Blood glucose profile as a rapid method for observing Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) health status - case study of ectoparasites in Blitar, Indonesia / Perfil de glicose no sangue como um método rápido para observar o estado de saúde de carpa Koi (Cyprinus carpio) - estudo de caso de ectoparasitos em Blitar, Indonésia

Assessment of fish health is one of the efforts of farmers in minimizing losses due to disease. Rapid tests on fish health can be done through blood observations. This study aimed to determine the blood glucose profile of koi carp due to ectoparasite infestation from the level of blood glucose. The results showed that reported parasites from Blitar's koi carp were Trichodina, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Myxobolus, Thelohanellus, Ichthyophthirius, and Argulus. Trichodina showed the highest prevalence (100%) in this case while Thelohanellus was the highest intensity level (93.8±16.3). The results of blood glucose level measurement based on parasite infestation levels showed no significant difference (p>0.05) though the health problems caused by parasites in light, medium or heavy infestation. This research also indicated that the blood glucose profile could be used as a rapid method to detect fish health caused by parasites. We suggest that other variables such as nutritional status, life stage or feeding must be conducted to ensure the glucose role in parasite identification as a rapid method for the future work.(AU)

A avaliação da saúde dos peixes é um dos esforços dos produtores para minimizar as perdas por doenças. Testes rápidos de saúde de peixes podem ser feitos por meio de observações de sangue. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar o perfil glicêmico de peixes "koi", devido à infestação de ectoparasitos a partir do nível de glicemia. Os resultados mostraram que os parasitas relatados de peixes "koi" de Blitar foram Trichodina, Dactylogyrus, Gyrodactylus, Myxobolus, Thelohanellus, Ichthyophthirius e Argulus. Trichodina apresentou a maior prevalência (100%) neste caso, enquanto Thelohanellus foi o maior em nível de intensidade (93,8±16,3). Os resultados da medição do nível de glicose no sangue, com base nos níveis de infestação parasitária, não mostraram diferença significativa (p>0,05), apesar dos problemas de saúde causados ​​por parasitas em infestação leve, média ou pesada. Esta pesquisa também indicou que o perfil de glicose no sangue pode ser usado como um método rápido, para detectar a saúde dos peixes causada por parasitas. Este estudo também sugere que outras variáveis, como estado nutricional, estágio de vida ou alimentação, devem ser conduzidas para garantir o papel da glicose na identificação do parasita como um método rápido para trabalhos futuros.(AU)

First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae) cultured in Brazil

Abstract The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.

First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae) cultured in Brazil / Primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) em tuvira Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae), cultivado no Brasil

The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.

First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae) cultured in Brazil / Primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) em tuvira Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae), cultivado no Brasil

The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.

First record of Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae) cultured in Brazil / Primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata (Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) em tuvira Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotidae), cultivado no Brasil

The aim of this study was to report the first record of Trichodina heterodentata in banded knifefish Gymnotus carapo. Banded knifefish cultivated in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, in the central western region of Brazil, experienced fish mortality rates of 3-4% per tank. Macroscopic analysis found that fish had lesions on their skin and gills. Smears of the integument and gills were confectioned and air-dried at room temperature and impregnated with silver nitrate to identify the Trichodinidae species causing the lesions. The trichodinid were identified as T. heterodentata, and their characteristics were compared to those from T. heterodentata recorded from other species of host fish. It was observed that the presence of T. heterodentata was associated with inadequate fish management, low water quality, high rates of stocking density, and inadequate nutritional management.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o primeiro registro de Trichodina heterodentata em tuviras Gymnotus carapo. Um cultivo de tuviras no município de Jataí, estado de Goiás, na região Centro-Oeste do Brasil, apresentou taxas de mortalidade de peixes de 3-4% por tanque. A análise macroscópica constatou que os peixes tinham lesões na pele e brânquias. Raspados do tegumento e brânquias foram confeccionadas e secas ao ar à temperatura ambiente e impregnadas com nitrato de prata para identificar as espécies de Trichodinidae causadoras das lesões. Os tricodinídeos foram identificados como T. heterodentata, e suas características foram comparadas com as de T. heterodentata registradas para outras espécies de peixes hospedeiros. Observou-se que a presença de T. heterodentata estava associada ao manejo inadequado dos peixes, baixa qualidade da água, altas taxas de densidade de estocagem e manejo nutricional inadequado.(AU)

