Pulmonary adenocarcinoma in dogs: surgical treatment with real-time video-thermometry

Background: Pulmonary neoplasia is an abnormal proliferation of cells at the lung tissue, and may be classified as primary, secondary or metastatic, and multisystemic. However, primary neoplasia is rare in canids. Additionally, neoplasms may be classified according to their biological behavior as either malignant or benign. Malignant tumors are more prevalent. The diagnosis can be difficult due to nonspecific symptoms, taking into account that some affected patients do not have symptoms at all; thus, the real incidence of the disease might remain undiagnosed on certain occasions. Therefore, we aimed to report an unprecedented successful case of lung lobectomy surgery in dogs with the aid of infrared video thermometry, which showed real-time images during the surgical procedure. Case: A 10-year-old male dog, crossbreed with Cocker Spaniel, was attended with a history of lethargy, dullness, progressive weight loss, cough, and difficulty breathing. Due to the chronic severity of the clinical signs and the normal physiological clinical examination, complementary exams were requested, such as radiography of the cervical and thoracic regions, cranial and thoracoabdominal computed tomography (TCT). The results of the exams showed the presence of a nodule mass in the right caudal pulmonary lobe which caused a lateral deviation to the left hemithorax of the cardiac silhouette. The patient underwent a surgical procedure with an approach through the thoracic region, at the height of the seventh intercostal space, and a total lobectomy was performed. Throughout the surgical procedure, video thermometry in real-time through the MART station (Metabolic Activity in Real-Time FLIR SC325®) was used to determine the viability of adjacent tissues through temperature differences measured in degrees Celsius. The surgical fragment containing the direct caudal pulmonary lobe and the mass were sent to the pathology sector for anatomopathological evaluation. An abundant papillary epithelial proliferation was visualized through microscopy, presenting areas of necrosis and inflammatory polymorphonuclear infiltrate. The nodule was diagnosed as lung papillary adenocarcinoma. Discussion: Adenocarcinomas consist of papillary, acinar, solid, or mixed glandular structures. They may originate from the airways, bronchial glands, or bronchoalveolar region, and often show invasive growth presenting a rudimentary and irregular shape. The clinical signs are non-specific, including exercise intolerance, non-productive cough, chronic respiratory signs such as tachypnoea or dyspnea, reduced appetite, weight loss, lethargy, chest palpation pain, hemothorax, pneumothorax, and pleural effusion. The diagnosis is concluded through imaging diagnostic tests, of which chest radiography is the most important, followed by magnetic resonance and computed tomography. Also, histopathological examination is essential to determine a definitive diagnosis. The treatment of choice for adenocarcinoma nodules is a surgical excision of the tumor mass. However, the type of surgical approach is determined by different factors such as size, location, and involvement of adjacent structures. The ablation of pulmonary masses may be performed either via partial or total lobectomies. Nevertheless, partial lobectomy is more often performed on non-neoplastic masses or to obtain material for biopsy, whilst total lobectomy is recommended for a malignant neoplasm removal. The prognosis is always guarded, having a more favorable outcome in masses of the smaller diameter without the involvement of adjacent structures.(AU)

Drying of residual tilapia skin from filleting using a thermophotovoltaic solar dehydrator / Secagem da pele de tilápia residual de filetagem em desidratador solar termofotovoltaico

Tilapia comprises one of the most cultivated fish species worldwide, mainly commercialized in the form of fillets. As a result, the amount of waste generated by processing is high, with tilapia skin being commonly discarded and not used as food for human consumption. In this context, the aim of this study was to dry residual filleted tilapia skins in a solar dehydrator and perform physical-chemical analyses after drying in order to evaluate the potential for the development of byproducts. The skins were collected at a fish market on Mercado do Peixe in Teresina - PI. Treatments consisted of four sodium chloride concentrations (0.0%; 25.0%; 50.0% and 100.0%), with five replications, totaling 25 samples. The skins were dried in the solar dehydrator for 24 hours, followed by moisture, ash, protein, lipids, pH and water activity analyses. Moisture in the in naturaskins was 57.7%, differing significantly from the dehydrated tilapia skins, which ranged from 9.4% to 10.6%. The ash in the in natura skins was 0.17%, while dehydrated tilapia skins displayed variations from 1.19% to 4.17%. The crude protein found of the in natura skins was 41.4%, significantly different (P <0.05) from the skins submitted to the solar dehydration method. Based on these findings, the use of solar dehydrator for short periods is confirmed to favor the uniform dehydration of residual tilapia skin from filleting, generating a product with satisfactory bromatological patterns for the development of fish-based by-products.

A tilápia é uma das espécies de peixe mais cultivadas no mundo, sendo comercializada principalmente na forma de filé, com isso, a quantidade de resíduos gerada com o processamento é elevada, sendo a pele de tilápia comumente descartada e não aproveitada como alimento de consumo humano. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi aproveitar peles de tilápia residuais de filetagem e realizar análises físico-química após secagem em desidratador solar afim de avaliar seu potencial para desenvolvimento de coprodutos. As peles foram coletadas no Mercado do Peixe em Teresina - PI. Foram definidos os tratamen-tos, adicionando quatro concentrações de cloreto de sódio (0,0%; 25,0%; 50,0% e 100,0%), com cinco repetições, totalizando 25 amostras. As peles foram encaminhadas para secagem no desidratador solar por 24 horas. Depois, realizou-se as análises de umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídios, pH e atividade de água. O teor de umidade encontrado na pele em natureza foi de 57,7%, diferindo significativamente das peles de tilápia desidratadas que variaram de 9,4% a 10,6%. O teor de cinzas encontrado na pele em natureza foi de 0,17%, enquanto nas peles de tilápia desidratadas houve uma variação de 1,19% a 4,17%. A proteína bruta encontrada nas peles da tilápia em natureza foi de 41,4%, diferindo significativamente (P < 0,05) das peles submetidas ao método de desidratação solar. Com base nos resultados observados nesse estudo, conclui-se que a utilização de desidrata-dor solar em curtos períodos favorece a desidratação uniforme da pele de tilápia residual de filetagem, gerando produto com padrões bromatológicos satisfatórios para o desenvolvimento de coprodutos à base de pescado.

