Astragaloside IV alleviates stroke-triggered early brain injury by modulating neuroinflammation and ferroptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Purpose: Stroke is an acute cerebrovascular disease. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is an active ingredient extracted from Astragalus membranaceus with an established therapeutic effect on central nervous system diseases. This study examined the neuroprotective properties and possible mechanisms of AS-IV in stroke-triggered early brain injury (EBI) in a rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. Methods: The neurological scores and brain water content were analyzed. 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining was utilized to determine the infarct volume, neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, and ferroptosis-related genes and proteins, and neuronal damage and molecular mechanisms were evaluated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dutp nickend labeling (TUNEL) staining, western blotting, and real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: AS-IV administration decreased the infarct volume, brain edema, neurological deficits, and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and NF-κB, increased the levels of SLC7A11 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), decreased lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and prevented neuronal ferroptosis. Meanwhile, AS-IV triggered the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway and alleviated ferroptosis due to the induction of stroke. Conclusion: Hence, the findings of this research illustrate that AS-IV administration can improve delayed ischemic neurological deficits and decrease neuronal death by modulating nuroinflammation and ferroptosis via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Organic gladiolus cultivation in first-year no-tillage system / Cultivo de gladíolo em sistema de plantio direto orgânico

Cut flowers are considered an important alternative for property diversification, especially in family farming. The culture of gladiolus (Gladiolus x grandiflorus Hort.) is easy to conduct and has good added value. The traditional way of cultivating gladiolus is carried out with intense soil revolution, which can generatelosses in the system. Thus, the adoption of sustainable systems becomes important for the balance of agroecosystems, with the No-Till System being one of these options. The objective of this work is to evaluate the agronomic performance of gladiolus in the organic no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out in the Horticulture sector of the Federal University of Fronteira Sul, Laranjeiras do Sul-PR campus. The experiment was carried out in completely randomized blocks with plots containing a mix of ground cover plants composed of black oat (Avena strigosaSchreb) + Vetch (Vicia sativaL.) + forage turnip (Raphanus sativusL.)and cultivation without cover, followed by cultivation of gladiolus. The gladiolus cultivar used was Yester intermediate cycle II. The evaluations carried out were: phenological and morphological characteristics of the crop, physical and biological characteristics of the soil, incidence of phytophagous insects, diseases and weeds, post-harvest viability and productivity. The results of basal soil respiration, soil temperature, weed incidence, total chlorophyll, rod length, largest leaf length, classification of floral stems classification and productivity showed significant differences between the systems. Cultivation with ground cover obtained higher productivity, with an average of 79,666 stems per hectare. The no-tillage system with organic management showed satisfactory agronomic results, being indicated for the cultivation of gladioli.(AU)

As flores de corte são consideradas uma importante alternativa para diversificação da propriedade, principalmente na agricultura familiar. A cultura do gladíolo (Gladiolus x grandiflorusHort.) possui fácil condução e tem bom valor agregado. A forma tradicional de cultivar o gladíolo é realizada com intenso revolvimento do solo, o que pode gerar perdas nosistema. Assim, a adoção de sistemas sustentáveis torna-se importante para o equilíbrio dos agroecossistemas, sendo o Sistema dePlantio Direto uma destas opções. O objetivo nesse trabalho é avaliar o desempenho agronômico de gladíolo em sistema de plantiodireto orgânico. O experimento foi realizado no setor de Horticultura da Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, campus Laranjeiras do Sul-PR. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos completamente casualizados com parcelas contendo mix de plantas de cobertura de solo composto por aveia preta (Avena strigosaSchreb) + ervilhaca (Vicia sativaL.) + nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativusL.)e cultivo sem cobertura, seguido do cultivo do gladíolo. A cultivar de gladíolo utilizada foi Yester ciclo intermediário II. Asavaliações realizadas foram: características fenológicas e morfológicas da cultura, características físicas e biológicas do solo, incidência de insetos fitófagos, doenças e plantas espontâneas, qualidade das hastes florais e produtividade. Os resultados de respiração basal do solo, temperatura do solo, incidência de plantas espontâneas, clorofila total, comprimento da haste, comprimento da maior folha, classificação das hastes florais e produtividade apresentaram diferenças significativas entre os sistemas. O cultivo com cobertura de solo obteve maior produtividade, apresentando a média de 79.666 hastes por hectare. O sistema de plantio direto com manejo orgânico demonstrou resultados agronômicos satisfatórios sendo indicado para o cultivo de gladíolos.(AU)

Determining the proper sowing time for the mixture of Hungarian vetch and triticale under continental climate conditions / Determinação da época de semeadura adequada para a mistura de ervilhaca Húngara e triticale em condições climáticas continentais

The research was conducted to determine forage yield and some quality characteristics of Hungarian vetch + triticale mixture, sowed in five different times under rainfed conditions of Central Anatolia, Turkey. The mixture was sowed in the second, third and fourth week of October, and the first and the second week of November in 2017 and 2018. Depending on the sowing times, plant height (PH) of Hungarian vetch and triticale was between 46.7 and 59.4 cm, and 85.9 and 93.4 cm, respectively. Green forage yield (GFY) was between 1746.2 and 2059.4 kg da-1, dry matter yield (DMY) was between 541.0 and 707.6 kg da-1, crude protein yield (CPY) was between 80.4 and 110.3 kg da-1, digestible dry matter yield (DDMY) was between 340.8 and 453.9 kg da-1, acid detergent fiber (ADF) ratio was between 31.8 and 33.7%, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ratio was between 44.7 and 49.5%, total digestible nutrient (TDN) was between 57.9 and 60.4% and relative feed value (RFV) was between 118.6 and 133.8. Sowing time had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on PH of triticale, while it has a very significant effect (P < 0.01) on GFY, DMY, CPY, DDMY, NDF ratios and RFV. Delaying the sowing time caused a decrease in the GFY, DMY and quality of the mixture. Results revealed that the first week of October is the most appropriate sowing time to obtain high dry matter yield with high quality under continental climate conditions of the Central Anatolia.

