Climate Parameters in the Trailer During the Transportation of One-Day-Old-Chicks

Various problems may arise during the road transportation of one-day-old broiler chickens from hatcheries to rearing houses. In this study, the transportation vehicles of a private company operating in the Bursa Region were physically examined, and the climate parameters of the trailer were observed. During these observations the exposure of animals to heat stress was measured, and the loss of life during transportation was revealed. Thirteen data logger values were placed in the trailer and their readings were recorded. While the highest heat stress is in the summer and the heat stress is the highest in the front and middle parts of the trailer, the least are in the first row and the last row in vehicles that use natural ventilation in the summer and mechanical air conditioning in the winter.(AU)

How do relocation time and length of storage after relocation affect fermentation and nutritive value of corn silage?

This study aimed to determine the effects of relocation time (RT; Experiment 1) and storage time after relocation (ST; Experiment 2) on microbial population, fermentative characteristics, and chemical composition of corn silage. In experiment 1, corn silage was stored for 30 d, subjected to different RT (0­60 h), and stored again for 30 d. Thirty experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with three replicates per treatment. In experiment 2, after 150 d of ensiling, silage was removed from a bunker silo, exposed to air for 9 h, relocated to experimental silos, and stored for periods ranging from 0 to 128 d. Twenty-eight experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Relocation time had no effect on fungi counts and concentrations of lactic and propionic acids in corn silage but resulted in a significant increase in dry matter content. In experiment 2, dry matter recovery and concentration of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased in corn silage stored for more than 32 d after relocation. Exposure of corn silage to air during relocation for up to 60 h followed by 30 d of storage did not compromise the fermentation profile or nutritive value of the silage. Increased storage time of relocated corn silage (up to 128 d) consistently decreases its nutritional value. The storage period seems to have an increased impact on nutrient loss in relocated silage than the relocation period.

Effect of Cold Chain on Chicken Egg Quality in a Simulated Post Washing Processing and Consumer Storage Model

This study assessed the effect of the cold chain on egg quality in a model simulation of post-washing processing and consumer storage. Post-washed eggs were assigned to 12 groups that simulated the conditions of temporary storage after washing (step 1; 7°C or 25°C for 1 day), transportation (step 2; 7°C or 30°C for 8 h), and selling or storage (step 3; 7°C, 25°C or 30°C for 4 weeks). The freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. High-temperature conditions in steps 1 or 2 resulted in reduced quality and more bacteria on eggshells, and this egg quality deterioration worsened after storage for over 2 weeks. In step 3, the quality of the eggs stored at 7°C was maintained during the entire storage, whereas the eggs stored at 25°C had lower quality and broken vitelline membranes in week 4, and the eggs stored at 30°C were spoiled. Eggs should be stored from post-washing until storage by consumers in a cold environment without interruption of temperature control to maintain quality and safety. Consumers must be aware that eggs should be stored at refrigerator temperature.(AU)

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

ABSTRACT: The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

RESUMO: O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

Agricultural tractor with different mass distributions between axles / Desempenho do trator agrícola com diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos

An adjustment of the agricultural tractor is necessary to achieve energy efficiency, which can be done through the correct distribution of mass between the axles for each operating surface. This research evaluated different distributions of mass between axles in a 93 kW tractor equipped with auxiliary front-wheel drive, on two soil surfaces. The experiment was carried out in strip design, with a double factorial scheme (2 x 3), with two soil surfaces (mobilized and firm) and three mass distributions between axes (35/65%, 40/60% and 45/55%), with five repetitions, totaling 30 parcels. The slippage parameters of the front and rear wheelset, engine rotation, hourly and specific fuel consumption, force, power and yield on the drawbar, displacement speed, engine thermal efficiency, traction coefficient, rolling resistance, and yield in traction. On firm soil, the energy performance of the tractor was superior in relation to the mobilized one, which allowed greater tractor and drawbar performance with lower specific fuel consumption. The use of a 35/65% between-axle mass distribution provided maximum traction for the mechanized set, resulting from the reduction in energy expenditure generated by skating and; consequently, the maximum use of the energy made available by the mechanized set. However, the maximum conversion of energy contained in the working fuel is obtained with the 45/55% setting.

