Osteopatia craniomandibular em pastor alemão ­ Relato de caso / Craniomandibular osteopathy in a german shepherd ­ Case report / Osteopatía craneomandibular en un pastor alemán ­ Reporte de caso

A Osteopatia craniomandibular (OCM) é uma doença rara, autolimitante que acomete animais jovens, entre três a oito meses e não tem caráter neoplásico. É caracterizada pela proliferação óssea que atinge os ossos da mandíbula, mas também pode envolver outras estruturas como articulação temporomandibular, ossos do crânio e ossos longos, causando dor e desconforto. Foi atendido um cão, fêmea com quatro meses de idade com algia mandibular antes e após ter sofrido queda de altura. Com os exames foram observadas alterações condizentes com OCM. Diante do caso, foi estabelecido tratamento analgésico e acompanhamento com exames de imagem e exames de sangue. O animal teve boa resposta ao tratamento e não necessitou de outras intervenções.(AU)

Craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) is a rare, non-neoplastic self-limiting disease, that affects young animals, aged between three to eight months.It is characterized by bone proliferation that reaches the jaw bones, but it can also involve other structures such as temporomandibular joint, skull and long bones, causing pain and discomfort. A four-month-old female dog was treated with mandibular pain before and after having suffered a fall from height. With the exams, alterations consistent with CMO were observed.The treatment was set by usinganalgesicand the follow-up with imaging and blood tests were established. The animal had a good response to the treatment and did not need other interventions.(AU)

La Osteopatía Craneomandibular (OMC) es una enfermedad rara, autolimitada, que afecta a animales jóvenes, con edades comprendidas entre los tres y los ocho meses y no es neoplásica. Se caracteriza por una proliferación ósea que alcanza los huesos de la mandíbula, pero también puede comprometer otras estructuras como la articulación temporomandibular, los huesos del cráneo y los huesos largos, causando dolor y molestias. Una perra de cuatro meses de edad fue atendida por dolor mandibular antes y después de haber sufrido una caída desde una altura. Con los exámenes se observaron alteraciones compatibles con OCM. Ante el caso se instauró tratamiento analgésico y seguimiento con estudios de imagen y hemograma. El animal respondió bien al tratamiento y no necesitó de otras intervenciones.(AU)

Lesão traumática facial em cão - reconstrução cirúrgica com retalho de transposição rotacional / Facial traumatic injury in a dog - surgical reconstruction with rotational transposition flap

Background: Bite injuries are commonly found in small animal clinics, especially in male dogs, due to their habits of fighting and territorial disputes. In general, the lesions are treated with the use of compresses and bandages, however, it is extremely important to carefully evaluate the site, in order to carry out the appropriate treatment. In cases of tissue loss, an increasingly used practice is reconstructive surgery, which launches alternatives for treatment through flaps and skin grafts, promoting healing and satisfactory aesthetic repair. This report describes the case of a dog with a facial bite, treated with reconstructive surgery. Case: A 5-year-old male mixed-breed dog, with a body mass of 5 kg, was treated and submitted to a physical examination, due to the owner's complaint that he had been attacked by another dog, causing a bite on the face. On physical examination, the animal showed normal vital parameters, except for mild hyperthermia due to rectal temperature (39.5°C). On the face, it was possible to observe a lacerative lesion in the temporomandibular and masseteric regions, with loss of skin and muscle, in addition to having an aspect of infection and necrosis. To describe the hematological profile, a blood count was performed, showing no changes. In the biochemical tests, the present alteration was a slight increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (393.8 IU/L). Surgical treatment was indicated through facial reconstruction with a skin graft. After performing the antisepsis, the lesion was debrided, the edges were regularized and the injured tissue was curetted. For reconstruction of the defect, we used a flap obtained through a perpendicular incision at the base of the ear, in a caudal direction, and this flap was pulled and transposed over the wound. Flap synthesis was performed with 3-0 nylon thread. After surgery, a compressive bandage was performed, which was removed after 24 h. It was indicated to avoid exertion in the area and to return in 10 days for the evaluation of the surgery and removal of the stitches. Discussion: Traumatic injuries in animals are being increasingly reported, with male and non-neutered dogs being the most prevalent patients. This report is in line with other studies, with the patient's profile being a male dog, with an average age, in line with the literature. In general, in certain types of wounds, the affected animals can develop sepsis and even progress to death, however, in this case the patient did not show changes in vital parameters and in hematological tests. Reconstructive surgeries are performed with the aim of correcting skin defects and knowledge of the available techniques is important. It is also necessary to carry out a good planning, in order to avoid complications in the trans and postoperative period. In the present case, we chose to use a flap obtained through an incision perpendicular to the base of the ear, transposing it over the wound, in addition to relieving tissue tension through skin divulsion, increasing its elastic potential. The use of bandages is considered extremely important for the success of the surgical procedure, as it provides an efficient barrier against infections, trauma and adhesions. However, we emphasize the need to use ointments, gauzes and bandages concomitantly, in order to have the desired success in the postoperative period. In addition to proper surgical techniques, pain management and infection control are important for patient recovery. It is important to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids to obtain analgesia, in addition to antibiotic therapy before and after surgery. The reported case demonstrated that lesions in dogs with skin loss can be reconstructed using skin flaps, with an excellent recovery and good prognosis, as was the case with the patient in this report.