Seasonal occurrence and variation of ectoparasites in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil

The present study assesses the diversity and seasonal variation of parasites in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) cultivated in excavated tanks in the Federal District, Brazil. A total of 120 specimens of O. niloticus were collected in 12 monthly collections. Water quality parameters were checked at all tanks. The animals, sacrificed by immersion into anesthetic solution, had the gills scraped, in which the mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope. Parasitological examination showed Trichodina sp., Epistylis sp., Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and Monogenea helminths in the fish gills. We found statistically significant differences between Monogenea parasites collected in the fall and winter and between I. multifiliis protozoans collected in fall-winter and winter-summer periods. Except for Epistylis sp., all parasites showed abundance peaks in O. niloticus specimens collected during the winter, which may characterize the seasonality of these parasites in the Federal District region. Monogenea helminths were the most prevalent among the parasites found, with the highest prevalence during the fall. The mean abundance of parasites was similar between the fall and winter. However, the abundance of monogenetic trematodes was higher between the winter and summer. I. multifiliis showed significant variation between fall-winter and winter-summer periods.(AU)

Parasitic lesions in fish in the Federal District, Brazil

Brazil has a vast territory and favorable climatic conditions that allow the cultivation of freshwater fish. The intensification of the productive system can cause an imbalance in the aquatic environment as a result of poor water quality, nutritional deficiencies and infectious or parasitic diseases. The laboratory diagnosis and the determination of the prevalence of the main lesions, which occur in a certain region, help to guide towards the etiological diagnosis. This study aimed to describe the main parasitic lesions in fish in the routine at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Universidade de Brasília (UnB). All records of fish with parasitic lesions were recovered. Those cases in which there was an intralesional parasite and which presented lesions compatible with the parasite were included. The screening of ectoparasites was done by scraping the superficial mucus from the gills and skin. Organ sections were routinely processed for histopathologyand stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE). In some records, parasitological identification was carried. The information was divided into the species of the affected fish, epidemiology of the outbreak (water quality, temperature, type of breeding), lesion distribution, etiology and macroscopic and microscopic changes. The resulting data was organized in absolute frequency and percentage. In this study, 22 cases were counted, between individual deaths and outbreaks, totaling 83 necropsied teleost fish. Inflammatory changes of parasitic origin were seen in 13/22 (59%) of the cases had lesions of parasitic origin. Skin lesions and gills were the most relevant. Macroscopically, red areas or spots of hyperemia or hemorrhage on the body surface were the most prevalent findings. Under microscopy, proliferative gill inflammation was the most relevant diagnosis. Pscinoodinium pilullare (Dinoflagellida), Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ciliophora), and monogenetic worms (Monogenea) were the main parasites found. Trichodina sp. (Ciliophora), Ichtyobodo sp. (Kinetoplastida), Amoebas, and Chilodonella sp. (Ciliophora), were seen in fewer numbers. An unusual case suggestive of parasitism by Eustrongylides sp. (Nematoda), in a pirá-brasília (Simpsonichthys boitonei), specimen has been recorded. The diagnoses were based on epidemiology, anatomopathological and parasitological findings. The most frequent and significantly lethal lesion in the study was proliferative and / or hyperplastic branchitis. Proliferative branchitis with lamellar epithelial hyperplasia (LEH) is a response to some type of chemical or mechanical injury to the gill epithelium in order to protect the capillaries from further damage or microbial penetration. However, it also increases the diffusion distance between capillaries and the environment and, therefore, hinders breathing, excretory and osmoregulatory functions. Protozoan infections and monogenetic worms in general generated LEH and skin lesions of mechanical origin. Secondary bacterial infection, were observed in this parasitosis determining the cause of death of the fish. Its pathogenicity comes from the lesions caused by the colonization and histophagy of the epithelial surfaces, mainly gills and skin, causing epithelial proliferation, lamellar cell fusion, epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis forming several ulcers in the epithelium after the release of mature trophies. The pathogenesis of parasitism by Eustrongylides spp. is considerable when there is a large quantity of these larvae that can cause intestinal obstruction, rupture and compression of viscera, of greater importance in small fish. The main parasites of necropsied fish were protozoa and monogenetic worms, which mainly cause branquitis and dermatitis in varying grades.(AU)

Parasitos em trutas-arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) criadas em sistema intensivo na região serrana de Santa Catarina, Brasil / [Parasites in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) raised in an intensive system in the mountain region of Santa Catarina, Brazil]