A pesquisa foi conduzida para determinar a produção de forragem e algumas características de qualidade da mistura de ervilhaca húngara + triticale, semeada em cinco épocas diferentes em regime de sequeiro na região Central da Anatólia, Turquia. A mistura foi semeada na segunda, terceira e quarta semanas de outubro, e na primeira e segunda semanas de novembro de 2017 e 2018. Dependendo da época de semeadura, a altura da planta (PH) da ervilhaca e triticale húngara foi entre 46,7 e 59,4 cm e 85,9 e 93,4 cm, respectivamente. O rendimento de forragem verde (GFY) ficou entre 1746,2 e 2059,4 kg da-1, o rendimento de matéria seca (DMY) foi entre 541,0 e 707,6 kg da-1, o rendimento de proteína bruta (CPY) foi entre 80,4 e 110,3 kg da-1, digestível seco o rendimento de matéria (DDMY) estava entre 340,8 e 453,9 kg da-1, a proporção da fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) estava entre 31,8 e 33,7%, a proporção da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) estava entre 44,7 e 49,5%, o nutriente digestível total (NDT) era entre 57,9 e 60,4% e o valor relativo da alimentação (RFV) foi entre 118,6 e 133,8. A época de semeadura teve um efeito significativo (P < 0,05) no PH do triticale, enquanto teve um efeito muito significativo (P < 0,01) nas relações GFY, DMY, CPY, DDMY, FDN e RFV. O atraso na semeadura ocasionou diminuição no GFY, DMY e na qualidade da mistura. Os resultados revelaram que a primeira semana de outubro é a época de semeadura mais adequada para a obtenção de alta produtividade de matéria seca com alta qualidade nas condições climáticas continentais da Anatólia Central.

Hairy vetch role to mitigate crop yield gap in different yield environments at field level

The spatial variability of soil organic matter, plant water availability, and soil nitrogen (N) availability are drivers of crop response to mineral N fertilizer. The complex interaction of these factors is responsible for within-field corn and wheat yield variability. The hairy vetch (HV) cover crop is an economic, environmentally friendly, and efficient N source capable of conciliating crop yield and soil health. Nevertheless, the HV effects to mitigate yield gap of management zone (MZ) have not yet been documented. This study evaluated the effects of HV and mineral N fertilization, in single or combined input, on alleviating crop yield gap. The study was carried out in two croplands southern Brazil. The experimental design was a complete randomized block in a split plot having MZ (high, medium, and low yield) and N fertilizer rates. Wheat and corn N uptake and grain yield had a quadratic adjustment with N fertilizer input, but there was a significant MZ effect, where low yield zone (LYZ) was less responsive. Consequently, mineral N fertilization as a single input to mitigate the yield gap in this MZ was not efficient. On the other hand, HV increased corn N uptake and grain yield mainly in LYZ compared to MYZ and HYZ. HV fully mitigated the yield gap between MYZ and HYZ. The combined use of HV and mineral N fertilization rate adjusted according to N legume credit and MZ was an efficient strategy to boost yield, favoring soil health and environmental protection.

Comparison of reproductive performance, live weight, survivability, and fleece characteristics of indoor-raised Central Anatolian Merino and Malya sheep

This study was conducted to compare Central Anatolian Merino (CAM) and Malya sheep under intensive conditions in terms of reproductive traits, birth and weaning weights, fattening performance, and some fleece characteristics. In this study, 840 CAM and 194 Malya ewes were used for the comparison of reproductive performance, whereas 740 and 211 lambs were used to compare growth traits between the two breeds. Additionally, the fattening performance of 61 CAM and 68 Malya lambs were compared. Finally, for the comparison of wool quality traits, 94 CAM and 90 Malya lambs were used. The lambs were kept together with the sheep that gave birth to them for 10 days. After this period, lambs were given lamb starter feed, alfalfa hay, and vetch hay in addition to milk. When lambs reached 40 days old, they were taken to the pasture with the sheep. In this period, pasture grass, growing lamb concentrate feed, alfalfa hay, and vetch hay were given in addition to milk. Lambs were weaned when they reached an average age of 90 days, and their live weights were determined. A determined number of lambs was selected from weaned male lambs. For these animals, in the fattening period, barley, alfalfa hay, vetch hay, meadow hay, and lentil straw were provided ad libitum in addition to 400 g/day/head of fattening feed. This study indicated that birth rate was better for CAM sheep than for Malya sheep. However, Malya lambs may have more advantages than CAM lambs in terms of survival and fattening performance. Although birth weight was higher for Malya sheep than for CAM sheep, the opposite result was observed for the weaning weight. The beginning weights of fattened male lambs were higher for CAM lambs than for Malya lambs, but the ending weights of both fattened groups were similar.(AU)

