Assessment of grape volatile composition using fluorescence indices of leaves in vineyards affected by iron chlorosis

Multiplex 330 (MX) is a portable, non-invasive fluorescence sensor that provides different multiparametric indices that are sensitive to the concentration of chlorophylls, flavonols, and anthocyanins on the leaf surface. This study investigated the use of these indices to assess the variability on free volatile composition of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in the field as well as other components of their quality potential in vineyards affected by iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC). Twenty non-irrigated Tempranillo/110 Richter vineyard subzones from non-affected to moderately affected by IDC were monitored in Ribera del Duero area (Spain) during two seasons. The results indicated that MX can characterize the spatial variation of leaf pigment concentrations, agronomic performance, and grape quality in vineyards affected by IDC. The MX indices measured at the leaf level close to harvest had better predictive values for the concentrations of free alcohols, volatile acids, C13-norisoprenoids, esters and acetates in the must than vine vigor, size or degree of technological maturity of the grapes. Our study demonstrates that the MX indices to estimate leaf pigment concentrations can be helpful to assess the technological maturity and free volatile composition of wine grapes in vineyards affected by IDC; nevertheless, the efficacy of the indexes may vary according to the year season.(AU)

Relationship between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and yield and sugar content of wine grapes grown in Santana do Livramento, RS, Brazil / Relações entre El Niño-Oscilação Sul, e produtividade e acúmulo de açúcares em uvas cultivadas em Santana do Livramento, RS, Brasil

The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a well-known source of interannual variability in the climate of Santana do Livramento, Campanha Gaúcha, Brazil. It affects the agronomic responses of several crops grown in the region. Analysis of a dataset comprising observations of grape yield and sugar content in 11 white and 17 red grape cultivars over the last 3 decades revealed some patterns. In the long term (several years or decades), yield and sugar content showed a negative relationship, that is, larger crop loads resulted in lower sugar content at harvest. However, a number of calculations and principal component analyses showed that annual yield and sugar content fluctuations in the short term can be better explained by considering as reference points only the results obtained for each crop one and two years before. Based on these simple calculations, there was a clear separation between El Niño and La Niña events. In the vineyards of this region, La Niña events typically tend to result in higher grape yields and sugar content at harvest, while the opposite is true for El Niño, which tend to produce lower grape yields and sugar content at harvest. The results of neutral events are typically closer to those of El Niño events.(AU)

O El Niño-Oscilação Sul (ENSO) é uma fonte conhecida de variabilidade interanual no clima de Santana do Livramento, Campanha Gaúcha, Brasil, que afeta as respostas agronômicas de diversas culturas agrícolas cultivadas na região. A análise de um conjunto de dados que compreende observações de produtividade e teores de açúcar em uvas de videiras de 11 cultivares brancas e 17 cultivares tintas ao longo de quase 3 décadas revelou alguns padrões. No longo prazo (vários anos ou décadas), a produtividade e o teor de açúcar mostraram correlação negativa - maiores cargas de fruto resultaram em menores teores de açúcar na colheita. No entanto, alguns cálculos e análises de componentes principais permitiram definir que as oscilações da produtividade anual e do teor anual de açúcar no curto prazo podem ser melhor explicadas se for considerando apenas os resultados de um e dois anos anteriores de cada safra como pontos de referência. Seguindo esses cálculos, pôde-se notar uma clara separação entre eventos de El Niño e eventos de La Niña. Nos vinhedos desta região, os eventos de La Niña tipicamente tendem a resultar tanto em maior produtividade quanto em maior teor de açúcar na colheita. Em contraste, eventos de El Niño tipicamente tendem a causar menor produtividade e menor teor de açúcar na colheita. Anos neutros tipicamente apresentam resultados mais próximos aos eventos de El Niño.(AU)

Correlation between vegetation indexes generated at Vitis Vinifera L. and soil, plant and production parameters for emergency application in decision making / Correlação entre indices de vegetação gerados em Vitis Vinifera L. e parâmetros de solo, planta e produção para aplicação emergencial na tomada de decisão

