Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms in brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study / Polimorfismos do receptor toll-like 9 em pacientes brasileiros com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: um estudo piloto

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an important component of the innate immune system and have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in TLR9 gene in a Brazilian SLE patients group and their association with clinical manifestation, particularly Jaccoud’s arthropathy (JA). We analyzed DNA samples from 204 SLE patients, having a subgroup of them presenting JA (n=24). A control group (n=133) from the same city was also included. TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−1237 C>T and +2848 G>A) were identified by sequencing analysis. The TLR9 gene genotype frequency was similar both in SLE patients and the control group. In the whole SLE population, an association between the homozygosis of allele C at position −1237 with psychosis and anemia (p < 0.01) was found. Likewise, the homozygosis of allele G at position +2848 was associated with a discoid rash (p < 0.05). There was no association between JA and TLR9 polymorphisms. These data show that TLR9 polymorphisms do not seem to be a predisposing factor for SLE in the Brazilian population, and that SNPs are not associated with JA.

O receptor Toll-like 9 (TLR9) é um componente importante do sistema imunológico inato e tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar polimorfismos no gene TLR9 em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros com LES e sua associação com a manifestação clínica, particularmente a artropatia de Jaccoud (JA). Foram analisadas amostras de DNA de 204 pacientes com LES, e um subgrupo com JA (n=24). Um grupo de controle (n=133) da mesma cidade também foi incluído. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos TLR9 (SNPs) (−1237 C>T e +2848 G>A) foram identificados pela análise de sequenciamento. A frequência do genótipo genético TLR9 foi semelhante tanto em pacientes com LES quanto no grupo controle. Em toda a população de LES, foi encontrada associação entre a homozigose do alelo C na posição −1237 com psicose e anemia (p < 0,01). Da mesma forma, a homozigose do alelo G na posição +2848 foi associada a uma erupção cutânea discoide (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre polimorfismos JA e TLR9. Esses dados mostram que os polimorfismos TLR9 não parecem ser um fator predisponível para o LES na população brasileira, e que os SNPs não estão associados ao JA.

Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms in brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study / Polimorfismos do receptor toll-like 9 em pacientes brasileiros com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: um estudo piloto

Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an important component of the innate immune system and have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in TLR9 gene in a Brazilian SLE patients group and their association with clinical manifestation, particularly Jaccouds arthropathy (JA). We analyzed DNA samples from 204 SLE patients, having a subgroup of them presenting JA (n=24). A control group (n=133) from the same city was also included. TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−1237 C>T and +2848 G>A) were identified by sequencing analysis. The TLR9 gene genotype frequency was similar both in SLE patients and the control group. In the whole SLE population, an association between the homozygosis of allele C at position −1237 with psychosis and anemia (p < 0.01) was found. Likewise, the homozygosis of allele G at position +2848 was associated with a discoid rash (p < 0.05). There was no association between JA and TLR9 polymorphisms. These data show that TLR9 polymorphisms do not seem to be a predisposing factor for SLE in the Brazilian population, and that SNPs are not associated with JA.(AU)

O receptor Toll-like 9 (TLR9) é um componente importante do sistema imunológico inato e tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar polimorfismos no gene TLR9 em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros com LES e sua associação com a manifestação clínica, particularmente a artropatia de Jaccoud (JA). Foram analisadas amostras de DNA de 204 pacientes com LES, e um subgrupo com JA (n=24). Um grupo de controle (n=133) da mesma cidade também foi incluído. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos TLR9 (SNPs) (−1237 C>T e +2848 G>A) foram identificados pela análise de sequenciamento. A frequência do genótipo genético TLR9 foi semelhante tanto em pacientes com LES quanto no grupo controle. Em toda a população de LES, foi encontrada associação entre a homozigose do alelo C na posição −1237 com psicose e anemia (p < 0,01). Da mesma forma, a homozigose do alelo G na posição +2848 foi associada a uma erupção cutânea discoide (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre polimorfismos JA e TLR9. Esses dados mostram que os polimorfismos TLR9 não parecem ser um fator predisponível para o LES na população brasileira, e que os SNPs não estão associados ao JA.(AU)

Toll-like receptor 9 polymorphisms in brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a pilot study / Polimorfismos do receptor toll-like 9 em pacientes brasileiros com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: um estudo piloto

Abstract Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) is an important component of the innate immune system and have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in TLR9 gene in a Brazilian SLE patients group and their association with clinical manifestation, particularly Jaccoud's arthropathy (JA). We analyzed DNA samples from 204 SLE patients, having a subgroup of them presenting JA (n=24). A control group (n=133) from the same city was also included. TLR9 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (−1237 C>T and +2848 G>A) were identified by sequencing analysis. The TLR9 gene genotype frequency was similar both in SLE patients and the control group. In the whole SLE population, an association between the homozygosis of allele C at position −1237 with psychosis and anemia (p < 0.01) was found. Likewise, the homozygosis of allele G at position +2848 was associated with a discoid rash (p < 0.05). There was no association between JA and TLR9 polymorphisms. These data show that TLR9 polymorphisms do not seem to be a predisposing factor for SLE in the Brazilian population, and that SNPs are not associated with JA.