The mechanism study of inhibition effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali osteoporosis through PI3K-AKT signaling pathway

Purpose: To observe the mechanism of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali in treating osteoporosis. Methods: Osteoporosis rat model was established by bilateral ovariectomy combined with low-calcium diet feeding. Bone mineral density was measured by bone densitometer. Bone metabolism markers in serum were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), bone tissue structure was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the effect of prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali on PI3K-AKT signaling pathway was investigated by immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Compared with the model group, the bone tissue structure and imbalance of bone metabolism were improved, and the bone mineral density was significantly increased in the prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali groups. After intervention with prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali, the positive expression of PIK3CA and Akt1 in rat bone tissue was enhanced, and the expression levels of Akt1 mRNA were significantly increased. Conclusions: Prepared Radix Rehmanniainon combined with Radix Astragali may treat osteoporosis by activating PI3K/AKT pathway.

Performance and milk quality of cows fed triticale silage or intercropped with oats or legumes

The use of intercropped grass legumes provides a source of sustainable animal production as these vegetables contribute to an increase in forage yield by area, and substitute inorganic nitrogen and other components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of silages and the yield and milk quality of Holstein cows fed triticale silages in monoculture or intercropped with either oats or legumes. The crops for silage production were triticale (TS), triticale in consortium with forage pea (TSP), and triticale in consortium with oats, forage peas and vetches (TSOPV). The silages showed no differences in dry matter content. The highest crude protein (13.06 %) and ethereal extract content was observed in TSOPV, but in the case of the latter, there was little difference when compared with TS (2.35 and 2.16 %, respectively) although the ash contents of the TSOPV and TSP silages did present a difference compared to TS silage. The neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and cellulose fractions of TS silage were higher (68.60, 41.46 and 38.19 %, respectively) than those in TSOPV and TSP silages, which also had higher levels of soluble nitrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. Dry matter intake was higher in both TSOPV and TSP, which also provided a higher milk yield (21.19 and 20.45 L cow d−1) compared to that of TS silage (18.74 L cow d−1). Cows fed TS also produced milk with a lower N-ureic content (15.15 mg dL−1). The inclusion of legumes with triticale provided good fermentative quality for silage and increased milk production of cows without altering their concentrations of fat and protein.

Performance and milk quality of cows fed triticale silage or intercropped with oats or legumes

The use of intercropped grass legumes provides a source of sustainable animal production as these vegetables contribute to an increase in forage yield by area, and substitute inorganic nitrogen and other components. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional characteristics of silages and the yield and milk quality of Holstein cows fed triticale silages in monoculture or intercropped with either oats or legumes. The crops for silage production were triticale (TS), triticale in consortium with forage pea (TSP), and triticale in consortium with oats, forage peas and vetches (TSOPV). The silages showed no differences in dry matter content. The highest crude protein (13.06 %) and ethereal extract content was observed in TSOPV, but in the case of the latter, there was little difference when compared with TS (2.35 and 2.16 %, respectively) although the ash contents of the TSOPV and TSP silages did present a difference compared to TS silage. The neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and cellulose fractions of TS silage were higher (68.60, 41.46 and 38.19 %, respectively) than those in TSOPV and TSP silages, which also had higher levels of soluble nitrogen, ethanol and acetic acid. Dry matter intake was higher in both TSOPV and TSP, which also provided a higher milk yield (21.19 and 20.45 L cow d−1) compared to that of TS silage (18.74 L cow d−1). Cows fed TS also produced milk with a lower N-ureic content (15.15 mg dL−1). The inclusion of legumes with triticale provided good fermentative quality for silage and increased milk production of cows without altering their concentrations of fat and protein.(AU)

Optimal plot size for experiments with black oats and the common vetch / Tamanho ótimo de parcela para experimentos com aveia preta e ervilhaca

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal plot size for evaluating the fresh weight of black oats (Avena strigosa Schreb) and the common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) in scenarios comprising combinations of the number of treatments, number of replications and levels of precision. Fifteen uniformity trials were conducted with single-crop and intercropped black oats and vetch. Fresh weight was evaluated in 540 basic experimental units (BEU), each of 1 m × 1 m (36 BEU per trial). The Smith index of soil heterogeneity (1938) was estimated. Plot size was determined using the HATHEWAY method (1961), in scenarios comprising combinations of i treatments (i = 5, 10, 15 and 20), r replications (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8) and d levels of precision (d = 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% and 20%). To evaluate the fresh weight of monocropped or intercropped black oats and vetch in a completely randomized or randomized complete block design, with from 5 to 20 treatments and five replications, plots of 10 m2 are sufficient to identify, at a probability of 0.05, significant differences between treatments of 10% of the overall mean value of the experiment.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tamanho ótimo de parcela para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb) e de ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L.), em cenários formados por combinações de números de tratamentos, números de repetições e níveis de precisão. Foram conduzidos 15 ensaios de uniformidade com aveia preta e ervilhaca, em cultivo solteiro e em consórcio. Foi avaliada a massa de matéria fresca em 540 unidades experimentais básicas (UEB) de 1 m × 1 m (36 UEB por ensaio). Foi estimado o índice de heterogeneidade do solo de SMITH (1938). Foi determinado o tamanho de parcela por meio do método de HATHEWAY (1961) em cenários formados pelas combinações de i tratamentos (i = 5, 10, 15 e 20), r repetições (r = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 e 8) e d níveis de precisão (d = 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18% e 20%). Para avaliar a massa de matéria fresca de aveia preta e de ervilhaca, em cultivo solteiro ou em consórcio, nos delineamentos inteiramente casualizado e de blocos completos ao acaso, com 5 a 20 tratamentos e com cinco repetições, parcelas de 10 m2 são suficientes para identificar diferenças significativas entre tratamentos, a 0,05 de probabilidade, de 10% da média geral do experimento.(AU)