Drying of residual tilapia skin from filleting using a thermophotovoltaic solar dehydrator / Secagem da pele de tilápia residual de filetagem em desidratador solar termofotovoltaico

Tilapia comprises one of the most cultivated fish species worldwide, mainly commercialized in the form of fillets. As a result, the amount of waste generated by processing is high, with tilapia skin being commonly discarded and not used as food for human consumption. In this context, the aim of this study was to dry residual filleted tilapia skins in a solar dehydrator and perform physical-chemical analyses after drying in order to evaluate the potential for the development of byproducts. The skins were collected at a fish market on Mercado do Peixe in Teresina - PI. Treatments consisted of four sodium chloride concentrations (0.0%; 25.0%; 50.0% and 100.0%), with five replications, totaling 25 samples. The skins were dried in the solar dehydrator for 24 hours, followed by moisture, ash, protein, lipids, pH and water activity analyses. Moisture in the in naturaskins was 57.7%, differing significantly from the dehydrated tilapia skins, which ranged from 9.4% to 10.6%. The ash in the in natura skins was 0.17%, while dehydrated tilapia skins displayed variations from 1.19% to 4.17%. The crude protein found of the in natura skins was 41.4%, significantly different (P <0.05) from the skins submitted to the solar dehydration method. Based on these findings, the use of solar dehydrator for short periods is confirmed to favor the uniform dehydration of residual tilapia skin from filleting, generating a product with satisfactory bromatological patterns for the development of fish-based by-products.(AU)

A tilápia é uma das espécies de peixe mais cultivadas no mundo, sendo comercializada principalmente na forma de filé, com isso, a quantidade de resíduos gerada com o processamento é elevada, sendo a pele de tilápia comumente descartada e não aproveitada como alimento de consumo humano. Desta forma, o objetivo desse estudo foi aproveitar peles de tilápia residuais de filetagem e realizar análises físico-química após secagem em desidratador solar afim de avaliar seu potencial para desenvolvimento de coprodutos. As peles foram coletadas no Mercado do Peixe em Teresina - PI. Foram definidos os tratamen-tos, adicionando quatro concentrações de cloreto de sódio (0,0%; 25,0%; 50,0% e 100,0%), com cinco repetições, totalizando 25 amostras. As peles foram encaminhadas para secagem no desidratador solar por 24 horas. Depois, realizou-se as análises de umidade, cinzas, proteína, lipídios, pH e atividade de água. O teor de umidade encontrado na pele em natureza foi de 57,7%, diferindo significativamente das peles de tilápia desidratadas que variaram de 9,4% a 10,6%. O teor de cinzas encontrado na pele em natureza foi de 0,17%, enquanto nas peles de tilápia desidratadas houve uma variação de 1,19% a 4,17%. A proteína bruta encontrada nas peles da tilápia em natureza foi de 41,4%, diferindo significativamente (P < 0,05) das peles submetidas ao método de desidratação solar. Com base nos resultados observados nesse estudo, conclui-se que a utilização de desidrata-dor solar em curtos períodos favorece a desidratação uniforme da pele de tilápia residual de filetagem, gerando produto com padrões bromatológicos satisfatórios para o desenvolvimento de coprodutos à base de pescado.(AU)

Videothermometry to evaluate metabolic activity in real time during pneumectomy in rats

Purpose:To evaluate, in rats, the open field videothermometry in real time while performing left pneumonectomy for early diagnosis of cardiopulmonary changes.Methods:Twelve non-specific pathogen-free Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two groups; pneumectomy group (GP) and sham surgery group (GS). Mean arterial pressure, videothermometry in real time, of the right lung, and histopathological analysis of the remaining lung were evaluated in all animals.Results:Videothermometry in real time allowed identification of temperature variance of right lung after pneumectomy, indicating a significant decrease in temperature during evaluation. There was a statistical difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2 and M0 and M2 (p<0.004) in GS, and significant difference between M0 and M1, M1 and M2, and M2 and M0 with p<0.0001 in GP.Conclusions:Left pneumonectomy in rats shows initial histopathological changes after 60 minutes of its completion, indicating a possible compensation beginning. The open-field videothermometry in real time proved to be efficient identifying the temperature changes of the remaining lung.(AU)

Effects of physiological stage and season on infrared thermograms of different body areas of dairy cows raised under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.

Effects of physiological stage and season on infrared thermograms of different body areas of dairy cows raised under tropical conditions

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of season and pregnancy stage on the temperature of various body areas of Holstein cows using digital infrared thermography, an effective and non-invasive technique. The temperature was recorded at several areas of the body surface to determine the most reliable body area for measurement of rectal temperature in pregnant and non-pregnant animals. Holstein cows (n = 24) were divided into groups according to their physiological stage. The experimental period was 365 days, containing a dry (April-September) and rainy (October-March) season, with parameters measured every 28 days. Thermographic data for different body areas, rectal thermometry, ultrasonography, and climatic data were collected between 7:00 and 9:00. Thermogram-recorded temperatures significantly differed (P < 0.05) between seasons and reproductive phases. Moreover, significant differences were noted between the temperatures of the flank, lateral udder, and perineal areas across seasons (P < 0.05). The udder, perineal, and rectal temperatures differed according to the reproductive phase (P < 0.05). Significant correlations (P < 0.01) were observed between reproductive phases and rectal, ocular globe, snout, flank, and perineum temperature. The body areas examined by thermographic imaging presented different temperatures, exhibiting physiological variation. Season and physiological stage influenced the temperature of body areas of milk cows.(AU)

Infrared video thermometry guidance for surgical correction of chylothorax in dogs

