Thromboembolism in a bitch - diagnosis by infrared thermography

Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Sheep naturally infected with Anaplasma ovis - evaluation of cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers

Background: Anaplasmosis, also called gall sickness or tropical bovine ehrlichiosis, is an infectious disease caused by species belonging to the genus Anaplasma in domestic and wild animals in tropical and subtropical regions. Anaplasma ovis and A. phagocytophilum are important pathogens of sheep. A. ovis is considered the most common species affecting sheep. The infection is usually subclinical and progresses with high fever, anaemia, icterus, weight loss and abortions. This study aimed to investigate changes in cardiac damage markers, oxidative stress and antioxidant status, cytokines, and acute phase proteins in sheep naturally infected with A. ovis. Materials, Methods & Results: For this purpose, a total of 40 animals, including 20 healthy sheep and 20 sheep infected with anaplasmosis, were used. A. ovis was diagnosed based on clinical findings and peripheral blood smear. Blood smears were prepared from the ear vein. The smears were stained with Giemsa and examined for the presence of Anaplasma spp. Infection was also confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. The genomic DNA was isolated from blood, and the MSP-4 gene region was amplified as A. ovis specific target gene. Twenty clinically healthy sheep of the same age group, reared under the same conditions and testing negative in the molecular assessment were used as controls. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein and and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum stored at -20°C until the analysis stage. Serum samples were used for the analysis of cardiac damage markers [troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and aspartate transaminase (AST)], oxidative stress parameters [malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx)], cytokines [interleukins IL-6, IL-1ß and IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ)] and acute phase proteins [C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and haptoglobin (Hp)]. cTnI and CK-MB levels were measured using a chemiluminescent immunoassay. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT, GPx, TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, SAA and Hp levels were measured by an ELISA reader. LDH, AST and CRP levels were measured in an autoanalyzer. cTnI and LDH levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The concentration of AST was decreased in infected animals. MDA, TAS, SOD, CAT and GPx levels were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). The levels of the inflammatory parameters such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-10 and IFN-γ were significantly increased in the infected animals compared to the healthy ones (P < 0.05). Hp level were significantly increased in the infected group compared with the control group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant change in CK-MB, SAA and CRP concentrations in the infected animals (P > 0.05). Discussion: Ovine anaplasmosis is an obligate intracellular arthropod disease that causes widespread changes in haematobiochemical, immune response and oxidative stress parameters. Cardiac damage is often overlooked in field conditions due to the lack of adequate knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease. Our results showed that A. ovis infection leads to significant changes in cardiac biomarkers and that the parasite can cause cardiac dysfunction. This is the first report on cardiac damage markers in Anaplasma-infected sheep. Additionally, the levels of proinflammatory and oxidative stress markers that may cause functional disorders were also found to be increased. Thus, measuring markers of cardiac function, oxidative stress and inflammation can be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of ovine anaplasmosis.

Aspectos da hemoplasmose em búfalos: revisão bibliográfica / Aspects of hemoplasmosis in buffaloes: literature review / Aspectos de la hemoplasmosis en búfalos: revisión de la literatura

Búfalos são animais rústicos que podem ser explorados para a produção de carne ou leite. Estes animais são susceptíveis a enfermidades que também acometem outras espécies de ruminantes, principalmente os bovinos. Entretanto, acredita-se que os bubalinos sejam mais resistentes a algumas doenças, mas ainda há poucos estudos epidemiológicos abrangendo doenças infecciosas como a hemoplasmose em búfalos. A hemoplasmose é causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos ou hemoplasmas, que são bactérias gram-negativas causadoras de anemia hemolítica em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' são as principais espécies de hemoplasmas que podem infectar búfalos. A transmissão da doença ocorre principalmente por meio de vetores artrópodes hematófagos ou por via iatrogênica. O diagnóstico de animais infectados é realizado por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Medidas de prevenção e controle são essenciais para o controle desta enfermidade nos rebanhos bubalinos.

