Sex and slaughter weight on carcass traits and non-carcass components of horses / Sexo e peso de abate sobre as características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de cavalos

ABSTRACT: The study evaluated the effect of sex and slaughter weight on carcass traits and non-carcass components of 1,489 horses (739 geldings and 750 females, classified into eight groups according to their weight). Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design. Geldings had a higher (P < 0.05) hot carcass yield (HCY) and cold carcass yield (CCY) than females; however, fat yellowness values (b*) were greater (P < 0.05) in females. Slaughter weight (SW) affected the carcass characteristics. Hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), HCY, and CCY increased (P < 0.05) in accordance with slaughter weight, while cool loss percentage (CL%) was lower (P < 0.05) in horses weighing more than 300 kg. In addition, the non-carcass components decreased (P < 0.05) as the weight of the horses increased. In conclusion, sex and body weight are factors to consider in the production of equine meat since they affect carcass characteristics and non-carcass components.

RESUMO: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do sexo e do peso ao abate sobre as características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de 1.489 cavalos (739 machos castrados e 750 fêmeas, classificados em oito grupos de acordo com o peso). Os dados foram analisados em um desenho inteiramente casualizado. Os semeadores apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça quente (HCY) e fria (CCY) do que as fêmeas, porém o amarelecimento da gordura (b*) foi maior nas fêmeas. O peso ao abate (SW) afetou as características de carcaça. HCW, CCW, HCY e CCY aumentaram de acordo com o peso de abate, enquanto CL% foi menor em equinos com peso superior a 300 kg. Além disso, os componentes não-carcaça diminuíram com o aumento do peso dos cavalos. Em conclusão, sexo e peso corporal são fatores a serem considerados na produção de carne equina, uma vez que afetam as características da carcaça e seus componentes.

Sex and slaughter weight on carcass traits and non-carcass components of horses / Sexo e peso de abate sobre as características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de cavalos

The study evaluated the effect of sex and slaughter weight on carcass traits and non-carcass components of 1,489 horses (739 geldings and 750 females, classified into eight groups according to their weight). Data were analyzed under a completely randomized design. Geldings had a higher (P < 0.05) hot carcass yield (HCY) and cold carcass yield (CCY) than females; however, fat yellowness values (b*) were greater (P < 0.05) in females. Slaughter weight (SW) affected the carcass characteristics. Hot carcass weight (HCW), cold carcass weight (CCW), HCY, and CCY increased (P < 0.05) in accordance with slaughter weight, while cool loss percentage (CL%) was lower (P < 0.05) in horses weighing more than 300 kg. In addition, the non-carcass components decreased (P < 0.05) as the weight of the horses increased. In conclusion, sex and body weight are factors to consider in the production of equine meat since they affect carcass characteristics and non-carcass components.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do sexo e do peso ao abate sobre as características de carcaça e componentes não-carcaça de 1.489 cavalos (739 machos castrados e 750 fêmeas, classificados em oito grupos de acordo com o peso). Os dados foram analisados em um desenho inteiramente casualizado. Os semeadores apresentaram maior rendimento de carcaça quente (HCY) e fria (CCY) do que as fêmeas, porém o amarelecimento da gordura (b*) foi maior nas fêmeas. O peso ao abate (SW) afetou as características de carcaça. HCW, CCW, HCY e CCY aumentaram de acordo com o peso de abate, enquanto CL% foi menor em equinos com peso superior a 300 kg. Além disso, os componentes não-carcaça diminuíram com o aumento do peso dos cavalos. Em conclusão, sexo e peso corporal são fatores a serem considerados na produção de carne equina, uma vez que afetam as características da carcaça e seus componentes.

Performance of 'BRS Magna' vines grown under different training systems, rootstocks and production cycles

Over the past decade, the business of producing juice from grapes (Vitis labrusca L. and hybrids) has been expanding in response to increasing consumption encouraged by campaigns promoting the benefits grape juice can have on health. This study aimed to determine the effect of the production cycle, vine training system, and rootstock on the yield and physical and physical-chemical characteristics of 'BRS Magna' grapes grown in the Vale do Submédio São Francisco in the northeastern region of Brazil. The study was conducted in Petrolina, Pernambuco, over eight production cycles (2017 to 2020). The grapevines were trained in three vine training trellis systems: espalier, lyre, and pergola; and grafted onto two rootstocks: IAC 572 and IAC 766. The production cycle, training system, and rootstocks affected the yield components, vigor, and physical characteristics of the BRS Magna grapes. The combination of the pergola training system and rootstock IAC 766 stood out from the others, providing mean yields estimated at 26 t ha -1 per production cycle. The soluble solids content (SS), titratable acidity (TA), and SS TA -1 ratio were affected neither by the training system nor the rootstock, and higher values for SS and lower values for TA were obtained in the first, second, fourth and eighth production cycles. Thus, the pergola training system and rootstock IAC 766 are recommended for promoting yield gains in the 'BRS Magna' grape in the Vale do Submédio São Francisco.(AU)

Phyllochron estimates on agronomic potential and physiological quality of millet / Estimativas do filocrono no potencial agronômico e na qualidade fisiológica do milheto