Background: Macroscopic identification of the extravasation site of chyle in patients with chylothorax is a major challenge. Current forms of identification are invasive and/or expose patients to radiation, as in computerized tomography and radiography. A prototype device that uses infrared video thermometry images to detect temperature increments of 0.1ºC has been developed. This device can process and show real-time images or video on a monitor during surgeries. Therefore, the aim of this work was to report the first successful case in which this innovative device was tested in the transoperative period to identify the thoracic duct and its tributaries in a chylothorax surgery performed in a dog.Case: A 2-year-old male dog of the Shiba Inu breed was presented to the veterinary hospital with exercise intolerance, cough, emaciation, and no history of trauma. Clinical examination was performed along with complete blood count, biochemical analysis, and thoracic radiography. The patient exhibited dyspnea and had diminished breath sounds on chest auscultation. Radiographic images revealed moderate pleural effusion. The dog was anesthetized and submitted to thoracotomy, which enabled visualization of a chylous effusion. A sample of the effusion was collected for cytological and biochemical analyses. Subsequently, pericardiectomy was carried out, and identification of the thoracic duct and its tributaries was guided by an innovative device that generates infrared video thermometry images in real time. The extravasation site of the chyle was visualized on the images shown on a monitor. Consequently, after ligation of the tributary vessel, interruption of chyle overflow could be noticed on the monitor. Thoracotomy was routinely closed, and a drain was placed through an intercostal space after incision. Thirty days after the surgery, the dog exhibited no signs of recurrence.[...]

Infrared video thermometry guidance for surgical correction of chylothorax in dogs

Background: Macroscopic identification of the extravasation site of chyle in patients with chylothorax is a major challenge. Current forms of identification are invasive and/or expose patients to radiation, as in computerized tomography and radiography. A prototype device that uses infrared video thermometry images to detect temperature increments of 0.1ºC has been developed. This device can process and show real-time images or video on a monitor during surgeries. Therefore, the aim of this work was to report the first successful case in which this innovative device was tested in the transoperative period to identify the thoracic duct and its tributaries in a chylothorax surgery performed in a dog.Case: A 2-year-old male dog of the Shiba Inu breed was presented to the veterinary hospital with exercise intolerance, cough, emaciation, and no history of trauma. Clinical examination was performed along with complete blood count, biochemical analysis, and thoracic radiography. The patient exhibited dyspnea and had diminished breath sounds on chest auscultation. Radiographic images revealed moderate pleural effusion. The dog was anesthetized and submitted to thoracotomy, which enabled visualization of a chylous effusion. A sample of the effusion was collected for cytological and biochemical analyses. Subsequently, pericardiectomy was carried out, and identification of the thoracic duct and its tributaries was guided by an innovative device that generates infrared video thermometry images in real time. The extravasation site of the chyle was visualized on the images shown on a monitor. Consequently, after ligation of the tributary vessel, interruption of chyle overflow could be noticed on the monitor. Thoracotomy was routinely closed, and a drain was placed through an intercostal space after incision. Thirty days after the surgery, the dog exhibited no signs of recurrence.[...](AU)

Method for auxiliary use of thermography in diagnosing inflammation in the coxofemoral joint in dogs / Método para uso da termografia no diagnóstico auxiliar da inflamação na articulação coxofemoral em cães

Joint diseases are relatively common in domestic animals, such as dogs. The involved inflammation produces thermal emission, which can be imaged using specific sensors that allow capturing of infrared images. Given that there have been few reports on the use of thermography in the diagnosis of inflammation associated with diseases of the hip joint in dogs, we here propose a method for identification of inflammatory foci in dogs by using infrared thermometry. The present study aimed to find non-invasive and low-cost resources that could facilitate a clinical diagnosis in cases with inflammation in the coxofemoral joint of dogs. To this end, we developed a system in which the Flir Systems TG165 thermograph is coupled to a black PVC cannula with a 30-cm focus-to-animal distance. External effects of the environment on the temperature of the animals were compared with the body temperature as measured by a conventional thermometer. Thirty-one dogs with and without inflammation in the coxofemoral joint underwent clinical evaluation. We verified that the temperature registered by the thermograph in the animals with joint inflammation was significantly different from that in control animals without inflammation, in the lateral projection. The method showed a sensitivity of 80%, specificity of 87.5%, and accuracy of 83.87%. This standardized method of diagnosis of inflammatory foci in the coxofemoral articulation of dogs by way of thermography showed sensitivity, specificity, and satisfactory accuracy.(AU)

Tentando buscar recursos não invasivos e de baixo custo, para auxiliar o diagnóstico clínico em casos de inflamação na articulação coxofemoral de cães, idealizou-se o presente trabalho, que teve como objetivo propor um método de diagnóstico, em casos de inflamação na articulação coxofemoral de cães, desenvolvido a partir do registro do aumento da temperatura no local da inflamação, mediante o emprego de um termógrafo do tipo TG165 da Flir Systems acoplado a uma cânula de PVC, negra, com 30 cm de distância foco-animal para diminuir os efeitos externos que o ambiente exerce sobre a temperatura dos animais, e comparando-a com a temperatura corpórea, aferida por um termômetro convencional. Foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, 31 cães com e sem inflamação na articulação coxofemoral, onde verificou-se que a temperatura, registrada pelo termógrafo, dos animais pertencente ao grupo com inflamação na articulação apresentou diferença significativa na projeção lateral, em relação a temperatura dos animais do grupo sem doença articular, também aferida através do aparelho termográfico. O método apresentou sensibilidade de 80%, especificidade de 87,5% e precisão de 83,87%. Conclui-se que a padronização do método de diagnóstico de focos inflamatórios na articulação coxofemoral de cães pela termografia apresentou sensibilidade, especificidade e precisão satisfatória.(AU)

Safety of the novel influenza viral vector Brucella abortus vaccine in pregnant heifers

ABSTRACT: The present study provides the first information about the safety of a new influenza viral vector vaccine expressing the Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 or Omp16 containing the adjuvant Montanide Gel01 in pregnant heifers. Immunization of pregnant heifers was conducted via the conjunctival (n=10) or subcutaneous (n=10) route using cross prime and booster vaccination schedules at an interval of 28 days. The vector vaccine was evaluated in comparison with positive control groups vaccinated with B. abortus S19 (n=10) or B. abortus RB51 (n=10) and a negative (PBS+Montanide Gel01; n=10) control group. Clinical studies, thermometry, assessment of local reactogenicity and observation of abortion showed that the vector vaccine via the conjunctival or subcutaneous route was completely safe for pregnant heifers compared to the commercial vaccines B. abortus S19 or B. abortus RB51. The only single adverse event was the formation of infiltration at the site of subcutaneous injection; this reaction was not observed for the conjunctival route.