Desordens hiperostóticas em American Bully / Hiperostotic disorders in american bully

O complexo de desordens hiperostóticas é uma condição rara e autolimitante, que tem as mesmas características histopatológicas, que cursa com proliferação óssea de caráter não neoplásico. Acomete cães jovens de raças distintas, com variabilidade quanto ao tipo de proliferação óssea e quanto aos ossos acometidos. O complexo é composto pela osteopatia craniomandibular, hiperostose da calota craniana e osteodistrofia hipertrófica. Podendo estar presente nos ossos da calota craniana, mandíbulas, coluna cervical e esqueleto apendicular. O presente relato, descreveu o quadro de uma cadela, da raça American Bully, não castrada, três meses de idade, que foi atendida com queixa de aumento de volume doloroso das mandíbulas, hiporexia e sialorreia há 15 dias, apresentando ao exame físico, amplitude de movimento diminuída e sensibilidade dolorosa da articulação temporomandibular, espessamento firme bilateral do crânio em região de fossa temporal, espessamento palpável de consistência firme das mandíbulas e crepitação respiratória. Após avaliação clínica e realização de exames complementares, chegou-se ao diagnóstico presuntivo, de complexo de desordens hiperostóticas. Foi instituído como conduta terapêutica o suporte analgésico, sendo eficaz para a manutenção das necessidades fisiológicas até a paciente alcançar a fase adulta. O prognóstico para esta paciente foi considerado bom, uma vez que não havia indícios de anquilose da articulação temporomandibular e/ou manifestações neurológicas.

The complex of hyperostotic disorders is a rare and self-limiting condition, which has the same histophatological characteristics, which courses with non-neoplastic bone proliferations. It affects young dogs of different breeds, with variability the bones affected. The complex is composed of craniomandibular osteopathy, calvarial hyperostotic syndrome and hypertrophic osteodystrophy. It may be present in the bones of the skullcap, jaws, cervical spine and appendicular skeleton. The present report describes the condition of a female dog, American Bully breed, entire, three months old, with a complaint of painful swelling of the jaws, hyporexia and drooling for 15 days, presenting on physical examination, reduced amplitude and pain of the temporomandibular joint, bilateral firm thickening of the skull in the temporal fossa region, palpable firm-consistent thickening of the mandibles and respiratory crackle. After clinical evaluation and complementary tests, a presumptive diagnosis of hyperostotic disorders complex was reached. It was instituted pain management as a treatment, being effective for the maintenance of physiological needs until the patient reaches the adulthood. The prognosis for this patient was considered good, since there was no evidence of temporomandibular joint ankylosis and/or neurological manifestations.

Osteopatia craniomandibular em cães sem raça definida / Craniomandibular osteopathy in mixed breed dogs

Background: Craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) is a degenerative, osteopetrotic, and self-limiting bone disease that is rare in the canine species. The most affected bones and joints are the branches of the mandible, tympanic bulla, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with generalized thickening of the bone trabeculae, increased lines of bone cementation, and bone proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate 2 cases of CMO in mixed-breed dogs belonging to the same litter sent to the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD / FV / UFPel). Cases: Three dogs (mixed-breed, 2 females and 1 male) belonging to the same litter presented at eight months of age with increases in volume and pain in the face, difficulties in moving the jaw, anorexia, and sialorrhea. The 2 bitches were euthanized and sent to LRD / FV / UFPel for necropsy. The animals underwent radiography of the left and right lateral and dorsoventral lateral projections in the imaging sector of the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) at UFPel. During the necropsy, fragments of organs from the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as the central nervous system and head bones, were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The tissue samples were cleaved, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, cut into sections of 3 µm thickness, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The bone fragments were decalcified in a 50/50 solution of 8% hydrochloric acid and 8% formic acid and subsequently cleaved and stained with HE. The head and jaw of one of the canines were dissected and subjected to maceration in water at room temperature. Radiographic examination of the 2 remaining animals showed irregular and exuberant bone proliferation in the mandible and temporomandibular region. In the tympanic bullae, occipital bone, and zygomatic process, thickening of the structures was observed with increased opacity. On necropsy, the canines were cachectic with marked muscle atrophy and increased volume of the mandibular branches and head bones, in addition to marked edema in the adjacent subcutaneous tissue. The regional lymph nodes were enlarged, and in one of the animals, bilateral lesions in the femurs were also observed. In the head subjected to biological maceration, areas of bone proliferation and rarefaction were observed, with increased volume and destruction of the TMJ. On histopathological evaluation of the ventral portion of the mandibular bodies, a network of bony trabeculae was observed, composed of a chondroid matrix with different degrees of mineralization. The cortical portion of the bones exhibited loss of lamellar compactness, with greater spread of the bone trabeculae. The bone trabeculae were perpendicular to the long axis of the cortical of the mandible and were distributed in the medullary spaces, presenting some dense foci of inflammatory infiltrates composed predominantly of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Discussion: The breeds most predisposed to developing CMO are West Highland White Terrier and Scottish Terrier; however, the disease has also been described in other non-Terrier breed. Nevertheless, there are no descriptions in the literature of mixed-breed dogs, with this report being the first of CMO in mixed-breed dogs. The bones most frequently affected in CMO are those of the head. In Terrier dogs, the TMJ is also affected. In the cases of this study, severe CMO occurred, affecting both the head bones and TMJ, and in 1 of the canines, it also affected the femurs. Although CMO has not previously been reported in mixed-breed dogs, the condition can seriously affect these animals, and differential diagnosis should always be made.(AU)

