Topografia e morfometria do timo em aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95) / Topography and morphometry of timo in fowl (Gallus domesticus) from Ross 308 AP LINEAGE (AP95)

Objetivou-se descrever a topografia e morfometria do timo em 30 aves domésticas da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95), 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com idade de 14 a 16 semanas e massa corporal média de 2,1 kg e 1,7 kg, respectivamente nos machos e fêmeas. Após a fixação em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, as peças foram dissecadas. Os lobos tímicos localizavam-se desde o terço cranial do pescoço até os ossos claviculares, de forma linear, longitudinal e lateralmente no pescoço, paralelos ao nervo vago, veia jugular externa e artéria comum do nervo vago. Os lobos apresentaram formatos ovalados e triangulares e o número foi de quatro a oito. Agrupando os lobos de acordo com a localização no pescoço, nos terços cranial, médio e caudal, as médias de comprimento x largura x espessura variaram, nessa ordem, de 1,93 a 52,1 mm, 0,98 a 23,15 mm e 0,32 a 8,52 mm. O timo das aves AP95 apresentou características topográficas e morfológicas similares àquelas de outras linhagens, porém, quanto à morfometria, foram observadas características singulares.

The objective of this study was to describe the topography and morphometry of the thymus in 30 domestic fowl of the Ross 308 AP (AP95) lineage, 15 males and 15 females, with an approximate age of 15 weeks and a mean weight of 2.1 kg for males and 1.7 for females. After fixation in 10 % formalin aqueous solution, the specimens were dissected. The thymic lobes were located from the cranial third of neck to clavicular bones, linearly, longitudinally and laterally in neck, parallel to the vagus nerve, external jugular vein and common vagus nerve artery. The lobes presented oval and triangular shapes and the number varies from four to eight. Grouping the thymic lobes according to the location in neck in cranial, middle or caudal thirds, the averages of length x widths x thickness varied from 1.93 to 52.1 mm, 0.98 to 23.15 mm and 0.32 to 8.52 mm. The thymus of AP95 chicken presented topographic and morphological characteristics similar to those of other strains, but, regarding morphometry, unique characteristics were observed.

Topografia e morfometria do timo em aves (Gallus gallus domesticus) da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95) / Topography and morphometry of timo in fowl (Gallus domesticus) from Ross 308 AP LINEAGE (AP95)

Objetivou-se descrever a topografia e morfometria do timo em 30 aves domésticas da linhagem Ross 308 AP (AP95), 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, com idade de 14 a 16 semanas e massa corporal média de 2,1 kg e 1,7 kg, respectivamente nos machos e fêmeas. Após a fixação em solução aquosa de formol a 10%, as peças foram dissecadas. Os lobos tímicos localizavam-se desde o terço cranial do pescoço até os ossos claviculares, de forma linear, longitudinal e lateralmente no pescoço, paralelos ao nervo vago, veia jugular externa e artéria comum do nervo vago. Os lobos apresentaram formatos ovalados e triangulares e o número foi de quatro a oito. Agrupando os lobos de acordo com a localização no pescoço, nos terços cranial, médio e caudal, as médias de comprimento x largura x espessura variaram, nessa ordem, de 1,93 a 52,1 mm, 0,98 a 23,15 mm e 0,32 a 8,52 mm. O timo das aves AP95 apresentou características topográficas e morfológicas similares àquelas de outras linhagens, porém, quanto à morfometria, foram observadas características singulares.(AU)

The objective of this study was to describe the topography and morphometry of the thymus in 30 domestic fowl of the Ross 308 AP (AP95) lineage, 15 males and 15 females, with an approximate age of 15 weeks and a mean weight of 2.1 kg for males and 1.7 for females. After fixation in 10 % formalin aqueous solution, the specimens were dissected. The thymic lobes were located from the cranial third of neck to clavicular bones, linearly, longitudinally and laterally in neck, parallel to the vagus nerve, external jugular vein and common vagus nerve artery. The lobes presented oval and triangular shapes and the number varies from four to eight. Grouping the thymic lobes according to the location in neck in cranial, middle or caudal thirds, the averages of length x widths x thickness varied from 1.93 to 52.1 mm, 0.98 to 23.15 mm and 0.32 to 8.52 mm. The thymus of AP95 chicken presented topographic and morphological characteristics similar to those of other strains, but, regarding morphometry, unique characteristics were observed.(AU)

Análise evolutiva da morfologia e da irrigação do timo de javalis (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) / Evolutionary analysis of morphology and irrigation of the thymus of boar's (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Objetivou-se descrever comparativamente as artérias responsáveis pela irrigação dos lobos tímicos cervicais e torácicos dos javalis, determinando-se também as características morfológicas do referido órgão nessa espécie, a ponto de correlacioná-las evolutivamente com os demais representantes da família Suidae. Os lobos tímicos cervicais direito e esquerdo receberam ramos distribuídos pelas artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda e cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e, por vezes, pelas artérias torácica externa esquerda e subclávia esquerda. Essa característica vascular foi mantida ao longo da evolução, estando presente em linhagens e raças mais recentes de suídeos. A irrigação dos lobos tímicos torácicos direito e esquerdo foi realizada predominantemente por ramos diretos e indiretos ipsilaterais e contralaterais das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, e também por ramos da artéria subclávia esquerda. Ramos diretos das artérias cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e ramos diretos da artéria torácica interna direita foram encontrados para o lobo tímico médio, sendo essa uma descrição única nessa espécie, o que demonstra uma característica evolutiva primitiva nesse ancestral.(AU)