Intramuscular fatty acid composition of steers finished on oat pastures mixture with vetch or cornmeal supplementation / Composição de ácidos graxos da gordura intramuscular de novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia consorciada com ervilhaca ou suplementados com grão de milho moído

The effects of energetic supplementation and mixture vetch (Vica sativa L.) were studied to evaluate the intramuscular fatty acid profile of steers finished on oat (Avena sativa L.) pastures. Eighteen 21-month-old crossbred steers were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in three treatments and six repetitions: oat pasture (OA), oat pasture + vetch (OA + VET), and oat pasture + supplementation (OA + SUP). Supplementation comprised the addition of corn meal at a daily dose of 1% of the animals body weight. Steers receiving supplementation had higher lipid content in Longissimus lumborum than did those fed with OA + VET (1.25 vs 1.02%), whereas those fed with OA (1.15%) showed intermediate values. Conjugated linoleic acid levels were higher in steers fed OA (0.57%) and OA + SUP (0.59%), whereas the highest amount of omega-3 fatty acids was observed in animals fed OA + VET (3.32%). Pasture-finishing without supplementation resulted in a lower ratio of n-6:n-3 (3.14). Steers finished in oat mixture with vetch showed healthier intramuscular fat than did those finished with cornmeal supplementation; importantly, the higher the amount of PUFAs, the better n-6:n-3 ratio.(AU)

Os efeitos da suplementação energética e da ervilhaca (Vica sativa L.) foram estudados para avaliar o perfil de ácidos graxos intramusculares de novilhos terminados em pastagens de aveia (Avena sativa L.). Foram avaliados 18 novilhos mestiços com 21 meses de idade. O experimento foi realizado em três tratamentos e seis repetições: pastagem de aveia (OA), pastagem de aveia + ervilhaca (OA + VET) e pastagem de aveia + suplementação (OA + SUP). A suplementação compreendeu a adição de fubá na dose diária de 1% do peso corporal dos animais. Os novilhos que receberam suplementação apresentaram maior teor lipídico no Longissimus lombar do que aqueles alimentados com OA + VET (1,25 contra 1,02%), enquanto aqueles alimentados com AO (1,15%) apresentaram valores intermediários. Os níveis de ácido linoléico conjugado foram maiores em novilhos alimentados com AO (0,57%) e OA + SUP (0,59%), enquanto a maior quantidade de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi observada em animais alimentados com OA + VET (3,32%). Animais terminados em pastagens sem suplementação apresentaram menor proporção de n-6: n-3 (3,14). Novilhos terminados em pastagem de aveia com ervilhaca apresentaram gordura intramuscular mais saudável do que aqueles terminados com suplementação de milho moído, uma vez que apresentaram maior quantidade de PUFAs e melhor a relação n-6: n-3.(AU)

Consorciações alternativas para a cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para pastejo / Alternative mixed cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusive for grazing / Consorcios alternativos para variedad TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para el pasto

Com o intuito de ofertar forragem de forma precoce e por um maior período de tempo, recentemente foi lançada no mercado uma cultivar de trigo direcionada exclusivamente para pastejo. Dado o exposto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas da cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusiva para pastejo em cultivo extreme ou consorciado com outros sistemas forrageiros. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por sistemas forrageiros: trigo (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, aveia preta (Avena strigosa L) cv. BRS 139 Neblina e ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L.) cv. Comum em cultivo extreme ou consorciadas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, teste de Tukey à 5% de probabilidade de erro e análise de agrupamento entre os sistemas forrageiros. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que a cultivar de trigo exclusiva para pastejo apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa forrageira com acréscimos na produção de forragem quando consorciada a leguminosa ou gramínea, sendo indicada em práticas de consorciações economicamente viáveis. Sistemas forrageiros consorciados possibilitaram maior disponibilidade de N, destacando a consorciação de trigo com ervilhaca, indicada como estratégia na mitigação da utilização de adubação nitrogenada.

In order to offer fodder at an early stage and for a longer period of time, a wheat cultivar directed exclusively for grazing was recently launched on the market. Given the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of the cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusive for grazing in extreme cultivation or associated with other forage systems. The experimental design used was a randomized block with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of forage systems: wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, black oats (Avena strigose L) cv. BRS 139 Fog and vetch (Vicia sativa L) cv. Common in extreme cultivation or intercropping. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Tukey test at 5% probability of error and cluster analysis between forage systems. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to identify that the wheat cultivar exclusive for grazing presents itself as a good forage alternative with added forage production when intercropped with legumes or grasses, being indicated in economically viable intercropping practices. Consortium forage systems allowed greater availability of N to forage systems, highlighting the intercropping of wheat with vetch, indicated as a strategy to mitigate the use of nitrogen fertilization.