Millet is largely explored for a diversity of applications. The use of millet high-quality seeds is essential to increase grain yield. Accordingly, the purposeof this studywas to evaluate the yield variability of milletplants from higher and lower-quality seeds in the expression of dry matter yield parameters. The studywas conducted in the experimental and didactic area of IFRS -campusIbirubá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a completely randomized design. The treatments were plants from seeds of higher (HQS) and lower (LQS) quality and two season crops (2015/16 and 2017/18) in eight replications. Theemergence speed was appliedto identify plants from seeds of different qualities. The phyllochron, leaf number, height, stem diameter, number of nodes, and dry mass yield were the agronomic components evaluatedfor this study. Meteorological information was used to calculate phyllochron, water deficit, and average temperature. The collected data were submitted for analysis of variance and the Tukey test at a 5% probability of error. The HQS expressed lower phyllochron and most significant agronomic components. Furthermore, the 2015/16 crop had the lowest water deficit and obtained the best results.(AU)

O milheto é amplamente explorado para uma diversidade de aplicações. O uso de sementes de milheto de alta qualidade é essencial para aumentar a produtividade de grãos. Nesse sentido, o propósito deste estudo foi avaliar a variabilidade da produtividade de plantas de milheto provenientes de sementes de melhor e de menor qualidade na expressão dos parâmetros de produção de matéria seca. O estudo foi realizado na área experimental e didática do IFRS - campus Ibirubá, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram plantas provenientes de sementes de qualidade superior (SAS) e inferior (SQI) e duas safras (2015/16 e 2017/18) em oito repetições. A velocidade de emergência foi aplicada para identificar plantas a partir de sementes de diferentes qualidades. O filocrono, número de folhas, altura, diâmetro do caule, número de nós e rendimento de massa seca foram os componentes agronômicos avaliados para este estudo. As informações meteorológicas foram utilizadas para calcular o filocrono, o déficit hídrico e a temperatura média. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à análise de variância e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade de erro. O SQS expressou menor filocrono e componentes agronômicos mais significativos. Ainda, a safra 2015/16 apresentou o menor déficit hídrico e obteve os melhores resultados.(AU)

Path analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy in canola crop / Análise de trilha e espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo na cultura da canola

ABSTRACT: This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation).

RESUMO: Objetivou-se mensurar o efeito da associação entre caracteres agronômicos relacionados à produtividade de grãos de canola cultivada em diferentes épocas de semeadura, através da análise de trilha. Assim como também objetivou-se obter um método para predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, ajustando um modelo multivariado através da análise por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo quatro parcelas (épocas de semeadura) e seis subparcelas (híbridos de canola), com quatro repetições. Em cada híbrido foram realizadas observações fenológicas e determinada a produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância em ambiente R pelo teste F, a cinco de probabilidade. O teor de óleo nos grãos foi determinado pelo método químico tradicional, e com base na assinatura espectral no infravermelho próximo de amostras dos grãos foi estabelecida regressão dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-R) para estimar o teor de óleo nos grãos de canola. As épocas de semeadura influenciaram os componentes de produção e o teor de óleo dos grãos de todos híbridos. Os caracteres número de grãos em cinco plantas (0,6857) e altura (0,4943) apresentaram maiores estimativas de correlação positiva com a produtividade de grãos, assim como os maiores valores de efeito direto positivo sobre a produtividade, 0,2494 e 0,1595 respectivamente. Entretanto, o ciclo total (-0,7848), juntamente com dias em florescimento (-0,4520) apresentou correlação significativa negativa com a produtividade. A técnica NIR associada à PLS-R foi capaz de predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, resultando em bons modelos preditivos (R2 de 0,86 e RMSE de 1,56 na validação externa) que podem ser usados com sucesso na análise da qualidade das amostras após colheita e nos programas de melhoramento genético.

Production components of agroindustrial interest of sugarcane varieties under subsurface drip irrigation in semiarid conditions

The identification of promising commercial varieties for irrigated crops in semiarid conditions based on characters of interest to sugarcane agro-industries is important, considering the search for high sugarcane yields to obtain sustainable crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate production components of agroindustrial interest of different sugarcane varieties grown under subsurface drip irrigation in the Semiarid region of Brazil, during two crop cycles. A randomized block experimental design was used, in an 8×2 factorial arrangement (varieties and cycles) with three replications. The sugarcane juice quality, sugar yield, and culm yield were evaluated in each cycle. Gross sugar percentage, sugarcane culm yield, juice apparent sucrose content, and juice purity were affected by the crop cycles. Soluble solids content presented strong significant correlation with most variables of agroindustrial interest. The path coefficient analysis showed that juice apparent sucrose content was the explanatory character with higher direct effect on soluble solids and that this variable presented high indirect effects on most explanatory variables. The sugarcane varieties RB72454 and Q124 are recommended for production managements with drip irrigation under semiarid conditions. Soluble solids content can be used as an alternative for direct selection of varieties with higher sugar yields in different cycles.(AU)

Estimation of cropland prices in Rio Grande do Sul by multiple linear regression and principal component analysis / Estimação do preço das lavouras no Rio Grande do Sul por meio de regressão linear múltipla e análise de componentes principais

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to price croplands in Rio Grande do Sul State (southern Brazil) and point which variables had the most significant impact on prices. The main purpose was achieved using multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. The variables used in this study were planted area, production, price, and yield of the commodities soybean, wheat, and corn. The period under analysis was from January 1994 to December 2017 (biannual observations). Multiple linear regression showed that five variables contributed to land pricing, being three related to soybean and two to wheat. Multivariate analysis grouped the investigated variables into clusters and indicated their influence, in addition to providing information on land prices and reducing variable dimensionality from fourteen original variables to three principal components to be analyzed. The two analyses complemented each other so that the croplands' price was explained by three variables, in which two corroborated in constructing the pricing model for croplands.