Mandibulectomia em felino com osteomielite fibrosante bacteriana / Mandibulectomy in feline with bacterial fibrosing osteomyelitis

Background: Fibrosing osteomyelitis is a chronic inflammatory process caused by infectious agents that lead to the destructionand replacement of bone tissue by fibroblasts. The diagnosis is based especially on histopathological and bacterial culture. Incases where extensive and irreversible injuries are observed, surgical treatment may be indicated. The objective of this work isto report the clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and microbiological aspects of a cat presenting fibrosing osteomyelitis.Case: A 10-year-old male feline, no defined breed, weighing 3.9 kg was referred to one Private Veterinary Clinic of Fortaleza,CE, Brazil with a history of left mandibular enlargement, presenting dysphagia, sialorrhea, an increase in firm consistencyalong of the left mandibular body, temporomandibular arthralgia and decreased joint motion range. On cranium radiograph,signs of proliferative osteopathy of irregular contours were observed in the branch and body of the left mandible and extending to the rostral region of the right mandible, suggesting a neoplastic process. After anesthesia, for better assessment ofthe oral cavity, a sample was collected by incisional biopsy, however, the histopathological result was nonspecific. In viewof the inconclusive condition, it was decided to perform left hemimandibulectomy combined with right partial mandibulectomy. Tissue samples were obtained and sent for microbiological and histopathological analyses. The last test revealedan inflammatory reaction consisting of neutrophils and plasma cells, associated with a large amount of fibrous connectivetissue, multifocal bacterial aggregates, necrosis and bone resorption. Based on the findings, the diagnosis of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis was concluded. The microbiological culture demonstrated the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonasaeruginosa, with sensitivity to cefovecin, which was administered to the treatment in....

Mandibulectomia em felino com osteomielite fibrosante bacteriana / Mandibulectomy in feline with bacterial fibrosing osteomyelitis

Background: Fibrosing osteomyelitis is a chronic inflammatory process caused by infectious agents that lead to the destructionand replacement of bone tissue by fibroblasts. The diagnosis is based especially on histopathological and bacterial culture. Incases where extensive and irreversible injuries are observed, surgical treatment may be indicated. The objective of this work isto report the clinical, radiographic, histopathological, and microbiological aspects of a cat presenting fibrosing osteomyelitis.Case: A 10-year-old male feline, no defined breed, weighing 3.9 kg was referred to one Private Veterinary Clinic of Fortaleza,CE, Brazil with a history of left mandibular enlargement, presenting dysphagia, sialorrhea, an increase in firm consistencyalong of the left mandibular body, temporomandibular arthralgia and decreased joint motion range. On cranium radiograph,signs of proliferative osteopathy of irregular contours were observed in the branch and body of the left mandible and extending to the rostral region of the right mandible, suggesting a neoplastic process. After anesthesia, for better assessment ofthe oral cavity, a sample was collected by incisional biopsy, however, the histopathological result was nonspecific. In viewof the inconclusive condition, it was decided to perform left hemimandibulectomy combined with right partial mandibulectomy. Tissue samples were obtained and sent for microbiological and histopathological analyses. The last test revealedan inflammatory reaction consisting of neutrophils and plasma cells, associated with a large amount of fibrous connectivetissue, multifocal bacterial aggregates, necrosis and bone resorption. Based on the findings, the diagnosis of chronic bacterial osteomyelitis was concluded. The microbiological culture demonstrated the growth of the bacterium Pseudomonasaeruginosa, with sensitivity to cefovecin, which was administered to the treatment in....(AU)

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animal’s blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...

Neurite idiopática do nervo trigêmeo em um cão / Idiopathic neuritis of the trigeminal nerve in a dog

Background: Idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy is a peripheral neuropathy whose clinical signs include inability to close themouth. A neurological examination reveals mainly flaccid paralysis of the masticatory muscles, which may be accompaniedby atony/hypotonia of the masseter and temporalis muscles. Altered sensitivity may also be present in very rare cases.This article reports a case of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy with involvement of the motor and sensory nerve fibers in adog, describing the clinical symptoms, neurological findings, exclusion of other diseases, and evolution of the condition.Case: A 5-year-old bitch showing signs of difficulty in picking up food, swallowing water, and hypersalivation was takento a veterinary clinic. According to her owner, these signs had started spontaneously 2 days earlier. A physical examinationof the animal revealed only a persistently open mouth, although the mouth opening and closing movements could be performed manually by manipulating the jaw. The patient showed swallowing ability, and her tongue movements were intact.The neurological examination revealed that the animal also presented bilateral absence of nasal sensitivity and absenceof palpebral reflex. The animals blood test results showed changes only in the CK and AST levels, which were 1,182.60U/L (reference: 1.5 to 28.4 U/L) and 87.1 IU/L (reference: 6.2 to 13 IU/L), respectively. The animal tested negative fordistemper, leishmaniasis, toxoplasmosis and neosporosis. Abdominal ultrasound and thoracic radiography were performedto investigate neoplasia, as well as radiography of the temporomandibular joints, and none of these imaging tests revealedany alterations. A cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis was also within the normal range of reference parameters. In view ofthe possibility of idiopathic trigeminal neuropathy, prednisolone...(AU)

Neurite aguda do nervo trigêmeo em Pastor Alemão / Acute trigeminal nerve neuritis in German Shepherd