Resumo O receptor Toll-like 9 (TLR9) é um componente importante do sistema imunológico inato e tem sido associado a várias doenças autoimunes, como o Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico (LES). O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar polimorfismos no gene TLR9 em um grupo de pacientes brasileiros com LES e sua associação com a manifestação clínica, particularmente a artropatia de Jaccoud (JA). Foram analisadas amostras de DNA de 204 pacientes com LES, e um subgrupo com JA (n=24). Um grupo de controle (n=133) da mesma cidade também foi incluído. Os polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos TLR9 (SNPs) (−1237 C>T e +2848 G>A) foram identificados pela análise de sequenciamento. A frequência do genótipo genético TLR9 foi semelhante tanto em pacientes com LES quanto no grupo controle. Em toda a população de LES, foi encontrada associação entre a homozigose do alelo C na posição −1237 com psicose e anemia (p < 0,01). Da mesma forma, a homozigose do alelo G na posição +2848 foi associada a uma erupção cutânea discoide (p < 0,05). Não houve associação entre polimorfismos JA e TLR9. Esses dados mostram que os polimorfismos TLR9 não parecem ser um fator predisponível para o LES na população brasileira, e que os SNPs não estão associados ao JA.

Resveratrol Attenuates Heat-Stress-Impaired Immune and Inflammatory Responses of Broilers by Modulating Toll-Like Receptor-4 Signaling Pathway

This study investigated the effect of resveratrol on the immune and inflammatory responses and the mRNA levels of splenic toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 signaling pathway-related genes of broilers under heat stress (HS). One hundred and sixty-two birds were allocated to three groups, each with 6 replicates, for 21 continuous days. The three treatments were as follows: the control group (22 ± 1 °C), the HS (33 ± 1 °C for 10 h d-1 and 22 ± 1 °C for the remaining time) group and the HS + resveratrol (400 mg kg-1) group. At the end of the trial, one bird per replicate close to the average body weight (BW) was selected, exsanguinated, and slaughtered. Compared with the control group, the HS treatment decreased (p<0.05) final BW, average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen, serum immunoglobulin (Ig) Y, IgA and interleukin (IL)-10 contents, and splenic IL-10 mRNA level, while it increased (p<0.05) feed/gain, mRNA levels of splenic tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TLR-4, nuclear factor-kappa-B (NF-κB), IL-1ß, and IL-6. Compared to the HS group, the HS+resveratrol group exhibited increased (p<0.05) final BW, ADG, relative weight of bursa of Fabricius and spleen, serum IgY, IgA and IL-10 contents, and splenic IL-10 mRNA level, while it exhibited lower (p<0.05) TNF-α, IL-1ß and IL-6 contents in serum, and splenic TLR4, TNF-α, IL-1ß, and NF-κB mRNA levels. In conclusion, resveratrol prevented a HS-impairment of the immune function of broilers by blocking the abnormal activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway.(AU)

Puerarin alleviated oxidative stress and ferroptosis during renal fibrosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury via TLR4/Nox4 pathway in rats

Purpose: To investigate the role of puerarin on renal fibrosis and the underlying mechanism in renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model. Methods: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with puerarin (50 or 100 mg/kg) per day for one week before renal I/R. The level of renal collagen deposition and interstitial fibrosis were observed by hematoxylin and eosin and Sirius Red staining, and the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The ferroptosis related factors and TLR4/Nox4-pathway-associated proteins were detected by Western blotting. Results: Puerarin was observed to alleviate renal collagen deposition, interstitial fibrosis and the α-SMA expression induced by I/R. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione (GSH) level were decreased in I/R and hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R), whereas malondialdehyde (MDA) and Fe2+ level increased. However, puerarin reversed SOD, MDA, GSH and Fe2+ level changes induced by I/R and H/R. Besides, Western blot indicated that puerarin inhibited the expression of ferroptosis related factors in a dose-dependent manner, which further demonstrated that puerarin had the effect to attenuate ferroptosis. Moreover, the increased expression of TLR/Nox4-pathway-associated proteins were observed in I/R and H/R group, but puerarin alleviated the elevated TLR/Nox4 expression. Conclusions: Our results suggested that puerarin inhibited oxidative stress and ferroptosis induced by I/R and, thus, delayed the progression of renal fibrosis, providing a new target for the treatment of renal fibrosis.