RESUMO: Este estudo teve como objetivo a precificação de terra para lavouras no Rio Grande do Sul e apresentar quais variáveis possuem maior impacto no preço. O objetivo foi alcançado por meio da aplicação da análise de regressão linear múltipla e de componentes principais. Variáveis relacionadas às commodities soja, trigo e milho, como a área plantada, produção, cotação e rendimento, formaram o banco amostral para as duas metodologias, compreendendo o período de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2017, em observações bianuais. A regressão linear múltipla mostrou que três variáveis relacionadas à soja e duas ao trigo contribuem na precificação das terras. A análise multivariada agrupou as variáveis investigadas, indicando a influência entre as mesmas, fornecendo informações sobre o preço de terras e diminuindo a dimensionalidade do problema de 14 variáveis originais para três componentes a serem analisados. As duas análises se complementaram de forma que o preço de terras foi explicado por três variáveis e duas corroboraram na construção do modelo de precificação das lavouras.

Seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas aplicados em canola para controle de plantas daninhas / Selectivity and efficacy of herbicides applied to canola for weed control

O uso de herbicidas para o controle de plantas daninhas é ométodo mais empregado pela eficácia, rapidez e menor custo, porém poucos são os produtos registrados à cultura da canola. Diante disso, objetivou-se com os trabalhos avaliar a seletividade (ensaio I) e a eficácia (ensaio II) de herbicidas aplicados de modo isolado ou associados em pré e pós-emergência da canola para o controle de plantas daninhas. Os experimentos foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Em pré-emergência aplicou-se os herbicidas oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, flumiozaxin, trifluralin e em pós-emergência o fluazifop-p-butil, mais as testemunhas capinada e infestada. Foram avaliadas a fitotoxicidade e as características fisiológicas no ensaio de seletividade, e o controle das plantas daninhas nabo, azevém eaveia preta no experimento de eficácia. Nos dois experimentos determinou-se os números de síliquas por planta, de grãos por síliqua, densidade de plantas, massa de mil grãos e a produtividade de grãos. O oxyfluorfen aplicado em isolado ou associado ao fluazifop-p-butil ocasionouas maiores fitotoxicidades ao híbrido de canola Diamond. As menores fitotoxicidades foram observadas para o pendimethalin e ao fluazifop-p-butil aplicados em isolado ou associados. Todos os herbicidas testados causaram estresse na concentração interna de CO2, transpiração, condutância estomática, atividade fotossintética, eficiência do uso da água e de carboxilação. O flumioxazin e o fluazifop-p-butil aplicados em pré e pós-emergência da canola apresentaram os melhores resultados para os componentes de rendimento de grãos da cultura, especialmente maior produtividade, juntamente com a testemunha capinada no ensaio de seletividade. Nenhum dos tratamentos com herbicidas controlaram adequadamente o nabo (experimento 2), e a presença desta planta daninha afetounegativamente os componentes de rendimento de grãos da canola. O fluazifop-p-butil aplicado em isolado ou associado ao oxifluorfen, pendimethalin, flumioxazin e trifluralin apresentaram os melhores controles de azevém e aveia preta.(AU)

The use of herbicides for weed control is the most used method due to its effectiveness, speed, and lower cost, but few products are registered for canola crops. In this way, the objective of this work was to evaluate the selectivity (experiment 1) and efficiency(experiment 2) of herbicides applied alone or in association in pre-and post-emergence of canola for weed control. The experiments were carried out in randomized blocks design, with four replications. In pre-emergence, the herbicides oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, flumiozaxin, and trifluralin were applied, and in post-emergence, fluazifop-p-butyl, plus weeded and infested controls. Phytotoxicity and physiological characteristics were evaluated in the selectivity experiment, and the control of turnip, ryegrass, and black oat weeds were evaluated in the efficacy experiment. In both experiments, the number of siliques per plant, grains per silique, plant density, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield were determined. Oxyfluorfen applied alone or associated with fluazifop-p-butyl caused the highest phytotoxicity to the Diamond canola hybrid. The lowest phytotoxicities were observed for pendimethalin and fluazifop-p-butyl applied alone or in an association. All tested herbicides caused stress on internal CO2concentration, transpiration, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic activity, water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency. Flumioxazin and fluazifop-p-butyl applied pre-and post-emergence of canola showed the best results for the crop yield components, especially higher productivity, also with the weeded control in the selectivity experiment. None of the herbicide treatments controlled turnip properly (experiment 2), and the presence of this weed negatively affected canola yield components. Fluazifop-p-butyl applied alone or in association with oxyfluorfen, pendimethalin, flumioxazin, and trifluralin showed the best controls of ryegrass and black oat.(AU)

Updating knowledge in estimating the genetics parameters: Multi-trait and Multi-Environment Bayesian analysis in rice