Background: Trigeminal nerve is composed by ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular portion, presenting sensory and motor functions. Its most common conditions include vascular, neoplastic, infectious and inflammatory causes. Neuritis is an inflammation caused by a primary nerve injury that can progress to demyelination and even degeneration of nerve fibers. The present report aims to describe an unusual case of a female dog, German Shepherd breed, with acute manifestation of trigeminal nerve neuritis whose etiology may be associated with erlichiosis, since infection with Ehrlichia spp. through serological test was verified. Case: A 3-year-old female German Shepherd, weighing 26.8 kg and not neutered, was attended at Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil presenting apathy, sialorrhea and polydipsia for seven days. The tutor reported an episode of foamy and yellowish vomit three days ago and ixodidiosis last week. Physical examination revealed flaccid open-mouthed posture, with mild bilateral masseter and moderate temporal muscle atrophy. Water was offered to the animal and it was observed that it could not properly seize, confirming a false polydipsia. The neurological examination revealed a slight decrease in head sensitivity, difficulty in chewing and seizure of food. It was not observed alterations in the other pairs of cranial nerves or other neurological parameters (postural reactions and spinal reflexes), and the diagnose of bilateral dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve was based on the affected neuroanatomic region. On neurological examination, other lesions of the nervous system were ruled out, suggesting an isolated manifestation of the trigeminal nerve. CBC revealed anemia, intense thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis by neutrophilia. Radiographic examination ruled out the possibility of trauma due to the absence of mandible fracture and also temporomandibular joint alterations. Masseter and temporal muscle biopsy were performed, and myositis

Neurite aguda do nervo trigêmeo em Pastor Alemão / Acute trigeminal nerve neuritis in German Shepherd

Background: Trigeminal nerve is composed by ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular portion, presenting sensory and motor functions. Its most common conditions include vascular, neoplastic, infectious and inflammatory causes. Neuritis is an inflammation caused by a primary nerve injury that can progress to demyelination and even degeneration of nerve fibers. The present report aims to describe an unusual case of a female dog, German Shepherd breed, with acute manifestation of trigeminal nerve neuritis whose etiology may be associated with erlichiosis, since infection with Ehrlichia spp. through serological test was verified. Case: A 3-year-old female German Shepherd, weighing 26.8 kg and not neutered, was attended at Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil presenting apathy, sialorrhea and polydipsia for seven days. The tutor reported an episode of foamy and yellowish vomit three days ago and ixodidiosis last week. Physical examination revealed flaccid open-mouthed posture, with mild bilateral masseter and moderate temporal muscle atrophy. Water was offered to the animal and it was observed that it could not properly seize, confirming a false polydipsia. The neurological examination revealed a slight decrease in head sensitivity, difficulty in chewing and seizure of food. It was not observed alterations in the other pairs of cranial nerves or other neurological parameters (postural reactions and spinal reflexes), and the diagnose of bilateral dysfunction of the trigeminal nerve was based on the affected neuroanatomic region. On neurological examination, other lesions of the nervous system were ruled out, suggesting an isolated manifestation of the trigeminal nerve. CBC revealed anemia, intense thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis by neutrophilia. Radiographic examination ruled out the possibility of trauma due to the absence of mandible fracture and also temporomandibular joint alterations. Masseter and temporal muscle biopsy were performed, and myositis…(AU)

Colesteatoma em cães: revisão de literatura / Cholesteatoma in dogs: literature review

Colesteatoma é uma doença otológica caracterizada por um cisto epidermoide aural benigno. As manifestações clínicas apresentadas por essa doença podem ser: otalgia, dor ou inabilidade ao abrir a boca, head tilt, paralisia facial, ataxia e dor à palpação da articulação temporomandibular. O diagnóstico se baseia em exames como tomografia, ressonância magnética, vídeo-otoscopia, sendo fundamental realizar o histopatológico para confirmação do diagnóstico. A cirurgia é o tratamento mais eficaz, podendo não ser curativo. A cirurgia consiste em remover os restos de queratina e epitélio escamoso da orelha média, e na Medicina Veterinária tem alto índice de recidiva.

Cholesteatoma is an otologic disease, characterized as a benign aural epidermoid cyst. Clinical manifestations of this disease can be: otalgia, pain or inability to open the mouth, head tilt, facial paralysis, ataxia, and pain under temporomandibular joint palpation. Diagnosis is based on exams such as tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and video-otoscopy; and histopathological examination is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Surgery is the most effective treatment, albeit it may not be curative, consisting of removing the remains of keratin and squamous epithelium of the middle ear. In Veterinary Medicine, this has a high rate of recurrence.

Colesteatoma em cães: revisão de literatura / Cholesteatoma in dogs: literature review

Colesteatoma é uma doença otológica caracterizada por um cisto epidermoide aural benigno. As manifestações clínicas apresentadas por essa doença podem ser: otalgia, dor ou inabilidade ao abrir a boca, head tilt, paralisia facial, ataxia e dor à palpação da articulação temporomandibular. O diagnóstico se baseia em exames como tomografia, ressonância magnética, vídeo-otoscopia, sendo fundamental realizar o histopatológico para confirmação do diagnóstico. A cirurgia é o tratamento mais eficaz, podendo não ser curativo. A cirurgia consiste em remover os restos de queratina e epitélio escamoso da orelha média, e na Medicina Veterinária tem alto índice de recidiva.(AU)