RESUMO: O presente estudo fornece as primeiras informações sobre a segurança de uma nova vacina usando o vetor viral influenza para expressar as proteínas de Brucella L7/L12 ou Omp16, contendo o adjuvante Montanide Gel01 em novilhas prenhes. A imunização de novilhas prenhes foi realizada através das vias conjuntiva (n=10) ou subcutânea (n=10), empregadas na primovacinação e na dose de reforço. O intervalo foi de 28 dias. A vacina empregando o vetor foi comparada com os grupos de controle positivo, vacinados com B. abortus B19 (n=10) ou B. abortus RB51 (n=10) e um grupo de controle negativo (PBS + Montanide Gel01; n=10). Os estudos clínicos, termometria, reação local e observação do aborto mostraram que a vacina empregando o vetor, aplicada pela via conjuntival ou subcutânea, foi completamente segura para novilhas prenhes, em comparação com as vacinas comerciais B. abortus B19 ou B. abortus RB51. O único efeito adverso foi a formação de infiltrado no local da administração subcutânea; essa reação não foi observada no grupo vacinado pela via conjuntival.

Safety of the novel influenza viral vector Brucella abortus vaccine in pregnant heifers

ABSTRACT: The present study provides the first information about the safety of a new influenza viral vector vaccine expressing the Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 or Omp16 containing the adjuvant Montanide Gel01 in pregnant heifers. Immunization of pregnant heifers was conducted via the conjunctival (n=10) or subcutaneous (n=10) route using cross prime and booster vaccination schedules at an interval of 28 days. The vector vaccine was evaluated in comparison with positive control groups vaccinated with B. abortus S19 (n=10) or B. abortus RB51 (n=10) and a negative (PBS+Montanide Gel01; n=10) control group. Clinical studies, thermometry, assessment of local reactogenicity and observation of abortion showed that the vector vaccine via the conjunctival or subcutaneous route was completely safe for pregnant heifers compared to the commercial vaccines B. abortus S19 or B. abortus RB51. The only single adverse event was the formation of infiltration at the site of subcutaneous injection; this reaction was not observed for the conjunctival route.

RESUMO: O presente estudo fornece as primeiras informações sobre a segurança de uma nova vacina usando o vetor viral influenza para expressar as proteínas de Brucella L7/L12 ou Omp16, contendo o adjuvante Montanide Gel01 em novilhas prenhes. A imunização de novilhas prenhes foi realizada através das vias conjuntiva (n=10) ou subcutânea (n=10), empregadas na primovacinação e na dose de reforço. O intervalo foi de 28 dias. A vacina empregando o vetor foi comparada com os grupos de controle positivo, vacinados com B. abortus B19 (n=10) ou B. abortus RB51 (n=10) e um grupo de controle negativo (PBS + Montanide Gel01; n=10). Os estudos clínicos, termometria, reação local e observação do aborto mostraram que a vacina empregando o vetor, aplicada pela via conjuntival ou subcutânea, foi completamente segura para novilhas prenhes, em comparação com as vacinas comerciais B. abortus B19 ou B. abortus RB51. O único efeito adverso foi a formação de infiltrado no local da administração subcutânea; essa reação não foi observada no grupo vacinado pela via conjuntival.

Safety of the novel influenza viral vector Brucella abortus vaccine in pregnant heifers / Segurança de uma nova vacina vetorial empregando o vírus influenza para Brucella abortus em novilhas prenhes

The present study provides the first information about the safety of a new influenza viral vector vaccine expressing the Brucella ribosomal protein L7/L12 or Omp16 containing the adjuvant Montanide Gel01 in pregnant heifers. Immunization of pregnant heifers was conducted via the conjunctival (n=10) or subcutaneous (n=10) route using cross prime and booster vaccination schedules at an interval of 28 days. The vector vaccine was evaluated in comparison with positive control groups vaccinated with B. abortus S19 (n=10) or B. abortus RB51 (n=10) and a negative (PBS+Montanide Gel01; n=10) control group. Clinical studies, thermometry, assessment of local reactogenicity and observation of abortion showed that the vector vaccine via the conjunctival or subcutaneous route was completely safe for pregnant heifers compared to the commercial vaccines B. abortus S19 or B. abortus RB51. The only single adverse event was the formation of infiltration at the site of subcutaneous injection; this reaction was not observed for the conjunctival route.(AU)

O presente estudo fornece as primeiras informações sobre a segurança de uma nova vacina usando o vetor viral influenza para expressar as proteínas de Brucella L7/L12 ou Omp16, contendo o adjuvante Montanide Gel01 em novilhas prenhes. A imunização de novilhas prenhes foi realizada através das vias conjuntiva (n=10) ou subcutânea (n=10), empregadas na primovacinação e na dose de reforço. O intervalo foi de 28 dias. A vacina empregando o vetor foi comparada com os grupos de controle positivo, vacinados com B. abortus B19 (n=10) ou B. abortus RB51 (n=10) e um grupo de controle negativo (PBS + Montanide Gel01; n=10). Os estudos clínicos, termometria, reação local e observação do aborto mostraram que a vacina empregando o vetor, aplicada pela via conjuntival ou subcutânea, foi completamente segura para novilhas prenhes, em comparação com as vacinas comerciais B. abortus B19 ou B. abortus RB51. O único efeito adverso foi a formação de infiltrado no local da administração subcutânea; essa reação não foi observada no grupo vacinado pela via conjuntival.(AU)

Monitoramento de temperatura corpórea e comportamento diurno de fêmeas bovinas de corte (Bos taurus x Bos indicus) em sistemas integrados de produção