With the aim to determine the prevalence and mean parasite intensity in Oncorhynchus mykiss, 120 specimens were analyzed between April and September 2018. The cavity analysis was done by visual inspection, scraping of mucus, and extraction of the branchial arches. In the evisceration process, the intestine, the liver, and the kidney were separated, while the musculature was analyzed using the "candling table" method. All the collected material was preserved in 10% buffered formaldehyde and sent to the Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, of the Center for Agroveterinary Sciences (CAV) of the University of the State of Santa Catarina (UDESC) for making the slides and identifying the parasites. Parasites were detected only in the analysis of the scraping of body mucus. Only specimens of the genus Trichodina were identified, in 34 of the 120 fish analyzed, in two collections, resulting in a prevalence of 28.33%. In total, 144 specimens of Trichodina were observed. The overall mean intensity was of 4.24 parasites in each fish analyzed. Characteristic lesions of infection by protozoa were not identified. This is the first report of the occurrence of Trichodina spp. in O. mykiss bred in an intensive system in Brazil, with low rates of parasitic infection in the mountain region of Santa Catarina.(AU)

Parasitological assessment in hybrids Serrasalmidae fish farmed in Brazil / Avaliação parasitológica em híbridos de peixes Serrasalmidae cultivados no Brasil

This study evaluated the parasitic fauna of hybrids tambacu (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus) and patinga (P. mesopotamicus × Piaractus brachypomus) and their host-parasite-environment interaction during the warm and cold seasons in two fish farms located in the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, South America. A total of 120 fish, being 60 fish for species (30 in the warm season and 30 in the cold season) were examined. Water quality was measured weekly to evaluate the interaction between environmental conditions and parasitism. Fifteen species of parasites were found: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella hexasticha e Trichodina sp. (Protozoa), Henneguya piaractus, Myxobolus colossomatis and Myxobolus cuneus (Myxozoa); Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Mymarothecium boegeri, Mymarothecium viatorum, and Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea), Goezia spinulosa and Goezia sp. (Nematoda), Echinorhynchus jucundus (Acanthocephala), and Dolops carvalhoi, Lernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea). The ciliate protozoan I. multifiliis and monogenoids were the most prevalent parasites in the cold and warm seasons for both hybrids in the different culture systems intensive production and sportive fishing. It was observed that the serrasalmid hybrids are more susceptible to parasites and harbor high diversity of parasites in relation to the parental species C. macropomum, P. mesopotamicus and P. brachypomus, with a predominance of ectoparasites.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou a fauna parasitária de híbridos tambacu (Colossoma macropomum × Piaractus mesopotamicus) e patinga (P. mesopotamicus × Piaractus brachypomus) e a interação hospedeiro-parasito-ambiente durante as estações quente e fria em duas pisciculturas localizadas no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, América do Sul. Foram examinados um total de 120 peixes, sendo 60 peixes por espécie. A qualidade da água foi mensurada semanalmente para avaliar a interação entre condições ambientais e parasitismo. Foram encontradas quinze espécies de parasitos: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Chilodonella hexasticha e Trichodina sp. (Protozoa); Henneguya piaractus, Myxobolus colossomatis e Myxobolus cuneus (Myxozoa), Anacanthorus penilabiatus, Mymarothecium boegeri, Mymarothecium viatorum e Notozothecium janauachensis (Monogenoidea), Goezia spinulosa e Goezia sp. (Nematoda), Echinorhynchus jucundus (Acanthocephala), Dolops carvalhoi eLernaea cyprinacea (Crustacea). O protozoário ciliado I. multifiliis e helmintos monogenoides foram os parasitos mais prevalentes nas estações fria e quente para ambos os híbridos nos diferentes sistemas de cultivo, produção intensiva comercial e pesca esportiva. Observou-se que os híbridos de serrasalmídeos são mais suscetíveis aos parasitos e abrigam alta diversidade parasitária em relação às espécies parentais, C. macropomum, P. mesopotamicus e P. brachypomus em ambiente de cultivo com predominância de ectoparasitos.(AU)

First report of Trichodinella and new geographical records of trichodinids in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in Brazil / Primeiro relato de Trichodinella e novos registros geográficos de tricodinídeos em tilapia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivada no Brasil