Con el fin de ofrecer forraje en una etapa temprana y durante un período de tiempo más prolongado, recientemente se lanzó al mercado un cultivar de trigo dirigido exclusivamente al pastoreo. Dado lo anterior, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características agronómicas del cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para el pastoreo en cultivos extremos o asociado con otros sistemas de forraje. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un bloque aleatorizado con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en sistemas de forraje: trigo (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, avena negra (Avena strigosa L) cv. BRS 139 Niebla y arveja (Vicia sativa L) cv. Común en cultivos extremos o cultivos intercalados. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisisde varianza, prueba de Tukey con 5% de probabilidad de error y análisis de conglomerados entre sistemas forrajeros. En base a los resultados obtenidos, fue posible identificar que el cultivar de trigo exclusivo para pastoreo se presenta como una buena alternativa de forraje con producción de forraje adicional cuando se intercala con leguminosas o pastos, lo que se indica en prácticas de cultivo intercaladas económicamente viables. Los sistemas de forraje del consorcio permitieron una mayor disponibilidad de N para los sistemas de forraje, destacando el cultivo intercalado de trigo con veza, indicado como una estrategia para mitigar el uso de fertilización nitrogenada.

Consorciações alternativas para a cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para pastejo / Alternative mixed cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusive for grazing / Consorcios alternativos para variedad TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para el pasto

Com o intuito de ofertar forragem de forma precoce e por um maior período de tempo, recentemente foi lançada no mercado uma cultivar de trigo direcionada exclusivamente para pastejo. Dado o exposto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas da cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusiva para pastejo em cultivo extreme ou consorciado com outros sistemas forrageiros. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por sistemas forrageiros: trigo (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, aveia preta (Avena strigosa L) cv. BRS 139 Neblina e ervilhaca (Vicia sativa L.) cv. Comum em cultivo extreme ou consorciadas. Os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância, teste de Tukey à 5% de probabilidade de erro e análise de agrupamento entre os sistemas forrageiros. Com base nos resultados obtidos, foi possível identificar que a cultivar de trigo exclusiva para pastejo apresenta-se como uma boa alternativa forrageira com acréscimos na produção de forragem quando consorciada a leguminosa ou gramínea, sendo indicada em práticas de consorciações economicamente viáveis. Sistemas forrageiros consorciados possibilitaram maior disponibilidade de N, destacando a consorciação de trigo com ervilhaca, indicada como estratégia na mitigação da utilização de adubação nitrogenada.(AU)

In order to offer fodder at an early stage and for a longer period of time, a wheat cultivar directed exclusively for grazing was recently launched on the market. Given the above, the present study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of the cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusive for grazing in extreme cultivation or associated with other forage systems. The experimental design used was a randomized block with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of forage systems: wheat (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, black oats (Avena strigose L) cv. BRS 139 Fog and vetch (Vicia sativa L) cv. Common in extreme cultivation or intercropping. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, Tukey test at 5% probability of error and cluster analysis between forage systems. Based on the results obtained, it was possible to identify that the wheat cultivar exclusive for grazing presents itself as a good forage alternative with added forage production when intercropped with legumes or grasses, being indicated in economically viable intercropping practices. Consortium forage systems allowed greater availability of N to forage systems, highlighting the intercropping of wheat with vetch, indicated as a strategy to mitigate the use of nitrogen fertilization.(AU)

Con el fin de ofrecer forraje en una etapa temprana y durante un período de tiempo más prolongado, recientemente se lanzó al mercado un cultivar de trigo dirigido exclusivamente al pastoreo. Dado lo anterior, el presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las características agronómicas del cultivar TBIO Lenox (Triticum aestivum L) exclusivo para el pastoreo en cultivos extremos o asociado con otros sistemas de forraje. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un bloque aleatorizado con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistieron en sistemas de forraje: trigo (Triticum aestivum L) cv. TBIO Lenox, avena negra (Avena strigosa L) cv. BRS 139 Niebla y arveja (Vicia sativa L) cv. Común en cultivos extremos o cultivos intercalados. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisisde varianza, prueba de Tukey con 5% de probabilidad de error y análisis de conglomerados entre sistemas forrajeros. En base a los resultados obtenidos, fue posible identificar que el cultivar de trigo exclusivo para pastoreo se presenta como una buena alternativa de forraje con producción de forraje adicional cuando se intercala con leguminosas o pastos, lo que se indica en prácticas de cultivo intercaladas económicamente viables. Los sistemas de forraje del consorcio permitieron una mayor disponibilidad de N para los sistemas de forraje, destacando el cultivo intercalado de trigo con veza, indicado como una estrategia para mitigar el uso de fertilización nitrogenada.(AU)

Production and profitability of crop rotation systems in southern Brazil / Produção e rentabilidade de sistemas de rotação de culturas no sul do Brasil

Crop rotation is one of the pillars of conservation agriculture. This practice has offered a series of advantages in terms of improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions. These advantages result in yield increases for all economic crops involved in the rotation systems and may also reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the profitability of crop rotation systems with different levels of crop diversification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included one less diversified crop rotation system (control) with soybean and wheat and four more diversified crop rotation systems (involving three or more species), including soybean, wheat, black oats, maize, canola, barley, blue lupine, white oats, beans, radish, triticale, rye, hairy vetch, and sorghum, under no-tillage conducted during a threeyear cycle. Analyses were conducted considering productivity, operating cost, and economic profit. The highest accumulated gross yields were obtained in the more diversified crop rotation systems. The results show that the more diversified crop rotation systems were more profitable. When the opportunity cost was included, the most diversified crop rotations presented greater economic feasibility. The less diversified crop rotation system presented a negative economic profit. The crop rotation systems including beans presented the highest economic profit.

