Leaf mineral concentration of peach after the use of resistance inducers / Concentração mineral da folha do pessegueiro após o uso de indutores de resistência

ABSTRACT: This research studied the effect of the inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate on the leaf mineral concentration of peach. The experiment was carried out in Tezontepec, Puebla, in the years 2017 and 2018. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of the resistance inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate. Inducers were applied at commercially recommended dose. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates. Foliar quantification of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper and silicon was carried out. The use of resistance inducers increases the leaf concentrations of calcium. The interaction of resistance inducers and years of application modified the foliar concentration of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in peaches.

RESUMO: O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio sobre o teor de minerais foliares do pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado em Tezontepec, Puebla, nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação foliar dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio. Os indutores foram aplicados na dose comercialmente recomendada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foi realizada a quantificação foliar de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre e silício. A interação de indutores de resistência e anos de aplicação modificou a concentração foliar de magnésio, fósforo e enxofre nas folhas de pessegueiro.

Leaf mineral concentration of peach after the use of resistance inducers / Concentração mineral da folha do pessegueiro após o uso de indutores de resistência

This research studied the effect of the inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate on the leaf mineral concentration of peach. The experiment was carried out in Tezontepec, Puebla, in the years 2017 and 2018. The treatments consisted of the foliar application of the resistance inducers acibenzolar-S-Methyl, potassium phosphite, and potassium silicate. Inducers were applied at commercially recommended dose. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates. Foliar quantification of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper and silicon was carried out. The use of resistance inducers increases the leaf concentrations of calcium. The interaction of resistance inducers and years of application modified the foliar concentration of magnesium, phosphorus and sulfur in peaches.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estudar o efeito dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio sobre o teor de minerais foliares do pessegueiro. O experimento foi realizado em Tezontepec, Puebla, nos anos de 2017 e 2018. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação foliar dos indutores acibenzolar-S-Metil, fosfito de potássio e silicato de potássio. Os indutores foram aplicados na dose comercialmente recomendada. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. Foi realizada a quantificação foliar de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre e silício. A interação de indutores de resistência e anos de aplicação modificou a concentração foliar de magnésio, fósforo e enxofre nas folhas de pessegueiro.

The role of local earthworms in plant nutrient addition in the Ethiopian Drylands

The Ethiopian Drylands are rich in their variety of local earthworm species. However, the category of species, and the effect of their performance on additions to plant nutrients have not been adequately evaluated. Thus, local earthworm samples were collected from the three major agroecological zones (highland, midland, and lowland) in Tigray (northern Ethiopia) and classified down to species level. Moreover, a vermicomposting experiment with four treatments (three local earthworm species, Eisenia fetida , and a conventional composting method) and three replications was established. Finally, each bin's mature compost sample was taken to analyze plant nutrient content. The study results indicated that earthworm species in the highland, midland and lowland agroecological zones were Dendrobaena veneta, Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus , respectively. The use of these earthworms in the composting process (average of the four earthworm species) yielded higher nutrient content, ranging from 21.9 % for Sodium to 3300 % for Boron, compared to the conventional one. The highest total nitrogen (an increase of 44.4 %) and organic carbon (an increase of 33.4 %) were recorded in the Eisenia fetida and Dendrobaena veneta treated bins, respectively. Composting with Eisenia andrie has resulted in increases in P (96.1 %), K (125 %), Mg (83 %) and all micro-nutrients (between 91 % for Zn and 4400 % for B). Both Eisenia andrie and Lumbricus rubellus species contributed to the increased additions of Sulfur (85.7 %) compared to the control. It can be concluded that the use of local earthworms (particularly Eisenia andrie) in the composting process plays a significant role in plant nutrient addition.(AU)

Requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for growing Japanese quail and its subsequent effects on laying phase

The objective of this study was to estimate the nutritional requirement of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quail during the growth phase and its residual effect on the laying phase. One experiment was conducted, including three phases: starter, from 1 to 14 days of age; grower, from 15 to 42 days of age; and laying, from 43 to 168 days of age. The experimental design was entirely randomized with five treatments (0.52, 0.64, 0.76, 0.88, and 1.00% of digestible methionine + cystine) and five replicates. In starter phase, 48 quail/experimental unit (box) were used; in grower phase, 31 quail/experimental unit (box) were used, which were reared until 14 days old, receiving conventional feed and, in laying phase, 12 quail/experimental unit were selected from grower phase to evaluate the residual effect. To evaluate animal performance, feed intake (g/bird), body weight (g), weight gain (g), feed conversion (g/g), and viability (%) were analyzed. At 14 and 42 days of age, the relative weight (%) of liver, spleen, and cloacal pouch organs, the birds' warping (%) and body chemical composition (%) were evaluated. During laying, performance and egg quality were evaluated. In the starter and grower stages, quadratic effects were observed for all performance variables. Laying performance results confirmed the estimates obtained in the grower phase; however, there was no effect on egg quality. Considering the best feed conversion, the nutritional recommendation of digestible methionine + cystine for Japanese quail in the starter phase is 0.85% and in the grower phase, it is 0.77%, corresponding to daily intake of 50.43 and 158.5 mg of digestible methionine + cystine/day, respectively.