A assertiva adequação do trator agrícola é necessária para atingir máxima eficiência energética, podendo ser feita através da correta distribuição de massa entre eixos para cada superfície de operação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar diferentes distribuições de massa entre eixos em um trator de 93 kW equipado com tração dianteira auxiliar, em duas superfícies de solo. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento de faixas, com esquema fatorial duplo (2 x 3), sendo duas superfícies de solo (mobilizado e firme) e três distribuições de massa entre eixos (35/65%, 40/60% e 45/55%), com cinco repetições, totalizando 30 parcelas. Foram determinados os parâmetros de patinamento dos rodados dianteiros e traseiros, rotação do motor, consumo horário e específico de combustível, força, potência e rendimento na barra de tração, velocidade de deslocamento, eficiência térmica do motor, coeficiente de tração, resistência ao rolamento e rendimento em tração. Em solo firme, o desempenho energético do trator foi superior em relação ao mobilizado, o qual possibilitou maior rendimento tratoreo e na barra de tração com menor consumo específico de combustível. O uso da distribuição de massa entre eixo de 35/65% proporcionou a maximização na tração do conjunto motomecanizado, decorrente da redução do dispêndio energético gerado pelo patinamento e consequentemente o máximo aproveitamento da energia disponibilizada pelo conjunto mecanizado. Entretanto, a máxima conversão da energia contida no combustível em trabalho é obtida com a configuração 45/55%.

The Effect of Space Allowance During Pre-Slaughter Transport of European Quail Breeders on Welfare, Carcass Traits and Meat Quality

The objective was to evaluate whether space allowance during pre-slaughter transport of European breeding quail affects welfare, carcass traits and meat quality. A total of 248 quails (body weight = 344.90 ± 2.09 g) were used. During pre-transport, the quails were fasted for 5 hours and 30 minutes. The poultry were caught and placed in plastic transport crates with an area of 0.40 m2. The treatments consisted of a different space allowance in each crate: 22, 28, 34 or 40 quails per crate. Immediately upon arrival at the slaughterhouse, the quails were stunned. During bleeding, blood samples were collected. The carcasses were individually weighed. The meat quality was measured. Data were analysed using the effects of space allowance during transport of quails and pickup truck as dependent variables. Death on arrival increased as the space allowance in transport crates decreased (p=0.08). Glucose and uric acid levels were not significantly different between groups (p≥0.14). The cold carcass weight presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.03). The meat pH, intensity of red, intensity of yellow and cooking losses were not different between groups (p≥0.12). The meat lightness value presented the maximum value when the crates contained 31 quails (p=0.04). In view of the above, the number of European breeding quails transported in crates must not exceed 30 animals.(AU)

Effects of animal type, handling, and transportation conditions on beef cattle temperament pre-slaughter / Efeito do tipo animal, manejo e condições de transporte no temperamento pré-abate de bovinos de corte

This study aimed to investigate the effects of animal type, on-farm handling, and transport conditions on temperament of beef cattle pre-slaughter. The study evaluated 4,061 cattle batches, averaging 49 animals, with a total of 199,026 cattle. Temperament was evaluated through a behavioral assessment carried out based on the temperament shown by cattle when approached by humans. One of three different temperament scores were assigned to each batch: calm, anxious, or excitable. Excitable temperament was reported in animals subjected to long transport time and distance and high loading density. The degree of carcass fatness was higher in calm animals, followed by anxious animals, with the excited temperament animals having the lowest carcass fatness degree. Older animals showed more excitable temperament, while younger animals showed calmer temperament. The excitable temperament was more evident in horned animals in relation to polled animals. Animal temperament was more reactive in batches with older cattle, low carcass fatness degree, and with more than 20% horned animals. Good handling and loading facilities and procedures at the farm contributed to adequate cattle temperament expression prior to slaughter.

O trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência de variáveis relacionadas às condições de manejo e de transporte na expressão do temperamento pré-abate de bovinos de corte. Foram avaliados 4.061 lotes, com média de 49 animais, totalizando 199.026 bovinos. O temperamento foi avaliado por meio da expressão comportamental dos lotes diante da aproximação humana. Foram atribuídas três diferentes classificações de temperamento: "calmo", "ansioso" ou "excitável". Verificou-se temperamento excitável em animais submetidos a longos tempos de transporte, a grandes distâncias e à alta densidade de carga. O grau de gordura na carcaça foi mais elevado em animais "calmos", seguidos dos animais "ansiosos", e menor em animais de temperamento "excitado". Os animais com temperamento excitável eram mais velhos, e aqueles com temperamento calmo eram mais jovem. O temperamento excitável foi mais evidente em animais com a presença de chifres. O temperamento animal foi mais reativo em lotes de bovinos mais velhos, com baixo grau de gordura de carcaça e com mais de 20% de animais com presença de chifres. Boas instalações e condições apropriadas de manejo e de carregamento dos animais contribuem para a expressão adequada do temperamento dos bovinos no pré-abate.