The objective of this study was to comparatively describe the arteries responsible for the irrigation of the cervical and thoracic thymus lobes of Boars, also determining the morphological characteristics of this body in this species to the point of evolutionarily correlating them with other representatives of the Suidae family. The left and right cervical thymic lobes received branches distributed by common right and left, superficial right and left carotid arteries, and neck and, sometimes, the outer left chest and left subclavian arteries. This feature was vascular maintained throughout evolution and is present in more recent strains and breeds of swine. Irrigation of the right and left thoracic thymic lobes was performed predominantly by direct and indirect ipsilateral and contralateral branches of the right and left internal thoracic arteries and also by branches of the left subclavian artery. Direct branches of the right and left superficial cervical artery and right branches of the right internal thoracic artery were found for the average thymic lobe, this being a unique description in this species, demonstrating a primitive feature in this evolutionary ancestor.(AU)

Análise evolutiva da morfologia e da irrigação do timo de javalis (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) / Evolutionary analysis of morphology and irrigation of the thymus of boar's (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Objetivou-se descrever comparativamente as artérias responsáveis pela irrigação dos lobos tímicos cervicais e torácicos dos javalis, determinando-se também as características morfológicas do referido órgão nessa espécie, a ponto de correlacioná-las evolutivamente com os demais representantes da família Suidae. Os lobos tímicos cervicais direito e esquerdo receberam ramos distribuídos pelas artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda e cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e, por vezes, pelas artérias torácica externa esquerda e subclávia esquerda. Essa característica vascular foi mantida ao longo da evolução, estando presente em linhagens e raças mais recentes de suídeos. A irrigação dos lobos tímicos torácicos direito e esquerdo foi realizada predominantemente por ramos diretos e indiretos ipsilaterais e contralaterais das artérias torácicas internas direita e esquerda, e também por ramos da artéria subclávia esquerda. Ramos diretos das artérias cervicais superficiais direita e esquerda e ramos diretos da artéria torácica interna direita foram encontrados para o lobo tímico médio, sendo essa uma descrição única nessa espécie, o que demonstra uma característica evolutiva primitiva nesse ancestral.(AU)

The objective of this study was to comparatively describe the arteries responsible for the irrigation of the cervical and thoracic thymus lobes of Boars, also determining the morphological characteristics of this body in this species to the point of evolutionarily correlating them with other representatives of the Suidae family. The left and right cervical thymic lobes received branches distributed by common right and left, superficial right and left carotid arteries, and neck and, sometimes, the outer left chest and left subclavian arteries. This feature was vascular maintained throughout evolution and is present in more recent strains and breeds of swine. Irrigation of the right and left thoracic thymic lobes was performed predominantly by direct and indirect ipsilateral and contralateral branches of the right and left internal thoracic arteries and also by branches of the left subclavian artery. Direct branches of the right and left superficial cervical artery and right branches of the right internal thoracic artery were found for the average thymic lobe, this being a unique description in this species, demonstrating a primitive feature in this evolutionary ancestor.(AU)

Morphology And Biometry Of The Thymus In Gallus Gallus Domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) From The Isa Brow Lineage

The anatomy of the thymus was described in thirty chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) of the Isa Brow line. Samples were prepared by fixation and preservation in 10% formalin solution and analyzed by subsequent dissection. The thymus lobes were found along the ventral region of the neck from the third cervical vertebra to the proximity to the clavicular bones in relation to the vagus nerve, the common artery of the vagus nerve and the jugular vein. The number of lobes ranged from four or five to the right antimere and three to five to the left. The mean lobe size was 0.80 x 0.43 x 0.38 cm for the cranial lobe, 1.53 x 0.81 x 0.42 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.10 x 0.64 x 0.46 for the middle lobe, 2.29 x 0.89 x 0.59 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.82 x 1.39 x 1.11 cm for the caudal lobe in the right antimere. In the left antimere, 0.80 x 0.41 x 0.37 cm was recorded for the cranial lobe, 1.55 x 0.80 x 0.44 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.37 x 0.87 x 0.56 for the middle lobe, 2.37 x 0.85 x 0.60 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.89 x 1.43 x 1.08 cm for the caudal lobe. The thymus of birds from the Isa Brow lineage presented characteristics similar to those found in other lineages with respect to the division of lobes and topography. However, skeletal, syntopic and holotopic disparities were observed that indicate some unique characteristics of the thymus in this lineage.