Uso de fontes orgânica e inorgânica de enxofre na dieta de bovinos / Use of organic and inorganic sources in the beef cattle diet

A bovinocultura de corte é responsável por uma grande parcela na produção de alimentos no mundo. Uma das principais estratégias para aprimorar a criação de gado é a alimentação, sendo que os minerais apresentam importante papel nutricional. O enxofre é caracterizado como um macromineral, devido sua exigência nos bovinos, e possui várias funções vitais, por isso, frequentemente deve ser suplementado na dieta. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a fonte inorgânica de enxofre (flor de enxofre) com uma fonte orgânica (quelato de enxofre) e seus diferentes níveis de suplementação sobre o desempenho de novilhas ½ Nelore x ½ Aberdeen Angus submetidas a sistema de confinamento. Para isso foram utilizadas 24 novilhas entre 13 e 16 meses, com peso médio inicial de 230 kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: dose diária recomendada (6,72 g) de enxofre proveniente da flor de enxofre; dose diária recomendada de enxofre (6,72 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre; 50% da dose recomendada de enxofre (3,36 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre e 75% da dose diária recomendada de enxofre (5,04 g) proveniente do quelato de enxofre. Durante o período experimental de 90 dias foi fornecido dieta composta por 81% de concentrado e 19% de volumoso em quantidade equivalente a 2% do peso vivo na matéria seca de cada novilha. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos para desempenho animal, conversão alimentar e eficiência alimentar. O tratamento com fonte orgânica de enxofre na metade da dose diária recomendada apresentou redução de 29,7% na excreção fecal de enxofre. Com isso, pode-se concluir que o uso de metade da dose de enxofre na forma orgânica (quelato de enxofre) pode ser uma opção para diminuir a inclusão do elemento mineral na dieta de bovinos de corte, já que os animais submetidos à metade da dose de quelato de enxofre atingiram o mesmo desempenho animal do grupo submetido à dose diária recomendada da fonte inorgânica de enxofre.

Beef cattle is responsible for a large portion of food production in the world. One of the main strategies to improve cattle breeding is feeding, with minerals playing an important role for diet supplementation. Sulfur is characterized as a macromineral, due to its requirement in cattle, and has several vital functions, therefore, it must often be supplemented in the diet. The present study aimed to compare the inorganic source of sulfur (sulfur flower) with an organic source (sulfur chelate) and their different levels of supplementation performance of ½ Nellore x ½ Aberdeen Angus heifers submitted to a feed lot system. Thus, 24 heifers aged between 13 and 16 months, with an average initial weight of 230 kg, were randomly distributed into four treatments: recommended daily dose (6.72 g) of sulfur from the sulfur flower; recommended daily dose (6.72 g) from sulfur chelate; 50% of the recommended dose of sulfur (3.36 g) from sulfur chelate and 75% of the recommended daily allowance (5.04 g) from sulfur chelate. During the 90-day experimental period, a diet consisting of 81% concentrate and 19% forage was provided in an amount equivalent to 2% of the live weight in the dry matter of each heifer. There were no significant differences between treatments for animal performance, feed conversion and feed efficiency. Treatment with an organic source of sulfur at half the recommended daily dose showed a reduction of 29.7% in fecal sulfur excretion. In conclusion, the use of half the dose of sulfur in the organic form (sulfur chelate) can be an option to reduce the inclusion of the mineral element in the diet of beef cattle, since the animals submitted to half the dose of sulfur chelate reached the same animal performance of the group submitted to the recommended daily dose of the inorganic source of sulfur.

Lime sulfur to control citrus flat mite and its interactions with the entomopathogenic fungus Lecanicillium muscarium

Lime sulfur is one of the few products indicated to control Brevipalpus yothersi in Brazilian organic citrus orchards. Other strategies, such as the use of entomopathogenic fungi should be evaluated, and Lecanicillium muscarium is one of the basic choices for pest management. Knowledge of the interactions between lime sulfur and this entomopathogen is critical for developing control strategies. With this goal, it was conducted the toxicological characterization of lime sulfur to B. yothersi and the compatibility evaluation with L. muscarium. Finally, the effects of L. muscarium and lime sulfur mixtures on B. yothersi control were evaluated. Product evaluation for B. yothersi was done through direct and residual contact bioassay, and different concentrations of lime sulfur mixed in potato dextrose agar culture medium were used to evaluate compatibility with L. muscarium. Lime sulfur was effective against adults of B. yothersi and caused eggs unviability of up to 71.0%, at a dose of 80 L per 2,000 L of H2O. The lethal concentration (LC50 and LC99) of lime sulfur estimated for mite adults were 246.62 and 858.5 µg of sulfur per mL of H2O (ppm a.i.). Lime sulfur concentrations of 180 to 560 ppm a.i. showed promise for use in combination with L. muscarium. However, concentrations of 1,000 and 5,600 ppm significantly reduced colony size and the number of spores/colony. The mixture of 100 and 180 ppm a.i. of lime sulfur with L. muscarium (108 conidia·mL­1) was not able to reduce the lethal time of entomopathogen on B. yothersi.

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption / Aplicação de sulfato de amônio e aminoácido no algodão: efeitos sobre o crescimento, o rendimento, a qualidade e a absorção de nitrogênio

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.

Foi realizado um estudo de campo para determinar a influência do promotor de crescimento das plantas e retardador da folhagem em algodão, para melhora da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes à base de enxofre aplicados no solo durante dois verões consecutivos (2014 e 2015). O ensaio experimental foi composto de três fontes diferentes de enxofre (sulfato de amônio, sulfato de potássio e enxofre elementar) e pulverização foliar do promotor de crescimento de plantas e retardador de crescimento, incluindo água da torneira que foi tomada como controle. Entre os tratamentos, o sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo com aminoácido aplicado na folhagem produziu o máximo na altura da planta, ramos simodiais, capulhos por planta, rendimento de algodão em caroço, rendimento de fibra, rendimento biológico, conteúdo de proteínas, conteúdo de óleo e absorção de nitrogênio nas folhas quando comparado a outros tratamentos. Enquanto o solo fertilizado com sulfato de potássio e aplicação foliar de cloreto de mepiquat no algodão melhorou, significativamente, o peso do capulho e a absorção de potássio nas folhas. Sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo e a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos foram mais eficazes na melhora dos atributos de produtividade e qualidade do algodão.