Correlation between proximal sensing techniques and laboratory results of qualitative variables plus agronomic attributes was evaluated of a 3,0 ha vineyard in the county of Muitos Capões, Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in Vitis vinifera L. at 2017/2018 harvest, aiming to evaluate the replacement of conventional laboratory analysis in viticulture by Vegetation Indexes, at situations were laboratory access are unavailable. Based on bibliographic research, looking for vegetative indexes developed or used for canopy reflectance analysis on grapevines and whose working bands were within the spectral range provided by the equipment used, a total of 17 viable candidates were obtained. These chosen vegetation indices were correlated, through Pearson (5%), with agronomic soil attributes (apparent electrical conductivity, clay, pH in H2O, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, effective CTC, CTC at pH 7.0, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) for depths 0 -20 cm and 20-40 cm, and plant tissue (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron) , in addition to some key oenological and phytotechnical parameters for the quantification of wine production and quality. One hundred and thirty ninesignificant correlations were obtained from this cross, with 36 moderate coefficients between 19 parameter variables versus 12 of the indexes. We concluded that in cases where access or availability of laboratory analyzes is difficult or impracticable, the use of vegetation indices is possible if the correlation coefficients reach, at least, the moderate magnitude, serving as a support to decision making until the lack analytical structure to be remedied.

Avaliou-se a correlação entre as técnicas de sensoriamento proximal e os resultados laboratoriais de variáveis qualitativas, mais os atributos agronômicos do solo de um vinhedo de 3,0 ha no município de Muitos Capões, região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na safra 2017/2018. Objetivou avaliar a substituição das análises laboratoriais convencionais em viticultura por Índices de Vegetação, em situações de indisponibilidade de acesso ao laboratório. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, buscaram-se índices vegetativos desenvolvidos ou utilizados para análise de refletância de dossel em videiras e cujas bandas de trabalho estavam dentro do intervalo espectral fornecido pelo equipamento utilizado, obtendo-se um total de 17 candidatos viáveis. Esses índices de vegetação escolhidos foram correlacionados, por meio de Pearson (5%), com atributos agronômicos do solo (condutividade elétrica aparente, argila, pH em H2O, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, CTC efetivo, CTC em pH 7,0, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) para profundidades de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm, e tecido vegetal (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro), além de alguns parâmetros enológicos e fitotécnicos essenciais para a quantificação da produção e qualidade do vinho. Deste cruzamento foram obtidas 139 correlações significativas, resultando 36 coeficientes moderados entre 19 variáveis de parâmetros versus 12 dos índices. Concluímos que nos casos em que o acesso ou disponibilidade de análises laboratoriais é difícil ou impraticável, a utilização de índices de vegetação é possível, desde que os coeficientes de correlação atinjam, pelo menos, a magnitude moderada, servindo como suporte para a tomada de decisão até a falta de estrutura analítica ser remediada.

Characterization of Brazilian Syrah winter wines at bottling and after ageing

Double pruning extended the harvest season of wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) to dry winter, enabling production of high quality wines in the southeastern Brazil. Winter harvest allows grapes to fulfill not only technological maturation, but also phenolic ripeness. Winter wines from Syrah grapes harvested from eight vineyards in southeastern Brazil during three harvests were analyzed for their chemical and aromatic composition after bottling and after ageing for 20, 30, and 42 months in bottle. Winter wines have high content of total phenolic compounds, which remained almost constant through ageing, as well as color intensity. Malvidin 3-O-glucoside stood out among anthocyanins, remaining 5-10 % after 39 months of ageing. Moreover, malvidin 3-O-glucoside-pyruvic acid was the main pyranoanthocyanin identified in winter wine. Polymerized pigments index ranged from 54 % at bottling to 80 % after 42 months of ageing. Young winter wines are rich in ester and monoterpene, as well as alcoholic volatile compounds responsible for ethereal, fruity, flowery, fresh and sweet aromas. Aged winter wines showed higher contents of furfural, geranyl ethyl ether, isoamyl decanoate, α-muurolene and α-calacorene, contributing to sweet, fruity and woody aromas. Syrah winter wines are characterized by high content of phenolic compounds and color stability, and keep good sensorial characteristics after ageing in bottle.