Among the multi-trait models selected to study several traits and environments jointly, the Bayesian framework has been a preferred tool when constructing a more complex and biologically realistic model. In most cases, non-informative prior distributions are adopted in studies using the Bayesian approach. However, the Bayesian approach presents more accurate estimates when informative prior distributions are used. The present study was developed to evaluate the efficiency and applicability of multi-trait multi-environment (MTME) models within a Bayesian framework utilizing a strategy for eliciting informative prior distribution using previous data on rice. The study involved data pertaining to rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes in three environments and five crop seasons (2010/2011 until 2014/2015) for the following traits: grain yield (GY), flowering in days (FLOR) and plant height (PH). Variance components, genetic and non-genetic parameters were estimated using the Bayesian method. In general, the informative prior distribution in Bayesian MTME models provided higher estimates of individual narrow-sense heritability and variance components, as well as minor lengths for the highest probability density interval (HPD), compared to their respective non-informative prior distribution analyses. More informative prior distributions make it possible to detect genetic correlations between traits, which cannot be achieved with non-informative prior distributions. Therefore, this mechanism presented to update knowledge for an elicitation of an informative prior distribution can be efficiently applied in rice breeding programs.

Path analysis and near-infrared spectroscopy in canola crop / Análise de trilha e espectroscopia no infravermelho próximo na cultura da canola

This study measured the effect of the association between agronomic traits related to the yield of canola grains grown at different sowing dates through path analysis. Another objective was to obtain a method to predict the oil content in the grains, fitting a multivariate model through near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy analysis. The experiment was conducted in the field using a randomized block design in plots subdivided by time, with four plots (sowing dates), six subplots (canola hybrids), and four replicates. In each hybrid, phenological observations were performed, and the grain yield was determined. The data were subjected to analysis of variance in the R environment using the F test at 5% probability. The oil content in the grains was determined by the traditional chemical method, and based on the NIR spectral signature of the grain samples, partial least squares regression (PLS-R) was established to estimate the oil content in the canola grains. The sowing dates influenced the production components and oil content of the grains of all hybrids. The trait number of grains in five plants (0.6857) and their height (0.4943) had greater estimates of positive correlations with grain yield, as well as higher values of positive direct effects on yield (0.2494 and 0.1595, respectively). The NIR technique combined with PLS-R was able to predict the oil content in the grains, resulting in good predictive models (R2 of 0.86 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.56 in external validation).

Objetivou-se mensurar o efeito da associação entre caracteres agronômicos relacionados à produtividade de grãos de canola cultivada em diferentes épocas de semeadura, através da análise de trilha. Assim como também objetivou-se obter um método para predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, ajustando um modelo multivariado através da análise por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho próximo. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, utilizando-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo, sendo quatro parcelas (épocas de semeadura) e seis subparcelas (híbridos de canola), com quatro repetições. Em cada híbrido foram realizadas observações fenológicas e determinada a produtividade de grãos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância em ambiente R pelo teste F, a cinco de probabilidade. O teor de óleo nos grãos foi determinado pelo método químico tradicional, e com base na assinatura espectral no infravermelho próximo de amostras dos grãos foi estabelecida regressão dos mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS-R) para estimar o teor de óleo nos grãos de canola. As épocas de semeadura influenciaram os componentes de produção e o teor de óleo dos grãos de todos híbridos. Os caracteres número de grãos em cinco plantas (0,6857) e altura (0,4943) apresentaram maiores estimativas de correlação positiva com a produtividade de grãos, assim como os maiores valores de efeito direto positivo sobre a produtividade, 0,2494 e 0,1595 respectivamente. Entretanto, o ciclo total (-0,7848), juntamente com dias em florescimento (-0,4520) apresentou correlação significativa negativa com a produtividade. A técnica NIR associada à PLS-R foi capaz de predizer o teor de óleo nos grãos, resultando em bons modelos preditivos (R2 de 0,86 e RMSE de 1,56 na validação externa) que podem ser usados com sucesso na análise da qualidade das amostras após colheita e nos programas de melhoramento genético.

Bioagents and mix of cover plants affecting soybean / Bioagentes e mix de plantas de cobertura afetando a soja

The search for cultivation practices that provide productive, social and environmental benefits to the agroecosystem isof great importance for the sustainable intensification of agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of multifunctional microorganisms (MM) and mix of cover crops on gas exchange, production components and grain yield of soybean. In the field experiment, conducted by two growing seasons, the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 8x2 was used, with four replications. The treatments were composed by the combination of eight vegetal cover and the use or not of MM. The vegetal cover were composed of: 1. Fallow, 2. Corn, 3. Mix 1 (white lupine, buckwheat, white oats, black oats, Crotalaria ochroleuca, C. juncea, turnip, coracana grass, white lupine), 4. Mix 2 (millet, C. ochroleuca, black oats, white oats, buckwheat, coracana grass), 5. Mix 3 (Millet, C. ochroleuca, black oats, white oats, buckwheat, coracana grass), 6. Mix 4 (C. spectabilis, buckwheat, millet and C. breviflora), 7. Mix 5 (oats, buckwheat, millet, piatã grass and C. Ocholeuca); and 8. Mix 6. (black oats, turnip forage, white lupine, coracana grass, buckwheat). The MM consortium used was Serratia marcenses(BRM 32114) + Bacillus sp.(BRM 63573). Soybean plants coinoculated with (BRM 32114) + (BRM 63573) showed an increase in photosynthetic rate (16.65%), stomatal conductance (37.50%), internal CO2concentration (10%), number of pods per plant (15%), mass of 100 grains (4.04%) and grain yield (14.83%). However, no differences were observed in soybean plants grown in succession to the mix of cover crops, except for the number of grains per pod. Therefore, in this study, the highlight was the consortium of multifunctional microorganisms, technology considered strategic for the sustainable intensification of agriculture.(AU)