The application of ammonium sulphate and amino acid on cotton: effects on can improve growth, yield, quality and nitrogen absorption / Aplicação de sulfato de amônio e aminoácido no algodão: efeitos sobre o crescimento, o rendimento, a qualidade e a absorção de nitrogênio

A field study was carried out to determine the influence of foliage applied plant growth promoter and retardant in improving soil applied sulphur fertilizer use efficiency in cotton during two consecutive summers 2014 and 2015. Experimental trial comprised of three different sources of sulphur (ammonium sulphate, potassium sulphate and elemental sulphur) and foliar spray of plant growth promoter and growth retardant including tap water was taken as control. Among treatments soil applied ammonium sulphate with foliage applied amino acid produced maximum plant height, sympodial branches, pods per plant, seed cotton yield, fiber yield, biological yield, protein contents, oil contents and leaf nitrogen uptake as compared to the other treatments. Whereas, soil applied potassium sulphate with foliar spray of mepiquat chloride on cotton significantly improved the boll weight and leaf potassium uptake. We conclude that soil applied ammonium sulphate and foliage spray of amino acid was more effective in improving the productivity and quality attributes of cotton.(AU)

Foi realizado um estudo de campo para determinar a influência do promotor de crescimento das plantas e retardador da folhagem em algodão, para melhora da eficiência do uso de fertilizantes à base de enxofre aplicados no solo durante dois verões consecutivos (2014 e 2015). O ensaio experimental foi composto de três fontes diferentes de enxofre (sulfato de amônio, sulfato de potássio e enxofre elementar) e pulverização foliar do promotor de crescimento de plantas e retardador de crescimento, incluindo água da torneira que foi tomada como controle. Entre os tratamentos, o sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo com aminoácido aplicado na folhagem produziu o máximo na altura da planta, ramos simodiais, capulhos por planta, rendimento de algodão em caroço, rendimento de fibra, rendimento biológico, conteúdo de proteínas, conteúdo de óleo e absorção de nitrogênio nas folhas quando comparado a outros tratamentos. Enquanto o solo fertilizado com sulfato de potássio e aplicação foliar de cloreto de mepiquat no algodão melhorou, significativamente, o peso do capulho e a absorção de potássio nas folhas. Sulfato de amônio aplicado no solo e a aplicação foliar de aminoácidos foram mais eficazes na melhora dos atributos de produtividade e qualidade do algodão.(AU)

Correlation between vegetation indexes generated at Vitis Vinifera L. and soil, plant and production parameters for emergency application in decision making / Correlação entre indices de vegetação gerados em Vitis Vinifera L. e parâmetros de solo, planta e produção para aplicação emergencial na tomada de decisão

Correlation between proximal sensing techniques and laboratory results of qualitative variables plus agronomic attributes was evaluated of a 3,0 ha vineyard in the county of Muitos Capões, Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in Vitis vinifera L. at 2017/2018 harvest, aiming to evaluate the replacement of conventional laboratory analysis in viticulture by Vegetation Indexes, at situations were laboratory access are unavailable. Based on bibliographic research, looking for vegetative indexes developed or used for canopy reflectance analysis on grapevines and whose working bands were within the spectral range provided by the equipment used, a total of 17 viable candidates were obtained. These chosen vegetation indices were correlated, through Pearson (5%), with agronomic soil attributes (apparent electrical conductivity, clay, pH in H2O, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, effective CTC, CTC at pH 7.0, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) for depths 0 -20 cm and 20-40 cm, and plant tissue (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron) , in addition to some key oenological and phytotechnical parameters for the quantification of wine production and quality. One hundred and thirty ninesignificant correlations were obtained from this cross, with 36 moderate coefficients between 19 parameter variables versus 12 of the indexes. We concluded that in cases where access or availability of laboratory analyzes is difficult or impracticable, the use of vegetation indices is possible if the correlation coefficients reach, at least, the moderate magnitude, serving as a support to decision making until the lack analytical structure to be remedied.

Avaliou-se a correlação entre as técnicas de sensoriamento proximal e os resultados laboratoriais de variáveis qualitativas, mais os atributos agronômicos do solo de um vinhedo de 3,0 ha no município de Muitos Capões, região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na safra 2017/2018. Objetivou avaliar a substituição das análises laboratoriais convencionais em viticultura por Índices de Vegetação, em situações de indisponibilidade de acesso ao laboratório. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, buscaram-se índices vegetativos desenvolvidos ou utilizados para análise de refletância de dossel em videiras e cujas bandas de trabalho estavam dentro do intervalo espectral fornecido pelo equipamento utilizado, obtendo-se um total de 17 candidatos viáveis. Esses índices de vegetação escolhidos foram correlacionados, por meio de Pearson (5%), com atributos agronômicos do solo (condutividade elétrica aparente, argila, pH em H2O, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, CTC efetivo, CTC em pH 7,0, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) para profundidades de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm, e tecido vegetal (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro), além de alguns parâmetros enológicos e fitotécnicos essenciais para a quantificação da produção e qualidade do vinho. Deste cruzamento foram obtidas 139 correlações significativas, resultando 36 coeficientes moderados entre 19 variáveis de parâmetros versus 12 dos índices. Concluímos que nos casos em que o acesso ou disponibilidade de análises laboratoriais é difícil ou impraticável, a utilização de índices de vegetação é possível, desde que os coeficientes de correlação atinjam, pelo menos, a magnitude moderada, servindo como suporte para a tomada de decisão até a falta de estrutura analítica ser remediada.

