant to nine of the 11 tested antibiotics. The drugs that microorganisms had the highest percentages of sensitivity were sulphazotrim and norfloxacin, 22.1% and 14%, respectively. S. Typhimurium serovar was the most isolated, including in the carcasses, and also showed the largest difference in antimicrobial resistance when compared to other serovars. The profile of multidrug resistance observed in this study highlights to the necessity of a judicious observation of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic foodborne bacteria.

Objetivou-se determinar os sorovares de Salmonella mais freqüentes em fezes de suínos na granja de terminação, pocilga de espera do frigorífico e em suas carcaças durante o abate, assim como, seus perfis de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Utilizou-se 86 cepas de Salmonella spp previamente isoladas de três lotes diferentes em coletas distintas. A identificação dos sorovares foi realizada por meio de sorotipificação e a resistência aos antimicrobianos foi determinada pela técnica de difusão de discos. Foi observada uma multiplicidade de sorovares, sendo as 86 cepas identificadas sorologicamente como: 28 (32,55%) S. Typhimurium, 20 (23,26%), S. Agona, 17 (19,77%) S. Infantis, 6 (6,98%) S. Panama, e 15 (17,44%) S. Minnesota. A diversidade de sorovares indicou que diferentes fatores influenciam na infecção de suínos em terminação e na persistência do microrganismo na carcaça destes animais após o abate. Mais de 50% dos isolados apresentaram resistência a nove dos 11 antibióticos testados. As drogas as quais os microrganismos apresentaram os maiores percentuais de sensibilidade foram o sulfazotrim e a norfloxacina, 22,1% e 14%, respectivamente. S. Typhimurium foi o sorovar mais isolado, inclusive nas carcaças, e também o que demonstrou maior diferença quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos, quando comparado aos outros sorovares. O perfil de multirresistência observado neste estudo alerta para a necessidade de vigilância e monitoramento sistemático da resistência aos antimicrobianos em bactérias zoonóticas transmitidas pelos alimentos.

Diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from swines feces and carcasses / Diversidade e resistência aos antimicrobianos de Salmonella isoladas de fezes e carcaças de suínos

The aim of this study was to determine the most frequent Salmonella serovars in swine feces in the farm, piggerys waiting slaughterhouse and after in their carcasses during slaughter, as well as their antimicrobial resistance profiles. Eighty six strains of Salmonella spp. were used, they were previously isolated from three different lots in different collections. The identification of serovars was done by serotyping and the resistance to antimicrobial agents was determined by disc diffusion. A variety of serovars was observed, and the 86 strains were serologically identified as: 28 (32.55%) S. Typhimurium, 20 (23.26%) S. Agona, 17 (19.77%) S. Infantis, 6 (6.98%) S. Panama, and 15 (17.44%) S. Minnesota. The diversity of serovars indicated that different factors influence the infection of finishing pigs and the persistence of microorganisms in the carcass after slaughter of these animals. More than 50% of the isolates were resistant to nine of the 11 tested antibiotics. The drugs that microorganisms had the highest percentages of sensitivity were sulphazotrim and norfloxacin, 22.1% and 14%, respectively. S. Typhimurium serovar was the most isolated, including in the carcasses, and also showed the largest difference in antimicrobial resistance when compared to other serovars. The profile of multidrug resistance observed in this study highlights to the necessity of a judicious observation of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic foodborne bacteria.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar os sorovares de Salmonella mais freqüentes em fezes de suínos na granja de terminação, pocilga de espera do frigorífico e em suas carcaças durante o abate, assim como, seus perfis de resistência aos antimicrobianos. Utilizou-se 86 cepas de Salmonella spp previamente isoladas de três lotes diferentes em coletas distintas. A identificação dos sorovares foi realizada por meio de sorotipificação e a resistência aos antimicrobianos foi determinada pela técnica de difusão de discos. Foi observada uma multiplicidade de sorovares, sendo as 86 cepas identificadas sorologicamente como: 28 (32,55%) S. Typhimurium, 20 (23,26%), S. Agona, 17 (19,77%) S. Infantis, 6 (6,98%) S. Panama, e 15 (17,44%) S. Minnesota. A diversidade de sorovares indicou que diferentes fatores influenciam na infecção de suínos em terminação e na persistência do microrganismo na carcaça destes animais após o abate. Mais de 50% dos isolados apresentaram resistência a nove dos 11 antibióticos testados. As drogas as quais os microrganismos apresentaram os maiores percentuais de sensibilidade foram o sulfazotrim e a norfloxacina, 22,1% e 14%, respectivamente. S. Typhimurium foi o sorovar mais isolado, inclusive nas carcaças, e também o que demonstrou maior diferença quanto à resistência aos antimicrobianos, quando comparado aos outros sorovares. O perfil de multirresistência observado neste estudo alerta para a necessidade de vigilância e monitoramento sistemático da resistência aos antimicrobianos em bactérias zoonóticas transmitidas pelos alimentos.(AU)