Cholesteatoma is an otologic disease, characterized as a benign aural epidermoid cyst. Clinical manifestations of this disease can be: otalgia, pain or inability to open the mouth, head tilt, facial paralysis, ataxia, and pain under temporomandibular joint palpation. Diagnosis is based on exams such as tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and video-otoscopy; and histopathological examination is essential to confirm the diagnosis. Surgery is the most effective treatment, albeit it may not be curative, consisting of removing the remains of keratin and squamous epithelium of the middle ear. In Veterinary Medicine, this has a high rate of recurrence.(AU)

Ocorrência de alterações radiográficas nas articulações temporomandibulares de equinos, com 15 anos de idade ou mais, e sua relação com odontopatias

A odontologia equina está associada com o aumento da longevidade e qualidade de vida, melhora de performance e melhor digestibilidade dos alimentos. Novos estudos estão dando enfoque para as alterações odontológicas, sua influência no ciclo mastigatório e consequências sistêmicas. O exame radiográfico da articulação temporomandibular é de difícil realização e as imagens obtidas podem não ter qualidade diagnóstica, dessa forma, as alterações radiográficas dessa articulação são pouco relatadas. Trabalhos recentes apresentam novos posicionamentos radiográficos para avaliar a articulação temporomandibular, entretanto, nenhum trabalho foi realizado para avaliar qual desses posicionamentos é o mais eficiente, quais as alterações radiográficas mais comuns, e qual é a ocorrência dessas possíveis lesões nos equinos. Esse trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar as articulações temporomandibulares de equinos de diversas raças, com idade igual ou superior a 15 anos, que foram submetidos a procedimentos odontológicos de rotina, relacionando a presença de lesões radiográficas nessas articulações com as observações obtidas durante o exame físico e odontológico. Foram examinados 95 equinos, que inicialmente passaram por exame físico e anamnese, com registro das informações em odontograma individual. Os equinos foram então rotineiramente sedados para exame odontológico, e foi realizada, uma radiografia oclusal dos dentes trituradores de cada hemiarcada, para mensurar as alterações oclusais, pelas ferramentas do software do sistema de radiologia digital. Em seguida duas posições radiográficas foram realizadas de cada articulação temporomandibular, sendo uma posição oblíqua com a incidência dos raios-x ventrolateral e o chassi posicionado sobre a crista nucal e pescoço, com a cabeça elevada; e uma posição tangencial, com incidência dos raios-x próxima à crista nucal e com o chassi radiográfico apoiado na face lateral da cabeça. Em seguida, foi colocado o espéculo oral e todas as alterações odontológicas foram registradas. As radiografias oclusais foram mensuradas quanto aos desvios existentes por dois examinadores com experiência em odontologia e as radiografias das ATMs foram avaliadas por dois radiologistas. O posicionamento oblíquo foi considerado de maior sensibilidade e especificidade diagnósticas, além de maior facilidade e segurança na execução, com relação ao posicionamento tangencial, além de apresentar concordância entre os avaliadores. Não foi observada correlação entre o número de alterações odontológicas e alterações radiográficas das ATMs, mas a ocorrência de periodontite, ganchos de segundo pré-molar superior e terceiro molar inferior do lado direito estão relacionados com alterações radiográficas oblíquas nas ATMs. Houve correlação entre número de alterações radiográficas oblíquas e dor à pressão digital nas ATMs, para um dos avaliadores. Atrofia do músculo masseter está relacionada a irregularidade de superfície articular mandibular esquerda. Não houve concordância entre os avaliadores para desvios oclusais. A excursão lateral da mandíbula não está relacionada com aspectos clínicos ou radiográficos, e apresentou valores maiores nos animais estabulados e de menor escore corporal. A projeção oblíqua é então indicada na avaliação das ATMs, principalmante quando houver dor nessas articulações, visto que essa projeção se apresentou adequada para a avaliação radiológica da articulação temporomandibular.

Equine dentistry is associated with increased life quality and longevity, improved performance and better digestibility. New studies are focusing on dental changes, their influence on the chewing cycle and also systemic consequences of these changes. The radiographic examination of equine temporomandibular joint is considered to be difficult to perform and these images may not have diagnostic quality, therefore radiographic changes in the temporomandibular joint are rarely reported. Some publications have recently proposed new radiographic positions to evaluate the equine temporomandibular joint, however those studies have not reported which of these positions is the most efficient, which are the most common radiographic changes, and what is the occurrence of these radiographic alterations in horses. The objective of this study is to evaluate the temporomandibular joints of horses of different races, aged 15 years or more that will undergo routine dental procedures, and to corelate the presence of radiographic alterations in these joints with the observations obtained during the dental examination. Physical examinations were made in 95 horses and every information was recorded in individual dental chart. Then the horses have been sedated for dental examination, and six radiographs were taken from each horse, one occlusal radiograph of the cheek teeth of each hemiarchade, to measure the size of the occlusal deviations found in each hose, whith the x-ray software tools. Then two radiographic positions were performed in each temporomandibular joint, an oblique position with ventro-lateral incidence of x-rays and the chassis positioned over the nuchal crest and supported by the neck, and the head elevated, and a tangential position, with the x-rays incidence near the nuchal crest and the radiographic chassis on the lateral surface of the head. Then the oral speculum was positioned and dental alterations have been recorded. Oclusal images had any deviation recorded by two examiners with experience in equine dentistry, and temporomandibular images were analyzed by two radiologists. The oblique positioning was considered of higher diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and had consistent evaluation between the radiologists. The tangential positioning was considered to be less informative and presented greater difficulty to be performed. There was no correlation between dental abnormalities and radiographic alterations in the TMJs. The occurrence of periodontitis and upper second premolar and third lower molar hooks, in the right side are related to radiographic alterations in the TMJs. There was corelation between the number of radiographic alterations and temporomandibular joint pain for one of the radiologists. Masseter muscle atrophy was related to mandibular joint surface irregularity in the left side. There was no agreement between the examiners for oclusal deviations. Excursion to molar contact was not related to clinical or radiological data, and presented higher values in confined horses, and those with lower body score. The oblique projection is indicated in the TMJs evaluation, especially in painful joints, since this projection proved to be adequate in temporomandibular joint radiological evaluation.