Estimating Chicken Meat Productions of Leader Countries for 2019-2025 Years / Estimando a produção de carne de frango em países líderes para os anos 2019-2025

The study predicted chicken meat production in 2019-2025 period for the leading chicken-producing countries with the help of the 1961-2018 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data since chicken meat consumption is so high worldwide. The USA ranks the first place while Brazil and China take second and third places, respectively. The analysis of the pioneer chicken meat-producing countries indicates that while the portion of the USA in world production decreases, the share, particularly Brazil and China, will approach that of the USA. World chicken meat production, which was 7.56 million tons in 1961, will increase to 139.19 million tons in 2025, and this production per capita is predicted to increase to 17.0 kg in 2025 from 2.4, 5.35, 9.80, and 15.0 kg in 1961, 1981, 2001, and 2018, respectively. Indonesia, Russia, Brazil, Japan, and India will run the highest increases in production. However, the share of countries in chicken meat production will decrease from 61% to 60% in 2019-2025 compared to the 2012-2018 periods. This condition showed that apart from some leading countries, the production will keep a rapid increase in production. The increase in chicken meat production and chicken meat import worldwide will improve human nutrition, especially in developing and underdeveloped countries. Countries that run cost advantages and high-quality life standards in line with technological innovations produce processed chicken products, strengthen animal health, hygiene, and transportation standards, and attach importance to advertising activities that increase consumer demand will be more advantageous in this market.

O estudo visa prever a produção de carne de frango no período de 2019-2025 para os principais países produtores de frango com a ajuda dos dados da Organização para Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO) de 1961-2018, uma vez que o consumo de carne de frango é tão alto emtodo o mundo. Os EUA ocupam o primeiro lugar, enquanto o Brasil e a China ficam com o segundo e o terceiro lugares, respectivamente. A análise dos países pioneiros na produção de carne de frango indica que enquanto a participação dos EUA na produção mundial diminui a participação, principalmente do Brasil e da China, se aproximará da dos EUA. A produção mundial de carne de frango, que era de 7,56 milhões de tonelada sem 1961, aumentará para 139,19 milhões de tonelada sem 2025, e esta produção per capita deve aumentar para 17,0 kg em 2025 de 2,4, 5,35, 9,80 e 15,0 kg em 1961, 1981, 2001 e 2018, respectivamente. Indonésia, Rússia, Brasil, Japão e Índia terão os maiores aumentos de produção. No entanto, a participação dos países na produção de carne de frango cairá de 61% para 60% em 2019-2025 em relação ao período de 2012-2018. Essa condição mostra que, além de alguns países líderes, a produção manterá um rápido aumento da produção. O aumento na produção e importação de carne de frango em todo o mundo melhorará a nutrição humana, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento e subdesenvolvidos. Os países que possuem vantagens de custo e padrões de vida de alta qualidade alinhados às inovações tecnológicas produzem produtos processados de frango, fortalecemos padrões de saúde, higiene e transporte animal e atribuem importância a atividades de publicidade que aumentem a demanda do consumidor serão mais vantajosas neste mercado.

COVID-19 impacts on healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview

Abstract This overview aimed to describe the situation of healthcare access in sub-Saharan Africa, excluding South Africa, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A PubMed® search from March 31, 2020, to August 15, 2022, selected 116 articles. Healthcare access and consequences of COVID-19 were assessed based on comparisons with months before its onset or an identical season in previous years. A general reduction of healthcare delivery, associated with the decline of care quality, and closure of many specialty services were reported. The impact was heterogeneous in space and time, with an increase in urban areas at the beginning of the pandemic (March-June 2020). The return to normalcy was gradual from the 3rd quarter of 2020 until the end of 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on the health system and its use was attributed to (a) conjunctural factors resulting from government actions to mitigate the spread of the epidemic (containment, transportation restrictions, closures of businesses, and places of entertainment or worship); (b) structural factors related to the disruption of public and private facilities and institutions, in particular, the health system; and (c) individual factors linked to the increase in costs, impoverishment of the population, and fear of contamination or stigmatization, which discouraged patients from going to health centers. They have caused considerable socio-economic damage. Several studies emphasized some adaptability of the healthcare offer and resilience of the healthcare system, despite its unpreparedness, which explained a return to normal activities as early as 2022 while the COVID-19 epidemic persisted. There appears to be a strong disproportion between the moderate incidence and severity of COVID-19 in sub-Saharan Africa, and the dramatic impact on healthcare access. Several articles make recommendations for lowering the socioeconomic consequences of future epidemics to ensure better management of health issues.