Characterization of Brazilian Syrah winter wines at bottling and after ageing

Double pruning extended the harvest season of wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) to dry winter, enabling production of high quality wines in the southeastern Brazil. Winter harvest allows grapes to fulfill not only technological maturation, but also phenolic ripeness. Winter wines from Syrah grapes harvested from eight vineyards in southeastern Brazil during three harvests were analyzed for their chemical and aromatic composition after bottling and after ageing for 20, 30, and 42 months in bottle. Winter wines have high content of total phenolic compounds, which remained almost constant through ageing, as well as color intensity. Malvidin 3-O-glucoside stood out among anthocyanins, remaining 5-10 % after 39 months of ageing. Moreover, malvidin 3-O-glucoside-pyruvic acid was the main pyranoanthocyanin identified in winter wine. Polymerized pigments index ranged from 54 % at bottling to 80 % after 42 months of ageing. Young winter wines are rich in ester and monoterpene, as well as alcoholic volatile compounds responsible for ethereal, fruity, flowery, fresh and sweet aromas. Aged winter wines showed higher contents of furfural, geranyl ethyl ether, isoamyl decanoate, α-muurolene and α-calacorene, contributing to sweet, fruity and woody aromas. Syrah winter wines are characterized by high content of phenolic compounds and color stability, and keep good sensorial characteristics after ageing in bottle.(AU)

Macro scale analysis of Syrah vineyards under winter growing cycles: Agronomical and ecophysiological responses

In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.(AU)

Macro scale analysis of Syrah vineyards under winter growing cycles: Agronomical and ecophysiological responses

In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.

Subproduct of the Wine Industry to Replace Forage for Feeding Confined Ovine / Coproduto da Indústria de Vitivinificação como Substituto ao Volumoso na Alimentação de Ovinos Confinados

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep receiving alternative food with grape pomace to replace roughage, as well as its impacts on the rumen environment. It was observed that BU had higher TOC, TRAM and pH of the ruminal liquid, while there was less TRU (P < 0,05). As for the other parameters, no significant differences were found. In this study, just as the feeding time was not influenced due to the similarity of the concentrate: roughage ratio in the diet, the protozoan count did not change. This finding reinforces the possibility of using grape marc as a tool for formulating feed, reducing the risk of ruminal disturbances. It was observed that the group control had lower TRAM, indicating that the diet of this group promoted greater microbial activity and, consequently, greater digestibility, corroborating the already observed TOC. This result was the opposite of what was expected, since the grape pomace has probiotic properties, precisely because the fruits have more fungi and bacteria in their microbiota. This also confirms that the co-products of vitiviniculture can act as promoters of the intestinal health of ruminants, justifying further studies in order to improve this use. Therefore, the use of wine by-products is an alternative to reduce production costs, as its use in diets for confined sheep can improve the performance of the animals, increasing the total feed consumption and improving microbial activity.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos recebendo ração alternativa com bagaço de uva em substituição ao volumoso, bem como seus impactos no ambiente ruminal. Observou-se que a BU apresentou maiores COT, TRAM e pH do líquido ruminal, enquanto houve menor TRU (P <0,05). Quanto aos demais parâmetros, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Neste estudo, assim como o tempo de alimentação não foi influenciado pela similaridade da relação concentrado: volumoso na dieta, a contagem de protozoários não se alterou. Esse achado reforça a possibilidade do uso do bagaço de uva como ferramenta na formulação de rações, reduzindo o risco de distúrbios ruminais. Observou-se que o grupo controle apresentou menor TRAM, indicando que a dieta desse grupo promoveu maior atividade microbiana e, consequentemente, maior digestibilidade, corroborando o COT já observado. Esse resultado foi o oposto do esperado, já que o bagaço de uva tem propriedades probióticas, justamente porque os frutos possuem mais fungos e bactérias em sua microbiota. Isso também confirma que os coprodutos da vitivinicultura podem atuar como promotores da saúde intestinal de ruminantes, justificando novos estudos no sentido de aprimorar esse uso. Portanto, a utilização de subprodutos do vinho é uma alternativa para reduzir os custos de produção, pois seu uso em dietas para ovinos confinados pode melhorar o desempenho dos animais, aumentando o consumo total de ração e melhorando a atividade microbiana.(AU)