Morphology And Biometry Of The Thymus In Gallus Gallus Domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758) From The Isa Brow Lineage

The anatomy of the thymus was described in thirty chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) of the Isa Brow line. Samples were prepared by fixation and preservation in 10% formalin solution and analyzed by subsequent dissection. The thymus lobes were found along the ventral region of the neck from the third cervical vertebra to the proximity to the clavicular bones in relation to the vagus nerve, the common artery of the vagus nerve and the jugular vein. The number of lobes ranged from four or five to the right antimere and three to five to the left. The mean lobe size was 0.80 x 0.43 x 0.38 cm for the cranial lobe, 1.53 x 0.81 x 0.42 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.10 x 0.64 x 0.46 for the middle lobe, 2.29 x 0.89 x 0.59 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.82 x 1.39 x 1.11 cm for the caudal lobe in the right antimere. In the left antimere, 0.80 x 0.41 x 0.37 cm was recorded for the cranial lobe, 1.55 x 0.80 x 0.44 cm for the middle cranial lobe, 2.37 x 0.87 x 0.56 for the middle lobe, 2.37 x 0.85 x 0.60 for the middle caudal lobe and 3.89 x 1.43 x 1.08 cm for the caudal lobe. The thymus of birds from the Isa Brow lineage presented characteristics similar to those found in other lineages with respect to the division of lobes and topography. However, skeletal, syntopic and holotopic disparities were observed that indicate some unique characteristics of the thymus in this lineage.(AU)

CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and HSP60+ expressions in cellular infiltrate of canine mammary carcinoma in mixed tumor

Background: Cancer is a complex process that receive many influences of the tumor microenvironment. The participation of immune system cells and proteins in tumor microenvironment is not yet completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltrate cellular, subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and HSP60 of canine mammary carcinoma in mixed tumor (CMCMT).Materials, Methods & Results: Female dogs (n = 20) were selected after Canine mammary tumor (CMT) diagnosis and data were achieved throughout clinical-pathological information. Clinical staging was evaluated and tumor biopsies were processed by histology and cellular infiltrate was performed according criteria and grade. Survival curve were generated by Kaplan-Meier and the lymphocytic infiltrate were compared by Log-Rank followed Chi-Square χ². For immunolabeling it was used anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-FoxP3 and HSP60 monoclonal antibodies and were attributed scores from 0 to 3. Clinical-pathological relationship was analyzed using Spearman correlation. This study was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research using Animals (CEUA-UECE), protocol 12247080-2. Our data showed a mean age of 9.3 years-old, the size of tumors presented more than 5 cm (50%), which were located in inguinal mammary glands (70%), and CMTs shows I (70%) and II (30%) grade. The cellular infiltrate was distributed both in peri and intratumoral regions, dispersed multifocally with moderate intensity and lymphocytes were the major populations found into tumors (n = 826 ± 220). In relationship to cellular infiltrate with CMT grade it was observed that lymphocytes (ρ = 0.28) and plasma cells (ρ = 0.22) showed a slight positive correlation, and an opposed negative correlation of neutrophils (ρ = -0.1) and macrophages (ρ = -0.38). CMT presents moderate lymphocytic infiltrate (< 800 lymphocytes), shows higher (P = 0.01) survival rates as compared to intense lymphocytic infiltrate (≥ 800 lymphocytes).[...]

CD4+, CD8+, FoxP3+ and HSP60+ expressions in cellular infiltrate of canine mammary carcinoma in mixed tumor

Background: Cancer is a complex process that receive many influences of the tumor microenvironment. The participation of immune system cells and proteins in tumor microenvironment is not yet completely understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the infiltrate cellular, subpopulations of T-lymphocytes and HSP60 of canine mammary carcinoma in mixed tumor (CMCMT).Materials, Methods & Results: Female dogs (n = 20) were selected after Canine mammary tumor (CMT) diagnosis and data were achieved throughout clinical-pathological information. Clinical staging was evaluated and tumor biopsies were processed by histology and cellular infiltrate was performed according criteria and grade. Survival curve were generated by Kaplan-Meier and the lymphocytic infiltrate were compared by Log-Rank followed Chi-Square χ². For immunolabeling it was used anti-CD4, anti-CD8, anti-FoxP3 and HSP60 monoclonal antibodies and were attributed scores from 0 to 3. Clinical-pathological relationship was analyzed using Spearman correlation. This study was approved by the Committee for Ethics in Research using Animals (CEUA-UECE), protocol 12247080-2. Our data showed a mean age of 9.3 years-old, the size of tumors presented more than 5 cm (50%), which were located in inguinal mammary glands (70%), and CMTs shows I (70%) and II (30%) grade. The cellular infiltrate was distributed both in peri and intratumoral regions, dispersed multifocally with moderate intensity and lymphocytes were the major populations found into tumors (n = 826 ± 220). In relationship to cellular infiltrate with CMT grade it was observed that lymphocytes (ρ = 0.28) and plasma cells (ρ = 0.22) showed a slight positive correlation, and an opposed negative correlation of neutrophils (ρ = -0.1) and macrophages (ρ = -0.38). CMT presents moderate lymphocytic infiltrate (< 800 lymphocytes), shows higher (P = 0.01) survival rates as compared to intense lymphocytic infiltrate (≥ 800 lymphocytes).[...](AU)