O presente estudo teve como objetivo ampliar os conhecimentos sobre a aplicação de técnicas de monitoramento da temperatura interna corpórea e sobre o conforto térmico de bovinos de corte mantidos em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (iLPF). Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo usadas fêmeas bovinas adultas da raça Canchim (Charolês x Zebu). No primeiro experimento, avaliou-se o uso de dispositivo eletrônico tipo transponder e da termografia de infravermelho para inferência da temperatura interna corpórea de animais a pasto (n=23). Foram realizados 11 dias experimentais, com intervalo médio de 12 dias, para inferência da temperatura de núcleo corpóreo, sendo esta última mensurada por termometria clínica e adotada como referência. O uso do microchip subcutâneo representou ser prático, mas ainda com limitada capacidade, enquanto a termografia de infravermelho foi o método mais seguro e não-invasivo para a inferência da temperatura interna corpórea. No segundo experimento, os animais foram mantidos a pasto em dois sistemas de produção: integração lavoura-pecuária (iLP, n=11) e iLPF, com área arborizada (n=12). Os dados climáticos foram coletados por duas estações meteorológicas, em ambos os sistemas. O comportamento dos animais foi registrado mensalmente, sendo observado o tempo despendido em atividade (pastejo, ruminação e ócio), postura adotada (em pé ou deitado), e a localização dos animais no tratamento iLPF (ao sol ou sob a sombra), além da frequência de ingestão de água e de sal mineral. A aferição da temperatura de superfície corpórea foi realizada a campo, com termografia de infravermelho. Os dados foram analisados por turno (manhã e tarde), dentro de cada mês (janeiro a junho). O sistema iLPF amenizou as condições do microclima das pastagens e demonstrou ser favorável ao conforto térmico. Os animais de ambos os tratamentos, quando expostos a situações de desafio térmico, não apresentaram alterações no tempo de suas atividades. Em pastagens com componente arbóreo, bovinos de corte apresentaram preferência pela utilização da sombra, menor ingestão de água e menor temperatura de superfície corpórea.

The objective of the present study was to increase knowledge about the application of techniques for monitoring internal body temperature and thermal comfort of beef cattle raised in a crop-livestock-forest integration system (iLPF). Two experiments were performed out, using female adult Canchim cattle (Charolese x Zebu). In the first experiment, the use of electronic transponders and infrared thermography was evaluate to infer about the body temperature of grazing animals (n=23). Eleven experimental days were perform, with a mean interval of 12 days, for inference of body core temperature, the latter being measured by clinical thermometry and adopted as reference. The use of the subcutaneous microchip was practical, but still with limited capacity, while infrared thermography was the safest and noninvasive method for inference of internal body temperature. In the second experiment, the animals were kept in pasture in two production systems: crop-livestock integration (iLP, n=11) and iLPF, with a shaded area (n=12). The climatic data were collect by two meteorological stations in both systems. The behavior of the animals were record monthly, being observed the time spent in activity (grazing, ruminating and resting), posture (standing or lying down), and the location of the animals in iLPF treatment (on the sun or under the shade), besides frequency of water and mineral intake. The measuring of the body surface temperature was performed at field, using infrared thermography. The data were analyze considering the shift (morning and afternoon), within each month (January to June). The iLPF system improved the microclimate conditions of the pastures and proved to be favorable for thermal comfort. The animals of both treatments, when exposed to situations of thermal challenge, did not present changes in the time of their activities. In pastures with arboreal component, beef cattle showed preference for shade, and presented lower water intake and a lower body surface temperature.

Projeto Mart: videotermometria intervencionista na detecção de alterações metabólicas no transoperatório

Ao analisar o espectro eletromagnético, percebi que os exames de imagem mais utilizados encontram-se nos extremos. A radiação infravermelha, na porção intermediária, apesar de fornecer dados sobre a atividade metabólica, utiliza um padrão industrial para imagens médicas, havendo uma adaptação do padrão industrial e uma tendência ao uso de imagens estáticas e ulticoloridas. Na busca por informações sobre esta tecnologia três técnicas divergentes, com o mesmo nome termografia, fundiram as informações positivas e negativas, usando o mesmo padrão multicolorido, tornando difícil definir se o método é válido ou não para a área de saúde - o que chamei de paradoxo semântico. O projeto MART (Metabolic Activity in Real-Time) de videotermometria intervencionista ou trans-operatória é uma nova forma de usar uma tecnologia já existente (imagem termométrica). Este projeto começou em 2008, mas somente em 2015, após três versões, a estação MART reuniu as necessidades listadas na literatura, estando apta para o teste de eficácia. Sendo assim, foi levada à UENF (Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro), mais especificamente à UEA (Unidade de Experimentação Animal), em busca de um ambiente controlado para captar imagens cirúrgicas. O objetivo principal foi avaliar se a técnica é aplicável ou não em medicina, e saber se a solução integrada (estação MART) é capaz de gerar um novo padrão de imagem que auxilie no processo decisório durante o trans-operatório de diferentes cirurgias. Para isso, foram utilizados vinte cães, da rotina do Hospital Veterinário da UENF direcionados para tratamento cirúrgico, a fim de formar um banco de dados. Por fim, o processamento pela estação MART demonstrou ser uma técnica eficaz para ser aplicada na medicina quando existe uma solução dedicada ao processamento da imagem em tempo-real (neste caso, pela estação MART), e quando é desenvolvido um novo padrão de imagem por afecção, órgão ou tecido. Também é eficaz ao demonstrar que as imagens videotermométricas podem registrar ocorrências, que apesar de não serem visíveis - a olho nu, sem o processamento - estão acontecendo.

When analyzing the electromagnetic spectrum, it was noticed that the most imaging tests used are in the extremes. The infrared radiation, in the intermediate portion, despite providing data on metabolic activity, uses an industrial standard for medical images, with an adaptation of the industrial standard and a tendency to use static and multicolored images. Searching for information on this technology, three divergent techniques, with the same name "thermography", fused positive and negative information using the same multicolored pattern, making it difficult to define whether the method is valid or not for the health area. It was called a "semantic paradox." The MART (Metabolic Activity in Real-Time) project of interventional or transoperative video thermometry is a new way to use an existing technology (thermometric imagery). This project has begun in 2008, however only in 2015, after three versions, the MART station had met the needs listed in the literature, being suitable for an effectiveness test. Therefore, it was taken to UENF (Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro), more specifically to the AEU (Animal Experimentation Unit), in search of a controlled environment in order to obtain surgical images. The main objective was to evaluate whether or not the technique is applicable in medicine and if the integrated solution (MART station) is capable of generating a new pattern of imagery which would assist in the decision-making process during the transoperative period of different surgeries. For that, twenty dogs were used, from the routine of the UENF Veterinary Hospital directed to surgical treatment, in order to form a database. Finally, processing by the MART station has proven to be an effective technique to be applied in medicine when a dedicated solution for real-time image processing (in this case, the MART station) exists, moreover when a new image standard is developed by affection, organ or tissue. It is also effective in demonstrating that video thermometric images can record occurrences, despite not visible to the naked eye without processing, are occurring.