Subproduct of the Wine Industry to Replace Forage for Feeding Confined Ovine

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of sheep receiving alternative food with grape pomace to replace roughage, as well as its impacts on the rumen environment. It was observed that BU had higher TOC, TRAM and pH of the ruminal liquid, while there was less TRU (P 0,05). As for the other parameters, no significant differences were found. In this study, just as the feeding time was not influenced due to the similarity of the concentrate: roughage ratio in the diet, the protozoan count did not change. This finding reinforces the possibility of using grape marc as a tool for formulating feed, reducing the risk of ruminal disturbances. It was observed that the group control had lower TRAM, indicating that the diet of this group promoted greater microbial activity and, consequently, greater digestibility, corroborating the already observed TOC. This result was the opposite of what was expected, since the grape pomace has probiotic properties, precisely because the fruits have more fungi and bacteria in their microbiota. This also confirms that the co-products of vitiviniculture can act as promoters of the intestinal health of ruminants, justifying further studies in order to improve this use. Therefore, the use of wine by-products is an alternative to reduce production costs, as its use in diets for confined sheep can improve the performance of the animals, increasing the total feed consumption and improving microbial activity.

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos recebendo ração alternativa com bagaço de uva em substituição ao volumoso, bem como seus impactos no ambiente ruminal. Observou-se que a BU apresentou maiores COT, TRAM e pH do líquido ruminal, enquanto houve menor TRU (P 0,05). Quanto aos demais parâmetros, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas. Neste estudo, assim como o tempo de alimentação não foi influenciado pela similaridade da relação concentrado: volumoso na dieta, a contagem de protozoários não se alterou. Esse achado reforça a possibilidade do uso do bagaço de uva como ferramenta na formulação de rações, reduzindo o risco de distúrbios ruminais. Observou-se que o grupo controle apresentou menor TRAM, indicando que a dieta desse grupo promoveu maior atividade microbiana e, consequentemente, maior digestibilidade, corroborando o COT já observado. Esse resultado foi o oposto do esperado, já que o bagaço de uva tem propriedades probióticas, justamente porque os frutos possuem mais fungos e bactérias em sua microbiota. Isso também confirma que os coprodutos da vitivinicultura podem atuar como promotores da saúde intestinal de ruminantes, justificando novos estudos no sentido de aprimorar esse uso. Portanto, a utilização de subprodutos do vinho é uma alternativa para reduzir os custos de produção, pois seu uso em dietas para ovinos confinados pode melhorar o desempenho dos animais, aumentando o consumo total de ração e melhorando a atividade microbiana.

Cardioprotection stimulated by resveratrol and grape products prevents lethal cardiac arrhythmias in an animal model of ischemia and reperfusion

Purpose: To evaluate the preventive cardioprotective effects of resveratrol and grape products, such as grape juice and red wine, in animal model of cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Methods: Male Wistar rats orally pretreated for 21-days with resveratrol and grape products were anesthetized and placed on mechanical ventilation to surgically induce cardiac ischemia and reperfusion by obstruction (ischemia) followed by liberation (reperfusion) of blood circulation in left descending coronary artery. These rats were submitted to the electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis to evaluate the effects of pretreatment with resveratrol and grape products on the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias (VA), atrioventricular block (AVB) and lethality (LET) resulting from cardiac ischemia and reperfusion. Results: It was observed that the incidence of AVB was significantly lower in rats pretreated with resveratrol (25%), grape juice (37.5%) or red wine (12.5%) than in rats treated with saline solution (80%) or ethanol (80%). Similarly, incidence of LET was also significantly lower in rats pretreated with resveratrol (25%), grape juice (25%) or red wine (0%) than in rats treated with saline solution (62.5%) or ethanol (75%). Conclusion: These results indicate that the cardioprotective response stimulated by resveratrol and grape products prevents the lethal cardiac arrhythmias in animal model of ischemia and reperfusion, supporting the idea that this treatment can be beneficial for prevention of severe cardiac arrhythmias in patients with ischemic heart disease.(AU)

In-row spacing and shoot thinning for Chardonnay grapevines in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The quality of sparkling wine reflects the climate and management of vineyard, since these factors affect grape development, berry composition, and base wine composition. Chardonnay vines were subjected to five in-row spacing distances (0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.50; and 2.0 m) combined with and without shoot thinning. For each in-row spacing, vines were thinned to 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 shoots per plant. Vegetative growth, yield, berry composition and base wine composition were analyzed for two years. Vines with decreased in-row spacing, presented fewer clusters and malic acid content in berries, mostly related to the shading effect. Shoot thinning increased bud fruitfulness and decreased leaf area per meter, leaf area per plant, and leaf layer number. In-row spacing from 1.5 m to 0.5 m showed promising results for the Southeast Brazil with higher yield per hectare and sufficient acidity to provide freshness in sparkling wines.