Bacillus coagulans enhance the immune function of the intestinal mucosa of yellow broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus coagulans on the growth performance and immune functions of the intestinal mucosa of yellow broilers. Three hundred and sixty one-day-old yellow chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments groups with six replicates of 15 chicks each. The broilers were randomly subjected to one of the following treatments for 28 days: control group (group1, fed a basal diet) and three treatments (group 2, 3, 4) fed the basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans , respectively). The results showed that for 28 days, compared with the control diet, the dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans significantly decreased the feed/gain ratio (F/G) (p 0.05), improved the thymus index, spleen index and bursa index (p 0.05), increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in the duodenum (p 0.05), increased the number of secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) positive cells ( p 0.05). The dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans promoted a significant increase in Lactobacillus spp. populations and suppressed Escherichia coli replication in cecum, compared with the control (p 0.05). Moreover, the dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans also significantly enhanced the levels of interferon alpha (IFN), toll-like receptor (TLR3), and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5(MDA5) in the duodenum (p 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary addition of Bacillus coagulans significantly improved broiler performance, and enhanced the intestinal mucosal barrier and immune function. The optimal dosage of Bacillus coagulans for yellow broilers was determined as 2×108 cfu/kg.(AU)

Bacillus coagulans enhance the immune function of the intestinal mucosa of yellow broilers

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus coagulans on the growth performance and immune functions of the intestinal mucosa of yellow broilers. Three hundred and sixty one-day-old yellow chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments groups with six replicates of 15 chicks each. The broilers were randomly subjected to one of the following treatments for 28 days: control group (group1, fed a basal diet) and three treatments (group 2, 3, 4) fed the basal diet supplemented with 100, 200, or 300 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans , respectively). The results showed that for 28 days, compared with the control diet, the dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans significantly decreased the feed/gain ratio (F/G) (p 0.05), improved the thymus index, spleen index and bursa index (p 0.05), increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio (V/C) in the duodenum (p 0.05), increased the number of secretory immunoglobulin (sIgA) positive cells ( p 0.05). The dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans promoted a significant increase in Lactobacillus spp. populations and suppressed Escherichia coli replication in cecum, compared with the control (p 0.05). Moreover, the dietary addition of 200 mg/kg Bacillus coagulans also significantly enhanced the levels of interferon alpha (IFN), toll-like receptor (TLR3), and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5(MDA5) in the duodenum (p 0.05). In conclusion, the dietary addition of Bacillus coagulans significantly improved broiler performance, and enhanced the intestinal mucosal barrier and immune function. The optimal dosage of Bacillus coagulans for yellow broilers was determined as 2×108 cfu/kg.

Evaluation of thymic lymphocyte loss of broiler using Digital Analysis of the Lymphoid Depletion System (ADDL) / Avaliação de perda de linfócitos do timo em frangos usando análise digital do sistema de depleção linfóide (ADDL)

The thymus is a lymphoid organ and usually evaluated for the degree of lymphocyte loss with subjective histological techniques. This study aimed to adapt and to apply of the digital analysis of the lymphoid depletion system (ADDL) in the thymus in order to obtain a more accurate analysis. Glucocorticoid was used to induce immunosuppression in 55 broilers at 21 days of age; other 15 broilers were the control group. After euthanasia of the broilers, postmortem examination was made. Both thymic chains were collected and six lobes were selected for histological examination of the degree of lymphocyte depletion (scores 1 to 5) and for submission to all stages of processing by the ADDL system. The artificial constructed neural networks (ANN) obtained 94.03% of correct classifications. In conclusion, it was possible to adopt objective criteria to evaluate thymic lymphoid depletion with the ADDL system.(AU)

O timo é um órgão linfóide, que é normalmente avaliado para o grau de perda de linfócitos a partir de técnicas histológicas subjetivas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a adaptação e aplicação do sistema de análise digital de depleção linfóide (ADDL) para o timo, a fim de tornar sua análise mais acurada. Glicocorticóides foram utilizados a fim de induzir imunossupressão em 55 aves de 21 dias de idade. Outras 15 aves formaram o grupo controle. Posteriormente, para cada um dos aves, realizou-se a eutanásia e necropsia. Ambas as cadeias do timo foram coletadas e foram selecionadas seis lóbulos para processamento histológico, análise quanto ao grau de depleção linfocitária (escores de 1-5) e submissão a todas as fases do processamento pelo sistema ADDL. Observou-se que a rede neural artificial (RNA) construída obteve 94,03% de classificações corretas. Em conclusão, foi possível adotar critérios objetivos para avaliar a depleção linfóide tímica utilizando o sistema ADDL.(AU)

Evaluation of thymic lymphocyte loss of broiler using Digital Analysis of the Lymphoid Depletion System (ADDL) / Avaliação de perda de linfócitos do timo em frangos usando análise digital do sistema de depleção linfóide (ADDL)

The thymus is a lymphoid organ and usually evaluated for the degree of lymphocyte loss with subjective histological techniques. This study aimed to adapt and to apply of the digital analysis of the lymphoid depletion system (ADDL) in the thymus in order to obtain a more accurate analysis. Glucocorticoid was used to induce immunosuppression in 55 broilers at 21 days of age; other 15 broilers were the control group. After euthanasia of the broilers, postmortem examination was made. Both thymic chains were collected and six lobes were selected for histological examination of the degree of lymphocyte depletion (scores 1 to 5) and for submission to all stages of processing by the ADDL system. The artificial constructed neural networks (ANN) obtained 94.03% of correct classifications. In conclusion, it was possible to adopt objective criteria to evaluate thymic lymphoid depletion with the ADDL system.(AU)