Massive occurrence of trichodinids is frequently accompanied by serious disease in fish farms. In this study, trichodinid species from the gills and skin of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farmed in the central-western region of Brazil (state of Goiás) were morphologically characterized. Dried slides were prepared from the parasites and were impregnated with silver nitrate (2%). Morphometric characteristics were determined and schematic drawings of the denticles were made using photomicrographs produced from the slides. Seven species of trichodinid ectoparasites (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) were found parasitizing the gills: four of the genus Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838; one of Tripartiella Lom, 1959; one of Paratrichodina Lom, 1963; and one of Trichodinella rámek-Huek, 1953. On the body surface, three specimens of the genus Trichodina were identified. This study presents new geographical records of trichodinids in Brazil, thus confirming that Trichodina centrostrigeata, Trichodina compacta, Trichodina heterodentata, Paratrichodina africana and Tripartiella orthodens are widely distributed worldwide. Additionally, the first record of the genus Trichodinella in Brazil is presented.(AU)

O parasitismo intenso por tricodinídeos está frequentemente relacionado à doença grave em fazendas de peixes. Neste estudo, espécies de tricodinídeos das brânquias e da pele de tilápias do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivadas na região centro-oeste do Brasil (estado de Goiás) foram caracterizadas morfologicamente. As lâminas secas foram preparadas a partir dos parasitas e impregnadas com nitrato de prata (2%). As características morfométricas foram determinadas e desenhos esquemáticos dos dentículos foram confeccionados com fotomicrografias produzidas a partir das lâminas. Sete espécies de ectoparasitos tricodinídeos (Protozoa: Ciliophora: Trichodinidae) foram encontradas parasitando as brânquias: quatro do gênero Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838; um de Tripartiella Lom, 1959; um de Paratrichodina Lom, 1963; e um de Trichodinella rámek-Huek, 1953. Na superfície do corpo, três espécimes do gênero Trichodina foram identificados. Este estudo apresenta novos registros geográficos de tricodinídeos no Brasil, confirmando que Trichodina centrostrigeata, Trichodina compacta, Trichodina heterodentata, Paratrichodina africana e Tripartiella orthodens estão amplamente distribuídas mundialmente. Adicionalmente, é apresentado o primeiro registro do gênero Trichodinella no Brasil.(AU)

The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa as a new host for Trichodina quelenii / O lungfish sul-americano Lepidosiren paradoxa como novo hospedeiro para Trichodina quelenii

Recently, the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa is being found inside aquaculture ponds, and even though there are a few studies on their parasite fauna, there is still much to be reported. Thus, the objective of this study is to report parasitism by trichodinids in L. paradoxa, as these ciliate protozoa are related to injuries and mortality in fish farming. The lungfish were collected from experimental tanks, had their tegument scraped and the resultant mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope for morphological and morphometrical analyses in Giemsa and silver nitrate stained slides. The species found was identified as Trichodina quelleni. This is the first report of this parasite in L. paradoxa, and the second report in cultivated fish in Brazil.(AU)

Recentemente, o peixe pulmonado sul-americano Lepidosiren paradoxa tem sido encontrado em tanques de cultivo da aquicultura e, embora existam alguns estudos sobre a fauna de parasitas neste hospedeiro, ainda há muito a ser relatado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar o parasitismo por tricodinídeos em L. paradoxa, pois esses protozoários ciliados estão relacionados a lesões e mortalidade na piscicultura. Os peixes foram coletados de tanques experimentais, tiveram seu tegumento raspado e o muco resultante foi analisado sob um microscópio óptico para análises morfológicas e morfométricas em lâminas impregnadas com Nitrato de Prata e com Giemsa. Os espécimes encontrados foram identificados como Trichodina quelleni. Este é o primeiro registro deste parasita em L. paradoxa, e a segunda ocorrência de Trichodina quelenii em peixes cultivados no Brasil.(AU)

Multiparasitism in gills of Metynnis lippincottianus from the environmental protection area of Curiaú river, Eastern Amazon / Multiparasitismo em brânquias de Metynnis lippincottianus da área de proteção ambiental do rio Curiaú, Amazônia Oriental