Buffalo are rustic animals that can be exploited for meat or milk production. These animals are susceptible to diseases that also affect other species of ruminants, especially cattle. However, it is believed that buffalo are more resistant to some diseases, but there are still few epidemiological studies covering infectious diseases such as hemoplasmosis in buffaloes. Hemoplasmosis is caused by hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas, which are gram-negative bacteria that cause hemolytic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' are the main hemoplasma species that can infect buffaloes. Transmission of the disease occurs mainly via hematophagous arthropod vectors or iatrogenically. The diagnosis of infected animals is made by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Prevention and control measures are essential for the control of this disease in buffalo herds.

Los búfalos son animales rústicos que pueden ser explotados para la producción de carne o leche. Estos animales son susceptibles de contraer enfermedades que también afectan a otras especies de rumiantes, especialmente al ganado vacuno. Sin embargo, se cree que los búfalos son más resistentes a algunas enfermedades, pero todavía hay pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades infecciosas como la hemoplasmosis en búfalos. La hemoplasmosis está causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos o hemoplasmas, que son bacterias gram negativas que causan anemia hemolítica en huéspedes inmunodeprimidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii y 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' son las principales especies de hemoplasma que pueden infectar a los búfalos. La transmisión de la enfermedad se produce principalmente a través de vectores artrópodos hematófagos o de forma iatrogénica. El diagnóstico de los animales infectados se realiza mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Las medidas de prevención y control son esenciales para controlar esta enfermedad en los rebaños de búfalos.

Rate of Transfer of Infectious Anaemia Maternal Antibodies from Broiler Breeders To the Progeny: a Field Evaluation

Clinical manifestation of the disease caused by the chicken anaemia virus (CAV) occurs when chicken chicks are vertically contaminated or before the second week of life. CAV control is based on the vaccination of broiler breeders in order to promote progeny protection through maternal antibodies. This work aims to evaluate, under field conditions, the antibody title in commercial broiler breeders at 28, 48, and 68 weeks of age, the rate of transference to the progeny, as well as the duration of antibodies in the progeny up to 21 days of age. Thus, a total of 92 sera samples from 93,000 broiler breeders vaccinated with a live vaccine for CAV at 14 weeks of age and 366 sera samples from their respective progeny were analyzed using ELISA. Breeders' antibody title for CAV ranged between 5051 and 8660, and these titles may provide sufficient protection for their progeny. On average, 63% of the maternal antibodies were transferred to the progeny and lasted up to the second week of chick's life. It is possible to conclude that the vaccine and the vaccination procedure used by this company for breeders against CAV seems to be effective in inducing high antibody levels in the breeders and transfering protective maternal antibodies to the progeny.(AU)

Acute erythroid leukemia in a cat infected with feline leukemia virus

Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada associada à micoplasmose em um cão / Associated immunomediated hemolytic anemia mycoplasmosis in a dog

A anemia hemolítica imunomediada (AHIM) é uma reação de hipersensibilidade tipo II onde ocorre o aumento da destruição das hemácias. Ela pode ser dividida em primaria, caracterizada por não ter uma causa subjacente, e em secundária, pode ser causada por agentes infecciosos, como a micoplasmose, neoplasias, medicamentos e transfusões. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma análise clínica e laboratorial de um cão com anemia hemolítica imunomediada decorrente da Mycoplasma spp. Uma cadela da raça Pit Bull, com 05 meses de idade, foi levada ao hospital apresentando vômitos, diarreia e anorexia. No exame físico, foi possível observar a presença de carrapatos e mucosas ictéricas. Nos exames hematológicos foi possível evidenciaras alterações morfológicas de hemácias que caracterizavam anemia hemolítica imunomediada e a presença do parasita Mycoplasma spp. Nas análises bioquímicas se observou níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina e ureia. Pode-se concluir que, a observação de Mycoplasma spp. em esfregaços sanguíneos associada às alterações morfológicas eritrocitárias são de relevante importância para o diagnóstico de AHIM, auxiliando assim na instituição da melhor conduta terapêutica, contribuindo para o prognóstico do paciente.