A busca por práticas de cultivo que proporcionem benefícios produtivos, sociaiseambientaisao agroecossistemaé de grande importância para aintensificação sustentável da agricultura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o efeito demicrorganismos multifuncionais (MM)emix de plantas decoberturasobre as trocas gasosas, componentes de produção e produtividadede grãosdasoja. Noexperimento de campo, conduzido por duas safras agrícolas,utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 8x2, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram compostos pelacombinação de oito coberturas vegetaise do usoou não MM. As coberturasvegetais foram compostas de:1. Pousio; 2. Milho; 3. Mix 1 (Tremoço Branco, Trigo Mourisco, Aveia Branca, Aveia Preta, Crotalariaochroleuca, C.Juncea, Nabo Forrageiro, Capim coracana)4. Mix 2 (trigo Mourisco, C.spectabiliis, nabo forrageiro, aveia preta); 5. Mix 3 (Milheto, C. ochroleuca, aveia preta, aveia branca, trigo mourisco, Capim coracana); 6. Mix 4 (C. spectabilis, trigo mourisco, milheto e C.breviflora); 7. Mix 5 (Aveia, Trigo Mourisco, Milheto, Piatãe C.ocholeuca); e 8. Mix 6.(Aveia preta, Nabo Forrageiro, Tremoço Branco, Capim coracana, Trigo Mourisco). O consórciode MM utilizadofoi Serratiamarcenses(BRM 32114) + Bacillussp.(BRM63573). Plantas de soja coinoculadas com (BRM 32114) + (BRM63573)apresentaram aumento na taxa fotossintética (16,65%), condutância estomática (37,50%),concentração interna de CO2(10%), número de vagens por planta (15%),massa de 100 grãos (4,04%) e produtividade de grãos (14,83%). Contudo, não foram observadas diferenças nasplantas de soja cultivadasem sucessão aos mix de plantas de cobertura, com exceção do número de grãos por vagem.Portanto, nesse estudo, o destaque foi para o consórcio de microrganismos multifuncionais, tecnologiaconsideradaestratégica para a intensificação sustentável da agricultura.(AU)

Estimation of repeatability and genotypic superiority of elephant grass half-sib families for energy purposes using mixed models

The mixed-model methodology is an alternative to select genotypes for traits highly influenced by the environment. In addition, this method allows FOR estimating the repeatability coefficient and predicting the number of assessments needed for a selection process to increase reliability. This study aimed to determine the minimum number of evaluations necessary for a reliable selection process and to estimate the variance components used for predicting genetic gains between and within half-sib families of elephant grass ( Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone ) using the mixed-model methodology. Half-sib families were generated using genotypes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Elephant Grass. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with nine half-sib families, three replicates, and eight plants per plot. We evaluated 216 genotypes (individual plants) of elephant grass. The deviance analysis was carried out, genetic parameters were estimated, gains between and within families were predicted, and repeatability coefficients were obtained using Selegen software. There was genetic variability for selection within the families evaluated. The reliability values found above 60 % for plant height and number of tillers and above 80 % for dry matter yield suggest that only two evaluations are required to select superior genotypes with outstanding reliability. Sixteen genotypes were identified and selected for their productive potential, which can be used as parents in elephant grass breeding programs for bioenergy production.(AU)

Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza on quantitative and qualitative traits of maize / Efeito da aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico e micorrizas em características quantitativas e qualitativas do milho

An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of maize during 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. Split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Experimental factors included mycorrhiza species of (G. mosseae), (G. geosporum) and (G. intraradices) at two levels (no consumption and consumption of mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid at two levels (no consumption and consumption of 1 mµ of salicylic acid). Results of interaction effects of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid on the measured traits revealed that the maximum 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen percentage and yield of maize grain protein were observed in G. mosseae treatment under foliar application of salicylic acid. Foliar application of salicylic acid increases the root length and provides the necessary conditions for increasing water and nutrient uptake alongwith increase in photosynthesis and thus allocates more photosynthetic substance for development of reproductive organs. Hence, it increases maize grain weight and accordingly grain yield. In general, the results revealed that mycorrhiza and foliar application of salicylic acid increase growth indicators, yield and yield components. It also improved the quality traits of the maize plant. Based on results, the interaction effect of G. mosseae treatment and foliar application of salicylic acid yielded better results than other treatments. Mycorrhiza increases the number of grain in the ear, the number of rows in the ear, increases the plant's ability to absorb phosphorus, and the increase of mycorrhiza along with salicylic acid shows the maximum grain yield in maize. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid can be effective in increasing grain in the plant.