The high fish diversity of the Amazon has been the subject of study for several research projects because of the importance of its ecosystems. The Environmental Protection Area of the Curiaú River is composed of permanent and temporary lakes within the floodplain forests, favoring a rich diversity of fish species. Pratinha. (Metynnis lippincottianus) is an ornamental fish, widely distributed throughout Brazil and French Guiana. Fish parasites may reflect the environmental quality, as well as the habits of their host. Considering the importance of understanding and contributing to the expansion of studies on fish parasites, the present study aimed to investigate the gills of Metynnis lippincottianus from the Curiaú River basin in the municipality of Macapá (Eastern Amazon). A total of 200 specimens of Metynnis lippincottianus from the Curiaú River were examined and 89% of the analyzed fish were parasitized by metacercariae, Dactylogyridae gen. sp., Piscinoodinium pillulare, Trichodina sp., Henneguya sp., and Myxobolus sp. Despite this high parasitic load, body conditions were not affected. This is the first documented incidence of a species belonging to the Phylum Cnidaria: Myxozoa in Metynnis lippincottianus.(AU)

A alta diversidade ictiológica da Amazônia tem sido fonte de estudo de diversas pesquisas, por esta região amazônica englobar alguns ecossistemas importantes. A Área de Proteção Ambiental do Rio Curiaú é composta por lagos permanentes e temporários dentro das florestas de várzeas, o que favorece em uma rica diversidade de espécies de peixes. Metynnis lippincottianus é um peixe ornamental, amplamente distribuído pelo Brasil e Guiana Francesa. Os parasitos de peixes podem refletir a qualidade ambiental, assim como nos hábitos de seu hospedeiro. Considerando a importância de entender e contribuir para a expansão dos estudos sobre parasitos de peixes, o presente estudo teve como objetivo, investigar as brânquias de Metynnis lippincottianus oriundos da bacia do Rio Curiaú no município de Macapá-AP (Amazônia Oriental). Foram examinados 200 exemplares de Metynnis lippincottianus, oriundos do rio Curiaú, sendo que 89% dos peixes analisados estavam parasitados por parasitos diversos: Piscinoodinium pillulare, Trichodina sp., Henneguya sp., Myxobolus sp., monogenoide da família Dactylogyridae e metacercárias. Apesar dessa alta carga parasitária, as condições corporais não foram afetadas. Esta é a primeira ocorrência de espécies do filo Cnidaria: Myxozoa em Metynnis lippincottianus.(AU)

The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa as a new host for Trichodina quelenii

Abstract Recently, the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa is being found inside aquaculture ponds, and even though there are a few studies on their parasite fauna, there is still much to be reported. Thus, the objective of this study is to report parasitism by trichodinids in L. paradoxa, as these ciliate protozoa are related to injuries and mortality in fish farming. The lungfish were collected from experimental tanks, had their tegument scraped and the resultant mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope for morphological and morphometrical analyses in Giemsa and silver nitrate stained slides. The species found was identified as Trichodina quelleni. This is the first report of this parasite in L. paradoxa, and the second report in cultivated fish in Brazil.

Resumo Recentemente, o peixe pulmonado sul-americano Lepidosiren paradoxa tem sido encontrado em tanques de cultivo da aquicultura e, embora existam alguns estudos sobre a fauna de parasitas neste hospedeiro, ainda há muito a ser relatado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar o parasitismo por tricodinídeos em L. paradoxa, pois esses protozoários ciliados estão relacionados a lesões e mortalidade na piscicultura. Os peixes foram coletados de tanques experimentais, tiveram seu tegumento raspado e o muco resultante foi analisado sob um microscópio óptico para análises morfológicas e morfométricas em lâminas impregnadas com Nitrato de Prata e com Giemsa. Os espécimes encontrados foram identificados como Trichodina quelleni. Este é o primeiro registro deste parasita em L. paradoxa, e a segunda ocorrência de Trichodina quelenii em peixes cultivados no Brasil.

Ectoparasitic fauna in freshwater ornamental fish acquired by a wholesaler in the city of São Paulo / Fauna ectoparasitária em peixes ornamentais de água doce adquiridos por estabelecimento distribuidor na cidade de São Paulo

This study analyzed the ectoparasitic fauna of freshwater ornamental fish marketed by a wholesaler in the São Paulo city. This study was undertaken from January to December 2016. A total of 268 freshwater ornamental fishes of various species that showed signs of disease after arrival at the establishment were evaluated. From the individuals, ectoparasites were collected by scraping off the skin and gills and visualized using an optical microscope at increasing magnification of 40x, 100x, 200x, and 400x. Parasites were found in 220 animals (82%); 11 different parasites were recorded, which included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenes, Metacercariae (Centrocestrus formousus), Epistylis spp., Chilodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Argulus spp. The occurrence of the parasites in the establishment studied can indicates that the suppliers lack of good sanitary and hygiene practices in the management of their facilities, consequently distributing infested animals and putting the whole supply chain at risk.