Efeito das fases reprodutivas e períodos do ano na temperatura do corpo, prenhez e componentes do leite em vacas da raça Holandês Preto e Branco

Objetivou-se estudar a influência dos períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas na temperatura de áreas do corpo, prenhez e componentes do leite de vacas da raça Holandês Preto e Branco. Foram utilizadas vacas (n=24) da raça Holandês Preto e Branco com idade de 5,0±1,3 anos, nas fases reprodutivas: 1(1-95 dias de prenhez); 2 (96-190 dias de prenhez); 3 (191-285 dias de prenhez); 4 (puerpério) e 5 (vacas não prenhes), mantidas em pastagem de Urochloa decumbens, silagem de milho, mistura mineral e água à vontade. O período do experimento foi de 365 dias, período seco (abril a setembro) e chuvoso (outubro a março). Termografia de infravermelho de áreas do corpo foi realizada a cada 28±5 dias, seguido de termometria retal, ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico de prenhez, mensuração de parâmetros climáticos, exame de CMT e coleta de leite para estudo da sua composição. A análise estatística utilizou-se do teste Tukey ao nível de significância de 5% e na comparação estádio Leeds. Para as temperaturas obtidas por termogramas houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas. Para as temperaturas do flanco, úbere lateral e períneo houve diferenças (P <0,05) entre períodos do ano. As temperaturas do úbere, períneo e temperatura retal diferiram para fases reprodutivas (P <0,05). Houve correlações significativas (P <0,01) entre: fase reprodutiva com temperatura retal, globo ocular, mufla, flanco e períneo. O CMT correlacionado com a temperatura das diferentes fases reprodutivas apresentou diferenças significativas (P<0,05) em todas as fases reprodutivas durante a estação chuvosa, houve correlações positivas (P<0,01) entre o CMT e a CCS. Conclui-se que as áreas do corpo examinadas por imagens termográficas apresentaram diferentes temperaturas, mostrando variações fisiológicas que auxiliam na avaliação clínica de cada uma das áreas examinadas. As imagens de termografia por infravermelho também se revelaram sensíveis para detectar alterações de temperatura na superfície da pele em resposta a graus variados de gravidade da infecção da glândula mamária, como sugere o CMT. Os períodos do ano e fases reprodutivas influenciaram na temperatura de áreas do corpo de vacas de leite. O processamento das imagens foi prático, sendo recomendado o exame de termografia na rotina como complementar ao exame clínico.

The objective of this study was to study the influence of the periods of the year and reproductive phases on body temperature, pregnancy and milk components of cows of the Black and White Dutch breed. Cows (n = 24) of the Black and White Dutch breed aged 5.0 ± 1.3 years were used in the reproductive stages: 1 (1-95 days of pregnancy); 2 (96-190 days of pregnancy); 3 (191-285 days of pregnancy); 4 (puerperium) and 5 (non-pregnant cows), kept on pasture of Urochloa decumbens, corn silage, mineral mixture and water at will. The experiment period was 365 days, dry period (April to September) and rainy (October to March). Infrared thermography of body areas was performed every 28 ± 5 days, followed by rectal thermometry, ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pregnancy, measurement of climatic parameters, CMT examination and milk collection to study its composition. Statistical analysis was performed using the Tukey test at the significance level of 5% and in the Leeds stadium comparison. For temperatures obtained by thermograms there were differences (P <0.05) between periods of the year and reproductive phases. For the flank, lateral udder and perineal temperatures there were differences (P <0.05) between periods of the year. The udder, perineum and rectal temperatures differed for reproductive phases (P <0.05). There were significant correlations (P <0.01) between: reproductive phase with rectal temperature, ocular globe, muzzle, flank and perineum. The CMT correlated with the temperature of the different reproductive phases presented significant differences (P <0.05) in all the reproductive phases during the rainy season, there were positive correlations (P <0.01) between CMT and CCS. It was concluded that the areas of the body examined by thermographic images presented different temperatures, showing physiological variations that aid in the clinical evaluation of each of the examined areas. Infrared thermography images have also been shown to detect changes in skin surface temperature in response to varying degrees of severity of mammary gland infection, as CMT suggests. The periods of the year and reproductive phases influenced the temperature of areas of the body of milk cows. The image processing was practical, and routine thermography examination was recommended as a complement to the clinical examination.

AVALIAÇÃO DA AÇÃO ANTI-INFLAMATÓRIA DA SEMENTE DE SUCUPIRA BRANCA (Pterodon emarginatus, Vogel), UTILIZANDO CÃES PORTADORES DE DOENÇAS INFLAMATORIAS DA ARTICULAÇÃO COXOFEMORAL DIAGNÓSTICADO PELA TERMOGRAFIA INFRAVERMELHA