Seroepidemiological survey for leptospirosis in equines from semiarid region of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil / Inquérito soroepidemiológico para leptospirose em equídeos no semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of this survey was to determine epidemiological indicators for leptospirosis in equids from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 138 equids were sampled from 58 rural properties, and for the diagnosis of leptospirosis it was used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with 22 serovars as antigens. A seropositivity found was 40.6% (56/138). The reactive serogroups were Australis (43%), Sejroe (16.3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Grippotyphosa (10.2%), Canicola (6.1%), Tarassovi (4.1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) and Hebdomadis (2%). Animals over 36 months of age presented higher chance of get seropositive (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.23 7.56; P = 0.016). The results obtained in the present work point to the high occurrence of seropositive equids for Leptospira sp. in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. As it is the first report of seropositive equidae in Paraíba, other surveys should be conducted in the region aiming to isolate and identify the agent for the determination of the current infection in the animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar indicadores epidemiológicos da leptospirose em equídeos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 138 equídeos provenientes de 58 propriedades rurais, e para o diagnóstico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma bateria com 22 sorovares como antígenos. A sororreatividade encontrada foi de 40,6% (56/138). Os sorogrupos reatores foram Australis (43%), Sejroe (16,3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14,3%), Grippotyphosa (10,2%), Canicola (6,1%), Tarassovi (4,1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) e Hebdomadis (2%). Animais com idade acima de 36 meses apresentaram maior chance de serem sororreativos (odds ratio = 3,04; IC 95% = 1,23 7,56; P = 0,016). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho apontam para a elevada ocorrência de equídeos sororreagentes para Leptospira sp. no semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Sendo este o primeiro relato de equídeos sororreagentes na Paraíba, outros estudos devem ser conduzidos na região com o objetivo de isolar e identificar o agente para a determinação da infecção corrente nos animais.(AU)

Seroepidemiological survey for leptospirosis in equines from semiarid region of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil / Inquérito soroepidemiológico para leptospirose em equídeos no semiárido da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil

The aim of this survey was to determine epidemiological indicators for leptospirosis in equids from Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil. A total of 138 equids were sampled from 58 rural properties, and for the diagnosis of leptospirosis it was used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) with 22 serovars as antigens. A seropositivity found was 40.6% (56/138). The reactive serogroups were Australis (43%), Sejroe (16.3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Grippotyphosa (10.2%), Canicola (6.1%), Tarassovi (4.1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) and Hebdomadis (2%). Animals over 36 months of age presented higher chance of get seropositive (odds ratio = 3.04; 95% CI = 1.23 7.56; P = 0.016). The results obtained in the present work point to the high occurrence of seropositive equids for Leptospira sp. in the semiarid of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. As it is the first report of seropositive equidae in Paraíba, other surveys should be conducted in the region aiming to isolate and identify the agent for the determination of the current infection in the animals.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar indicadores epidemiológicos da leptospirose em equídeos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram amostrados 138 equídeos provenientes de 58 propriedades rurais, e para o diagnóstico da leptospirose foi utilizado o teste de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM), utilizando uma bateria com 22 sorovares como antígenos. A sororreatividade encontrada foi de 40,6% (56/138). Os sorogrupos reatores foram Australis (43%), Sejroe (16,3%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14,3%), Grippotyphosa (10,2%), Canicola (6,1%), Tarassovi (4,1%), Pomona (2%), Ballum (2%) e Hebdomadis (2%). Animais com idade acima de 36 meses apresentaram maior chance de serem sororreativos (odds ratio = 3,04; IC 95% = 1,23 7,56; P = 0,016). Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho apontam para a elevada ocorrência de equídeos sororreagentes para Leptospira sp. no semiárido paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil. Sendo este o primeiro relato de equídeos sororreagentes na Paraíba, outros estudos devem ser conduzidos na região com o objetivo de isolar e identificar o agente para a determinação da infecção corrente nos animais.

Microbiological quality of colonial cheese sold in Porto Alegre-RS / Qualidade microbiológica de queijos coloniais comercializados em Porto Alegre-RS

Colonial cheese is a traditional dairy product in southern Brazil and is commonly purchased by the citizens of Porto Alegre. However, there is still a lack of technical regulation of colonial cheese, and there is little information about the microbiological quality of this product at the retail level. Thus, the objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate compliance with the legal microbiological standards of colonial cheese sampled from street fairs and the central market of the city of Porto Alegre; (ii) statistically test the hypothesis of an association between noncompliance with the standards and local purchasing (street fairs or central market); (iii) estimate the number of Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the positive samples; and (iv) characterize the L. monocytogenes strains by serotyping and macrorestriction (PFGE). For this purpose, 205 cheese samples belonging to 17 different brands were analyzed. The microbiological analyses were conducted according to ISO standardized protocols for the detection of L. monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. or by enumeration of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus and coliforms at 45C. Among the samples, 47.31% did not comply with at least one of the microbiological standards established by the Brazilian legislation and were thus unsuitable for human consumption. Regarding the coliforms at 45ºC and coagulase-positive...(AU)

O queijo colonial é um derivado lácteo típico do sul do Brasil, e amplamente adquirido pela população da cidade de Porto Alegre. Porém, esse produto lácteo ainda não conta com regulamento técnico específico e ainda há poucos dados sobre a qualidade microbiológica dos queijos ofertados à população. Sendo assim, os objetivos do estudo foram: (i) avaliar os parâmetros microbiológicos previstos na legislação em queijos coloniais comercializados em Feiras Modelo e Mercado Público de Porto Alegre; (ii) testar hipóteses estatísticas de associação entre violação do padrão microbiológico estabelecido na legislação com o ponto de comercialização; (iii) estimar a distribuição de contagem de Listeria sp. e L. monocytogenes nos queijos em que esta bactéria foi detectada e (iv) caracterizar as cepas de L. monocytogenes por sorotipificação e macro-restrição. Para tanto, foram analisadas 205 amostras de queijo, compreendendo 17 marcas distintas. As análises microbiológicas foram conduzidas conforme protocolos padronizados de análise de alimentos e evidenciaram que 47,31% dos queijos estavam não conformes com pelo menos um dos parâmetros microbiológicos estabelecidos na RDC nº12/2001, portanto impróprios ao consumo humano. Com relação à quantificação de coliformes a 45ºC e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, respectivamente, 10,73% e 40,48% das amostras apresentaram contagens superiores ao...(AU)