A rotação de culturas é um dos pilares da agricultura de conservacionista. Esta prática tem uma série de vantagens, melhorando as condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Isto resulta em aumentos de produtividade de todas as culturas econômicas envolvidas nos sistemas de rotação, podendo também reduzir os custos de produção. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a rentabilidade dos sistemas de rotação de culturas com diferentes níveis de diversificação. O desenho experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de um sistema de rotação de culturas pouco diversificado (controle), com trigo no inverno, seguido de soja no verão, e quatro sistemas de rotação de culturas diversificados (envolvendo três ou mais espécies), incluindo soja, trigo, aveia preta, milho, canola, cevada, tremoço azul, aveia branca, feijão, rabanete, triticale, centeio, ervilhaca peluda, sorgo e trigo mourisco, conduzido em plantio direto, por um ciclo de três anos. Para as análises foram considerados a produtividade, a receita, o custo operacional, a margem bruta e o lucro econômico. Os maiores rendimentos brutos foram obtidos em sistemas de rotação de culturas mais diversificados. Os resultados mostram que sistemas mais diversificados de rotação de culturas são mais rentáveis e economicamente mais vantajosos. Quando considerado o custo de oportunidade, apenas as rotações de culturas mais diversificadas apresentaram viabilidade econômica. O sistema de rotação de culturas menos diversificado não apresentou lucro econômico. Os sistemas de rotação de culturas que incluíam o feijão foram os apresentaram o melhor desempenho econômico.

Production and profitability of crop rotation systems in southern Brazil / Produção e rentabilidade de sistemas de rotação de culturas no sul do Brasil

Crop rotation is one of the pillars of conservation agriculture. This practice has offered a series of advantages in terms of improving soil physical, chemical, and biological conditions. These advantages result in yield increases for all economic crops involved in the rotation systems and may also reduce production costs. In this context, the aim of this study was to compare the profitability of crop rotation systems with different levels of crop diversification. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with five treatments and four replications. The treatments included one less diversified crop rotation system (control) with soybean and wheat and four more diversified crop rotation systems (involving three or more species), including soybean, wheat, black oats, maize, canola, barley, blue lupine, white oats, beans, radish, triticale, rye, hairy vetch, and sorghum, under no-tillage conducted during a threeyear cycle. Analyses were conducted considering productivity, operating cost, and economic profit. The highest accumulated gross yields were obtained in the more diversified crop rotation systems. The results show that the more diversified crop rotation systems were more profitable. When the opportunity cost was included, the most diversified crop rotations presented greater economic feasibility. The less diversified crop rotation system presented a negative economic profit. The crop rotation systems including beans presented the highest economic profit.(AU)

A rotação de culturas é um dos pilares da agricultura de conservacionista. Esta prática tem uma série de vantagens, melhorando as condições físicas, químicas e biológicas do solo. Isto resulta em aumentos de produtividade de todas as culturas econômicas envolvidas nos sistemas de rotação, podendo também reduzir os custos de produção. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a rentabilidade dos sistemas de rotação de culturas com diferentes níveis de diversificação. O desenho experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos de um sistema de rotação de culturas pouco diversificado (controle), com trigo no inverno, seguido de soja no verão, e quatro sistemas de rotação de culturas diversificados (envolvendo três ou mais espécies), incluindo soja, trigo, aveia preta, milho, canola, cevada, tremoço azul, aveia branca, feijão, rabanete, triticale, centeio, ervilhaca peluda, sorgo e trigo mourisco, conduzido em plantio direto, por um ciclo de três anos. Para as análises foram considerados a produtividade, a receita, o custo operacional, a margem bruta e o lucro econômico. Os maiores rendimentos brutos foram obtidos em sistemas de rotação de culturas mais diversificados. Os resultados mostram que sistemas mais diversificados de rotação de culturas são mais rentáveis e economicamente mais vantajosos. Quando considerado o custo de oportunidade, apenas as rotações de culturas mais diversificadas apresentaram viabilidade econômica. O sistema de rotação de culturas menos diversificado não apresentou lucro econômico. Os sistemas de rotação de culturas que incluíam o feijão foram os apresentaram o melhor desempenho econômico.(AU)

Produção, valor nutritivo e produtividade estimada de leite de pastagens consorciadas de estação fria / Production, nutritive value and estimated milk yield from intercropped pastures of cold season

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de produção de leite ha-1 de três consorciações de aveia-preta e leguminosas em detrimento da aveia-preta estreme fertilizada com N mineral. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aveia-preta + 200kg de N ha-1 (Av+N); aveia-preta + trevo-branco (Av+Tb); aveia-preta + ervilhaca (Av+Er) e aveia-preta + trevo-vermelho (Av+Tv). As espécies foram implantadas em parcelas de 80m2, sob um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas previamente aos cortes, em três oportunidades, e o material foi avaliado quanto à produção de matéria seca, à composição químico-bromatológica (PB, EE, FDN, FDA, CNF, MM, digestibilidade estimada da matéria seca e digestibilidade do FDN em 48 horas) e à produção estimada de leite por área (kg ha-1). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A composição químico-bromatológica não diferiu entre os tratamentos Av+N e Av+Er em nenhum dos atributos avaliados. O tratamento Av+N proporcionou maior produção de leite por área em relação aos demais, explicado pela maior produção de MS.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of milk production ha-1 of three consortia of black oats and legumes in detriment to black oats fertilized with N mineral. The treatments used were black oats + 200kg of N ha-1 (Av+N); black oats + white clover (Av+Tb); black oats + vetch (Av+Er) and black oats + red clover (Av+Tv). The species were implanted in 80 m2 plots under a complete randomized complete block design with four replicates. Samples were collected three times and the material evaluated was dry matter yield, chemical and bromatological composition (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, NFC, MM, estimated dry matter digestibility and NDF digestibility in 48 hours) and estimated milk production by area (kg ha-1). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The chemical-bromatological composition did not differ between Av+N and Av+Er treatments in any of the evaluated attributes. The Av+Er treatment provided higher milk yield per area in relation to the others, explained by the higher DM production.(AU)