Estudo cadavérico dos nervos auriculotemporal e auricular maior em gatos

objetivo deste estudo foi descrever referências anatômicas específicas para a localização e abordagem dos nervos auriculotemporal (nAT) e auricular maior (nAM) e os volumes da solução de azul de metileno e bupivacaína necessários para coloração adequada dos nervos. Vinte cadáveres de gatos domésticos foram utilizados em duas fases do trabalho. A primeira consistiu na identificação da inervação sensitiva da orelha, avaliação da técnica de bloqueio e determinação do volume de corante a ser utilizado. No nAT, compararam-se dois volumes (0,025 mL/kg e 0,05 mL/kg) e no nAM, três volumes (0,05mL/kg; 0,1 mL/kg; 0,2 mL/kg). Após 10 minutos da administração da solução, a região de interesse foi dissecada e os nervos foram avaliados quanto à coloração. Na segunda fase, dez cadáveres foram utilizados para avaliação do bloqueio, o qual foi considerado eficaz quando os nervos foram corados mais que 6mm em sua extensão. Como resultado, as referências anatômicas que auxiliaram para o bloqueio do nAT foram a ATM e o processo condilar e para o nAM, o ponto mais cranial do processo transverso do atlas. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os volumes de corante 0,025ml/kg, 0,05ml/kg no nAT e 0,05mL/kg, 0,1mL/kg e 0,2mL/kg no nAM. Na segunda fase do projeto, a taxa de acerto no nAT foi de 18 em 20 (90%) enquanto a do nAM foi de 17 em 20 (85%).

The present study aimed to describe specific anatomical references for the location of the auriculotemporal nerve (ATN) and the great auricular nerve (GAN), as well as the blocking approaches and the volume of methylene blue and bupivacaine solution needed to adequately pigment these nerves. The experiment comprised two phases and utilized twenty domestic cat corpses. The first phase consisted in identifying the ear sensory innervation, evaluating the blocking techniques and determining required pigment volume. On ATN two different volumes were utilized for comparison purposes 0,025 mL/kg and 0,05 mL/kg while on GAN three volumes were tested 0,05mL/kg, 0,1 mL/kg and 0,2 mL/kg. 10 minutes after the administration of the solution, the analyzed region was dissected according to the description and the nerves were observed as to their pigmentation. In the second phase, the efficacy of the blockage was evaluated in ten cadavers, the ATN and GAN nerves were dissected after the infiltration and the extension of the stained nerve was measured and considered effective if higher than 6mm. As a result, the anatomical references that helped block the ATN were the TMJ (temporomandibular joint) and the condylar process. For the GAN, was the most cranial point of the atlas transverse process. There was no significant difference between the pigment volumes 0,025ml/kg, 0,05ml/kg (on ATN) and 0,05m/kg, 0,1mL/kg and 0,2mL/kg (on GAN). In the second phase of the project, ATN success rate was 90% (18 out of 20) while the GAN had 85% (17 out of 20).

Craniomandibular osteopathy in a west highland white terrier

Background: Craniomandibular osteopathy is a bone disorder that occurs in dogs but is not very commonly reported. It is characterized by a non-neoplastic bilaterally symmetrical irregular proliferation of skull or long bones. Immature dogs are most commonly reported with age ranging from three to eight months. The aim of this paper is to report a case of CMO in a West Highland White Terrier.Case: A 5-month-old entire West Highland white terrier was referred to the Veterinary Hospital with sudden history of severe pain and mandibular swelling, dysphagia, lethargy and weight loss. On physical examination the dog was quiet, alert and responsive. There was thickening of the mandibular bodies with pain at palpation and when opening the mouth. Complete blood count was within normal range. Simple radiographs demonstrated discrete and active new bone formation on the ventral aspect of the mandibular body. Carprofen, dypirone and tramadol were prescribed twice daily for 10 days. 30 days later new radiographs showed more extensive areas of periosteal proliferation advancing to the temporomandibular joint and progression of the looseness of the characteristic compact appearance of lamellar bone of the mandible. The dog was more lethargic, not eating well and in pain. Medication was again prescribed but the treatment was unsuccessful. The dog returned for consultation with severe pain...(AU)

Craniomandibular osteopathy in a west highland white terrier

Background: Craniomandibular osteopathy is a bone disorder that occurs in dogs but is not very commonly reported. It is characterized by a non-neoplastic bilaterally symmetrical irregular proliferation of skull or long bones. Immature dogs are most commonly reported with age ranging from three to eight months. The aim of this paper is to report a case of CMO in a West Highland White Terrier.Case: A 5-month-old entire West Highland white terrier was referred to the Veterinary Hospital with sudden history of severe pain and mandibular swelling, dysphagia, lethargy and weight loss. On physical examination the dog was quiet, alert and responsive. There was thickening of the mandibular bodies with pain at palpation and when opening the mouth. Complete blood count was within normal range. Simple radiographs demonstrated discrete and active new bone formation on the ventral aspect of the mandibular body. Carprofen, dypirone and tramadol were prescribed twice daily for 10 days. 30 days later new radiographs showed more extensive areas of periosteal proliferation advancing to the temporomandibular joint and progression of the looseness of the characteristic compact appearance of lamellar bone of the mandible. The dog was more lethargic, not eating well and in pain. Medication was again prescribed but the treatment was unsuccessful. The dog returned for consultation with severe pain...