Gas emissions from an agricultural compression-ignition engine using diesel, biodiesel and ethanol blends / Emissões de gases de um motor agrícola de ignição por compressão utilizando misturas de óleo diesel, biodiesel e etanol

Partial fuel replacement strategies arising from fossil sources used in compression ignition engines involve mixtures of mineral Diesel oil, biodiesel and ethanol to minimize the gas emissions. In this study, experimental assessments were performed on a multi-cylinder, turbocharged aftercooler, compression-ignition, agricultural tractor engine provided with electronic injection management and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) gas treatment system. Diesel oil containing low (BS10 -10 ppm) and high sulfur concentrations (BS500 - 500 ppm) was utilized, with 10% of biodiesel as a constituent established by Brazilian legislation, in blends with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the total volume, made up of anhydrous ethanol with additives. Thus, there were eight fuels blends and two reference conditions (without ethanol). The emissions of CO, HC, NOx and the HC+NOx gases were estimated, corresponding to the eight operating modes (M) of the ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4 standard. From the findings, it was evident that with the rise in the ethanol concentrations in the fuel blends there was a corresponding increasing in the CO, NOx and HC+NOx emissions. The HC, on the contrary, exhibited a pattern of higher emissions for the high-sulfur fuels (BS500) at low loads. No difference was observed for the NOx emissions at high loads. In the other operation modes, different behaviors were expressed for the BS10, which sometimes showed an increase, while at other times a reduction in the NOx emissions. Regarding the BS500, the NOx emission increased when the ethanol concentrations rose. As the specific emissions of the NOx were higher than those of the HC (in g.kW-¹.h-¹), the behavior exhibited by the HC+NOx showed similarity to that of the NOx. When the directly analysis of the operating modes was taken into consideration, the use of ethanol triggered an upswing in the emissions, exceeding the threshold of MAR-1 and EURO V standards.

Misturas de óleo Diesel mineral, biodiesel e etanol formam estratégias de substituição parcial do combustível de origem fóssil, aplicáveis em motores de ignição por compressão, com o intuito de redução das emissões de gases. Neste trabalho realizaram-se avaliações experimentais em um motor de trator agrícola de ignição por compressão, multi-cilíndrico, turboalimentado com aftercooler, gerenciamento eletrônico da injeção e sistema de tratamento de gases EGR. Foram utilizados óleo Diesel de baixo (BS10 -10 ppm) e alto teor de enxofre (BS500 - 500 ppm), com 10% de biodiesel em sua constituição, em misturas com concentrações de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% do volume total, compostas por etanol anidro aditivado, totalizando oito combustíveis em mistura e duas condições de referência (sem etanol). Foram avaliadas as emissões de gases CO, HC, NOx e HC+NOx, segundo os oito modos de operação (M) da norma ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4. Dentre os resultados encontrados, com o incremento das concentrações de etanol nas misturas ocorreu o aumento das emissões de CO, NOx e HC+NOx. Já o HC apresentou um comportamento de maiores emissões para combustíveis com alto teor de enxofre (BS500) em baixas cargas. Não houve diferença para as emissões de NOx em altas cargas. Já nos demais modos de operação, para o BS10 ocorreram comportamentos diversos, em alguns momentos aumentando e em outros diminuindo as emissões de NOx. Já para o BS500, o comportamento das emissões de NOx foi de aumento com o incremento das concentrações de etanol. Devido as emissões específicas de NOx serem maiores que as de HC (em g.kW-¹.h-¹), o comportamento do HC+NOx foi similar ao do NOx. Considerando apenas a análise direta dos modos de operação, a utilização de etanol causa o aumento das emissões, superando os valores limites da MAR-1 e EURO V.

Polioencephalomalacia in sheep - clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings

Background: Polioencephalomalacia (PEM) is a neurological disease in ruminants, which is characterized by malacia of brain gray matter. Thiamine deficiency and sulfur intoxication are the most common causes of PEM in sheep. Affected animals present signs of cerebrocortical syndrome, including amaurosis, ataxia, head pressing, mental depression, seizures, and opisthotonus. The neurological examination aims to determine the neurolocalization of the lesions and advanced imaging techniques are useful for confirming the affected area(s) in the central nervous system. The aim of this study is to describe clinical features and ante-mortem diagnosis using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a sheep with PEM. Case: A 18-month-old male Dorper sheep from a flock started receiving concentrate 7 days before. According to the owner, no clinical signs of abnormality were observed on the previous morning. However, in the afternoon, the animal became selfisolated and did not follow the flock to the sheepfold. The following day, he was found in recumbency. Physical examination revealed lateral recumbency, rectal temperature 39.5ºC, 52 bpm, 120 bpm, congested mucous membranes, capillary refill time 1 s, ruminal (4/5 min) and intestinal hypomotility. The assessment of the central nervous system revealed a decreased level of consciousness, focal seizures, opisthotonus, and absence of menace response. The following differential diagnoses were listed: PEM, head trauma, focal symmetrical encephalomalacia, bacterial encephalitis, and rabies. Treatment was composed of dexamethasone [0.2 mg/kg - i.v., SID (1st-3rd day), 0.1 mg/kg, i.v., SID (4th-6th day), and 0.05 mg/kg, i.v., SID (7th-9th day)]; mannitol [1 g/kg - i.v. and diazepam 0.4 mg/kg, i.v. single dose at admission]; vitamin B1 [10 mg/kg - i.m., SID], furosemide [1 mg/kg - i.v., SID for 3 days] and sulfadoxine/trimethoprim [30 mg/kg - i.m., SID for 10 days]. After the initial treatment, the patient showed mild clinical improvement; however, the amaurosis was still present. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was performed on the 2nd day of hospitalization, showing a symmetrical hypersignal in the parietal and occipital cortices, in the axial and sagittal sequences weighted in T2 and FLAIR. Discussion: This study aimed to describe the clinical signs and MRI findings in a sheep with PEM. In this case, the sudden change to the feed composition probably led to ruminal dysbiosis, inhibition of thiamine-producing microorganisms and proliferation of bacteria that synthesize thiaminase. Thiamine therapy proved to be effective and capable of reverting the clinical signs. The decrease in the level of consciousness, cortical blindness, and opisthotonus are due to alterations in the parietal cortex, in the occipital cortex, and in the cerebellum, respectively, which were demonstrated by hypersignal areas in the MRI. Therefore, the neurolocalization of the lesion based on neurologic examination and the MRI findings were related. The physicochemical and cytological evaluations of the cerebrospinal fluid, and dosage of thiamine and the concentration of hydrogen sulphide in the rumen were not performed. However, the response to thiamine treatment associated with the neurologic examination and MRI findings helped in determining the diagnosis. Additionally, MRI can be used as a useful tool for the ante mortem diagnosis of PEM.