Um experimento foi realizado para investigar o efeito da simbiose micorrízica e aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico em características quantitativas e qualitativas do milho durante 2018 e 2019 na fazenda de pesquisa da Universidade Islâmica Azad, Chalous Branch. Foi usada uma parcela dividida em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os fatores experimentais incluíram espécies de micorrizas (G. mosseae, G. geosporum e G. intraradices) em dois níveis (sem consumo e com consumo de micorrizas) e ácido salicílico em dois níveis (sem consumo e com consumo de 1 mµ de ácido salicílico). Os resultados dos efeitos da interação de micorriza e ácido salicílico nas características medidas revelaram que peso máximo de 1.000 grãos, rendimento de grãos, rendimento biológico, fósforo, potássio, porcentagem de nitrogênio e rendimento de proteína de grão de milho foram observados no tratamento G. mosseae sob aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico. A aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico aumenta o comprimento da raiz e fornece as condições necessárias para aumentar a absorção de água e nutrientes juntamente com o aumento da fotossíntese e, assim, aloca mais substância fotossintética para o desenvolvimento dos órgãos reprodutivos. Assim, aumenta o peso do grão de milho e, consequentemente, o rendimento de grãos. Em geral, os resultados revelaram que a micorriza e a aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico aumentam os indicadores de crescimento, rendimento e componentes do rendimento. Também melhoram as características de qualidade da planta de milho. Com base nos resultados, o efeito de interação do tratamento G. mosseae e aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico produziu melhores resultados do que outros tratamentos. A micorriza aumenta o número de grãos na espiga, o número de fileiras na espiga e a capacidade da planta de absorver fósforo, e o aumento da micorriza junto com o ácido salicílico mostra o rendimento máximo de grãos no milho. Por fim, pode-se concluir que o uso de micorriza e ácido salicílico pode ser eficaz no incremento de grãos na planta.

Effect of adding Spirulina platensis algae to small ruminant rations on productive, reproductive traits and some blood components

This experiment conducted using 20 Rahmani ewes at the last third of pregnancy in two equal groups. One group served as control, while the other group received Spirulina platensis(SP) at the rate of 0.5 gm 10 kg-1live body weight. The objective was to find out the effect of adding Spirulina platensisalgae to small ruminant rations on reproductive and productive traits and blood components of sheep. The experiments lasted for 120 days for both dams and their lambs after weaning. The findings proved that adding SP in ewes' diets had no effect on the average of live body weight change. Average milk yield was significantly (p <0.01) higher in the treatment group than the control. Lamb's birth weight and daily body gain of the treated group were significantly (p <0.01) higher than the control. Blood and serum picture profile of ewes were significantly higher when fed SP additive than the control.It could be concluded that the addition of SP to the ration of sheep positively preserved their health, productive and reproductive status as well as their lambs' growth rate. Also the additive improved the economic efficiency of treated animals by about 53.13%.(AU)

Amino acids foliar application for maximizing growth, productivity and quality of peanut grown under sandy soil / Aplicação foliar de aminoácidos para maximizar o crescimento, produtividade e qualidade do amendoim cultivado em solo arenoso

Two field experiments were conducted during 2019 and 2020 summer seasons at the experimental station of national research center, Al-Nubaryia district, El-Behaira Governorate, Egypt, to study the effect of Phenyl alanine and Aspartic acid foliar fertilizers at rates of (0.0, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on morphological characters, photosynthetic pigments, seed yield and its components as well as seed quality of groundnut grown under sandy soil. Results indicated superiority of aspartic acid over phenyl alanine on increasing different growth parameters, chlorophyll b, biological and seed yields/plant, biological, seed and oil yields (kg/fed.), % of carbohydrate in peanut seeds. Meanwhile, phenyl alanine was superior on increasing carotenoids, indole acetic acid, phenolics, free amino acids, flavonoids, Lycopene, ß-Carotene contents, antioxidant activity expressed as (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl DPPH %) and shilling percentage. In addition, aspartic acid and phenyl alanine with various levels caused significant increases in growth and seed yield quantity and quality of peanut plants through increases in photosynthetic pigments, indole acetic acid, phenolics and free amino acids contents. Aspartic acid was more effective than phenyl alanine, Foliar treatment with 100 mg/L aspartic acid increased oil yield (700.36 over 568.05 ton/fed.) and seed yield (1531.98 over 1253.49 kg/fed.). Finally, it can conclude that using aspartic acid and phenyl alanine as foliar treatment improved growth and yield of ground nut plants under sandy soil.

Dois experimentos de campo foram conduzidos durante as temporadas de verão de 2019 e 2020 na estação experimental do centro nacional de pesquisa, distrito de Al-Nubaryia, província de El-Behaira, Egito, para estudar o efeito de fenilalanina e fertilizantes foliares de ácido aspártico a taxas de (0,0, 50, 75 e 100ppm) em caracteres morfológicos, pigmentos fotossintéticos, rendimento de sementes e seus componentes, bem como qualidade de sementes de amendoim cultivadas em solo arenoso. Os resultados indicaram superioridade do ácido aspártico sobre a fenilalanina no aumento de diferentes parâmetros de crescimento, clorofila b, rendimento biológico e de sementes/planta, biológico, de sementes e óleo (Kg/alimentado), porcentagem de carboidratos em sementes de amendoim. Enquanto isso, a fenilalanina foi superior no aumento de carotonóides, ácido indolacético, fenólicos, aminoácidos livres, flavonóides, licopeno, teores de B-caroteno, atividade antioxidante expressa como (1,1-difenil2-picrilhidrazil DPPH%) e porcentagem de shilling. Além disso, ácido aspártico e fenilalanina com vários níveis causaram aumentos significativos no crescimento e produção de sementes, quantidade e qualidade de plantas de amendoim através de aumentos nos teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos, ácido indolacético, fenólicos e aminoácidos livres. O ácido aspártico foi mais eficaz que a fenilalanina. O tratamento foliar com 100 mg/L de ácido aspártico aumentou o rendimento de óleo (700,36 sobre 568,05 ton./alimentado) e o rendimento de sementes (1531,98 sobre 1253,49 kg/alimentação). Finalmente, pôde-se concluir que o uso de ácido aspártico e fenilalanina como tratamento foliar melhorou o crescimento e a produção de plantas de amendoim em solo arenoso.