Innate immunity gene expression profiles in conjunctival membrane biopsies from Amazonian buffalo / Perfis de expressão de genes da imunidade inata em biopsias de membrana conjuntival de búfalos da Amazônia

Domestic buffalo production plays an economically important role in the Brazilian Amazon, but they are susceptible to many diseases favored by the tropical climate and annually flooded habitats, including ocular diseases. In this context, it is important to select genotypes that maximize innate ocular immunity in Amazonian herds. We aimed to characterise, for the first time, gene expression profiles of the innate immune system in the conjunctival membrane of buffalo. Ocular conjunctival tissue samples were collected from 60 clinically healthy slaughtered animals in the northern Brazilian state of Amapá. The samples were histologically processed for classification into three groups according to the quantitative degree of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva (discrete, G1; slight, G2; and moderate, G3 presence of lymphoid tissue). RT-PCR was used to quantify gene expression of inflammatory cytokine (IL6, IL10, TNFA, IFNG), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and Defensin beta 110 (DEFB110), relative to the endogenous GAPDH gene. G1 animals presented low expression for IL6, IL10, TNFA, and DEFB110, while G2 exhibited high expression for IL6, IL10, IFNG, and TLR4. All G3 animals showed high expression for all tested genes. These results suggest a greater resistance to pathogenic microorganisms of buffalos in the G3 group, and the proportion of lymphoid tissue associated with the conjunctiva may be related to the immune resistance of individuals.(AU)

A produção de búfalos domésticos desempenha um papel economicamente importante na Amazônia brasileira, mas eles são suscetíveis a muitas doenças favorecidas pelo clima tropical e habitats inundados anualmente, incluindo doenças oculares. Nesse contexto, é importante selecionar genótipos que maximizem a imunidade ocular inata em rebanhos amazônicos. Objetivamos caracterizar, pela primeira vez, perfis de expressão gênica do sistema imune inato na membrana conjuntival de búfalos. Amostras de tecido conjuntival ocular foram coletadas de 60 animais clinicamente saudáveis abatidos no estado do Amapá, norte do Brasil. As amostras foram processadas histologicamente para classificação em três grupos de acordo com o grau quantitativo de tecido linfoide associado à conjuntiva (discreta, G1; leve, G2; e moderada, G3 presença de tecido linfoide). RT-PCR foi utilizado para quantificar a expressão gênica de citocinas inflamatórias (IL6, IL10, TNFA, IFNG), receptor Toll-like 4 (TLR4) e Defensina beta 110 (DEFB110), em relação ao gene GAPDH endógeno. Os animais do G1 apresentaram baixa expressão para IL6, IL10, TNFA e DEFB110, enquanto G2 exibiu alta expressão para IL6, IL10, IFNG e TLR4. Todos os animais do G3 apresentaram alta expressão para todos os genes testados. Esses resultados sugerem maior resistência aos microrganismos patogênicos dos búfalos do grupo G3, e a proporção de tecido linfoide associado à conjuntiva pode estar relacionada à resistência imunológica dos indivíduos.(AU)

Cerebrolysin alleviates early brain injury after traumatic brain injury by inhibiting neuroinflammation and apoptosis via TLR signaling pathway

Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability. Cerebrolysin (CBL) has been reported to be anti-inflammatory by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. However, the neuroprotection of CBL in TBI and the potential mechanism are unclear. We aimed to investigate the neuroprotection and mechanisms of CBL in TBI. Methods: The TBI model was established in strict accordance with the Feeney weight-drop model of focal injury. The neurological score, brain water content, neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, and neuronal damage were evaluated. The involvement of the early brain injury modulatory pathway was also investigated. Results: Following TBI, the results showed that CBL administration increased neurological scores and decreased brain edema by alleviating blood­brain barrier (BBB) permeability, upregulating tight junction protein (ZO­1) levels, and decreasing the levels of the inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor­α (TNF­α), interleukin­1ß (IL­1ß), IL­6, and NF­κB. The TUNEL assay showed that CBL decreased hippocampal neuronal apoptosis after TBI and decreased the protein expression levels of caspase­3 and Bax, increasing the levels of Bcl­2. The levels of Toll­like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 were significantly decreased after CBL treatment. In TBI patients, CBL can also decrease TNF­α, IL­1ß, IL­6, and NF­κB levels. This result indicates that CBL­mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation and apoptosis ameliorated neuronal death after TBI. The neuroprotective capacity of CBL is partly dependent on the TLR signaling pathway. Conclusions: Taken together, the results of this study indicate that CBL can improve neurological outcomes and reduce neuronal death against neuroinflammation and apoptosis via the TLR signaling pathway in mice.