Evaluation of biochemical and electrolytic components of semen from ram supplemented with different concentrations of selenium and its correlation with sperm quality / Avaliação de componentes bioquímicos e eletrolíticos do sêmen de ovinos suplementados com diferentes concentrações de selênio e sua correlação com a qualidade espermática

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether supplementation with different levels of selenium (Se) can change the biochemical and electrolytic components of semen, causing an improvement in seminal quality in rams. Thirty animals were kept in an intensive pen system, fed with hay and commercial ration, allocated into five groups (six animals/pen) and supplemented with a mineral mixture containing Omg (G1), 5mg (G2), 10mg (G3), 15mg (G4) and 20mg (G5) of Se/kg. Each group received a different treatment every 56 days and treatments were rotated between groups following a dynamic sequence. Semen samples were collected by electroejaculation after the end of each treatment to evaluate the levels of fructose, citric acid, potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), Se, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), sulfur (S) and lead (Pb). The statistical design was a 5x5 Latin square. The different levels of Se supplementation evaluated maintained the concentrations of electrolytes and minerals in the semen at the required levels and did not change the sperm quality, concluding that higher intakes of Se do not cause antagonistic effects on the absorption and subsequent action of other essential minerals supplied to the animals and still maintains electrolyte balance.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a suplementação com diferentes níveis de selênio (Se) pode alterar os componentes bioquímicos e eletrolíticos do sêmen, ocasionando, por conseguinte, uma melhoria na qualidade seminal em carneiros. Foram utilizados 30 animais, mantidos em sistema intensivo de baias, alimentados com feno e ração comercial, sendo alocados em cinco grupos (seis animais/baia) e suplementados com uma mistura mineral contendo 0mg (G1), 5mg (G2), 10mg (G3), 15mg (G4) e 20mg (G5) de Se/kg. Cada grupo recebeu um tratamento diferente a cada 56 dias, e foi realizado um rodízio de tratamentos entre os grupos seguindo uma sequência dinâmica. Amostras de sêmen foram colhidas por eletroejaculação após o fim de cada tratamento, a fim de se avaliarem os níveis de frutose, ácido cítrico, potássio (K), sódio (Na), cálcio (Ca), Se, zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn), enxofre (S) e chumbo (Pb). O desenho estatístico foi um quadrado latino 5x5. Os diferentes níveis de suplementação de Se avaliados mantiveram as concentrações de eletrólitos e de minerais do sêmen nos níveis exigidos e não modificaram a qualidade espermática, concluindo-se que maiores ingestões de Se não causam efeitos antagônicos na absorção e subsequente ação de outros minerais essenciais fornecidos aos animais e ainda mantêm o equilíbrio eletrolítico.

Sulfur modulates yield and storage proteins in soybean grains

This study evaluated the nutritional quality, yield, and storage protein modulation in soybean grains in response to levels and sources of sulfur (S) in a dystrophic Ultisol. We used five levels of S (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg –1 ) and four sources of S (elemental S pastille - ESPA, gypsum - GY, gypsite - GI and elemental S powder - ESPO). Plants treated with 50 mg kg –1 of GY, GI, and ESPO and 200 mg kg –1 of ESPA had the largest grain yield values. Low S supply resulted in lower yields for all S sources tested. Sulfur deficiencies were observed at all levels for ESPA, resulting in lower concentrations of globulin and higher concentration of glutelin and albumin in the grains, possibly because the S content in the leaf was below the range adequate for soybean, leading to in lower yield values. In general, the application of S sources (GY, GI, and ESPO) increased all protein fractions. The results show that proper application of S is essential to optimize soybean yield and increase storage proteins in the grains. The granulometry of ESPA and ESPO fertilizers was a key factor for the availability of S to soybean plants. This study presents relevant information on S fertilization of soybeans, which could provide better grain nutritional quality and increased storage proteins with benefits to animal health.