O timo é um órgão linfóide, que é normalmente avaliado para o grau de perda de linfócitos a partir de técnicas histológicas subjetivas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a adaptação e aplicação do sistema de análise digital de depleção linfóide (ADDL) para o timo, a fim de tornar sua análise mais acurada. Glicocorticóides foram utilizados a fim de induzir imunossupressão em 55 aves de 21 dias de idade. Outras 15 aves formaram o grupo controle. Posteriormente, para cada um dos aves, realizou-se a eutanásia e necropsia. Ambas as cadeias do timo foram coletadas e foram selecionadas seis lóbulos para processamento histológico, análise quanto ao grau de depleção linfocitária (escores de 1-5) e submissão a todas as fases do processamento pelo sistema ADDL. Observou-se que a rede neural artificial (RNA) construída obteve 94,03% de classificações corretas. Em conclusão, foi possível adotar critérios objetivos para avaliar a depleção linfóide tímica utilizando o sistema ADDL.(AU)

Linfoma intravascular de células T em um cão / Intravascular t-cell lymphoma in dog / Linfoma intravascular de células t en perro

Linfoma intravascular (LI) é uma desordem linfoproliferativa rara caracterizada por proliferação intravascular de linfócitos neoplásicos com nenhum ou mínimo envolvimento do parênquima. O sistema nervoso central e a pele são os tecidos mais comumente afetados. O LI de células B é mais frequentemente relatado em comparação com os de origem T. Este trabalho descreve os achados anatomopatológicos e imuno-histoquímicos de um cão com linfoma intravascular de células T em múltiplos órgãos, incluindo encéfalo, fígado, adrenais, rins e estômago.(AU)

Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by intravascular proliferation of neoplastic lymphoid cells with minimal or no involvement of organs parenchyma. The central nervous system and skin are the most commonly affected tissues. B-cell IL is more frequently reported when compared with T-cell IL. This report describes the immunohistochemistry and anatomic pathology findings of a dog with intravascular T-cell lymphoma in multiple organs, including brain, liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, and stomach.(AU)

El Linfoma Intravascular (LI) es un desorden linfoproliferativo raro caracterizado por la proliferación intravascular de linfocitos neoplásicos con ninguna o mínima afectación del parénquima. El sistema nervioso central y la piel son los tejidos más comúnmente afectados. Los LI de células B han sido reportados más frecuentemente que los de origen T. Este trabajo describe los hallazgos anatomopatológicos e inmuno-histoquímicos de un perro con LI de células T en múltiples órganos, incluyendo encéfalo, hígado, adrenales, riñones y estómago.(AU)

Morfologia e biometria do timo em araras dos gêneros Ara e Anodorhynchus / Morphology and biometry of the thymus gland in macaw of Ara and Anodorhynchus genera

Foram utilizados 12 exemplares de Ara ararauna - seis fêmeas e seis machos -, cinco exemplares de Ara chloropterus (uma fêmea e quatro machos) e dois exemplares de Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus - uma fêmea e um macho -, todos adultos, doados por criadouro particular, após óbito natural. Os lobos foram dissecados e medidos com paquímetro - comprimento x largura x espessura - e analisados quanto ao peso, à topografia e à morfologia individual. Independentemente do gênero, foram identificados, em 17 casos (89,5%), lobos tímicos nos antímeros cervicais esquerdo e direito, e em oito casos (42,1%), lobos na cavidade celomática. Os lobos apresentaram formatos alongados - 52,6% -, arredondados - 21,1% - ou ovalados - 15,8% -, posicionados preferencialmente ventromedialmente ao longo do plexo vasculoneural do pescoço, com número médio de cinco lobos por antímero, tamanho médio de 0,49cm de comprimento, 0,12cm de largura e 0,05cm de espessura e peso médio de 0,076g.(AU)

Twelve samples of Ara ararauna - six females and six males -, five samples of Ara chloropterus (one female and four males) and two samples of Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (one female and one male), all adults from a Breeding Park, were used after natural death. The lobes were dissected and measured with electronic calliper (length x width x thickness) and analyzed taking their weight, topography and individual morphology into account. Regardless of gender, 89.5% of the cases presented timic lobes in the left and right cervical antimere, and 42.1% of the cases presented lobes in the celomatic cavity. The lobes were shown in shapes - long (52.6%), round (21.1%) or oval (15.8%), positioned mostly ventromedially, along the neurovascular plexus of the neck, with an average of five lobes per antimere, and an average size of 0.49cm length, 0.12cm width, and 0.05cm thick and average weight of 0.076g.(AU)

Aspectos morfométricos do timo em gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus) / Morphometric aspects of the thymus in domestic cats (Felis domesticus)