O presente trabalho analisou a fauna ectoparasitária de peixes ornamentais de água doce comercializados em um estabelecimento atacadista de peixes ornamentais na grande São Paulo no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Foram avaliados 268 peixes ornamentais de água doce de diversas espécies que apresentaram sinais de doença após a chegada ao estabelecimento. Nos indivíduos foi efetuada a pesquisa de ectoparasitas por meio da raspagem de pele e brânquias e visualização em microscópio óptico em aumento 40x, 100x, 200x e 400x. Foram encontrados parasitos em 220 animais (82%) incluindo 11 parasitos distintos: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogêneas, Metacercárias (Centrocestrus formousus), Epistylis spp., Chillodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. e Argulus spp. A ocorrência dos parasitas no estabelecimento em estudo pode ser indicativa da falta de boas práticas sanitárias e de higiene dos fornecedores no manejo de suas instalações e, consequentemente, na distribuição de animais infestados, o que coloca em risco toda cadeia.

Surto de infecção por Piscinoodinium pillulare e Trichodina spp. em tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) e tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) no Distrito Federal / Outbreak of Infection by Piscinoodinium pillulare and Trichodina spp. in Tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), Pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) and Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil

Background: Piscinoodinium pillulare is a mandatory mastigophore protozoan with no parasitic specificity, and an important ectoparasite of tropical and temperate psiculture. This parasite is responsible for serious health problems in Brazilian native fish. Another important pathogenic protozoan in psciculture belongs to the genus Trichodina spp., which is commonly found on the surface of fish, gills, fins, and integument. The aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of P. pillulare and Trichodina spp. in three species of fish intensively created, emphasizing the anatomopathological and epidemiological aspects.Cases: Five animals were necropsied, among them three tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), one pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and one tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an intensive psciculture in the Federal District. Out of 1500 fishes, 18 (1.2%) became ill and died. It was reported that the animals showed decreased feed intake, discomfort, dyspnea, opercular movements, red skin lesions and consequent death. In the direct examination of scraping of the body surface of a fish, prepared between lamina and coverslip, a ciliated ectoparasite, with a circular bell shape, measuring approximately 20-180 μm, adhered, with morphology consistent with Trichodina spp. was evidenced. During necropsy, fragments of different organs were collected and fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut to five microns thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).Macroscopically, there were pale scaly areas in the medial-lateral regions, moderate increase amount of mucus with brown to green lumps on the body surface, partial loss of the fins, swollen gills with whitish mucus and multifocal hemorrhagic areas on the skin and between the scales.[...]

Surto de infecção por Piscinoodinium pillulare e Trichodina spp. em tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) e tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) no Distrito Federal / Outbreak of Infection by Piscinoodinium pillulare and Trichodina spp. in Tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), Pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) and Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil

Background: Piscinoodinium pillulare is a mandatory mastigophore protozoan with no parasitic specificity, and an important ectoparasite of tropical and temperate psiculture. This parasite is responsible for serious health problems in Brazilian native fish. Another important pathogenic protozoan in psciculture belongs to the genus Trichodina spp., which is commonly found on the surface of fish, gills, fins, and integument. The aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of P. pillulare and Trichodina spp. in three species of fish intensively created, emphasizing the anatomopathological and epidemiological aspects.Cases: Five animals were necropsied, among them three tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), one pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and one tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an intensive psciculture in the Federal District. Out of 1500 fishes, 18 (1.2%) became ill and died. It was reported that the animals showed decreased feed intake, discomfort, dyspnea, opercular movements, red skin lesions and consequent death. In the direct examination of scraping of the body surface of a fish, prepared between lamina and coverslip, a ciliated ectoparasite, with a circular bell shape, measuring approximately 20-180 μm, adhered, with morphology consistent with Trichodina spp. was evidenced. During necropsy, fragments of different organs were collected and fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut to five microns thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).Macroscopically, there were pale scaly areas in the medial-lateral regions, moderate increase amount of mucus with brown to green lumps on the body surface, partial loss of the fins, swollen gills with whitish mucus and multifocal hemorrhagic areas on the skin and between the scales.[...](AU)

Ectoparasitic fauna in freshwater ornamental fish acquired by a wholesaler in the city of São Paulo / Fauna ectoparasitária em peixes ornamentais de água doce adquiridos por estabelecimento distribuidor na cidade de São Paulo