Sulfur modulates yield and storage proteins in soybean grains

This study evaluated the nutritional quality, yield, and storage protein modulation in soybean grains in response to levels and sources of sulfur (S) in a dystrophic Ultisol. We used five levels of S (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg kg –1 ) and four sources of S (elemental S pastille - ESPA, gypsum - GY, gypsite - GI and elemental S powder - ESPO). Plants treated with 50 mg kg –1 of GY, GI, and ESPO and 200 mg kg –1 of ESPA had the largest grain yield values. Low S supply resulted in lower yields for all S sources tested. Sulfur deficiencies were observed at all levels for ESPA, resulting in lower concentrations of globulin and higher concentration of glutelin and albumin in the grains, possibly because the S content in the leaf was below the range adequate for soybean, leading to in lower yield values. In general, the application of S sources (GY, GI, and ESPO) increased all protein fractions. The results show that proper application of S is essential to optimize soybean yield and increase storage proteins in the grains. The granulometry of ESPA and ESPO fertilizers was a key factor for the availability of S to soybean plants. This study presents relevant information on S fertilization of soybeans, which could provide better grain nutritional quality and increased storage proteins with benefits to animal health.(AU)

Nutritional value of cactus pear grown under different levels of nitrogen and phosphorus and two harvest frequencies

This study evaluated the effects of N/P fertilization on the chemical, mineral composition, and in vitro degradation kinetics of cactus pear cv. Gigante. The research was conducted in Quixadá and Tejuçuoca, CE, Brazil. Nine N/P combinations were evaluated from five levels of N (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha−1 year−1), five levels of P2 O5 (10, 70, 100, 130, and 190 kg ha−1 year−1), and two harvest frequencies (annual and biannual). The experiment was performed in a split plot completely randomized block design, with four replications. The maximum CP content was obtained in biannual harvest in Quixadá and Tejuçuoca with the combined levels N/P2 O5 of 190/190 and 130.03/190 kg ha−1 year−1, respectively. Calcium content was reduced by fertilization, which allowed to reduce the Ca:P ratio to 9.72:1.00 with the N/P2 O5 combination at 190/10 kg ha−1 year−1 in the biannual harvest. The increase in N and P levels results in higher S and Mn content and higher digestibility. The annual harvest improves quality in Quixadá. However, it has weaker influence on quality in Tejuçuoca. In Tejuçuoca, Mg, Cu, and Mn contents are lower under annual harvest. Sulfur content is lower under annual harvest in both sites.

Morphological characteristics and production of Xaraes and Zuri grass fertilized with combinations of sulfur and potassium / Características morfológicas e produção dos capins-Xaraés e Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre e potássio

Sulfur and potassium are essential elements for the development of forages as part of protein synthesis, nutrient transport, activation of photosynthesis enzymes and stomatal activity. Thus, this study aimed was to evaluate the production and morphology of Xaraes grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) and Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri) fertilized with combinations of sulfur (S) and potassium (K) (only S, only K, with S and K, and without both), and identify which of these nutrients should be prioritized in maintenance fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was utilized the Xaraes grass and the second experiment the Zuri grass. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 dm3 pots with five plants per pot. All treatments were fertilized 200 mg/dm3 per pot with nitrogen. On treatments fertilized with sulfur it were applied ammonium sulfate (21% N and 24% S) as nitrogen supply, thus, it was applied 228 mg/dm3of sulfur per plot. On treatments without sulfur, the nitrogen source was urea (46% N). The treatments with potassium were fertilized 100 mg/dm3 with potassium, utilizing potassium chloride (58% K2O). The harvest was performed when the plants reached the height of 35 and 75 cm, for xaraes and zuri respectively. For Xaraes grass, the fertilization with S and K in different combinations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on forage mass, leaves number and tillers per pot, individual tiller mass, leaf blade, stem + sheath, and dead material, as well as relative forage mass. For Zuri grass, the combinations of S and K showed statistical difference (P<0.05) just on leaf blade mass and dead material, and the number of leaves per pot, as well as on relative leaf blade mass. Based on the results obtained in the two experiments, the S and K combination in the maintenance fertilization of xaraes grass improves the forage development, however, S does not increase the productive indexes of zuri grass.

O enxofre e o potássio são elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento das forrageiras, pois participam da síntese de proteínas, transporte de nutrientes, ativação de enzimas da fotossíntese e atividade estomática. Dessa forma, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produção e a morfologia dos capins Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre (S) e potássio (K) (somente com S, somente com K, com S e K e sem ambos) e identificar qual destes nutrientes deve ser priorizado na adubação de manutenção. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foi utilizado o capim Xaraés e no segundo experimento o capim Zuri. Cada parcela experimental consistiu em vasos de 5 dm3com cinco plantas em cada vaso. Todos os tratamentos foram adubados com nitrogênio na dose de 200 mg/dm3por vaso. Nos tratamentos que houve aplicação de enxofre, utilizou-se sulfato de amônio (21%N e 24% S) como fonte de nitrogênio, dessa forma, aplicou-se de 228 mg/dm3de enxofre por vaso. Nos tratamentos com ausência de enxofre a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada foi a ureia (46% N). Os tratamentos com presença de potássio foram adubados com a dose de 100 mg/dm3por vaso de potássio, na forma de cloreto de potássio (58% K2O). O corte foi realizado quando as plantas atingiram a altura de 35 e 75 cm, respectivamente, para o capim-xaraés e capim-zuri. No capim-xaraés, a adubação com S e K em combinações diferentes tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05) na massa de forragem, número de folhas e de perfilhos por vaso, massa seca de cada perfilho, lâmina foliar, de colmo+bainha e de matéria morta; bem como na massa de forragem relativa. No capim-zuri, as combinações de S e K apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05) apenas para as variáveis massa seca de lâmina foliar, de matéria morta e número de folhas por vaso, bem como na massa relativa de lâminas foliares. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos a combinação de S e K na adubação de manutenção do capim-xaraés promove o desenvolvimento do capim, contudo, o S não incrementa os índices produtivos do capim-zuri.