Produção, valor nutritivo e produtividade estimada de leite de pastagens consorciadas de estação fria / Production, nutritive value and estimated milk yield from intercropped pastures of cold season

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de produção de leite ha-1 de três consorciações de aveia-preta e leguminosas em detrimento da aveia-preta estreme fertilizada com N mineral. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: aveia-preta + 200kg de N ha-1 (Av+N); aveia-preta + trevo-branco (Av+Tb); aveia-preta + ervilhaca (Av+Er) e aveia-preta + trevo-vermelho (Av+Tv). As espécies foram implantadas em parcelas de 80m2, sob um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. As amostragens foram realizadas previamente aos cortes, em três oportunidades, e o material foi avaliado quanto à produção de matéria seca, à composição químico-bromatológica (PB, EE, FDN, FDA, CNF, MM, digestibilidade estimada da matéria seca e digestibilidade do FDN em 48 horas) e à produção estimada de leite por área (kg ha-1). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. A composição químico-bromatológica não diferiu entre os tratamentos Av+N e Av+Er em nenhum dos atributos avaliados. O tratamento Av+N proporcionou maior produção de leite por área em relação aos demais, explicado pela maior produção de MS.(AU)

The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of milk production ha-1 of three consortia of black oats and legumes in detriment to black oats fertilized with N mineral. The treatments used were black oats + 200kg of N ha-1 (Av+N); black oats + white clover (Av+Tb); black oats + vetch (Av+Er) and black oats + red clover (Av+Tv). The species were implanted in 80 m2 plots under a complete randomized complete block design with four replicates. Samples were collected three times and the material evaluated was dry matter yield, chemical and bromatological composition (CP, EE, NDF, ADF, NFC, MM, estimated dry matter digestibility and NDF digestibility in 48 hours) and estimated milk production by area (kg ha-1). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. The chemical-bromatological composition did not differ between Av+N and Av+Er treatments in any of the evaluated attributes. The Av+Er treatment provided higher milk yield per area in relation to the others, explained by the higher DM production.(AU)

Atributos do solo e produtividade do milho cultivado em sucessão a plantas de cobertura de inverno / Soil attributes and yield of corn cultivated in succession to winter cover crops

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes plantas de cobertura de inverno na fertilidade do solo e produtividade da cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido por três safras agrícolas, de 2011 a 2014. Os tratamentos utilizados foram as plantas de coberturas de inverno ervilhaca, aveia preta, tremoço azul, nabo forrageiro, azevém e ervilha forrageira cultivadas isoladamente, além dos consórcios aveia preta com ervilhaca, aveia preta com nabo forrageiro e ervilhaca, aveia preta com nabo forrageiro e uma parcela controle, sem uso de plantas de cobertura (Pousio). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em três safras agrícolas foram avaliados os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, o rendimento de massa seca da parte aérea das plantas de cobertura e o rendimento de grãos do milho cultivado em sucessão. A ervilha forrageira produziu mais matéria seca na safra 2011/2012, enquanto os consórcios aveia + ervilhaca e aveia + nabo + ervilhaca produziram mais nas safras de 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. O rendimento de grãos de milho foi maior em sucessão a fabáceas e consórcios na safra 2011/2012 e em sucessão a aveia + ervilhaca + nabo e tremoço nas safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura por três anos consecutivos resultou em incremento nos teores de matéria orgânica e na disponibilidade de fósforo e potássio no solo.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different winter cover plants on soil physical and chemical attributes and corn crop productivity. The experiment was carried out for three crops, from 2011 to 2014. The treatments were winter cover crops vetch, black oat, blue lupin, wild radish, ryegrass and field pea cultivated alone and intercropped with black oat + vetch, black oat + wild radish + vetch, black oat + wild radish, and a control treatment, without the use of cover crops (fallow). The experimental design consisted of random blocks with three repetitions. Chemical and physical soil parameters were evaluated, as well as yield of dry plant biomass of the cover crops and yield of corn cultivated in sucession. The greatest production of dry mass for field pea was obtained in the 2011/2012 crop and for the treatments with black oat + vetch and black oat + wild radish + vetch, in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Corn grain yield was higher in the treatments utilizing Fabaceae species and intercropping in the 2011/2012 crop. In the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crops, the greatest yield of corn grains was found in the treatments with black oat + vetch + wild radish and blue lupin as cover crops. Growing cover crops for three consecutive years resulted in increase in the organic matter contents and availability of phosphorus and potassium in the soil.