Ostectomia bilateral total do arco zigomático na correção de luxação e bloqueio mandibular crônico em felino: relato de caso / Bilateral partial ostectomy zygomatic arch in correction of chronic mandibular dislocation and jaw locking on feline: case report / Ostectomía parcial bilateral arco cigomático de luxación mandibular crónica y bloqueo de la mandíbula en felino: reporte de un caso

O travamento de mandíbula ocorre quando o processo coronoide se prende abaixo do arco zigomático, sendo raro em cães e gatos. As causas mais comuns desta afecção são decorrentes da luxação temporomandibular, que pode ser traumática, associada ou não a lesões mandibulares e por displasia temporomandibular. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar um caso de luxação bilateral crônica da articulação temporomandibular em um felino, onde o tratamento cirúrgico compreendeu a ostectomia bilateral parcial do arco zigomático.

Jaw locking occurs when the coronoid process attaches below the zygomatic arch, is rare in dogs and cats. The most common causes of this condition are through temporomandibular dislocation, which can be traumatic, with or without mandibular lesions and temporomandibular dysplasia. The objective of this study is to report a case of chronic bilateral dislocation of the temporomandibular joint in cat, where the surgery was through bilateral partial ostectomy zygomatic arch.

La mandíbula de bloqueo se produce cuando el proceso coronoides concede por debajo del arco cigomático, es poco común en perros y gatos. Las causas más comunes de esta condición son a través de la dislocación temporomandibular, que puede ser traumática, con o sin lesiones mandibulares y por displasia temporomandibulares. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de luxación bilateral crónica de la articulación temporomandibular en un gato, en la que la cirugía era a través de ostectomía bilateral parcial arco cigomático.

Structural features and assessment of zymosan-induced arthritis in rat temporomandibular joint model using sulfated polysaccharide / Características estruturais e ensaio de artrite induzida por zimosam em modelo de articulação temporomandibular de ratos usando polissacarídeo sulfatado

The green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium contains three SPs fractions (Cc-SP1, Cc-SP2 and Cc-SP3). Cc-SP1andCc-SP2 had anticoagulant (in vitro), pro- and antithrombotic, antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory (in vivo) effects. This study analyzed structural features and the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Cc-SP1 on zymosan-induced acute arthritis of the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Cc-SP1 was investigated by infrared technique. Male Wistar rats (200-240 g) received subcutaneously (s.c.) Cc-SP1 1h prior to intra-articular (i.art.) injection of zymosan (2 mg joint-1) or saline (0.9%) into the left TMJ. Mechanical hypernociception was measured by the electronic Von Frey method in the basal and 4h after zymosan injection. Animals were euthanized 6h after zymosan injection and the TMJ cavity was removed for total leukocyte counts from the synovial fluid and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity assessment. Cc-SP1 (1, 3 or 9 mg kg-1) containing sulfate ester, galactose-6-sulfate, uronic acid and glycosidic linkages reduced zymosan-induced hypernociception (78.12, 81.13 and 87.43%, respectively, p 0.01), and inhibited the total leukocyte influx (85, 88.14 and 89.95%, respectively, p 0.01), being confirmed by MPO activity (p 0.05). Therefore, Cc-SP1 reveals a pharmacological tool for treating inflammatory arthropathies.(AU)

A alga marinha verde Caulerpa cupressoides var. lycopodium contém três frações de PSs (Cc-PS1; Cc-PS2 e Cc-PS3). Cc-PS1 e Cc-PS2 apresentaram efeitos anticoagulante (in vitro), pró- e antitrombótico, antinociceptivo e/ou anti-inflammatório (in vivo). Analisaram-se as características estruturais e os efeitos antinociceptivo e anti-inflamatório de Cc-PS1 sobre artrite aguda induzida por zimosam na articulação temporomandibular (ATM) de ratos. Foi investigada a Cc-PS1 por técnica de infravermelho. Ratos machos Wistar (200-240 g) receberam subcutaneamente (s.c.) Cc-PS1 1h antes de injeção intra-articular (i.art.) de zimosam (2 mg articulação-1) ou salina (0,9%) na ATM esquerda. A hipernocicepção mecânica foi mensurada por método Von Frey elétrico em zero e 4h após injeção de zimosam. Os animais foram entanasiados após 6h de injeção de zimosam e a cavidade da ATM foi removida para contagem de leucócitos totais do fluído sinovial e ensaio da atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO). A Cc-PS1 (1; 3 ou 9 mg kg-1) contendo éster sulfato, galactose-6-sulfato, ácido urônico e ligações glicosídicas reduziu a hipernocicepção induzida por zimosam (78,12; 81,13 e 87,4%, respectivamente; p 0,01), além de inibir o influxo de leucócitos totais (85; 88,14 e 89,95%, respectivamente; p 0,01), sendo, ainda, confirmado pela atividade de MPO (p 0,05). Portanto, a Cc-PS1 revela como uma ferramenta farmacológica para tratar de artropatias inflamatórias.(AU)