Morphological characteristics and production of Xaraes and Zuri grass fertilized with combinations of sulfur and potassium / Características morfológicas e produção dos capins-Xaraés e Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre e potássio

Sulfur and potassium are essential elements for the development of forages as part of protein synthesis, nutrient transport, activation of photosynthesis enzymes and stomatal activity. Thus, this study aimed was to evaluate the production and morphology of Xaraes grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraes) and Zuri grass (Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri) fertilized with combinations of sulfur (S) and potassium (K) (only S, only K, with S and K, and without both), and identify which of these nutrients should be prioritized in maintenance fertilization. Two experiments were conducted in the greenhouse, in a completely randomized design. The first experiment was utilized the Xaraes grass and the second experiment the Zuri grass. Each experimental plot consisted of 5 dm3 pots with five plants per pot. All treatments were fertilized 200 mg/dm3 per pot with nitrogen. On treatments fertilized with sulfur it were applied ammonium sulfate (21% N and 24% S) as nitrogen supply, thus, it was applied 228 mg/dm3of sulfur per plot. On treatments without sulfur, the nitrogen source was urea (46% N). The treatments with potassium were fertilized 100 mg/dm3 with potassium, utilizing potassium chloride (58% K2O). The harvest was performed when the plants reached the height of 35 and 75 cm, for xaraes and zuri respectively. For Xaraes grass, the fertilization with S and K in different combinations had a significant effect (P<0.05) on forage mass, leaves number and tillers per pot, individual tiller mass, leaf blade, stem + sheath, and dead material, as well as relative forage mass. For Zuri grass, the combinations of S and K showed statistical difference (P<0.05) just on leaf blade mass and dead material, and the number of leaves per pot, as well as on relative leaf blade mass. Based on the results obtained in the two experiments, the S and K combination in the maintenance fertilization of xaraes grass improves the forage development, however, S does not increase the productive indexes of zuri grass.(AU)

O enxofre e o potássio são elementos essenciais para o desenvolvimento das forrageiras, pois participam da síntese de proteínas, transporte de nutrientes, ativação de enzimas da fotossíntese e atividade estomática. Dessa forma, o objetivo com este estudo foi avaliar a produção e a morfologia dos capins Urochloa brizantha cv. Xaraés e Megathyrsus maximuscv. Zuri adubados com combinações de enxofre (S) e potássio (K) (somente com S, somente com K, com S e K e sem ambos) e identificar qual destes nutrientes deve ser priorizado na adubação de manutenção. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro experimento foi utilizado o capim Xaraés e no segundo experimento o capim Zuri. Cada parcela experimental consistiu em vasos de 5 dm3com cinco plantas em cada vaso. Todos os tratamentos foram adubados com nitrogênio na dose de 200 mg/dm3por vaso. Nos tratamentos que houve aplicação de enxofre, utilizou-se sulfato de amônio (21%N e 24% S) como fonte de nitrogênio, dessa forma, aplicou-se de 228 mg/dm3de enxofre por vaso. Nos tratamentos com ausência de enxofre a fonte de nitrogênio utilizada foi a ureia (46% N). Os tratamentos com presença de potássio foram adubados com a dose de 100 mg/dm3por vaso de potássio, na forma de cloreto de potássio (58% K2O). O corte foi realizado quando as plantas atingiram a altura de 35 e 75 cm, respectivamente, para o capim-xaraés e capim-zuri. No capim-xaraés, a adubação com S e K em combinações diferentes tiveram efeito significativo (P<0,05) na massa de forragem, número de folhas e de perfilhos por vaso, massa seca de cada perfilho, lâmina foliar, de colmo+bainha e de matéria morta; bem como na massa de forragem relativa. No capim-zuri, as combinações de S e K apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05) apenas para as variáveis massa seca de lâmina foliar, de matéria morta e número de folhas por vaso, bem como na massa relativa de lâminas foliares. Com base nos resultados obtidos nos dois experimentos a combinação de S e K na adubação de manutenção do capim-xaraés promove o desenvolvimento do capim, contudo, o S não incrementa os índices produtivos do capim-zuri.(AU)

Release of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur from palisade grass straw to a soybean crop in an integrated crop-livestock system / Liberação de cálcio, magnésio e enxofre da palha de pastagem de braquiária para a soja em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

Os resíduos de plantas que permanecem no solo em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária constituem em uma importante reserva de nutrientes para a cultura em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a liberação de cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S) de palha de pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivada em três doses de nitrogênio (N) e submetida a duas épocas de dessecação em relação à semeadura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em Londrina, Paraná, entre março de 2016 e março de 2018. Foram avaliadas três doses de N na pastagem de U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (0; 150 e 300 kg N ha-1), constituindo três piquetes distintos. Em cada piquete foram avaliadas duas épocas de dessecação da pastagem (60 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja), com quatro repetições. Os teores de Ca e S na palha de pastagem de U. brizantha não variam com o tempo de decomposição, enquanto os teores de Mg foram reduzidos, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Ca liberada pela palha de pastagem de U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão foi de, aproximadamente, 15 kg ha-1, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Mg liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 10 a 15 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver maior quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem. A quantidade de S liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 4 a 6 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver menor quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem, independentemente da época de dessecação.

Plant residues that remain in the soil of an integrated crop-livestock system constitute an important reserve of nutrients for crops in succession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) from the decomposition of Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã pasture grass, fertilized with three different doses of nitrogen (N) and subjected to two different desiccation periods, prior to sowing a soybean crop. The experiment was conducted in Londrina, Paraná, between March 2016 and March 2018. Three different doses of N were applied to a pasture of U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1), forming three distinct paddocks. In each paddock, two different periods (60 and 15 days prior to sowing soybeans) for pasture desiccation were evaluated with four replications. Polynomial regression analysis was performed for the period after desiccation. Ca and S content in the U. brizantha straw did not vary over the course of decomposition, while magnesium content decreased, despite nitrogen fertilization and the desiccation periods. The amount of Ca released from U. brizanthastraw by the end of the successive soybean cycle was approximately 15 kg ha-1, despite nitrogen fertilization and the desiccation periods. The amount of Mg released from U. brizantha straw by the end of the successive soybean cycle ranged from 10 to 15 kg ha-1, while the release of greater amounts tended to correspond with the presence of nitrogen fertilization in the pasture grass. The amount of S released from U. brizantha straw by the end of the successive soybean cycle ranged from 4 to 6 kg ha-1, while the release of lesser amounts tended to correspond with the presence of nitrogen fertilization in the pasture grass, despite the desiccation periods.