Effects of transport on water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis): factors associated with the frequency of skin injuries and meat quality

It is well known that transporting livestock is stressful for the animals and a primary cause of skin lesions. The effects of transport on the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) have not been studied extensively despite reports of high incidences of trauma during and after these mobilizations. The present review article analyzes the frequency of skin injuries suffered by water buffaloes during transport and several key contributing factors. It also discusses the consequences of injuries on the quality of carcasses. Important aspects identified include inappropriate vehicle design that does not comply with the dimensions recommended by international institutions (e.g., height, type of flooring, characteristics of the ramp), handling methods, and the ability of stock people to manage water buffaloes, all of which impact the incidence of injuries. Our analysis of these elements will contribute to identifying critical control points and areas of opportunity while also suggesting strategies to ensure the welfare of these animals during transport and the quality of water buffalo products and by-products.

Critical aspects of legislation and their impact on the welfare of water buffaloes during transport

Transport is considered a stressful period for livestock that can cause economic and biological losses if inadequate handling procedures exist. Several manuals and guides include recommendations for common domestic species based on scientific evidence. Still, the legislative freedom of each country means that they are not mandatory worldwide, nor do they cover all species, such as the water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). This review aims to analyze the legal strictures currently applicable to the transport of this species. Critical aspects of the legislation that address the pre-transport, transportation, and post-transport stages are discussed, focusing on Asian and Latin American countries and the European Union. Areas of opportunity to improve the norms and laws that impact public policies, civil aspects, and water buffalo welfare in production systems are elucidated.

Gas emissions from an agricultural compression-ignition engine using diesel, biodiesel and ethanol blends / Emissões de gases de um motor agrícola de ignição por compressão utilizando misturas de óleo diesel, biodiesel e etanol

Partial fuel replacement strategies arising from fossil sources used in compression ignition engines involve mixtures of mineral Diesel oil, biodiesel and ethanol to minimize the gas emissions. In this study, experimental assessments were performed on a multi-cylinder, turbocharged aftercooler, compression-ignition, agricultural tractor engine provided with electronic injection management and an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) gas treatment system. Diesel oil containing low (BS10 -10 ppm) and high sulfur concentrations (BS500 - 500 ppm) was utilized, with 10% of biodiesel as a constituent established by Brazilian legislation, in blends with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of the total volume, made up of anhydrous ethanol with additives. Thus, there were eight fuels blends and two reference conditions (without ethanol). The emissions of CO, HC, NOx and the HC+NOx gases were estimated, corresponding to the eight operating modes (M) of the ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4 standard. From the findings, it was evident that with the rise in the ethanol concentrations in the fuel blends there was a corresponding increasing in the CO, NOx and HC+NOx emissions. The HC, on the contrary, exhibited a pattern of higher emissions for the high-sulfur fuels (BS500) at low loads. No difference was observed for the NOx emissions at high loads. In the other operation modes, different behaviors were expressed for the BS10, which sometimes showed an increase, while at other times a reduction in the NOx emissions. Regarding the BS500, the NOx emission increased when the ethanol concentrations rose. As the specific emissions of the NOx were higher than those of the HC (in g.kW-¹.h-¹), the behavior exhibited by the HC+NOx showed similarity to that of the NOx. When the directly analysis of the operating modes was taken into consideration, the use of ethanol triggered an upswing in the emissions, exceeding the threshold of MAR-1 and EURO V standards.