In-row spacing and shoot thinning for Chardonnay grapevines in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil

The quality of sparkling wine reflects the climate and management of vineyard, since these factors affect grape development, berry composition, and base wine composition. Chardonnay vines were subjected to five in-row spacing distances (0.5; 0.75; 1.0; 1.50; and 2.0 m) combined with and without shoot thinning. For each in-row spacing, vines were thinned to 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 shoots per plant. Vegetative growth, yield, berry composition and base wine composition were analyzed for two years. Vines with decreased in-row spacing, presented fewer clusters and malic acid content in berries, mostly related to the shading effect. Shoot thinning increased bud fruitfulness and decreased leaf area per meter, leaf area per plant, and leaf layer number. In-row spacing from 1.5 m to 0.5 m showed promising results for the Southeast Brazil with higher yield per hectare and sufficient acidity to provide freshness in sparkling wines.(AU)

Trellis systems, rootstocks and season influence on the phenolic composition of 'Chenin Blanc' grape

The biosynthesis of phenolic compounds might be influenced by environmental factors, such as solar radiation, temperature and relative air humidity, and production system. Some components of the production system, particularly the trellis system and rootstock, might change the phenolic composition of grapes due to microclimate of the cultivation region. In this study, the phenolic profile of Chenin Blanc grapes was characterized with different trellis systems and rootstocks in two consecutive production cycles by using high-performance liquid chromatography under tropical semi-arid conditions. In the second production cycle (Jan-May/2016), accumulation of (-) - epicatechin gallate and (-) - epigallocatechin gallate was higher when vigorous rootstocks were trellised to the lyre system, whereas the lyre system associated to rootstock SO4 resulted in higher rutin accumulation in the same cycle. There was little influence of the factors studied on trans-resveratrol and piceatannol accumulation. However, a higher accumulation of piceatannol was observed in the second productive cycle compared to cis-resveratrol and trans-resveratrol. This study highlights that accumulation of phenolic compounds is influenced not only by environmental factors typical of the production year season, but also by the trellis system and rootstock adopted. The identification of phenolic compounds in the accumulation stimulated by the combination of trellis system, rootstock, and production season allows to differentiate grape quality and add value to products derived from such combination in a tropical semi-arid region.

Trellis systems, rootstocks and season influence on the phenolic composition of 'Chenin Blanc' grape

The biosynthesis of phenolic compounds might be influenced by environmental factors, such as solar radiation, temperature and relative air humidity, and production system. Some components of the production system, particularly the trellis system and rootstock, might change the phenolic composition of grapes due to microclimate of the cultivation region. In this study, the phenolic profile of Chenin Blanc grapes was characterized with different trellis systems and rootstocks in two consecutive production cycles by using high-performance liquid chromatography under tropical semi-arid conditions. In the second production cycle (Jan-May/2016), accumulation of (-) - epicatechin gallate and (-) - epigallocatechin gallate was higher when vigorous rootstocks were trellised to the lyre system, whereas the lyre system associated to rootstock SO4 resulted in higher rutin accumulation in the same cycle. There was little influence of the factors studied on trans-resveratrol and piceatannol accumulation. However, a higher accumulation of piceatannol was observed in the second productive cycle compared to cis-resveratrol and trans-resveratrol. This study highlights that accumulation of phenolic compounds is influenced not only by environmental factors typical of the production year season, but also by the trellis system and rootstock adopted. The identification of phenolic compounds in the accumulation stimulated by the combination of trellis system, rootstock, and production season allows to differentiate grape quality and add value to products derived from such combination in a tropical semi-arid region.(AU)

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).