Atributos do solo e produtividade do milho cultivado em sucessão a plantas de cobertura de inverno / Soil attributes and yield of corn cultivated in succession to winter cover crops

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes plantas de cobertura de inverno na fertilidade do solo e produtividade da cultura do milho. O experimento foi conduzido por três safras agrícolas, de 2011 a 2014. Os tratamentos utilizados foram as plantas de coberturas de inverno ervilhaca, aveia preta, tremoço azul, nabo forrageiro, azevém e ervilha forrageira cultivadas isoladamente, além dos consórcios aveia preta com ervilhaca, aveia preta com nabo forrageiro e ervilhaca, aveia preta com nabo forrageiro e uma parcela controle, sem uso de plantas de cobertura (Pousio). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com três repetições. Em três safras agrícolas foram avaliados os atributos químicos e físicos do solo, o rendimento de massa seca da parte aérea das plantas de cobertura e o rendimento de grãos do milho cultivado em sucessão. A ervilha forrageira produziu mais matéria seca na safra 2011/2012, enquanto os consórcios aveia + ervilhaca e aveia + nabo + ervilhaca produziram mais nas safras de 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. O rendimento de grãos de milho foi maior em sucessão a fabáceas e consórcios na safra 2011/2012 e em sucessão a aveia + ervilhaca + nabo e tremoço nas safras 2012/2013 e 2013/2014. O cultivo de plantas de cobertura por três anos consecutivos resultou em incremento nos teores de matéria orgânica e na disponibilidade de fósforo e potássio no solo.(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different winter cover plants on soil physical and chemical attributes and corn crop productivity. The experiment was carried out for three crops, from 2011 to 2014. The treatments were winter cover crops vetch, black oat, blue lupin, wild radish, ryegrass and field pea cultivated alone and intercropped with black oat + vetch, black oat + wild radish + vetch, black oat + wild radish, and a control treatment, without the use of cover crops (fallow). The experimental design consisted of random blocks with three repetitions. Chemical and physical soil parameters were evaluated, as well as yield of dry plant biomass of the cover crops and yield of corn cultivated in sucession. The greatest production of dry mass for field pea was obtained in the 2011/2012 crop and for the treatments with black oat + vetch and black oat + wild radish + vetch, in 2012/2013 and 2013/2014. Corn grain yield was higher in the treatments utilizing Fabaceae species and intercropping in the 2011/2012 crop. In the 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crops, the greatest yield of corn grains was found in the treatments with black oat + vetch + wild radish and blue lupin as cover crops. Growing cover crops for three consecutive years resulted in increase in the organic matter contents and availability of phosphorus and potassium in the soil.(AU)

Suppresses of Astragalus Polysaccharide on E. coli-Induced Injured Intestinal Microvascular through TLR4-NF-B Signal Pathways in Chickens

To investigate the hypothesis that APS can attenuate E. coli-induced microvascular dysfunction in chicken intestine, 60 0-day old male chickens were divided into three groups with 5 replications of 4 chicks. Chicken in the APS group were treated with 15 mg APS daily while the others were given 0 mg APS for 6 days. Then all 7-day old chicken were injected intraperitoneally by E. coli, except for the chicken in the control group. After 4 h, all chickens intestinal samples were collected to detect gene expressions involved in inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules. Results showed that APS attenuated the signs of edema and hemorrhage in 7-day old chicken intestinal mucosa which were induced by E. coli injection. Consistently, APS significantly reduced the increasing mRNA levels of inflammatory factors such as Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL) -1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p 0.05), the same results were observed in vascular adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, we observed that APS supplementation in water suppressed significantly (p 0.05) the decline of reparative factors such as epithelial growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in E. coli injected group. Furthermore, supplementation with APS substantially blocked (p 0.05) the increase in Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and Nuclear factor (NF)-B mRNA abundance (p=0.087) induced by E. coli infection. This study indicated that microvascular injured chicken intestine induced by E. coli would be attenuated with feeding APS, and the mechanism of repairing were probably mediated through TLR4-NF-B signal pathways.(AU)

Suppresses of Astragalus Polysaccharide on E. coli-Induced Injured Intestinal Microvascular through TLR4-NF-B Signal Pathways in Chickens

To investigate the hypothesis that APS can attenuate E. coli-induced microvascular dysfunction in chicken intestine, 60 0-day old male chickens were divided into three groups with 5 replications of 4 chicks. Chicken in the APS group were treated with 15 mg APS daily while the others were given 0 mg APS for 6 days. Then all 7-day old chicken were injected intraperitoneally by E. coli, except for the chicken in the control group. After 4 h, all chickens intestinal samples were collected to detect gene expressions involved in inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules. Results showed that APS attenuated the signs of edema and hemorrhage in 7-day old chicken intestinal mucosa which were induced by E. coli injection. Consistently, APS significantly reduced the increasing mRNA levels of inflammatory factors such as Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL) -1 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) (p 0.05), the same results were observed in vascular adhesion molecules such as E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Moreover, we observed that APS supplementation in water suppressed significantly (p 0.05) the decline of reparative factors such as epithelial growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in E. coli injected group. Furthermore, supplementation with APS substantially blocked (p 0.05) the increase in Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and Nuclear factor (NF)-B mRNA abundance (p=0.087) induced by E. coli infection. This study indicated that microvascular injured chicken intestine induced by E. coli would be attenuated with feeding APS, and the mechanism of repairing were probably mediated through TLR4-NF-B signal pathways.