This study analyzed the ectoparasitic fauna of freshwater ornamental fish marketed by a wholesaler in the São Paulo city. This study was undertaken from January to December 2016. A total of 268 freshwater ornamental fishes of various species that showed signs of disease after arrival at the establishment were evaluated. From the individuals, ectoparasites were collected by scraping off the skin and gills and visualized using an optical microscope at increasing magnification of 40x, 100x, 200x, and 400x. Parasites were found in 220 animals (82%); 11 different parasites were recorded, which included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenes, Metacercariae (Centrocestus formosanus), Epistylis spp., Chilodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Argulus spp. The occurrence of the parasites in the establishment studied can indicates that the suppliers' lack of good sanitary and hygiene practices in the management of their facilities, consequently distributing infested animals and putting the whole supply chain at risk.(AU)

O presente trabalho analisou a fauna ectoparasitária de peixes ornamentais de água doce comercializados em um estabelecimento atacadista de peixes ornamentais na grande São Paulo no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Foram avaliados 268 peixes ornamentais de água doce de diversas espécies que apresentaram sinais de doença após a chegada ao estabelecimento. Nos indivíduos foi efetuada a pesquisa de ectoparasitas por meio da raspagem de pele e brânquias e visualização em microscópio óptico em aumento 40x, 100x, 200x e 400x. Foram encontrados parasitos em 220 animais (82%) incluindo 11 parasitos distintos: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogêneas, Metacercárias (Centrocestus formosanus), Epistylis spp., Chillodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. e Argulus spp. A ocorrência dos parasitas no estabelecimento em estudo pode ser indicativa da falta de boas práticas sanitárias e de higiene dos fornecedores no manejo de suas instalações e, consequentemente, na distribuição de animais infestados, o que coloca em risco toda cadeia.(AU)

Ectoparasitic fauna in freshwater ornamental fish acquired by a wholesaler in the city of São Paulo / Fauna ectoparasitária em peixes ornamentais de água doce adquiridos por estabelecimento distribuidor na cidade de São Paulo

This study analyzed the ectoparasitic fauna of freshwater ornamental fish marketed by a wholesaler in the São Paulo city. This study was undertaken from January to December 2016. A total of 268 freshwater ornamental fishes of various species that showed signs of disease after arrival at the establishment were evaluated. From the individuals, ectoparasites were collected by scraping off the skin and gills and visualized using an optical microscope at increasing magnification of 40x, 100x, 200x, and 400x. Parasites were found in 220 animals (82%); 11 different parasites were recorded, which included Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogenes, Metacercariae (Centrocestrus formousus), Epistylis spp., Chilodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Argulus spp. The occurrence of the parasites in the establishment studied can indicates that the suppliers lack of good sanitary and hygiene practices in the management of their facilities, consequently distributing infested animals and putting the whole supply chain at risk.(AU)

O presente trabalho analisou a fauna ectoparasitária de peixes ornamentais de água doce comercializados em um estabelecimento atacadista de peixes ornamentais na grande São Paulo no período de janeiro a dezembro de 2016. Foram avaliados 268 peixes ornamentais de água doce de diversas espécies que apresentaram sinais de doença após a chegada ao estabelecimento. Nos indivíduos foi efetuada a pesquisa de ectoparasitas por meio da raspagem de pele e brânquias e visualização em microscópio óptico em aumento 40x, 100x, 200x e 400x. Foram encontrados parasitos em 220 animais (82%) incluindo 11 parasitos distintos: Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Monogêneas, Metacercárias (Centrocestrus formousus), Epistylis spp., Chillodonella spp., Lernaea spp., Tetrahymena spp., Piscinoodinium spp., Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. e Argulus spp. A ocorrência dos parasitas no estabelecimento em estudo pode ser indicativa da falta de boas práticas sanitárias e de higiene dos fornecedores no manejo de suas instalações e, consequentemente, na distribuição de animais infestados, o que coloca em risco toda cadeia.(AU)

The South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa as a new host for Trichodina quelenii

Abstract Recently, the South American lungfish Lepidosiren paradoxa is being found inside aquaculture ponds, and even though there are a few studies on their parasite fauna, there is still much to be reported. Thus, the objective of this study is to report parasitism by trichodinids in L. paradoxa, as these ciliate protozoa are related to injuries and mortality in fish farming. The lungfish were collected from experimental tanks, had their tegument scraped and the resultant mucus was analyzed under an optical microscope for morphological and morphometrical analyses in Giemsa and silver nitrate stained slides. The species found was identified as Trichodina quelleni. This is the first report of this parasite in L. paradoxa, and the second report in cultivated fish in Brazil.