Sources of paratyphoid Salmonella in the production chain of broilers in the Northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil / Fontes de salmonelas paratíficas na cadeia produtiva de frangos de corte da mesorregião Norte do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Paratyphoid Salmonella significantly impacts modern poultry farming, because it is one of the main causes of foodborne diseases in the world. Efforts have been made by the government and poultry industry to reduce the existence of Salmonella in the entire poultry production chain through sanitary programs. The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and its serovars in environmental sources of production, poultry, and carcasses slaughtered in an artisanal manner in the northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil. A total of 520 samples were collected, comprising drag swabs (n = 60), prope (n = 60), cecal feces (n = 60), feed of feeder (n = 60), and cloacal swabs (n = 100) of poultry sent for slaughter, and newly slaughtered carcasses (n = 180). The samples were subjected to culture and isolation of Salmonella spp. and serotyping. The occurrence of the genus Salmonella was 25.0% (15/60) in drag swabs, 16.6% (10/60) in prope, 1.7% (1/60) in cecal feces, absent (0/60) in the feed, 7% (7/100) in cloacal swabs, and 48.9% (88/180) in poultry carcasses. Fifteen Salmonella enterica serovars were identified in the samples, with the highest occurrence in the Schwarzengrund (28.09%; 34/121), Albany (19.83%; 24/121), Enteritidis (7.43%; 9/121), and Heidelberg (7.43%; 9/121). Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund showed higher predominance in the poultry production chain, with greater isolation in carcass samples (34 isolates), while Salmonella ser. Enteritidis had the highest occurrence in the initial production chain. The results of our study indicate the need to implement sanitary control in farms for paratyphoid salmonella and that artisanal poultry slaughter can increase bacterial dissemination in the final product, representing a public health risk.

As salmonelas paratíficas causam grande impacto para avicultura moderna, por se tratar de uma das principais causas de doenças de origem alimentar no mundo. Há um esforço de órgãos governamentais e da indústria avícola em diminuir a presença da Salmonella em toda cadeia produtiva de aves, através de programas sanitários. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência da Salmonella spp. e seus sorovares em fontes ambientais de produção, em aves e em carcaças abatidas de forma artesanal na Mesorregião Norte do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Foram coletadas 240 amostras de suabe de arrasto, propé, fezes cecais e ração de comedouros, 100 amostras de suabes de cloaca de aves destinadas ao abate e 180 amostras de carcaças recém abatidas. As amostras foram submetidas a cultura e isolamento de Salmonella spp. e sorotipificação. A ocorrência do gênero Salmonella foi de 25,0% (15/60) em suabe de arrasto, 16,6% (10/60) de propé, 1,7% (1/60) em fezes cecais, ausência (0/60) em ração, 7% (7/100) de suabe cloacal e 48,9% (88/180) em carcaças de frango. Foram identificados 15 sorovares de Salmonella enterica nas amostras, sendo os de maior ocorrência: Schwarzengrund (28,09%; 34/121), Albany (19,83%; 24/121), Enteritidis (7,43%; 9/121) e Heidelberg (7,43%; 9/121). Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund apresentou maior predominância na cadeia produtiva de aves, com maior isolamento em amostras de carcaça (34 isolados) enquanto Salmonella ser. Enteritidis teve maior ocorrência na cadeia inicial de produção. Os resultados encontrados indicam a necessidade de implementação do controle sanitário nas granjas para as salmonelas paratíficas e que o abate artesanal de aves pode aumentar a disseminação da bactéria no produto final, representando risco para saúde pública.

Sources of paratyphoid Salmonella in the production chain of broilers in the Northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil / Fontes de salmonelas paratíficas na cadeia produtiva de frangos de corte da mesorregião Norte do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil

Paratyphoid Salmonella significantly impacts modern poultry farming, because it is one of the main causes of foodborne diseases in the world. Efforts have been made by the government and poultry industry to reduce the existence of Salmonella in the entire poultry production chain through sanitary programs. The aim of this work was to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. and its serovars in environmental sources of production, poultry, and carcasses slaughtered in an artisanal manner in the northern mesoregion of Maranhão State, Brazil. A total of 520 samples were collected, comprising drag swabs (n = 60), prope (n = 60), cecal feces (n = 60), feed of feeder (n = 60), and cloacal swabs (n = 100) of poultry sent for slaughter, and newly slaughtered carcasses (n = 180). The samples were subjected to culture and isolation of Salmonella spp. and serotyping. The occurrence of the genus Salmonella was 25.0% (15/60) in drag swabs, 16.6% (10/60) in prope, 1.7% (1/60) in cecal feces, absent (0/60) in the feed, 7% (7/100) in cloacal swabs, and 48.9% (88/180) in poultry carcasses. Fifteen Salmonella enterica serovars were identified in the samples, with the highest occurrence in the Schwarzengrund (28.09%; 34/121), Albany (19.83%; 24/121), Enteritidis (7.43%; 9/121), and Heidelberg (7.43%; 9/121). Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund showed higher predominance in the poultry production chain, with greater isolation in carcass samples (34 isolates), while Salmonella ser. Enteritidis had the highest occurrence in the initial production chain. The results of our study indicate the need to implement sanitary control in farms for paratyphoid salmonella and that artisanal poultry slaughter can increase bacterial dissemination in the final product, representing a public health risk.(AU)

As salmonelas paratíficas causam grande impacto para avicultura moderna, por se tratar de uma das principais causas de doenças de origem alimentar no mundo. Há um esforço de órgãos governamentais e da indústria avícola em diminuir a presença da Salmonella em toda cadeia produtiva de aves, através de programas sanitários. O objetivo desse trabalho foi pesquisar a ocorrência da Salmonella spp. e seus sorovares em fontes ambientais de produção, em aves e em carcaças abatidas de forma artesanal na Mesorregião Norte do Estado do Maranhão, Brasil. Foram coletadas 240 amostras de suabe de arrasto, propé, fezes cecais e ração de comedouros, 100 amostras de suabes de cloaca de aves destinadas ao abate e 180 amostras de carcaças recém abatidas. As amostras foram submetidas a cultura e isolamento de Salmonella spp. e sorotipificação. A ocorrência do gênero Salmonella foi de 25,0% (15/60) em suabe de arrasto, 16,6% (10/60) de propé, 1,7% (1/60) em fezes cecais, ausência (0/60) em ração, 7% (7/100) de suabe cloacal e 48,9% (88/180) em carcaças de frango. Foram identificados 15 sorovares de Salmonella enterica nas amostras, sendo os de maior ocorrência: Schwarzengrund (28,09%; 34/121), Albany (19,83%; 24/121), Enteritidis (7,43%; 9/121) e Heidelberg (7,43%; 9/121). Salmonella ser. Schwarzengrund apresentou maior predominância na cadeia produtiva de aves, com maior isolamento em amostras de carcaça (34 isolados) enquanto Salmonella ser. Enteritidis teve maior ocorrência na cadeia inicial de produção. Os resultados encontrados indicam a necessidade de implementação do controle sanitário nas granjas para as salmonelas paratíficas e que o abate artesanal de aves pode aumentar a disseminação da bactéria no produto final, representando risco para saúde pública.(AU)

Perfil sorológico dos pacientes com suspeita clínica de paracoccidiodomicose avaliados pelo Instituto Adolfo Lutz no ano de 2016 / Serological profile of patients with clinical suspicion of paracoccidiodomycosis evaluated by Instituto Adolfo Lutz in 2016