Misturas de óleo Diesel mineral, biodiesel e etanol formam estratégias de substituição parcial do combustível de origem fóssil, aplicáveis em motores de ignição por compressão, com o intuito de redução das emissões de gases. Neste trabalho realizaram-se avaliações experimentais em um motor de trator agrícola de ignição por compressão, multi-cilíndrico, turboalimentado com aftercooler, gerenciamento eletrônico da injeção e sistema de tratamento de gases EGR. Foram utilizados óleo Diesel de baixo (BS10 -10 ppm) e alto teor de enxofre (BS500 - 500 ppm), com 10% de biodiesel em sua constituição, em misturas com concentrações de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20% do volume total, compostas por etanol anidro aditivado, totalizando oito combustíveis em mistura e duas condições de referência (sem etanol). Foram avaliadas as emissões de gases CO, HC, NOx e HC+NOx, segundo os oito modos de operação (M) da norma ABNT NBR ISO 8178-4. Dentre os resultados encontrados, com o incremento das concentrações de etanol nas misturas ocorreu o aumento das emissões de CO, NOx e HC+NOx. Já o HC apresentou um comportamento de maiores emissões para combustíveis com alto teor de enxofre (BS500) em baixas cargas. Não houve diferença para as emissões de NOx em altas cargas. Já nos demais modos de operação, para o BS10 ocorreram comportamentos diversos, em alguns momentos aumentando e em outros diminuindo as emissões de NOx. Já para o BS500, o comportamento das emissões de NOx foi de aumento com o incremento das concentrações de etanol. Devido as emissões específicas de NOx serem maiores que as de HC (em g.kW-¹.h-¹), o comportamento do HC+NOx foi similar ao do NOx. Considerando apenas a análise direta dos modos de operação, a utilização de etanol causa o aumento das emissões, superando os valores limites da MAR-1 e EURO V.

Stress in dogs during grooming in a pet shop

The objective was to study the stress level in dogs during grooming services in a pet shop. A total of 55 grooming services carried out in a pet shop in the city of Janaúba, MG, were evaluated and divided into four categories according to sex and body weight. The flowchart of the grooming process contained six steps that began with the transportation of dogs to the pet shop and finished with their return to the place of origin. Behavioral, physiological, and blood component evaluations were performed at different steps of the process. Changes in dog behavior and physiological parameters were observed primarily upon arrival at the pet shop and during drying. Employee characteristics also influenced dogs' behaviors. However, dogs were able to thermoregulate and maintain the homeostasis of leukocytes, glucose and cortisol in the blood.(AU)

Molecular confirmation of the occurrence of Anguilla interioris (Actinopterygii: Anguilliformes) in North Maluku of Indonesia and mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity among existing specimens

Nineteen species of Anguilla Schrank, 1798 are globally distributed in the world, however knowledge on the biogeography, species diversity and ecology of the 13 species of tropical anguillids in the Indo-Pacific region is highly limited. This study examined the diversity of tropical anguillids found in North Maluku of East Indonesia, which is known to have unique and highly heterogeneous habitats, complex oceanography, high biodiversity, and representativeness of Asian and Australian fauna. By means of molecular identification, two tropical anguillid eels, A. marmorata Quoy & Gaimard, 1824 and A. interioris Whitely, 1938, were confirmed to be distributed in North Maluku. This study also examined the mitochondrial DNA haplotype diversity of A. interioris, as it could contribute to our understanding of the biogeography and life history of this eel species. Our molecular analyses showed the presence of the same haplotypes along the different locations in the Indo-Pacific region. Although more samples and DNA markers are required to provide more support, the results suggest that the larvae of A. interioris from potentially different spawning sites in the Indian and Pacific oceans could be mixed together due to the complexity of oceanic currents, and when these migrating larvae reach maturity, they would likely spawn with the local eels.

Behind the forest restoration scene: a socio-economic, technical-scientific and political snapshot in Amazonas, Brazil / Por trás do cenário da restauração florestal: um panorama socioeconômico, técnico-científico e político no Amazonas, Brasil

Conservation of the Amazon rainforest is a global concern and is supported by the Brazilian government's ratification of the Bonn Challenge and Paris Agreement and the introduction of national regulations on vegetation protection and restoration. Amazonas is the largest and least deforested of the states occupied by the Brazilian Amazon (< 3%). We carried out a survey on the current state and growth potential of seed and seedling production in Amazonas state, pointing out constraints where future investment can promote the achievement of large-scale restoration commitments. We visited the 35 officially registered seed producers or nurseries working with native seeds and interviewed their owners or managers using open and closed questions. Enterprises were mainly privately-owned family businesses with small production (10,001 - 100,000 seedlings per year) and concentrated in the metropolitan area of the state capital Manaus. We uncovered a further 54 non-officially registered nurseries. Annual production (2018) was almost four tons of seeds and nearly ten million seedlings. According to the owners, production could be increased five to seven times with existing infrastructure. Production is focused foremost on species for food production (48% seeds, 74% seedlings), while ecological restoration only makes up 35% of seed and 8% of seedling use. Major bottlenecks cited by the producers were low demand for native tree species, high transportation costs and excessive bureaucracy. To achieve large-scale restoration, we recommend enforcement of national policies for vegetation protection and restoration, and a restructuring of the seed and seedling sector with a bottom-up approach.(AU)