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (AHIM) is a type II hypersensitivity reaction, where red blood cell destruction occurs or increases. It can be divided into primary, characterized by not having an underlying cause, and secondary, which can be caused by infectious agents, such as mycoplasmosis, neoplasms, drugs and transfusions. The objective of this work was to perform a clinical and laboratory analysis of a dog with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia due to Mycoplasma spp. A five-months-old female Pit Bull dog was taken to the hospital presenting vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia. On physical examination, it was possible to observe the presence of ticks and icteric mucous membranes. In hematological exams, it was possible to show morphological changes in red blood cells that characterize immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and the presence of the parasite Mycoplasma spp. In the biochemical analyzes it was observed increased serum levels of creatinine and urea. It can be concluded that the observation of Mycoplasma spp. in blood vessels associated with erythrocyte morphological changes are of relevant importance for the diagnosis of AHIM, thus assisting in the practice of a better method of therapy, contributing to the patient's prognosis.

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada associada à micoplasmose em um cão / Associated immunomediated hemolytic anemia mycoplasmosis in a dog

A anemia hemolítica imunomediada (AHIM) é uma reação de hipersensibilidade tipo II onde ocorre o aumento da destruição das hemácias. Ela pode ser dividida em primaria, caracterizada por não ter uma causa subjacente, e em secundária, pode ser causada por agentes infecciosos, como a micoplasmose, neoplasias, medicamentos e transfusões. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma análise clínica e laboratorial de um cão com anemia hemolítica imunomediada decorrente da Mycoplasma spp. Uma cadela da raça Pit Bull, com 05 meses de idade, foi levada ao hospital apresentando vômitos, diarreia e anorexia. No exame físico, foi possível observar a presença de carrapatos e mucosas ictéricas. Nos exames hematológicos foi possível evidenciaras alterações morfológicas de hemácias que caracterizavam anemia hemolítica imunomediada e a presença do parasita Mycoplasma spp. Nas análises bioquímicas se observou níveis séricos aumentados de creatinina e ureia. Pode-se concluir que, a observação de Mycoplasma spp. em esfregaços sanguíneos associada às alterações morfológicas eritrocitárias são de relevante importância para o diagnóstico de AHIM, auxiliando assim na instituição da melhor conduta terapêutica, contribuindo para o prognóstico do paciente.(AU)

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (AHIM) is a type II hypersensitivity reaction, where red blood cell destruction occurs or increases. It can be divided into primary, characterized by not having an underlying cause, and secondary, which can be caused by infectious agents, such as mycoplasmosis, neoplasms, drugs and transfusions. The objective of this work was to perform a clinical and laboratory analysis of a dog with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia due to Mycoplasma spp. A five-months-old female Pit Bull dog was taken to the hospital presenting vomiting, diarrhea and anorexia. On physical examination, it was possible to observe the presence of ticks and icteric mucous membranes. In hematological exams, it was possible to show morphological changes in red blood cells that characterize immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and the presence of the parasite Mycoplasma spp. In the biochemical analyzes it was observed increased serum levels of creatinine and urea. It can be concluded that the observation of Mycoplasma spp. in blood vessels associated with erythrocyte morphological changes are of relevant importance for the diagnosis of AHIM, thus assisting in the practice of a better method of therapy, contributing to the patient's prognosis.(AU)

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada medicamentosa em uma cadela / Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a bitch triggered by drugs