Oitenta porcento dos casos de paracoccidioidomicose (PMC) ocorrem no Brasil. As regiões brasileiras com maior número de casos são: sul, sudeste e centro-oeste, sendo emergente no norte e nordeste. A imunodifusão dupla em gel de agarose assume grande importância no diagnóstico, por permitir o monitoramento da doença e por oferecer subsídios para levantamentos soroepidemiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar e caracterizar os pacientes atendidos no Laboratório de Imunodiagnóstico das Micoses do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de São Paulo, em 2016. Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo realizado utilizando-se dados secundários e avaliando-se as seguintes informações: idade, sexo, procedência do pedido médico, resultado e histórico sorológico dos pacientes. Dos 1.408 pacientes, 12,8% apresentaram reatividade sorológica para Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Destes, 42,5% não possuiam histórico sorológico, sendo considerados como casos novos da doença. A classificação dos pacientes reagentes por gênero demonstrou que 83,4% eram do sexo masculino, com razão de masculinidade de 5:1. A faixa etária variou de um (1) a 92 anos, e aproximadamente 40% dos pacientes eram da faixa etária de 41 a 60 anos. Este estudo demonstra e reforça a importância da implementação dos estudos soroepidemiológicos como ferramenta auxiliar para nortear as ações de vigilância e políticas em saúde na PCM.

Eighty percent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PMC) cases occur in Brazil. The highest numbers occur in south, southeast and center-west region, being emergent in the north and northeast areas. The double immunodiffusion in agarose gel is valuable for its diagnosis, as it allows the monitoring of the disease and offers subsidies for the seroepidemiological surveys. This study evaluated and characterized the patients attended in 2016 at the Mycoses Immunodiagnosis Laboratory of Adolfo Lutz Institute of São Paulo. This retrospective study, based on the secondary data, evaluated the information: age, sex, medical request origin, result and serological history of the patients. Of 1,408 patients, 12.8% presented positive serological reactivity for Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Of them, 42.5% had no serological history and they were considered as new cases. The classification of reactive patients by gender showed that 83.4% were males, being the masculinity ratio of 5:1. The age range was one (1) to 92 years old, and ±40% of the patients were of age ranging from 41-60 years old. This study reinforces the importance of the implementation of the seroepidemiological studies as to guide the surveillance actions and the public health politics in PCM.

The urban and rural capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) as reservoir of Salmonella in the western Amazon, Brazil / As capivaras urbanas e rurais (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) como reservatório de Salmonella no oeste da Amazônia, Brasil

The capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) is the largest rodent in the world. In the state of Acre, Brazil, populations of capybaras have been increasing significantly. The role of capybaras in the transmission of certain bacterial zoonotic infections is not well understood, including bacteria of the genus Salmonella. Salmonella spp. generally cause enteritis or septicemia in mammals, however many mammalian species can carry the bacteria asymptomatically and shed it in their feces. To better understand the possible role of capybaras as reservoirs of Salmonella spp., we conducted a study of Salmonella within fecal samples from capybara in Acre. In a convenience sample, 54 capybaras from two urban and two rural areas of Acre were captured and kept for three to four days for sampling. None of the animals were symptomatic of any intestinal illness. Three separate fecal samples were collected from each animal, during their stays in captivity. Each sample was cultured for the presence of Salmonella spp. at the bacteriology laboratory of the Veterinary College of the Federal University of Acre. Samples were seeded in tetrationate pre-enrichment broth and in pre-enrichment broth peptone. After a 24 hour of incubation all samples were streaked on MacConkey Agar (MC) and Salmonella-Shigella Agar (SS). Suggestive colonies were submitted to biochemical analysis. Salmonella compatible colonies according to biochemical profile were submitted to serotyping (Sorokit for Salmonella - Probac do Brasil). In addition, the first sample from each of the 54 capybara was tested for Salmonella spp. using PCR targeting gene hilA. Eight (5%) of the 162 samples examined by bacterial culture were positive for Salmonella spp., while four (7%) of the 54 examined by PCR were positive. From the eight positive animals on culture, five were from urban area and three from rural area. On PCR, only one positive animal was from urban area and four were from rural area. Overall, by either test, one of the 54 animals was positive. All samples were collected in free - living animals with no apparent clinical signs of salmonellosis, indicating the potential of capybara as reservoir on this ecosystem.(AU)