A conservação da Amazônia é uma preocupação global, apoiada pela ratificação do Bonn Challenge e do Acordo de Paris pelo governo brasileiro e pelas regulamentações nacionais de proteção e restauração da vegetação. O Amazonas é o maior e menos desmatado estado da Amazônia brasileira (<3%). Realizamos um levantamento do estado atual e potencial da produção de sementes e mudas no Amazonas, indicando os principais obstáculos e gargalos onde investimentos futuros podem ajudar a alcançar o compromisso da restauração ecológica em larga escala. Visitamos os 35 produtores de sementes ou mudas de espécies nativas oficialmente registrados, e entrevistamos seus proprietários ou responsáveis técnicos, utilizando um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os empreendimentos eram predominantemente privados, familiares, com pequena produção (10.001 - 100.000 mudas por ano) e concentrados na região metropolitana de Manaus. Detectamos outros 54 viveiros não oficialmente registrados. A produção anual (2018) foi de quase quatro toneladas de sementes e quase dez milhões de mudas. Segundo os proprietários, esta produção poderia aumentar de cinco a sete vezes com a infraestrutura existente. A produção foi focada principalmente em espécies para produção alimentar (48% sementes, 74% mudas), enquanto apenas 35% de sementes e 8% de mudas foram destinadas para restauração ecológica. Os principais gargalos citados pelos produtores foram baixa demanda por espécies nativas, alto custo de transporte e excessiva burocracia. Para alcançar restauração em larga escala, recomendamos o cumprimento de políticas de proteção e restauração da vegetação e uma reestruturação do setor de sementes e mudas em uma abordagem ascendente (bottom-up).(AU)

Hematological, biochemical and histopathological changes in cattle submitted to emergency slaughter

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of stress in bovines submitted to emergency slaughter caused by lengthy transportation to slaughterhouses in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Blood collections were performed individually during exsanguinations.Tissue samples were obtained after evisceration on the slaughter line. The animals were divided into the Experimental Group (EG), with 19 bovines destined for immediate emergency slaughter, and the Control Group (CG), with 24 bovines slaughtered normally at the abattoir flow. The EG showed lower values of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, platelets, neutrophilia with band neutrophils, and lymphopenia. Hyperalbuminemia, high levels of total proteins, glucose, and creatinine, and lower urea levels were observed in the EG. The globulins were equal between the groups. Histopathology revealed hepatocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm (87.5% of the cases) and liver congestion (83.33%). Interstitial emphysema (95.65%), alveolar emphysema (65.21%), and congestion (52.17%) were observed in the lungs. The kidneys showed congestion (80.95%) and hyaline casts (100%). The spleens showed rarefaction in the white (70%) and red pulp (65%), in addition to hemosiderosis (10%). This suggests that the animals transported over long distances are submitted to severe stress, with water and food deprivation, resulting in hematological and biochemical changes, with histological lesions and serious bruises affecting the musculoskeletal system. There is loss of homeostasis, severe debilitation, with destination for emergency slaughter with the conditional use of meat for consumption.(AU)

Information and communication technology impact on vegetable farmers' transaction costs: evidence from China / O impacto da tecnologia da informação e comunicação nos custos de transação dos produtores de vegetais: evidências da China

This study empirically examined the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on transaction costs in the sales stage from three dimensions of information costs, negotiation costs, and enforcing costs. The micro-sampling survey data was collected from 1338 vegetable growers in Hebei and Shandong provinces of China. We applied propensity score matching to examine the facts that adopting ICT can significantly decrease farmers' information costs through improving information accuracy and reducing searching difficulty, and reducing negotiation costs by lowering the negotiation time. However, using ICT has no significant impact on default risk and transportation difficulty thus enforcing costs of farmers have a slight difference. Therefore, a coordinated set of policies including cultivating farmers' ability to obtain information, advancing the construction of vegetable distribution channels and improving the market supervision mechanism are put forward.