Impact of local conditions and machine management on grape harvest quality

Since its inception approximately 50 years ago, the grape harvester has been one of the machines responsible for the expansion of viticulture in the world. In Spain, harvesters were introduced in the 1990s (there are now approximately 3,000 machines there as of 2017), while they were introduced in Brazil in 2010. Harvest mechanization requires specific crop adaption and new work features that deserve to be analysed from their very beginnings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the management of four commercial grape harvest machines under actual field conditions on an intercontinental basis in two locations in Brazil and Spain. Machine performance measured by work (ha h1) and processing capacity (kg h1), together with field efficiency (%) and task quality, as measured by grape losses (%), in soil and plant, as well as must release (%), were considered in relation to plot geometry, adaption of plots to mechanical harvesting, and machine type, in order to assess whether the initial steps towards harvest mechanization in Brazil have led to similar performance and quality levels compared to Spain, which represents an example of well-established mechanization. The theoretical work capacities were similar for towed equipment in both countries (0.81 ha h1 in Brazil and 0.87 ha h1 in Spain) and lower compared to self-propelled capacity (1.34 ha h1). Significant differences were observed in terms of losses of grapes and must, with the highest values prevailing in Brazil (2 % grape losses in the ground; up to 23 % of the plant undetached grapes and must losses of 2-4 % (per kg vine productivity).(AU)

Microclima, produção e composição do mosto da ‘Syrah’ cultivada sob cobertura de plástico / Microclimate, yield and must composition of Syrah grapevine cultivated under plastic cover

Foi feita a caracterização do microclima do vinhedo, das variáveis de produção das videiras e das propriedades físico-químicas do mosto da uva para vinho ‘Syrah’ cultivada com cobertura e sem cobertura de plástico impermeável (ráfia). As videiras foram sustentadas em Y e manejadas em regime de safra de inverno na região produtora de uvas de Louveira, SP. Durante o período da maturação das uvas foram feitas determinações, na altura dos cachos, da radiação solar e da temperatura do ar. Na colheita foram determinadas as variáveis fitotécnicas (número de ramos, número de cachos, massa dos cachos e produtividade) e físico-químicas do mosto (teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total, teor de ácido tartárico, antocianinas, polifenóis totais e taninos). Os valores de temperatura máxima do ar foram superiores nas videiras sob cobertura de plástico em comparação às cultivadas a céu aberto enquanto a radiação solar foi mais elevada na condição sem cobertura. A produtividade e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais foram mais elevados para as videiras sob cobertura de plástico. Não foi observada influência da cobertura de plástico impermeável nos teores de antocianina, polifenóis totais e taninos das uvas.

The characterization of vineyard microclimate, plant variables and must physicochemical properties of the 'Syrah' wine grape was done for plants cultivated with and without waterproof plastic cover (“ráfia”). The grapevines were trained in Y-shaped trellis and cultivated during the winter growing season in the grape growing region of Louveira-SP, Brazil. During the grape maturation period, measurements of solar radiation and air temperature were taken at cluster height. In the harvest, the plant variables (number of branches, number of clusters, bunch weight and yield) and must physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, tartaric acid, anthocyanin, total polyphenols and tannins) were determined. Maximum temperature values were higher under plastic cover when compared to the open sky condition while solar radiation values were higher for the open sky condition. Yield and total soluble solids content values were higher for vines grown under plastic cover. No influence of the use of plastic cover was found for the levels of anthocyanin, total polyphenols and tannin of berries.

Microclima, produção e composição do mosto da ‘Syrah cultivada sob cobertura de plástico / Microclimate, yield and must composition of Syrah grapevine cultivated under plastic cover

Foi feita a caracterização do microclima do vinhedo, das variáveis de produção das videiras e das propriedades físico-químicas do mosto da uva para vinho ‘Syrah cultivada com cobertura e sem cobertura de plástico impermeável (ráfia). As videiras foram sustentadas em Y e manejadas em regime de safra de inverno na região produtora de uvas de Louveira, SP. Durante o período da maturação das uvas foram feitas determinações, na altura dos cachos, da radiação solar e da temperatura do ar. Na colheita foram determinadas as variáveis fitotécnicas (número de ramos, número de cachos, massa dos cachos e produtividade) e físico-químicas do mosto (teor de sólidos solúveis, acidez total, teor de ácido tartárico, antocianinas, polifenóis totais e taninos). Os valores de temperatura máxima do ar foram superiores nas videiras sob cobertura de plástico em comparação às cultivadas a céu aberto enquanto a radiação solar foi mais elevada na condição sem cobertura. A produtividade e o teor de sólidos solúveis totais foram mais elevados para as videiras sob cobertura de plástico. Não foi observada influência da cobertura de plástico impermeável nos teores de antocianina, polifenóis totais e taninos das uvas.(AU)