O timo é um órgão linfático primário que desenvolve sua atividade em organismos jovens. Apesar de sua função ser responsável por mecanismos fundamentais na aquisição das defesas e conseqüentes respostas orgânicas, ela ainda não está totalmente esclarecida, nem tampouco as bases morfológicas que respondem por tais funções, como o processo de desenvolvimento e involução do órgão. Objetivou-se analisar e caracterizar os aspectos morfológicos do timo, tais como seu tamanho e volume, e aspectos histológicos do timo em gatos, correlacionando o sexo e o desenvolvimento etário. Doze timos provenientes de fetos de gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus) sem raça definida (SRD), machos e fêmeas, separados em três grupos etários. O timo apresentou-se com uma coloração rosa-pálida e com duas porções, a torácica e a cervical, sendo que cada uma delas possuía um lobo direito e um lobo esquerdo em sua maioria. A porção torácica localizava-se em região de mediastino cranial, entre os pulmões e à base do coração. E a porção cervical estendia-se além das costelas em sentido cranial, estando localizada ventralmente à traqueia. A estrutura celular do timo demonstrou-se organizada com a presença de agregados concêntricos, os chamados corpúsculos tímicos, formados por células epiteliais, sustentada por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo de onde partiam septos que ao penetrar no órgão dividia-o em lóbulos. Ocorreram variações significativas quanto à lobação e as dimensões do timo entre indivíduos da mesma faixa etária, e entre sexos diferentes. Os valores relativos ao comprimento, espessura e largura, de maneira geral, apresentaram aumento, em conformidade ao desenvolvimento dos animais, mas com diferenças entre os sexos.

The thymus is a primary lymphatic organ that develops its activity in young organisms. But despite its function is fundamental mechanisms responsible for the acquisition and subsequent body defenses, it is not yet fully understood, neither the morphological basis accounting for such functions as the process of development and the organ involution. The objective was to analyze and characterize the morphology of the thymus, such as its size and volume, and histological aspects of the thymus in cats, correlating sex and age development. Twelve foetus of mongrel domestic cats (Felis domesticus), males and females, divided into three age groups. The thymus presented two parts with a pale pink color, the thoracic and cervical portion; each has a right lobe and a left lobe mostly. The thoracic portion was located in the region of cranial mediastinum, between the lungs and the heart base. And the cervical portion extended beyond the ribs cranially and is located ventral to the trachea. The thymus cellular structure was shown by the presence of organized concentric aggregates, named Hassall's corpuscles, formed by epithelial cells, supported by a connective tissue capsule that penetrated the parenchyma dividing it into lobules. Significant changes with number of lobes and thymus size between individuals of the same age, and between sex. The values for length, thickness and width, in general, showed an increase, according to the development of animals, with differences between sex.

Aspectos morfométricos do timo em gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus) / Morphometric aspects of the thymus in domestic cats (Felis domesticus)

O timo é um órgão linfático primário que desenvolve sua atividade em organismos jovens. Apesar de sua função ser responsável por mecanismos fundamentais na aquisição das defesas e conseqüentes respostas orgânicas, ela ainda não está totalmente esclarecida, nem tampouco as bases morfológicas que respondem por tais funções, como o processo de desenvolvimento e involução do órgão. Objetivou-se analisar e caracterizar os aspectos morfológicos do timo, tais como seu tamanho e volume, e aspectos histológicos do timo em gatos, correlacionando o sexo e o desenvolvimento etário. Doze timos provenientes de fetos de gatos domésticos (Felis domesticus) sem raça definida (SRD), machos e fêmeas, separados em três grupos etários. O timo apresentou-se com uma coloração rosa-pálida e com duas porções, a torácica e a cervical, sendo que cada uma delas possuía um lobo direito e um lobo esquerdo em sua maioria. A porção torácica localizava-se em região de mediastino cranial, entre os pulmões e à base do coração. E a porção cervical estendia-se além das costelas em sentido cranial, estando localizada ventralmente à traqueia. A estrutura celular do timo demonstrou-se organizada com a presença de agregados concêntricos, os chamados corpúsculos tímicos, formados por células epiteliais, sustentada por uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo de onde partiam septos que ao penetrar no órgão dividia-o em lóbulos. Ocorreram variações significativas quanto à lobação e as dimensões do timo entre indivíduos da mesma faixa etária, e entre sexos diferentes. Os valores relativos ao comprimento, espessura e largura, de maneira geral, apresentaram aumento, em conformidade ao desenvolvimento dos animais, mas com diferenças entre os sexos.(AU)

The thymus is a primary lymphatic organ that develops its activity in young organisms. But despite its function is fundamental mechanisms responsible for the acquisition and subsequent body defenses, it is not yet fully understood, neither the morphological basis accounting for such functions as the process of development and the organ involution. The objective was to analyze and characterize the morphology of the thymus, such as its size and volume, and histological aspects of the thymus in cats, correlating sex and age development. Twelve foetus of mongrel domestic cats (Felis domesticus), males and females, divided into three age groups. The thymus presented two parts with a pale pink color, the thoracic and cervical portion; each has a right lobe and a left lobe mostly. The thoracic portion was located in the region of cranial mediastinum, between the lungs and the heart base. And the cervical portion extended beyond the ribs cranially and is located ventral to the trachea. The thymus cellular structure was shown by the presence of organized concentric aggregates, named Hassall's corpuscles, formed by epithelial cells, supported by a connective tissue capsule that penetrated the parenchyma dividing it into lobules. Significant changes with number of lobes and thymus size between individuals of the same age, and between sex. The values for length, thickness and width, in general, showed an increase, according to the development of animals, with differences between sex.(AU)