Este estudo examina empiricamente o impacto da tecnologia da informação e comunicação (TIC) nos custos de transação no estágio de vendas a partir de três dimensões de custos de informação, custos de negociação e custos de execução. Os dados da pesquisa de micro-amostragem foram coletados de 1338 produtores de vegetais nas províncias de Hebei e Shandong, na China. Aplicamos a correspondência de pontuação de propensão para examinar os fatos de que a adoção de TIC pode diminuir significativamente os custos de informação dos agricultores, melhorando a precisão das informações e reduzindo a dificuldade de pesquisa, e reduzir os custos de negociação, diminuindo o tempo de negociação. No entanto, o uso de TIC não tem impacto significativo no risco de inadimplência e na dificuldade de transporte, portanto, os custos de fiscalização dos agricultores têm uma ligeira diferença. Por conseguinte, um conjunto coordenado de políticas, incluindo o cultivo da capacidade dos agricultores de obter informações, o avanço na construção de canais de distribuição de vegetais e a melhoria do mecanismo de supervisão do mercado são apresentados.

Development of the organic production in Ukraine: problems and perspectives / Desenvolvimento da produção orgânica na Ucrânia: problemas e perspectivas

This review article examines the legal support and proper state support of organic production in Ukraine, substantiation of the potential and obstacles to the development of organic production, as well as proposals for improving the current legislation. This review also analyzes the modern market of organic products, which, in terms of growing consumer demand for environmentally friendly and safe for human health, is very perspective for Ukraine. The increase in the area of agricultural land allocated for organic production, the number of domestic organic operators, and the ever-increasing volume of exports of organic products to other countries indicate a steady trend of growth and further development of this market. However, it is noted that the need to form the infrastructure of the organic products market still remains important. In addition, the problem of improving the system of standardization and certification of production, processing, storage and transportation of organic products, as well as the introduction of an effective control system over the sale of organic raw materials, are the main challenges to be solved.

O artigo examina o respaldo legal e o devido apoio estatal à produção orgânica na Ucrânia, comprovação do potencial e obstáculos ao desenvolvimento da produção orgânica, bem como propostas para melhorar a legislação atual da Ucrânia. O artigo também analisa o mercado moderno de produtos orgânicos, que, em termos de crescente demanda dos consumidores por produtos ecologicamente corretos e seguros para a saúde humana, é uma grande perspectiva para o país. O aumento da área de terras agrícolas destinadas à produção orgânica, o número de operadores orgânicos domésticos e o volume cada vez maior de exportações de produtos orgânicos para outros países indicam uma tendência constante de crescimento e desenvolvimento deste mercado. Nota-se que a necessidade de formar uma infraestrutura de mercado própria para produtos orgânicos. Além disso, deve ser resolvido o problema da melhoria do sistema de padronização e certificação da produção, processamento, armazenamento e transporte de produtos orgânicos, bem como a introdução de um sistema eficaz de controle sobre a venda de matérias-primas orgânicas.

Downer cow syndrome causing rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure in a 17-month-old Guzerá heifer / Síndrome da vaca caída causando rabdomiólise e insuficiência renal aguda em uma novilha Guzerá de 17 meses

The downer cow syndrome (DCS) is characterized by an alert cow showing inability or reluctance to stand for 12 hours or more. This paper reported clinical, laboratory, and pathological findings in a Guzerá heifer with rhabdomyolysis, pigmenturia and acute renal failure following DCS. A 17-month-old Guzerá heifer was transported via a 350-km ride in a truck and showed sternal recumbency and severe difficulty in standing and walking. Neurological examination was unremarkable, and the heifer presented normal response to cranial nerves and spinal cord tests. Rectal palpation revealed a 5-month gravid uterus. No other abnormalities were noted in the pelvis or around the coxofemoral joints. Biochemical abnormalities included extremely high muscular enzyme activities (creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase) and high creatinine levels. Urinalysis revealed blackish and cloudy urine, proteinuria, and a positive occult blood test. Spinal cord ultrasonography showed no abnormalities. This report highlighted an uncommon clinical presentation (myoglobinuria) and pathological findings in a heifer with DCS as a consequence of severe compressive muscle damage. Practitioners and producers must be aware of the risk of careless road transportation for long distances of cattle, especially obese cows, avoiding unnecessary suffering and expenses due to DCS.