A capivara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) é o maior roedor do mundo. No estado do Acre, Brasil, as populações de capivaras têm aumentado significativamente. O papel das capivaras na transmissão de certas infecções zoonóticas bacterianas não é bem compreendido, incluindo as bactérias do gênero Salmonella. Salmonella spp. geralmente causam enterite ou septicemia em mamíferos, porém muitas espécies de mamíferos podem carregar a bactéria de forma assintomática e eliminá-la em suas fezes. Para entender melhor o possível papel das capivaras como reservatórios de Salmonellaspp., realizamos um estudo para identificação de Salmonella spp. em amostras fecais de capivaras no Acre. Em uma amostra de conveniência, 54 capivaras de duas áreas urbanas e duas áreas rurais do Acre foram capturadas e mantidas por três a quatro dias para amostragem. Nenhum dos animais era sintomático de qualquer doença intestinal. Três amostras fecais foram coletadas de cada animal, durante sua permanência em cativeiro. Cada amostra foi cultivada para a presença de Salmonella spp. no Laboratório de Bacteriologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal do Acre. As amostras foram semeadas em caldo de pré-enriquecimento tetrationato e em peptona de caldo de pré-enriquecimento. Após 24 horas de incubação, todas as amostras foram semeadas em ágar MacConkey (MC) e ágar Salmonella-Shigella (SS). Colônias sugestivas foram submetidas a análises bioquímicas. Colônias compatíveis com Salmonella de acordo com o perfil bioquímico foram submetidas à sorotipagem (Sorokit para Salmonella - Probac do Brasil). Além disso, a primeira amostra de cada uma das 54 capivaras foi testada para Salmonella spp. usando PCR, visando gene hilA. Oito (5%) das 162 amostras examinadas por cultura bacteriana foram positivas para Salmonella spp. Enquanto quatro (7%) das 54 examinadas pela PCR foram positivas. Dos oito animais positivos em cultura, cinco eram de área urbana e três de área rural. Na PCR, apenas um animal positivo era de área urbana e quatro de área rural. Considerando o diagnóstico conjunto por ambos os testes, PCR e cultura, um animal foi considerado positivo. Todas as amostras foram coletadas em animais livres, sem sinais clínicos aparentes de salmonelose, indicando o potencial da capivara como reservatório nesse ecossistema.(AU)

Distribution of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes among Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from bovine in China

Background: Bovine mastitis, a global disease that is responsible for large economic losses each year due to lower milkyield and reduced milk quality. In some countries, especially in China, Streptococcus agalactiae has become one of themost frequently detected pathogen. Antibiotic treatment and vaccine immunization are important strategies for the controlof infectious diseases. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate distribution of bovine mastitis pathogensand antimicrobial resistance of S. agalactiae, and contribute to the treatment of bovine mastitis.Materials, Methods & Results: Clinical mastitis samples (n= 1,122) were collected from 27 dairy farms located in 15different provinces of China during 2012-2018. The pathogens were identified by 16S rDNA method. Antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by disc diffusion method. Molecular characteristics was distinguished based on PCR. The resultsshowed that the main pathogens were Streptococcus agalactiae (n= 324, 26.2%), Escherichia coli (n= 287, 23.2%), andStaphylococcus aureus (n= 131, 10.6%). The serotypes of Streptococcus agalactiae were serotype II (53.6%), Ia (44 %)and VII (1.2%), respectively. Streptococcus agalactiae were resistant to kanamycin (93.8%), gentamicin (49.4%), vancomycin (49.4%), tetracycline (35.8%), clindamycin (34.6%) and erythromycin (32.1%). The main resistance genes wereermA (53.1%) and ermB (85.2%). Resistance to erythromycin was attributed to the genes ermA (P < 0.05) and resistanceto tetracycline was attributed to the genes tetK, tetM, tetO (P < 0.01). The virulence genes scpB (81.4%), cyl (100%), glnA(76.6%), cfb (98.8%), hylB (98.8%), scaA (69.1%) were detected in almost all isolates.Discussion: In the present study, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the pathogens isolated most frequently from clinical mastitis. In the case of S. agalactiae, we performed capsular serotyping ofisolates...