The characterization of vineyard microclimate, plant variables and must physicochemical properties of the 'Syrah' wine grape was done for plants cultivated with and without waterproof plastic cover (“ráfia”). The grapevines were trained in Y-shaped trellis and cultivated during the winter growing season in the grape growing region of Louveira-SP, Brazil. During the grape maturation period, measurements of solar radiation and air temperature were taken at cluster height. In the harvest, the plant variables (number of branches, number of clusters, bunch weight and yield) and must physicochemical characteristics (soluble solids content, total titratable acidity, tartaric acid, anthocyanin, total polyphenols and tannins) were determined. Maximum temperature values were higher under plastic cover when compared to the open sky condition while solar radiation values were higher for the open sky condition. Yield and total soluble solids content values were higher for vines grown under plastic cover. No influence of the use of plastic cover was found for the levels of anthocyanin, total polyphenols and tannin of berries.(AU)

Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.

Caracterização físico-química de silagens de bagaço de uvas tintas e brancas / Physicochemical characterization of ensiled red and white grape pomace

O uso do bagaço de uva, um coproduto da indústria da viticultura se apresenta como uma alternativa de reduzir custos com alimentação dos ruminantes, auxiliando também o meio ambiente, pois além de dar um destino a este material que é descartado pela indústria, ainda auxilia na redução da produção de metano pelos ruminantes. O objetivo neste trabalho teve por finalidade apresentar resultados físico-químicos de silagens de bagaço de uva, com diferentes variedades de uvas tintas e brancas. O processo de ensilagem foi realizado em microsilos de pvc, o delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas inteiramente casualizado, onde os silos foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos (uvas brancas e tintas) com três variedades de uvas cada, contendo três repetições, totalizando 18 silos. Avaliou-se a composição bromatológica das silagens de uvas brancas e tintas separadamente. Nas variedades de uvas brancas estudadas, a uva Chardonnay apresentou maiores teores de MS (23,23%), MO (92,10%), PB (12,60%) FDA (43,47%) e EE (7,02%) em relação às variedades Gewurztramine e Sauvignon Blanc. No que se refere às variedades tintas, não houve diferença (P<0,05) nos teores de PB, no entanto os valores de pH foram maiores (4,10) na variedade Cabernet Sauvignon. As uvas Merlot e Tannat apresentaram teores semelhantes (P<0,05) para MS, MO, MM e pH. As silagens de bagaço de uvas brancas e tintas deste estudo apresentam baixos valores de MS resultando em perdas nutricionais, com níveis de PB medianos quando comparados a outros estudos. Embora os valores de pH estejam adequados a boa fermentação do material ensilado, os teores de lignina e gordura são muito elevados, tornando este material ensilado com baixo valor nutricional para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, onde mais estudos devem ser realizados com este coproduto.(AU)

The use of grape pomace , a co-product of the wine industry, is an alternative to reduce the costs of ruminant feeding. In addition, it minimizes environmental problems by giving a destination to this material that is discarded by the industry and by reducing the methane production of ruminants. The objective of this work was to report the physicochemical results of grape pomace silage using different varieties of red and white grapes. The silos were divided into two treatments (white and red grapes) with three grape varieties, containing three replicates, totaling 18 silos. The ensiling process was carried out in PVC microsilos in a completely randomized design. The bromatological composition of the white and red grape silages was evaluated separately. Regarding the white grape varieties studied, the Chardonnay grape contained higher levels of DM (23.23%), OM (92.10%), CP (12.60%), ADF (43.47%), and EE (7.2%) compared to the Gewürztraminer and Sauvignon Blanc varieties. No differences (P<0.05) in CP were observed for the red grape varieties , but the pH values were higher (4.10) for the Cabernet Sauvignon variety. The Merlot and Tannat grapes had similar (P<0.05) DM, OM and MM contents and pH. The low DM content of the white and red grape pomace silages resulted in nutritional losses, with intermediate CP levels when compared to other studies . Although the pH values are adequate for good fermentation of the ensiled material, the lignin and fat contents are very high, a fact resulting in ensiled material of low nutritional value for use in ruminant feeding. Further studies using this co-product are necessary.(AU)