Estimation of cropland prices in Rio Grande do Sul by multiple linear regression and principal component analysis / Estimação do preço das lavouras no Rio Grande do Sul por meio de regressão linear múltipla e análise de componentes principais

This study aimed to price croplands in Rio Grande do Sul State (southern Brazil) and point which variables had the most significant impact on prices. The main purpose was achieved using multiple linear regression and principal component analysis. The variables used in this study were planted area, production, price, and yield of the commodities soybean, wheat, and corn. The period under analysis was from January 1994 to December 2017 (biannual observations). Multiple linear regression showed that five variables contributed to land pricing, being three related to soybean and two to wheat. Multivariate analysis grouped the investigated variables into clusters and indicated their influence, in addition to providing information on land prices and reducing variable dimensionality from fourteen original variables to three principal components to be analyzed. The two analyses complemented each other so that the croplands' price was explained by three variables, in which two corroborated in constructing the pricing model for croplands.

Este estudo teve como objetivo a precificação de terra para lavouras no Rio Grande do Sul e apresentar quais variáveis possuem maior impacto no preço. O objetivo foi alcançado por meio da aplicação da análise de regressão linear múltipla e de componentes principais. Variáveis relacionadas às commodities soja, trigo e milho, como a área plantada, produção, cotação e rendimento, formaram o banco amostral para as duas metodologias, compreendendo o período de janeiro de 1994 a dezembro de 2017, em observações bianuais. A regressão linear múltipla mostrou que três variáveis relacionadas à soja e duas ao trigo contribuem na precificação das terras. A análise multivariada agrupou as variáveis investigadas, indicando a influência entre as mesmas, fornecendo informações sobre o preço de terras e diminuindo a dimensionalidade do problema de 14 variáveis originais para três componentes a serem analisados. As duas análises se complementaram de forma que o preço de terras foi explicado por três variáveis e duas corroboraram na construção do modelo de precificação das lavouras.

Heat stress effects on the lactation performance, reproduction, and alleviating nutritional strategies in dairy cattle, a review

Heat stress response in dairy cattle affects milk production, quality, body temperature, and other parameters. Dairy cows will most likely experience increased heat stress with unabated global warming. Elevated temperatures and humidity reduce feed intake, harm reproductive potential， and reduce milk production. Heat stress is more common in high-yielding cows than in low-yielding ones. In addition to reducing milk production, heat stress can also reduce milk quality. During lactation, internal metabolic heat production can further reduce cattle's substances to high temperatures, resulting in altered milk composition and decreased milk yield. Several studies proposed various nutritional strategies such as dietary fats, dietary fibers, microbial diets, mineral substances, vitamins, metal ion buffers, plant extracts, and other antistress additives. This review addresses the challenging study on the effects of heat stress on nutritional and fed intake perturbations, milk and components yield, immune system activation, and reproduction parameters. It proves that specific nutritional strategies effectively mitigate the harmful effects of heat stress in dairy cattle.(AU)

Pyruvic acid as attenuator of water deficit in cotton plants varying the phenological stage / Ácido pirúvico como atenuante do déficit hídrico em algodoeiros variando a fase fenológica

The lack of water during crop growth causes damage to any production system, especially when it occurs during the initial establishment or beginning of the reproductive stage. Although cotton can be properly managed in regions with water limitation, its yield is affected at different levels according to the genetics of the cultivar adopted. Exogenous application of some organic components has shown a stress-mitigating effect and can be a valuable procedure to enhance the yield of water stress-sensitive cultivars. The objective of this work was to evaluate the benefits of exogenous application of pyruvic acid (100 µM) in cotton plants under water deficit varying the phenological stage of the crop. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where the plants were grown in pots and subjected to seven days of water suspension, initiated individually in stages V2 and B1. Each pot contained two plants. The treatments adopted were: T1 - control, T2 - water suppression; and T3 - water suppression + pyruvate application. The design was randomized blocks in a factorial scheme (3 × 3) with three replicates. The reductions in gas exchange and growth of the cultivars BRS Seridó, CNPA 7MH and FM 966 were more significant in the reproductive stage, especially for FM 966, which was more sensitive. Pyruvate application reduced the effects of water suppression on boll production by 31% in BRS Seridó and 34% in CNPA 7MH and FM 966.