Morfologia e morfometria do timo em aves da linhagem paraíso pedrês (Gallus gallus domesticus - Linnaeus, 1758) / Morphology and morphometry of thymus in birds of paraíso pedrês lineage (Gallus gallus domesticus - Linnaeus, 1758)

Foram analisadas a morfologia, topografia e morfometria dos lobos tímicos em 20 aves da linhagem Paraíso Pedrês. As aves tiveram seus lobos tímicos dissecados, medidos com paquímetro (comprimento x largura x espessura) e analisados quanto suas topografias e morfologias individuais. Os lobos tímicos apresentaram-se localizados dorsolaterais ao pescoço, desde a clavícula até seu terço cranial (65%), com números médios de 5,40 e 5,53 lobos para antímero direito e esquerdo, respectivamente. E médias de 1,19 cm de comprimento, 0,49 cm de largura e 0,20 cm de espessura para os lobos cervicais do antímero esquerdo e média de 1,30 x 0,59 x 0,26 cm para os contra laterais. As correlações foram de média intensidade, indicaram que quanto maiores, mais largos e mais espessos, os lobos foram mais numerosos e, preferencialmente ocuparam a posição dorso-lateral ao plexo vasculoneural e pescoço.(AU)

We analyzed the morphology, topography and morphology of thymic lobes in 20 birds of Paraíso Pedrês lineage. The birds had their thymic lobes dissected, measured using a caliper rule(length x width x thickness) and analyzed for their individual morphologies and topographies. The thymic lobes were located dorsolateral to the neck, from the clavicle to the third cranial (65%), with an average of 5.40 and 5.53 lobes for right and left antimere, respectively. And averaging of 1.19 cm lenght, 0.49 cm width and 0.20 cm thickness for cervical lobes of the left antimere and average of 1.30 x 0.59 x 0.26 cm to the contralateral. The correlations were of medium intensity, indicated that when it's the larger, wider and thicker, the lobes were more numerous and preferentially occupied the dorsolateral position to the vasculo-neural plexus and neck.(AU)

Artérias dos lobos cervicais do timo em fetos de suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus) da linhagem camborough 22 / Arteries of the cervical wolves of the thymus in fetuses pigs suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the lineage Camborough 22

Foram estudadas as origens e distribuições das artérias destinadas aos lobos cervicais do timo em 30 fetos de suínos da linhagem Camborough 22, sendo 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, provenientes de núcleos criatórios do município de Uberlândia - MG. Os animais tiveram o sistema arterial preenchido com solução aquosa, a 50% de Neoprene Látex "'450", corada com pigmento específico e em seguida foram fixados com solução aquosa, a 10%, de formaldeído. Os lobos cervicais do timo receberam ramos diretos das artérias torácica interna direita (3,33%), cervical superficial direita (33,33%) e esquerda (26,67%), carótida comum direita (6,67%) e esquerda (13,33%), tireóidea cranial direita (6,67%), laríngea cranial direita (16,67%) e esquerda (13,33%), occipital esquerda (3,33%), carótida interna esquerda (3,33%), carótida externa direita (3,33%) e esquerda (3,33%), meníngea caudal direita (3,33%) e lingual esquerda (16,67%) e ramos indiretos das artérias cervical superficial direita (96,67%) e esquerda (93,33%), axilar direita (6,67%), carótida comum direita (23,33%) e esquerda (26,67%), laríngea cranial esquerda (3,33%), carótida externa direita (6,67%), lingual direita (16,67%) e esquerda (26,67%). Não foram verificadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre o número de ramos arteriais cedidos para os lobos cervicais do timo em cada antímero.(AU)

The origins and distributions of the arteries leading to cervical thymus lobes were studied in 30 fetuses pigs Camborough 22, 15 males and 15 females, donated by farms from the region of Uberlândia - MG. The arterial system of these animals was filled with aqueous solution, 50% Neoprene Latex "'450" colored with a specific pigment, then the specimens were fixed with an aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde. The cervical thymus lobes were supplied by directly branches coming from right internal thoracic arteries (3.33%), right cervical superficial (33.33%) and left (26.67%), right common carotid (6.67%) and left ( 13.33%), right cranial thyroid (6.67%), right cranial laryngeal (16.67%) and left (13.33%), left occipital (3.33%), internal carotid (3.33 %), right external carotid (3.33%) and left (3.33%), right caudal meningeal (3.33%) and left lingual (16.67%).Meanwhile, the cervical thymus lobes, right and left, received indirect branches of the right superficial cervical arteries (96.67%) and left (93.33%), right axillary (6.67%), right common carotid (23.33 %) and left (26.67%), left cranial laryngeal (3.33%), right external carotid (6.67%), right lingual (16.67%) and left (26.67%). No statistically significant differences were found between the numbers of arterial branches assigned to the cervical thymus lobes in each antimeter.(AU)