A síndrome da vaca caída (SVC) é caracterizada por um bovino alerta que mostra incapacidade ou relutância em permanecer em estação por 12 horas ou mais. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar os achados clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos em uma novilha Guzerá com rabdomiólise, pigmentúria e insuficiência renal aguda após a SVC. Uma novilha da raça Guzerá, de 17 meses de idade, foi transportada de caminhão por 350 km e apresentou decúbito esternal, grande dificuldade para assumir estação e caminhar. O exame neurológico não demonstrou alterações, e a novilha possuía resposta normal aos testes de nervos cranianos e medula espinhal. A palpação retal revelou útero grávido de cinco meses. Nenhuma outra anormalidade foi observada na pelve ou na região das articulações coxofemorais. As anormalidades bioquímicas incluíram atividades de enzimas musculares (creatina fosfoquinase e aspartato aminotransferase) extremamente aumentadas e níveis elevados de creatinina. A urinálise revelou urina enegrecida e turva, proteinúria e teste de sangue oculto positivo. O exame ultrassonográfico da medula espinhal não apresentou anormalidades. Este relato evidencia uma apresentação clínica (mioglobinúria) e achados patológicos incomuns em uma novilha com SVC em consequência de extensa lesão muscular compressiva. Veterinários e produtores devem estar atentos aos riscos do transporte rodoviário descuidado por longas distâncias de bovinos, especialmente vacas obesas, evitando assim sofrimento e despesas desnecessárias decorrentes da SVC.

Logistical transportation routes optimization for Brazilian soybean: an application of the origin-destination matrix / Otimização das rotas logísticas de transporte da soja brasileira: uma aplicação da matriz origem-destino

The last Brazilian agricultural frontier known as MATOPIBA, an acronym for the states of Maranhão, Tocantins, Piaui and Bahia, is a region that has stood out in the scenario of modern large-scale agriculture intensive in capital and technology. However, barriers related to the transportation system, especially regarding the high logistics costs, have been negatively impacting this sector. To optimize the performance of this chain, a model for minimizing transportation costs was developed, using linear programming with an origin-destination matrix. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate whether the use of the North-South Railroad has potential as a new alternative intermodal route for soybean export from the MATOPIBA region, in order to minimize the transportation costs and promote the viability of new ports located in the northeast region of the country. This configuration can also contribute to reduce the overload of Santos Port (SP). Two scenarios were proposed based on the 2016/17 harvest of soybeanwhere the first scenario (A) consisted only of road routes, while the second (B), in addition to these routes, incorporated road-rail and road-water way intermodal routes. As a result, total transportation cost was reduced by 30% in scenario B and about half of all cargo was shipped by the new intermodal road-rail route to the Itaqui Port in the Northeast region. This configuration promotes a more sustainable logistics chain for soy, with more rational use of transport modes and decentralization of investments to other regions.(AU)

A última fronteira agrícola brasileira conhecida como MATOPIBA, acrônimo de Maranhão, Tocantins, Piauí e Bahia, é uma região que vem se destacando no cenário da agricultura moderna de grande escala e intensiva em capital e tecnologia. No entanto, entraves relacionados ao sistema de transporte, principalmente com relação aos altos custos logísticos, vêm impactando negativamente esse setor. Para otimizar o desempenho dessa cadeia foi desenvolvido um modelo de minimização dos custos de transporte, operacionalizado por programação linear sob a forma de uma matriz origem-destino. A proposta deste trabalho é avaliar se a utilização da Ferrovia Norte-Sul apresenta potencial como nova rota intermodal alternativa para a exportação da soja da região do MATOPIBA, afim de minimizar o custo com transporte e promover a viabilidade de novos portos localizados na região Nordeste do país. Esta configuração também pode contribuir para reduzir a sobrecarga do Porto de Santos (SP). Dois cenários foram propostos com base na safra 2016/17, onde o primeiro cenário (A) foi composto apenas por rotas rodoviárias, enquanto o segundo (B), além dessas rotas foram incorporadas as rotas intermodais rodoferroviária e rodohidroviária. Como resultado, o custo total de transporte teve uma redução de 30% no cenário B, e cerca da metade de toda a carga foi escoada pela nova rota intermodal rodoferroviária com destino ao Porto de Itaqui na região Nordeste. Esta configuração promove uma logística de distribuição mais sustentável para a soja, com uso mais racional dos modais de transporte e a descentralização dos investimentos para outras regiões.(AU)