Identification of Avian Toll-Like Receptor 3 and 7 and Analysis of Gene Variation Sites

Toll-like receptors 3 and 7 (TLR3 and 7) mediate immune responses through the recognition of viral single-stranded RNA and double-stranded RNA and therefore play important roles in host defense. Differences in TLR3 or 7 may affect host resistance to RNA viral infection. To illuminate these differences, the partial coding sequence (CDS) of TLR3 and 7 genes were cloned and amplified from the Phasianus colchicus and Numida meleagris, total 64 avian species of TLR3 and 7 sequences were later analyzed. Based on the results, 315 non-synonymous mutation sites and 202 synonymous mutation sites were also observed in the avian TLR3, and 227 non-synonymous mutation sites and 174 synonymous mutation sites were observed in the avian TLR7. Among these sites, 44 and 45 sites were observed in functional regions of TLR3 and 7, used common variation of amino acids in most avian species. A number of these different sites appeared to affect the recognition and were also visualized. H59Y, E60K, G64R, E93K, L112S, K117E, N118K, R120H, V123M, L163F, R443Q, R459K, E460D, C485H, and F511L for TLR3, and I432V, M437V, and T732S for TLR7 were considered. It is possible that these sites bind to ligands and play crucial roles in viral recognition. These data indicated that the positive selection has occurred in the avian TLR3 and 7 genes.(AU)

Early pregnancy affects expression of Toll-like receptor signaling members in ovine spleen

Abstract Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved to the maternal immune tolerance. The spleen is essential for adaptive immune reactions. However, it is unclear that early pregnancy regulates TLR-mediated signalings in the maternal spleen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early pregnancy on expression of TLR signaling members in the ovine spleen. Ovine spleens were collected at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of pregnancy (n = 6 for each group). Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to detect TLR signaling members, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1). The results showed that expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and IRAK1 were downregulated, but expression levels of TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, TRAF6 and MyD88 were increased during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the capsule, trabeculae and splenic cords of the maternal spleen. This paper reports for the first time that early pregnancy has effects on TLR signaling pathways in the ovine spleen, which is beneficial for understanding the maternal immune tolerance during early pregnancy.

Early pregnancy affects expression of Toll-like receptor signaling members in ovine spleen

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved to the maternal immune tolerance. The spleen is essential for adaptive immune reactions. However, it is unclear that early pregnancy regulates TLR-mediated signalings in the maternal spleen. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of early pregnancy on expression of TLR signaling members in the ovine spleen. Ovine spleens were collected at day 16 of the estrous cycle, and at days 13, 16 and 25 of pregnancy (n = 6 for each group). Real-time quantitative PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis were used to detect TLR signaling members, including TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, myeloid differentiation primary-response protein 88 (MyD88), tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interleukin-1-receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1). The results showed that expression levels of TLR2, TLR4 and IRAK1 were downregulated, but expression levels of TLR3, TLR5, TLR7, TLR9, TRAF6 and MyD88 were increased during early pregnancy. In addition, MyD88 protein was located in the capsule, trabeculae and splenic cords of the maternal spleen. This paper reports for the first time that early pregnancy has effects on TLR signaling pathways in the ovine spleen, which is beneficial for understanding the maternal immune tolerance during early pregnancy.(AU)

Quantitative analysis of expression patterns of different cell surface Toll-like receptor genes imparting heat stress resilience to indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goat breeds

The study was conducted to establish the differences in the expression pattern of different cell surface toll-likereceptors (TLRs) between indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goats subjected to summer season induced heat stress. The primary objective of the study is to assess the thermotolerance ability of these two breeds based on maintaining the immune status during exposure to heat stress. The results indicated that the expression of TLR1, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 genes in both the breeds showed different expression pattern. The expression pattern of all these genes did not differed between the control (OC) and heat stress (OHS) group in Osmanabadi breed but significantly higher (P<0.05) expression of these genes were reported in heat stress group (SBHS) as compared to control group (SBC) in Salem Black breed. However, the striking difference was established in the expression pattern of TLR2 between these breeds. The TLR expression was significantly higher in heat stress group of Osmanabadi breed. But TLR2 did not express in Salem Back breed. The higher expression of most of the cell surface TLRs in the SBHS group as compared to OHS group indicates the superior resilient capacity of Salem Black goats to maintain immune status even during exposure to adverse environmental condition. Further, these TLRs could serve as indicators to reflect better thermo-tolerance of Salem Black breed over Osmanabadi breed.(AU)