Este trabalho teve como objetivo de propor a padronização de um método para o diagnóstico de focos inflamatórios, mediante o emprego da termometria por infravermelho, em cães sadios e cães que exibem sinais clínicos de inflamação na articulação coxofemoral e de investigar a o efeito anti-inflamatório da semente de sucupira em cães portadores de doenças de ordem inflamatória da articulação coxofemoral. Para a padronização da utilização do termógrafo foram avaliados 31 cães, adultos, de diferentes raças provenientes do ambulatório do HV da UFRPE. Todos os animais foram encaminhados para uma sala climatizada a 25°C, umidade relativa do ar acima de 70%, onde após um período de 20min era efetuado o registro da temperatura retal, mediante uso de termômetro clínico convencional e da temperatura sobre o eixo da articulação coxofemoral em tomadas anteroposterior e lateral por um termógrafo digital de captura de ondas eletromagnéticas na faixa espectral do infravermelho modelo TG165 da Flir Systems. Neste trabalho, afim de que fossem minimizadas as interferências externas sobre a leitura do equipamento, foi acoplado à saída do equipamento uma cânula de PVC revestida com película tinta preto fosco, com 30cm de comprimento. No momento do registro das leituras de temperatura, a cânula e o equipamento eram justapostos sobre a região desejada, após posicionamento adequado do animal em cada registro. O foco, nestas condições foi equivalente à uma área de 1,23cm2. A emissividade do equipamento foi ajustada para e = 0,95 , em todas aferições. De um total de 31 animais avaliados, todos submetidos previamente à uma avaliação clínica, verificou-se diferença significativa entre os valores normalizados da temperatura da articulação encontrados para os grupos de animais com inflamação em relação aos animais sem doença articular, apresentando sensibilidade de 80,0%, especificidade de 87,5% e precisão do método de 83,87%. Para a obtenção do extrato de semente de sucupira foi confeccionado em preparações com Biotônico Fontoura na proporção de 15% (m/v), gerando um extrato que foi aplicado na dose e 300mg/Kg (v.o.) em animais clinicamente positivo para inflamação na articulação coxofemoral. Nos tempos de t=0, t=10dias e t=21dias, tomadas de temperatura corpórea (termômetro clínico) e temperatura sobre a articulação na dimensão lateral (termografia), definindo-se o fator FT, como parâmetro para dimensionar as transformações térmicas sobre a inflamação. Como resultado verificou-se que em animais tratados com sucupira, ocorreram transformações significativas no fator FT denunciando efeito positivo do extrato na contenção de processo inflamatório associado à inflamação sobre a articulação. Animais tratados com meloxican (0,1mg/Kg), não apresentaram variações significativas do fator FT, apresentando pouco efeito sobre o processo inflamatório. A taxa de variação infinitesimal de FT em animais tratados com extrato de sucupira foi 61% mais eficaz do que FT obtido para animais tratados com meloxican. Não foram observadas alterações significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos, no hemograma e leucograma em amostras de sangue obtidas após 21 dias de tratamento com extrato de sucupira.

The objective of this study was to standardize a method for the diagnosis of inflammatory foci using infrared thermometry in healthy dogs and dogs that exhibit clinical signs of inflammation in the coxofemoral joint and to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Sucupira seed in dogs with inflammatory diseases of the coxofemoral joint. For the standardization of the use of the thermograph, 31 dogs, adults, of different races from the outpatient clinic of the UFRPE. All animals were referred to an air-conditioned room at 25 ° C, relative air humidity above 70%, where after a period of 20min the rectal temperature was recorded using a conventional clinical thermometer and the temperature on the axis of the Articulation in anteroposterior and lateral plugs by a digital thermograph for capturing electromagnetic waves in the infrared spectral band model TG165 from Flir Systems. In this work, in order to minimize the external interferences on the reading of the equipment, a PVC cannula coated with frosted black paint, with a length of 30cm was coupled to the equipment outlet. At the time of recording the temperature readings, the cannula and the equipment were juxtaposed over the desired region, after adequate positioning of the animal in each record. The focus, under these conditions, was equivalent to an area of 1.23cm2. The emissivity of the equipment was adjusted to e = 0.95 in all measurements. From a total of 31 animals evaluated, all previously submitted to a clinical evaluation, there was a significant difference between the normalized joint temperature values found for the groups of animals with inflammation in relation to the animals without articular disease, showing sensitivity of 80, 0%, specificity of 87.5% and method accuracy of 83.87%. In order to obtain the sucupira seed extract, it was prepared in preparations with Biotônico Fontoura in the proportion of 15% (m / v), generating an extract that was applied in the dose and 300 mg / kg (vo) in animals clinically positive for inflammation in the joint Hip. At times of t = 0, t = 10 days and t = 21 days, the body temperature and the temperature on the joint were measured in the lateral dimension (thermography), defining the FT factor as a parameter to measure the thermal transformations on the inflammation. As a result, it was verified that in sucupira-treated animals, significant changes occurred in the FT factor, denoting the positive effect of the extract on the containment of the inflammatory process associated with the inflammation on the joint. Animals treated with meloxican (0.1mg / kg) did not present significant variations of the FT factor, showing little effect on the inflammatory process. The rate of infinitesimal FT variation in animals treated with sucupira extract was 61% more effective than FT obtained for animals treated with meloxican. No significant changes in biochemical parameters, blood count and leukogram were observed in blood samples obtained after 21 days of treatment with sucupira extract.

Assessment of broiler surface temperature variation when exposed to different air temperatures

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the air temperature variation on the mean surface temperature (MST) of 7- to 35-day-old broiler chickens using infrared thermometry to estimate MST, and to study surface temperature variation of the wings, head, legs, back and comb as affected by air temperature and broiler age. One hundred Cobb® broilers were used in the experiment. Starting on day 7, 10 birds were weekly selected at random, housed in an environmental chamber and reared under three distinct temperatures (18, 25 and 32 ºC) to record their thermal profile using an infrared thermal camera. The recorded images were processed to estimate MST by selecting the whole area of the bird within the picture and comparing it with the values obtained using selected equations in literature, and to record the surface temperatures of the body parts. The MST estimated by infrared images were not statistically different (p > 0.05) from the values obtained by the equations. MST values significantly increased (p 0.05) when the air temperature increased, but were not affected by bird age. However, age influenced the difference between MST and air temperature, which was highest on day 14. The technique of infrared thermal image analysis was useful to estimate the mean surface temperature of broiler chickens.

Assessment of broiler surface temperature variation when exposed to different air temperatures

This study was conducted to determine the effect of the air temperature variation on the mean surface temperature (MST) of 7- to 35-day-old broiler chickens using infrared thermometry to estimate MST, and to study surface temperature variation of the wings, head, legs, back and comb as affected by air temperature and broiler age. One hundred Cobb® broilers were used in the experiment. Starting on day 7, 10 birds were weekly selected at random, housed in an environmental chamber and reared under three distinct temperatures (18, 25 and 32 ºC) to record their thermal profile using an infrared thermal camera. The recorded images were processed to estimate MST by selecting the whole area of the bird within the picture and comparing it with the values obtained using selected equations in literature, and to record the surface temperatures of the body parts. The MST estimated by infrared images were not statistically different (p > 0.05) from the values obtained by the equations. MST values significantly increased (p 0.05) when the air temperature increased, but were not affected by bird age. However, age influenced the difference between MST and air temperature, which was highest on day 14. The technique of infrared thermal image analysis was useful to estimate the mean surface temperature of broiler chickens.