Aspectos morfológicos do suprimento arterial dos lobos toracicos do timo de fetos de suínos (Sus scrofa domesticus) da linhagem camborough 25 / Morphologic aspects of arterial supply of the thoracic lobes of the thymus in stillborns of the camborough 25 lineage

O estudo realizado teve como objetivo descrever a vascularização e morfologia dos lobos torácicos do timo em fetos suínos da linhagem Camborough 25. Para tanto, foram utilizados 30 fetos de suínos, sendo 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, originados de abortos ou mortes naturais de fêmeas gestantes de núcleos criatórios da região de Brasília, DF. Os animais tiveram o seu sistema arterial preenchido com solução aquosa a 50% de Neoprene Látex, corada com corante específico e foram ainda submetidos à fixação em solução aquosa a 10% de formaldeído. O lobo torácico esquerdo do timo é suprido por ramos diretos e indiretos das artérias torácica interna esquerda e direita, pericardicofrênica esquerda, carótida comum esquerda, aorta ascendente e tronco braquiocefálico. O lobo torácico direito do timo é suprido por ramos diretos e indiretos das artérias torácica interna esquerda e direita, pericardicofrênica direita e artéria carótida comum direita.(AU)

The study aimed to retract the vascularization and morphology of thoracic lobes of the thymus in fetal pigs from Camborough 25 lineage. For this purpose, was used 30 pig fetus, being 15 males and 15 females, originated from cases of abortion and natural death of pregnants donated by farms from the region of Brasilia - DF. The animals had the arterial system filled with aqueous colored solution in a 50% of Neoprene Latex stained with specific pigment and than were fixed in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution. The left thoracic lobe were supplied by direct and indirect arterial branches of the left and right internal thoracic arteries, left pericardiacophrenica, left common carotid, ascending aorta and brachiocephalic trunk. The right thymus lobe was supplied by direct and indirect arterial branches of left and right internal thoracic arteries, right pericardiacophrenic and right common carotid.(AU)

MORFOLOGIA E VASCULARIZAÇÃO ARTERIAL DO TIMO EM AVESTRUZES Struthio camelus (LINNAEUS, 1758)

Estudou-se a anatomia do timo em 30 filhotes de avestruzes, 13 machos e 17 fêmeas com idade variando entre 10 a 20 dias, mediante fixação de cada ave em solução aquosa de formol a 10%. As cadeias de lobos tímicos localizaram-se no terço distal da região ventral do pescoço, dispondo-se de forma linear e paralela, desde a décima primeira até a décima quinta vértebra cervical, relacionando-se com o nervo vago e veia jugular. O número de lobos variou de 1 a 3 e 1 ou 2, para os antímero direito e esquerdo respectivamente. A média das dimensões dos lobos foram 2,09 x 0,71 x 0,41 cm para o lobo cranial, 0,69 x 0,38 x 0,27 cm para o lobo médio e 0,55 x 0,33 x 0,29 cm para o lobo caudal do antímero direito. No antímero esquerdo foram registrados de 2,14 x 0,71 x 0,37 cm para o lobo cranial e 0,60 x 0,31 x 0,22 cm para o lobo caudal. Os lobos tímicos direitos e esquerdos mostraram-se nutridos, em todos os casos, por vasos oriundos, direta e exclusivamente, das artérias comuns dos nervos vagos, esofágicas ascendentes e cervicais cutâneas ascendentes direitas e esquerdas. Os lobos tímicos do antímero direito receberam, independentemente de sua origem, de um a cinco ramos e do antímero esquerdo, houve uma variação de um a quatro ramos. A morfologia e vascularização arterial do timo apresentaram comportamentos bem definidos, possuindo características comuns que identificam a espécie que foi objeto de nosso estudo.

It was studied the morphology and the biometry of the thymus in 30 young ostriches, 13 males and 17 females aged from 10 to 20 days, by setting each bird in aqueous solution of 10% formaldehyde. Chains of thymic lobes were located in the third distal part of the ventral neck, offering up linear and parallel, from the eleventh to the fifteenth cervical vertebra, relating to the vagus nerve and jugular vein. The number of lobes varied from 1 to 3 and 1 or 2, to right and left antimeres respectively. The average dimensions of the lobes were 2.09 x 0.71 x 0.41 cm to the cranial lobe, 0.69 x 0.38 x 0.27 cm to the middle lobe and the 55 x 0.33 x 0.29 cm to the caudal lobe of the right side. On left antimere were found the average dimensions of the lobes of 2.14 x 0.71 x 0.37 cm for cranial lobes and 0.60 x 0.31 x 0.22 cm to the caudal lobes. Thymic right and left lobes shown to be nourished , in all cases , for vessels coming directly and exclusively , common arteries of the vagus nerves , skin and cervical esophageal ascending upward right and left . Thymic lobes of the right side received , regardless of its source , from one to five branches and left antimere , there was a variation of one to four branches. The morphology and thymus biometrics showed well-defined behaviors, possessing common characteristic who characterized the specie that was the subject of our study.