Quantitative analysis of expression patterns of different cell surface Toll-like receptor genes imparting heat stress resilience to indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goat breeds

The study was conducted to establish the differences in the expression pattern of different cell surface toll-likereceptors (TLRs) between indigenous Osmanabadi and Salem Black goats subjected to summer season induced heat stress. The primary objective of the study is to assess the thermotolerance ability of these two breeds based on maintaining the immune status during exposure to heat stress. The results indicated that the expression of TLR1, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, and TLR10 genes in both the breeds showed different expression pattern. The expression pattern of all these genes did not differed between the control (OC) and heat stress (OHS) group in Osmanabadi breed but significantly higher (P<0.05) expression of these genes were reported in heat stress group (SBHS) as compared to control group (SBC) in Salem Black breed. However, the striking difference was established in the expression pattern of TLR2 between these breeds. The TLR expression was significantly higher in heat stress group of Osmanabadi breed. But TLR2 did not express in Salem Back breed. The higher expression of most of the cell surface TLRs in the SBHS group as compared to OHS group indicates the superior resilient capacity of Salem Black goats to maintain immune status even during exposure to adverse environmental condition. Further, these TLRs could serve as indicators to reflect better thermo-tolerance of Salem Black breed over Osmanabadi breed.

Effect of roof painting of aviaries on thermal comfort, productive performance and physiological variables of broilers chickens / Efeito da pintura de telhado de aviários no conforto térmico, desempenho produtivo e variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte

The objective this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort, performance and the physiological variables of 21-42 day of age broiler chickens housed in aviaries with painted and not painted fiber cement roof. A completely randomized design was used in a split-plot design where the plots were composed of the sheds (painted and not painted roof) and the subplots were the evaluation hours (6h00, 9h00, 12h00, 15h00 and 18h00) for a 22-day data collection, considered as the replicates. It was observed that the external painting in white of the roof provided improvements inside the shed for airtemperature (Ta), roof temperature (Tr) and the thermal load of radiation (TLR). The relative humidity (RH) and the Globe-Temperature-Humidity-Index (GTHI) varied only according to the collection times. The exterior painting of the roof had no effect on the physiological variables of the broilers. Productivity performance indexes and financial compensation per lot were better for the roof painted shed. As a result, fiber cement roof painted in white is recommended in aviaries located in hot climates, such as the region in this study.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o conforto térmico, o desempenho e as variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte alojados em aviários com e sem pintura de telhados de fibrocimento, no período de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo com parcela subdividida, onde as parcelas foram compostas pelos galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e as subparcelas os horários de avaliação (6, 9, 12, 15 e 18h) ao longo de 22 dias de coleta de dados, considerados como repetição. Observou-se que a pintura externa do telhado na cor branca, proporcionou melhorias no interior do galpão para a temperatura ambiente (Ta), temperatura de telhado (Tt) e na carga térmica de radiação (CTR). A umidade relativa (UR) e o índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) variaram apenas em função dos horários de coleta. Não houve efeito da pintura externa do telhado nas variáveis fisiológicas das aves. Os índices de desempenho produtivo e a remuneração financeira por lote foram melhores para o galpão com pintura de telhado. Assim, recomenda-se a pintura externa em telhados de fibrocimento, na cor branca, em aviários localizados em ambientes de clima quente, como a região em estudo.(AU)

Effect of roof painting of aviaries on thermal comfort, productive performance and physiological variables of broilers chickens / Efeito da pintura de telhado de aviários no conforto térmico, desempenho produtivo e variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte

The objective this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort, performance and the physiological variables of 21-42 day of age broiler chickens housed in aviaries with painted and not painted fiber cement roof. A completely randomized design was used in a split-plot design where the plots were composed of the sheds (painted and not painted roof) and the subplots were the evaluation hours (6h00, 9h00, 12h00, 15h00 and 18h00) for a 22-day data collection, considered as the replicates. It was observed that the external painting in white of the roof provided improvements inside the shed for airtemperature (Ta), roof temperature (Tr) and the thermal load of radiation (TLR). The relative humidity (RH) and the Globe-Temperature-Humidity-Index (GTHI) varied only according to the collection times. The exterior painting of the roof had no effect on the physiological variables of the broilers. Productivity performance indexes and financial compensation per lot were better for the roof painted shed. As a result, fiber cement roof painted in white is recommended in aviaries located in hot climates, such as the region in this study.