Release of calcium, magnesium, and sulfur from palisade grass straw to a soybean crop in an integrated crop-livestock system / Liberação de cálcio, magnésio e enxofre da palha de pastagem de braquiária para a soja em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

Os resíduos de plantas que permanecem no solo em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária constituem em uma importante reserva de nutrientes para a cultura em sucessão. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a liberação de cálcio (Ca), magnésio (Mg) e enxofre (S) de palha de pastagem de Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã, cultivada em três doses de nitrogênio (N) e submetida a duas épocas de dessecação em relação à semeadura da soja. O experimento foi conduzido em Londrina, Paraná, entre março de 2016 e março de 2018. Foram avaliadas três doses de N na pastagem de U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (0; 150 e 300 kg N ha-1), constituindo três piquetes distintos. Em cada piquete foram avaliadas duas épocas de dessecação da pastagem (60 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja), com quatro repetições. Os teores de Ca e S na palha de pastagem de U. brizantha não variam com o tempo de decomposição, enquanto os teores de Mg foram reduzidos, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Ca liberada pela palha de pastagem de U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão foi de, aproximadamente, 15 kg ha-1, independentemente da adubação nitrogenada e da época de dessecação. A quantidade de Mg liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 10 a 15 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver maior quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem. A quantidade de S liberada pela U. brizantha até o final do ciclo da soja em sucessão variou de 4 a 6 kg ha-1, com tendência de haver menor quantidade liberada na presença de adubação nitrogenada na pastagem, independentemente da época de dessecação.(AU)

Plant residues that remain in the soil of an integrated crop-livestock system constitute an important reserve of nutrients for crops in succession. The objective of this study was to evaluate the release of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) from the decomposition of Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã pasture grass, fertilized with three different doses of nitrogen (N) and subjected to two different desiccation periods, prior to sowing a soybean crop. The experiment was conducted in Londrina, Paraná, between March 2016 and March 2018. Three different doses of N were applied to a pasture of U. brizantha cv. BRS Piatã (0, 150 and 300 kg N ha-1), forming three distinct paddocks. In each paddock, two different periods (60 and 15 days prior to sowing soybeans) for pasture desiccation were evaluated with four replications. Polynomial regression analysis was performed for the period after desiccation. Ca and S content in the U. brizantha straw did not vary over the course of decomposition, while magnesium content decreased, despite nitrogen fertilization and the desiccation periods. The amount of Ca released from U. brizanthastraw by the end of the successive soybean cycle was approximately 15 kg ha-1, despite nitrogen fertilization and the desiccation periods. The amount of Mg released from U. brizantha straw by the end of the successive soybean cycle ranged from 10 to 15 kg ha-1, while the release of greater amounts tended to correspond with the presence of nitrogen fertilization in the pasture grass. The amount of S released from U. brizantha straw by the end of the successive soybean cycle ranged from 4 to 6 kg ha-1, while the release of lesser amounts tended to correspond with the presence of nitrogen fertilization in the pasture grass, despite the desiccation periods.(AU)

Fish products developed from ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet mixtures: physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological analyses / Produtos de pescado elaborados a partir de misturas de carne moída de truta-arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) e tilápia (Oreochromis sp. ): análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas

Constant fishing industry innovations in response to consumer demands for novel, balanced healthy products exhibiting high nutritional value, as well as easy to prepare and ready to consume, have led to the emergence of new technologies. Among them, the development of products based on ground beef and fish mixtures are noteworthy. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop products from different ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet ratios, in the form of meatballs and nuggets, determining their proximate composition and physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The average dry matter percentage of the developed products was 29.20±2.30%, while mineral content was 1.45±0.55%, lipid pulp content, 3.70±0.30% and crude pulp protein, 16.60±2.04%. Total psychotropic counts remained below 102 CFU/g, for standard counting on aerobic microorganism plates. Histamine and sulfur-based compounds were not detected in any of the prepared samples. The purpose of the work proposal was to develop foods and technologies that can serve as standards, allowing for simple handling products that apply ground meat mixtures from different fish species to maintain adequate nutritional indices after processing.(AU)

A constante inovação da indústria pesqueira, em resposta às demandas dos consumidores por novos produtos saudáveis, com alto valor nutritivo, balanceados, de fácil preparo e prontos para consumo, levou ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, entre elas o desenvolvimento de produtos à base de mistura de carne moída de pescado. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho é desenvolver produtos a partir de carne moída de pescado de truta-arco-íris e tilápia, confeccionando almôndegas e nuggets em diferentes proporções, com determinação da composição centesimal e de suas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas. A matéria seca percentual média foi de 29,20±2,30%. Teores de matéria mineral nos produtos estão em 1,45±0,55%. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 3,70±0,30%, e os níveis de proteína bruta apresentados na polpa de 16,60±2,04%. A contagem de psicrotróficos totais manteve-se abaixo de 102 CFU/g, para contagem padrão em placas de micro-organismos aeróbicos. Nas amostras, não foram detectados níveis de histamina e de compostos à base de enxofre. A proposta de trabalho objetivou, por fim, desenvolver alimentos e tecnologias que possam servir como padrões, permitindo que produtos de manipulação simples e que utilizem misturas de carne moída de diferentes espécies de pescado mantenham índices nutricionais adequados após o processamento.(AU)