Luxação e fratura do processo coronoide da articulação temporomandibular: relato de caso / Temporomandibular joint dislocation and coronoide process fracture: case report / Luxación y fractura del proceso coronoide de la articulación temporomandibular: informe de caso

As articulações temporomandibulares são de suma importância para que haja o deslocamento mandibular durante os ciclos mastigatórios e seus principais movimentos se originam sobre seu eixo transversal. Lesões traumáticas envolvendo estas articulações possuem um prognóstico reservado e danos aos tecidos adjacentes pode representar uma complicação significativa no período de recuperação da lesão, especialmente quando envolve as estruturas oculares. Os achados clínicos e exames de imagem complementares, como a radiologia e a tomografia computadorizada, são essenciais para um diagnóstico conclusivo. Um caso de luxação da articulação temporomandibular e fratura do processo coronoide unilateral é relatado, com diagnóstico estabelecido por meio do exame clínico e radiológico. Foi obtido êxito na reversão do quadro de luxação com o tratamento conservativo e o equino voltou a se alimentar normalmente passados três meses de tratamento.

The temporomandibular joints are of paramount importance for rnandibular displacement during masticatory cycles and their main movements originate on their transverse axis. Traumatic lesions involving these joints have a reserved prognosis and damage to adjacent tissues may represent a significant complication in the recovery period of the lesion, especially when involving the ocular structures. Clinical findings and complementary imaging tests, such as radiology and computed tomography, are essential for a conclusive diagnosis. A case of dislocation of the temporomandibular joint and fracture of the unilateral coronoid process is reported, with diagnosis established through clinical and radiological examination. Successful reversal of the dislocation was achieved with conservative treatment and the horse returned to normal feeding after three months of treatment.

Las articulaciones temporomandibulares son de suma importancia para que haya el correcto dislocamiento mandibular durante los ciclos masticatorios, sus principales movimientos se originan sobre su eje transversal. Las lesiones traumáticas que envuelven estas articulaciones pose en un pronostico reservado y daños a los tejidos adyacentes y puede representar una complicación significativa durante el proceso de recuperación de la lesión, especialmente cuando se comprometen las estructuras oculares. Los hallazgos clínicos y exámenes diagnosticos complementarios, como la radiología y la tomografía computarizada son esenciales para un diagnostico concluyente. Un caso de luxación de la articulación temporomandibular y fractura del proceso coronoide unilateral es relatado con diagnostico establecido por media de exámenes clínicos y radiolóqicos. Se obtuvo éxito en la reversión de la luxación con tratamiento conservador, después de tres meses de tratamiento, el equino se volvió a alimentar correctamente.

Luxação e fratura do processo coronoide da articulação temporomandibular: relato de caso / Temporomandibular joint dislocation and coronoide process fracture: case report / Luxación y fractura del proceso coronoide de la articulación temporomandibular: informe de caso

As articulações temporomandibulares são de suma importância para que haja o deslocamento mandibular durante os ciclos mastigatórios e seus principais movimentos se originam sobre seu eixo transversal. Lesões traumáticas envolvendo estas articulações possuem um prognóstico reservado e danos aos tecidos adjacentes pode representar uma complicação significativa no período de recuperação da lesão, especialmente quando envolve as estruturas oculares. Os achados clínicos e exames de imagem complementares, como a radiologia e a tomografia computadorizada, são essenciais para um diagnóstico conclusivo. Um caso de luxação da articulação temporomandibular e fratura do processo coronoide unilateral é relatado, com diagnóstico estabelecido por meio do exame clínico e radiológico. Foi obtido êxito na reversão do quadro de luxação com o tratamento conservativo e o equino voltou a se alimentar normalmente passados três meses de tratamento.(AU)

The temporomandibular joints are of paramount importance for rnandibular displacement during masticatory cycles and their main movements originate on their transverse axis. Traumatic lesions involving these joints have a reserved prognosis and damage to adjacent tissues may represent a significant complication in the recovery period of the lesion, especially when involving the ocular structures. Clinical findings and complementary imaging tests, such as radiology and computed tomography, are essential for a conclusive diagnosis. A case of dislocation of the temporomandibular joint and fracture of the unilateral coronoid process is reported, with diagnosis established through clinical and radiological examination. Successful reversal of the dislocation was achieved with conservative treatment and the horse returned to normal feeding after three months of treatment.(AU)

Las articulaciones temporomandibulares son de suma importancia para que haya el correcto dislocamiento mandibular durante los ciclos masticatorios, sus principales movimientos se originan sobre su eje transversal. Las lesiones traumáticas que envuelven estas articulaciones pose en un pronostico reservado y daños a los tejidos adyacentes y puede representar una complicación significativa durante el proceso de recuperación de la lesión, especialmente cuando se comprometen las estructuras oculares. Los hallazgos clínicos y exámenes diagnosticos complementarios, como la radiología y la tomografía computarizada son esenciales para un diagnostico concluyente. Un caso de luxación de la articulación temporomandibular y fractura del proceso coronoide unilateral es relatado con diagnostico establecido por media de exámenes clínicos y radiolóqicos. Se obtuvo éxito en la reversión de la luxación con tratamiento conservador, después de tres meses de tratamiento, el equino se volvió a alimentar correctamente.(AU)