A falta d'água durante o crescimento da cultura traz prejuízos em qualquer sistema de produção, especialmente quando ocorre durante o estabelecimento inicial ou início da fase reprodutiva. O algodoeiro, apesar de ter larga habilidade para manejo em regiões com limitação hídrica, tem o rendimento afetado, com níveis diferenciados em função da genética do cultivar adotado. A aplicação exógena de alguns componentes orgânicos tem demonstrado efeito mitigador do estresse podendo ser um aditivo valioso para impulsionar a produtividade de cultivares sensíveis ao estresse hídrico. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar os benefícios da aplicação exógena de ácido pirúvico (100 µM) em algodoeiros sob déficit hídrico variando a fase fenológica da cultura. O ensaio foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, onde as plantas foram cultivadas em vasos e submetidas a sete dias de suspensão hídrica, iniciadas, individualmente, nas fases V2 e B1. Cada vaso conteve duas plantas. Os tratamentos adotados foram: T1- controle, T2 - supressão hídrica; T3- supressão hídrica + aplicação de piruvato. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial (3 × 3) com três repetições. Foi observado que as reduções nas trocas gasosas e crescimento das cultivares BRS Seridó, CNPA 7MH e FM 966 foram mais expressivas na fase reprodutiva, especialmente da última que se mostrou mais sensível. A aplicação de piruvato mitigou os efeitos da supressão hídrica sobre a produção de capulhos 31% na BRS Seridó e 34% em CNPA 7MH e FM 966.

Effects of maternal nutrition in the final third of gestation on performance and body composition of progeny at slaughter / Efeito da nutrição materna no terço final da gestação sobre a composição corporal da progênie ao abate

This study aimed to assess how maternal nutrition in the final third of gestation affects progeny weight performance and body composition. Forty-one steers were included, born to cows subjected to different nutritional levels during this period: 13 cows without supplementation and under nutritional restriction (RES), 16 cows supplemented to meet 100% of requirements (REQ), and 12 cows supplemented to meet 150% of requirements (HIGH). The study design was completely randomized. Progeny performance was not influenced by maternal nutrition during gestation (P > 0.05). However, RES animals excelled during challenging periods, while REQ and HIGH animals performed better in nutritionally favorable environments. Maternal nutrition in the final third of gestation did not impact the contribution of non-carcass components (16.42%) and internal organs (3.17%). RES and HIGH steers had a higher relative weight of the rumen (2.48%) compared to REQ steers (2.24%), resulting in a greater proportion of the gastrointestinal tract (8.25% vs. 7.63%). Carcass characteristics did not differ significantly between treatments (P > 0.05), with an average hot carcass weight and yield of 304.28 kg and 57.80%, respectively. The primary fore, side, and hind cuts represented 39.22%, 10.64%, and 50.67% of the carcass, respectively. Overall, maternal nutrition during gestation affects fetal development, leading to modifications in body composition and, consequently, the productive potential of the offspring.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da nutrição materna no terço final da gestação sobre o desempenho ponderal e a composição corporal da progênie. Foram utilizados 41 novilhos de vacas submetidas a diferentes níveis nutricionais durante o terço final de gestação: 13 vacas sem suplementação sob restrição nutricional (RES); 16 vacas suplementadas para atender 100% das exigências (REQ); 12 vacas suplementadas para atender 150% das exigências (HIGH). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado. O desempenho da progênie não foi influenciado pela nutrição materna na gestação (P > 0,05), porém, animais RES se sobresaem em períodos desafiadores, enquanto que os REQ e HIGH desempenharam melhor em ambientes nutricionalmente favoráveis. A nutrição materna no terço final da gestação não influenciou a participação dos componentes não carcaça (16,42%) e órgãos internos (3,17%). O peso relativo do rúmen foi maior nos novilhos RES e HIGH (2,48%) em relação aos novilhos REQ (2,24%), resultando em maior participação do trato gastrointestinal (8,25 vs 7,63%, respectivamente). As características quantitativas da carcaça foram semelhantes entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05), com peso médio de carcaça quente e rendimento equivalente a 304,28 kg e 57,80%. A participação dos cortes primários dianteiro, lateral e traseiro foi de 39,22, 10,64 e 50,67%, respectivamente. Diante do exposto, concluímos que a nutrição materna na gestação afeta a formação fetal de modo a modificar a composição corporal e consequentemente o potencial produtivo dos descendentes.

Phenotypic characteristics and genetic diversity of new broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) varieties in China

Due to its high nutritional value, broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) is one of the most popular vegetables worldwide. This study assessed 36 phenotypic characteristics of 111 broccoli varieties to understand the phenotypic diversity of new broccoli varieties and improve their breeding speed with advantages and characteristics in China, including 108 new varieties and three varieties of common knowledge. The genetic diversity, the principal component, and the cluster of phenotypic characteristics of broccoli varieties were further investigated. The results showed that the coefficients of variation of 36 characteristics ranged between 11.18 % and 94.99 %, with their diversity index between 0.26 and 1.82. The 111 broccoli varieties were further classified into eight groups, primarily attributed to the differences in phenotypic characteristics, including curd weight, main stem thickness, plant development degree, plant height, and anthocyanin coloration. The cumulative contribution rate of the first five principal components reached 81.186 %, corresponding to 12 representative phenotypic traits. The analysis indicated that the phenotypic characteristics of broccoli were rich in diversity, especially for several characteristics appreciated by the market, such as weight, curd firmness, and anthocyanin coloration. This study revealed the basic information on the genetic diversity of new broccoli varieties in China from 2017 to 2019 and provided potential breeding strategies for broccoli to meet diverse market demands.