Perfil de citocinas séricas e termografia em equinos Quarto de Milha submetidos à prova de laço em dupla

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram verificar se existe reação inflamatória no exercício de curta duração e alta intensidade e se a mesma pode ser classificada em Th1, Th2 ou Th17. Além disso, verificar se as temperaturas corpóreas e locais se alteram com exercício este e se treinamentos distintos podem influenciar nestas alterações. Utilizaram-se 12 animais, idade entre 3 e 6 anos e peso médio de 450 kg, participantes de laço em dupla, divididos em: treino regular (GTR) e treino esporádico (GTE). O sangue coletado em tubos de 10 ml sem anticoagulante. Coletas e aferições de temperatura foram realizadas 30 minutos antes, imediatamente depois, uma, duas, seis, e 24 horas após o exercício. Utilizou-se como método de detecção das citocinas a citometria de fluxo. A concentração de IL-10, após uma hora do exercício, foi significativamente maior em GTE do que GTR. Observou-se maior concentração sérica de TNF-, IL-6 e IL-10 entre os grupos, 24 horas após o exercício, mas sem alteração entre os momentos. A temperatura central se restabeleceu dentro de 24 horas. As temperaturas da região dos tendões em membros pélvicos e da garupa mantiveram-se elevadas. O exercício não causou nenhum tipo de resposta imune, animais condicionados, treinados esporadicamente, apresentaram resposta imune mista enquanto que animais condicionados, treinados regularmente, não apresentaram nenhum tipo de resposta imune. O mecanismo de termorregulação foi eficiente em ambos os grupos, o aumento de temperatura local após 24 horas pode ser infleuenciado pela temperatura ambiente ou ser sugestivo de inflamação subclínica.

The aims of this study were to verify if there is inflammation in the exercise of short duration and high intensity and whether it can be classified into Th1, Th2 or Th17. Moreover, check the body temperatures and locations change with exercise of short duration and high intensity and different train ing can influence these changes. 12 animals were used, 6 female and 6 males, mean age 3 to 6 years and weight 450 kg. Animals were divided in two groups: regular training (GLTR) and sporadic training (GLTE). 10 mL of Blood were collected in tube without anticoagulant. Blood collections and temperatures were made 30 minutes before, immediately after, and one, two, six and 24 hours after competition. The analyses were made by flow cytometric. The serum concentration of IL-10 was significantly higher in GTE than in GTR. The serum concentrations of TNF-, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in GTE than in GTR, 24 hours after exercise. The core temperature increased after exercise and returned to baseline after 24 hours. The temperature in the region of the hindlimbs raised immediately after exercise and did not return to baseline after 24 hours. The temperature of the croup (right side) increased immediately after exercise and remained so for more than 24 hours. The exercise did not cause any immune response, conditioned animals, trained sporadically showed mixed immune response while conditioned animals, trained regularly, did not show any immune response. The thermoregulatory mechanism was efficient in both groups, the local temperature increase after 24 hours due to room temperature or suggestive of subclinical inflammation.

Utilização de isolados de Anaplasma marginale de baixa virulência em protocolos de imunização de bezerros: análise dos efeitos pós-vacinais e proteção contra o desafio natural

Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar os efeitos pós-vacinais e a proteção conferida pela inoculação de amostras vivas de A. marginale de baixa virulência (UFMG1 e UFMG3) em bovinos desafiados à campo. 68 bezerras da raça holandesa com 17 dias de idade em média foram divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. Os grupos receberam duas aplicações subcutâneas intervaladas de 40 dias, na dosagem de 2x106 eritrócitos infectados dos seguintes protocolos: grupo 1 (UFMG 1 + UFMG 1); grupo 2 (UFMG 3 + UFMG 3); grupo 3 (UFMG 1 + UFMG 3); O grupo 4 (controle experimental). A cada dois dias os animais foram avaliados por termometria retal, hematócrito e esfregaço sanguíneo. Antes das inoculações e do desafio e ao final do monitoramento foram colhidas amostras sanguíneas utilizadas na técnica de nPCR e RIFI. Em média a temperatura retal e o volume globular se mantiveram nos limites de referência, sem alterações consideráveis causadas pelos inóculos. Após 40 dias da segunda inoculação 90%, 84,62% e 90,9% dos animais dos grupos 1, 2 e 3 respectivamente estavam positivos na nPCR. A riquetsemia foi de baixa intensidade nos dias avaliados, mas em todos os grupos alguns animais necessitaram de medicação para controlar os efeitos pós-vacinais. Durante o desafio houve proteção de 86,7% e 73,7% dos animais nos grupos 1 e 2 respectivamente, enquanto que, 58,8% dos animais controle adoeceram.

In order to evaluate the post-vaccination effects and the protection afforded by the inoculation of live samples of low virulence A. marginale (UFMG1 and UFMG3) in cattle challenged in the field. 68 calves Holstein with 17 days old on average were randomly divided into four groups. The groups received two subcutaneous applications with intervals of 40 days, having a dose of 2x106 infected erythrocytes of the following protocols: group 1 (UFMG 1 + UFMG 1); group 2 (UFMG 3 + UFMG 3); group 3 (UFMG 1 + UFMG 3); group 4 (experimental control). Every two days, the animals were evaluated by rectal thermometry, hematocrit and blood film. Before inoculations and challenge and at the end of the challenge, blood samples were collected and used to perform IFA technique and nPCR. On average, the rectal temperature and the packed cell volume remained within the limits of reference and without considerable changes. 40 days after the second inoculation 90%, 84.62% and 90.9% of the animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively were positive in nPCR. The rickettsemia was of low intensity but some animals of all groups required medication to control post-vaccination effects. During the challenge 86.7% and 73.7% of the animals was protected in groups 1 and 2 respectively, whereas 58.8% of the control animals became sick.