Objetivou-se avaliar o conforto térmico, o desempenho e as variáveis fisiológicas de frangos de corte alojados em aviários com e sem pintura de telhados de fibrocimento, no período de 21 a 42 dias de idade. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo com parcela subdividida, onde as parcelas foram compostas pelos galpões (com e sem pintura de telhado) e as subparcelas os horários de avaliação (6, 9, 12, 15 e 18h) ao longo de 22 dias de coleta de dados, considerados como repetição. Observou-se que a pintura externa do telhado na cor branca, proporcionou melhorias no interior do galpão para a temperatura ambiente (Ta), temperatura de telhado (Tt) e na carga térmica de radiação (CTR). A umidade relativa (UR) e o índice de temperatura de globo negro e umidade (ITGU) variaram apenas em função dos horários de coleta. Não houve efeito da pintura externa do telhado nas variáveis fisiológicas das aves. Os índices de desempenho produtivo e a remuneração financeira por lote foram melhores para o galpão com pintura de telhado. Assim, recomenda-se a pintura externa em telhados de fibrocimento, na cor branca, em aviários localizados em ambientes de clima quente, como a região em estudo.

Diferentes proporções e tamanhos de partículas de feno sobre o peso corporal, consumo, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas / Effect of different proportions and hay particle sizes on body weight, consumption, physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour of sheep

Avaliou-se a influência das diferentes proporções e tamanhos de partículas de feno sobre o peso corporal (PC), consumo de matéria seca (CMS), parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas canuladas no rúmen, alojadas em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo em gaiolas com piso ripado. O experimento foi delineado em quadrado latino 5x5. A dieta era composta de farelo de milho e farelo de soja, premix mineral e feno de Uruchloa brizantha, Marandu cultivado e picado em dois tamanhos diferentes (dois ou dez milímetros) na proporção volumoso:concentrado de 30:70. Os cinco tratamentos foram: 100% de feno picado a 10 mm; 80% a 10 mm e 20% a 2 mm; 50% a 10 mm e 50% a 2 mm; 80% a 2 mm e 20% a 10 mm e 100% a 2 mm. Não houve diferença no PC, CMS, consumo de água (CH2O), CH2O/CMS, peso fecal, escore fecal e volume de urina. Não houve diferença sobre os movimentos ruminais, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e do líquido ruminal (TLR). O horário de colheita alterou a TLR e o pH. Não foram observadas diferenças no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. A baixa qualidade da fibra e a alta quantidade de grãos podem ter sido determinantes para esses resultados.

It was evaluated the influence of different proportions and hay particle sizes (two and ten mm) on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour of sheep. The experiment was conducted in Uberlandia using five cannulated sheep, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor. The diet was consisted of corn meal and soybean meal, mineral premix and chopped hay. The five treatments were 100% chopped hay with 10 mm; 80% with 10 mm and 20% with 2 mm; 50% with 10 mm and 50% with 2 mm; 80% with 2 mm and 20% with 10 mm and 100% with 2 mm. The forage:concentrate ratio was 30:70. There was no statistical difference in the BW, DMI, water consumption (CH2O), CH2O/DMI, fecal weight, fecal score and volume of urine. The quality of the fiber and the high amount of grain may have been decisive for these equalities. There was no significance on ruminal movements, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and rumen fluid temperature (RFT). The sampling period changed the RFT and pH. There was no significant difference between the animals in the activities of rumination, idleness, intake and chewing due to the low digestibility and feed quality.

Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors in Gyr and F1 Holstein x Gyr postpartum cows / Transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos em vacas Gir e F1 Holandês x Gir após o parto

Zebu and Holstein x Zebu crossbred have low incidence of uterine infection when compared to Holstein cows. Resistance to uterine infections may be associated with the ability to recognize invading microorganisms. Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors has been investigated in the postpartum period of Holstein cows, but it is completely unknown in Zebu or Holstein x Zebu cows. In this study, 9 Gyr and 12 F1 Holstein x Gyr cows were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum, with the objective to measure transcription levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in transcription of TLR5 in Gyr, and an increase in transcription of TLR9 in F1 cows, between the first and seventh day postpartum. Both groups had low incidences of uterine infections up to 42 days postpartum. Uterine involution completed at 27.7 ± 10.1 and 25.1 ± 4.7 days postpartum for Gyr and F1 cows, respectively. In Gyr cows, higher transcription levels of TLR1/6 and NOD1 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In F1 cows, lower levels of TLR1/6, TLR2 and NOD2 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In conclusion, some pathogen recognition receptors associated significantly with the time required for uterine involution in Gyr and F1 cows.(AU)

Vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu apresentam baixas incidências de infecções uterinas quando comparadas às Holandesas. A resistência às infecções uterinas pode estar relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecimento dos microrganismos invasores. A transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos tem sido investigada em vacas Holandesas recém-paridas, porém ainda é desconhecida em vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu. No presente estudo, nove vacas Gir e 12 F1 Holandês x Gir foram submetidas a biópsias endometriais no primeiro e no sétimo dia após o parto, com o objetivo de mensurar os níveis de transcrição gênica dos receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5 e 9; receptores tipo NOD 1 e 2; e dos coreceptores CD14 e MD-2. Houve diminuição significativa (P < 0,05) do nível de transcrição de TLR5 em vacas Gir e aumento da transcrição de TLR9 em vacas F1, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia após o parto. Os dois grupos apresentaram baixas incidências de infecções uterinas até 42 dias pós-parto. O período de involução uterina foi de 27,7 ± 10,1 e 25,1 ± 4,7 dias pós-parto, para vacas Gir e F1, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas Gir, altos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6 e NOD1 tiveram correlação significativa com o prolongamento do período de involução uterina. No grupo de vacas F1, baixos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6, TLR2 e NOD2 foram associados a maiores períodos de involução uterina. Portanto, os níveis de transcrição endometrial de alguns receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos na primeira semana após o parto podem estar relacionados com o tempo requerido para ocorrência da involução uterina em vacas Gir e F1.(AU)

Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors in Gyr and F1 Holstein x Gyr postpartum cows / Transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos em vacas Gir e F1 Holandês x Gir após o parto

Zebu and Holstein x Zebu crossbred have low incidence of uterine infection when compared to Holstein cows. Resistance to uterine infections may be associated with the ability to recognize invading microorganisms. Endometrial transcription of microbial molecular patterns receptors has been investigated in the postpartum period of Holstein cows, but it is completely unknown in Zebu or Holstein x Zebu cows. In this study, 9 Gyr and 12 F1 Holstein x Gyr cows were submitted to endometrial biopsies at the first and seventh days postpartum, with the objective to measure transcription levels of toll-like receptors (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5, and 9; nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors 1 and 2; and coreceptors cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) and myeloid differentiation protein-2 (MD-2). There was a significant (P<0.05) decrease in transcription of TLR5 in Gyr, and an increase in transcription of TLR9 in F1 cows, between the first and seventh day postpartum. Both groups had low incidences of uterine infections up to 42 days postpartum. Uterine involution completed at 27.7 ± 10.1 and 25.1 ± 4.7 days postpartum for Gyr and F1 cows, respectively. In Gyr cows, higher transcription levels of TLR1/6 and NOD1 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In F1 cows, lower levels of TLR1/6, TLR2 and NOD2 correlated to a longer period required for uterine involution. In conclusion, some pathogen recognition receptors associated significantly with the time required for uterine involution in Gyr and F1 cows.(AU)

Vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu apresentam baixas incidências de infecções uterinas quando comparadas às Holandesas. A resistência às infecções uterinas pode estar relacionada com a capacidade de reconhecimento dos microrganismos invasores. A transcrição endometrial de receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos tem sido investigada em vacas Holandesas recém-paridas, porém ainda é desconhecida em vacas Zebu e mestiças Holandês x Zebu. No presente estudo, nove vacas Gir e 12 F1 Holandês x Gir foram submetidas a biópsias endometriais no primeiro e no sétimo dia após o parto, com o objetivo de mensurar os níveis de transcrição gênica dos receptores tipo Toll (TLRs) 1/6, 2, 4, 5 e 9; receptores tipo NOD 1 e 2; e dos coreceptores CD14 e MD-2. Houve diminuição significativa (P < 0,05) do nível de transcrição de TLR5 em vacas Gir e aumento da transcrição de TLR9 em vacas F1, entre o primeiro e o sétimo dia após o parto. Os dois grupos apresentaram baixas incidências de infecções uterinas até 42 dias pós-parto. O período de involução uterina foi de 27,7 ± 10,1 e 25,1 ± 4,7 dias pós-parto, para vacas Gir e F1, respectivamente. No grupo de vacas Gir, altos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6 e NOD1 tiveram correlação significativa com o prolongamento do período de involução uterina. No grupo de vacas F1, baixos níveis de transcrição de TLR1/6, TLR2 e NOD2 foram associados a maiores períodos de involução uterina. Portanto, os níveis de transcrição endometrial de alguns receptores de padrões moleculares microbianos na primeira semana após o parto podem estar relacionados com o tempo requerido para ocorrência da involução uterina em vacas Gir e F1.(AU)

Diferentes proporções e tamanhos de partículas de feno sobre o peso corporal, consumo, parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas / Effect of different proportions and hay particle sizes on body weight, consumption, physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour of sheep