Resumo Recentemente, o peixe pulmonado sul-americano Lepidosiren paradoxa tem sido encontrado em tanques de cultivo da aquicultura e, embora existam alguns estudos sobre a fauna de parasitas neste hospedeiro, ainda há muito a ser relatado. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é relatar o parasitismo por tricodinídeos em L. paradoxa, pois esses protozoários ciliados estão relacionados a lesões e mortalidade na piscicultura. Os peixes foram coletados de tanques experimentais, tiveram seu tegumento raspado e o muco resultante foi analisado sob um microscópio óptico para análises morfológicas e morfométricas em lâminas impregnadas com Nitrato de Prata e com Giemsa. Os espécimes encontrados foram identificados como Trichodina quelleni. Este é o primeiro registro deste parasita em L. paradoxa, e a segunda ocorrência de Trichodina quelenii em peixes cultivados no Brasil.

Are similar the parasite communities structure ofTrachelyopterus coriaceus and Trachelyopterus galeatus (Siluriformes: Auchenipteridae) in the Amazon basin?

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the parasite communities in two sympatric host populations, Trachelyopterus coriaceus andTrachelyopterus galeatus, which were caught in tributary of the Amazon River in Brazil. All the specimens of T. galeatusand T. coriaceus were infected by one or more parasites, such as Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tripartiella tetramerii, Trichodina nobilis,Cosmetocleithrum striatuli, Contracaecumsp., Cystidicoloides sp., Dadaytremoides parauchenipteri and Gorytocephalus spectabilis. Seven species were common to both host fish, and there were 1-5 parasite species per host. In both hosts, trichodinids were dominant. Aggregate dispersion of ectoparasites and endoparasites was observed, with greater aggregation among endoparasites. Only the ectoparasites species showed differences in intensity and/or abundance. However, the parasite communities of the two hosts were taxonomically similar (99%) and characterized by high prevalence and high abundance of ectoparasites, but with low diversity, prevalence and abundance of endoparasites. Trachelyopterus galeatus, the host with the larger body size, presented greater variation of Brillouin diversity and evenness, while T. coriaceus had higher Berger-Parker dominance values and total numbers of parasites. This first study on these parasites ofT. galeatus and T. coriaceus showed that the life mode, size of the hosts and the availability of infective forms of the parasites were the main factors that influenced the parasite communities structure.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar as comunidades, prevalência, intensidade, abundância e interações parasito-hospedeiro em duas populações de hospedeiros simpatricos, Trachelyopterus coriaceus eTrachelyopterus galeatus de um tributário do sistema do Rio Amazonas, no Brasil. Todos os espécimes de T. galeatus eT. coriaceus estavam infectados por um ou mais parasitos, tais como Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, Tripartiella tetramerii, Trichodina nobilis,Cosmetocleithrum striatuli, Contracaecumsp., Cystidicoloides sp., Dadaytremoides parauchenipteri e Gorytocephalus spectabilis. Sete espécies de parasitos foram comuns para ambos os peixes hospedeiros e houve de 1-5 espécies de parasitos por hospedeiro. Em ambos os hospedeiros houve dominância de espécies de tricodinídeos. A dispersão dos ectoparasitos e endoparasitos foi agregada, mas a maior agregação foi de endoparasitos. Somente espécies de ectoparasitos mostraram diferenças na intensidade e/ou abundância. Entretanto, as comunidades parasitárias dos dois hospedeiros foram taxonomicamente semelhante (99%) e caracterizada por alta prevalência e abundância de ectoparasitos, mas com baixa diversidade, prevalência e abundância de endoparasitos. Trachelyopterus galeatus, com maior tamanho corporal, apresentou maior variação da diversidade Brillouin e uniformidade, enquanto T. coriaceus teve maiores valores de dominância de Berger-Parker e número total de parasitos. Este primeiro estudo sobre estes parasitos de T.galeatus e T. coriaceus mostrou que o modo de vida, tamanho dos hospedeiros e disponibilidade de formas infectantes de parasitos foram os principais fatores que influenciaram a estrutura das comunidades dos parasitos encontrados.