Avaliou-se a influência das diferentes proporções e tamanhos de partículas de feno sobre o peso corporal (PC), consumo de matéria seca (CMS), parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamento ingestivo de ovelhas. Foram utilizadas cinco ovelhas canuladas no rúmen, alojadas em gaiolas para ensaio de metabolismo em gaiolas com piso ripado. O experimento foi delineado em quadrado latino 5x5. A dieta era composta de farelo de milho e farelo de soja, premix mineral e feno de Uruchloa brizantha, Marandu cultivado e picado em dois tamanhos diferentes (dois ou dez milímetros) na proporção volumoso:concentrado de 30:70. Os cinco tratamentos foram: 100% de feno picado a 10 mm; 80% a 10 mm e 20% a 2 mm; 50% a 10 mm e 50% a 2 mm; 80% a 2 mm e 20% a 10 mm e 100% a 2 mm. Não houve diferença no PC, CMS, consumo de água (CH2O), CH2O/CMS, peso fecal, escore fecal e volume de urina. Não houve diferença sobre os movimentos ruminais, frequência respiratória, temperatura retal e do líquido ruminal (TLR). O horário de colheita alterou a TLR e o pH. Não foram observadas diferenças no comportamento ingestivo dos animais. A baixa qualidade da fibra e a alta quantidade de grãos podem ter sido determinantes para esses resultados.(AU)

It was evaluated the influence of different proportions and hay particle sizes (two and ten mm) on body weight (BW), dry matter intake (DMI), physiological parameters and ingestive behaviour of sheep. The experiment was conducted in Uberlandia using five cannulated sheep, housed in metabolic cages with slatted floor. The diet was consisted of corn meal and soybean meal, mineral premix and chopped hay. The five treatments were 100% chopped hay with 10 mm; 80% with 10 mm and 20% with 2 mm; 50% with 10 mm and 50% with 2 mm; 80% with 2 mm and 20% with 10 mm and 100% with 2 mm. The forage:concentrate ratio was 30:70. There was no statistical difference in the BW, DMI, water consumption (CH2O), CH2O/DMI, fecal weight, fecal score and volume of urine. The quality of the fiber and the high amount of grain may have been decisive for these equalities. There was no significance on ruminal movements, respiratory rate, rectal temperature and rumen fluid temperature (RFT). The sampling period changed the RFT and pH. There was no significant difference between the animals in the activities of rumination, idleness, intake and chewing due to the low digestibility and feed quality.(AU)

Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in the bovine corpus luteum during the different stages of the estrous cycle

The aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of components of the innate immune system inthe bovine corpus luteum (CL) by detecting the expression and cell-specific localization of TLR2 and TLR4 during different stages of the estrous cycle in a control study design. Bovine CL samples were collected from a local slaughterhouse and assigned to three groups as follows: developing CL (dCL; n = 6, approx. days 3–6), mature CL (mCL; n = 5, approx. days 8–12), and regressing CL (rCL; n = 5, approx. days 17–19). An upregulation of TLR2 mRNA was detected only in rCL(P < 0.05). Localization of the TLR2 protein was particularly apparent in luteal cells and a prominent immunofluorescent signal corresponding to TLR2 was detected only in rCL. TLR4 mRNA were higher in mCLand rCL compared to dCL(P < 0.05). The presence of the TLR4 protein in bovine CL was clearly detected in the luteal cells of both mCL and rCL. The results of this study suggest a role for TLRs in the development, maintenance, and regression of bovine CL. TLR signaling mediated pathway in luteal cells may involve in the regression of CL via regulation of TLR2 and TLR4.

Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 expression in the bovine corpus luteum during the different stages of the estrous cycle

The aim of this study was to elucidate the presence of components of the innate immune system inthe bovine corpus luteum (CL) by detecting the expression and cell-specific localization of TLR2 and TLR4 during different stages of the estrous cycle in a control study design. Bovine CL samples were collected from a local slaughterhouse and assigned to three groups as follows: developing CL (dCL; n = 6, approx. days 3–6), mature CL (mCL; n = 5, approx. days 8–12), and regressing CL (rCL; n = 5, approx. days 17–19). An upregulation of TLR2 mRNA was detected only in rCL(P < 0.05). Localization of the TLR2 protein was particularly apparent in luteal cells and a prominent immunofluorescent signal corresponding to TLR2 was detected only in rCL. TLR4 mRNA were higher in mCLand rCL compared to dCL(P < 0.05). The presence of the TLR4 protein in bovine CL was clearly detected in the luteal cells of both mCL and rCL. The results of this study suggest a role for TLRs in the development, maintenance, and regression of bovine CL. TLR signaling mediated pathway in luteal cells may involve in the regression of CL via regulation of TLR2 and TLR4.(AU)