Background: Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is characterized by an autoimmune response with production of auto-antibodies and destruction of erythrocytes resulting in anemia. Primary IMHA is referred to a condition when the cause is unknown (idiopathic), whereas secondary IMHA involves changes in red blood cells caused by the action of drugs, neoplasms, or infectious diseases. The diagnosis can be made through changes in the blood count, usually of a regenerative character, Coombs test, and autoagglutination test. The present study aimed to report a case of drug-induced hemolytic anemia, with emphasis on the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, and treatment, in a female dog. Case: A 9-year-old mixed-breed bitch weighing 29.6 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HCVUFRGS) with a previous diagnosis of gallbladder mucocele that was unresponsive to clinical treatment. After laboratory tests, cholecystectomy was performed, and the procedure required conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy. Therapy included administration of amoxicillin, dipyrone, tramadol hydrochloride, and meloxicam. Three days after surgery, the dog presented with apathy, lethargy, hyporexia, and a pale and subicteric mucosa. The patient developed hypochromic macrocytic anemia with reticulocytosis, spherocytosis, anisocytosis, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. The result of the autoagglutination test was positive, confirming the diagnosis. All medications were suspended, and immunosuppressive treatment with dexamethasone was included, with a subsequent switch to prednisolone. After 10 days of treatment, the patient experienced significant improvement, and therapy was discontinued. Discussion: Based on the patient's history, the cause of the IMHA was secondary to drug administration, and it is not possible to distinguish if it was due to one or a combination of drugs, as they were all started and stopped simultaneously. The patient had hypothyroidism, which may have contributed to the production of antibodies against TSH receptors, blocking the hormone's action, thereby causing tissue damage due to T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the effect of cytokines. The pale and subicteric mucosa, apathy, weakness, lethargy, exercise intolerance, and dyspnea resulted from extravascular hemolysis and bilirubin released from erythrocyte rupture with a subsequent decrease in the number of red blood cells, leading to oxygen transport deficiency. The diagnosis is based on the blood count and results of autoagglutination supported by the response to immunosuppressive therapy. Anemia results in increased production and release of precursor cells from the bone marrow, accompanied by reticulocytosis and increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC). The treatment of IMHA consists of supportive care and immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids to ensure suppression of the immune system, preventing response against erythrocytes. Initially, tramadol hydrochloride, dipyrone, and amoxicillin with potassium clavulanate were suspended to interrupt the cause of IMHA, and administration of dexamethasone in an immunosuppressive dose was started. Therefore, it is important to include drug-induced IMHA in the differential diagnosis of patients who present with anemia after using medications. Early diagnosis, initiation of therapy, and adequate care were important factors for the recovery of the animal.

Thromboelastometry assessment of mycophenolate mofetil effect on thrombotic risk in dogs with primary and secondary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia and by Erhlichia canis infection / [Avaliação por tromboelastometria do efeito do micofenolato de mofetila no risco trombótico em cães com anemia hemolítica imunomediada primária e secundária à infecção por Erhlichia canis]

This study aimed to identify, by means of thromboelastometry assessment, altered thrombotic risk in dogs with primary and secondary IMHA by E. canis infection after initiating the immunosuppressive therapy with mycophenolate mofetil. The animals' screening was based on complete blood count (CBC), biochemical and urine tests. Dogs with moderate to severe anemia (hematocrit ≤ 25%) which showed symptoms of immune-mediated hemolysis, such as spherocytosis, positive saline agglutination, bilirubinuria and/or hemoglobinuria, were included. Blood and urine samples were collected at two different moments. The first sample (M1) was collected at the time of diagnosis, when hematocrit was lower or equal to 25% before treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (Accord ®); the second sample (M2) was collected after treatment with mycophenolate mofetil, when hematocrit was greater or equal to 30%. Five out of the twelve animals selected died before the end of the study. No reduction in thrombotic risk was observed in the animals treated with mycophenolate mofetil. The animals that presented hypocoagulation at the time of diagnosis showed the worst prognosis, and their reticulocyte count displayed a better prognostic value than their erythrocytes count at the time of diagnosis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi esclarecer se há alteração do risco trombótico em cães com anemia hemolítica imunomediada primária e secundária a E.canis, avaliado por meio da tromboelastometria, após início de tratamento com micofenolato de mofetila. A seleção dos animais foi baseada na avaliação de hemograma, exame bioquímico e urinálise. Cães com anemia moderada a severa (hematócrito ≤ 25%), com sinais de hemólise imunomediada, como esferocitose, aglutinação em salina positivo, bilirrubinúria e/ ou hemoglobinúria, foram incluídos. As amostras de sangue e urina foram coletadas em dois momentos diferentes. A primeira amostra (M1) foi coletada no momento do diagnóstico, quando o hematócrito era igual ou inferior a 25%, sem fazer uso do micofenolato de mofetila (Accord®), e o segundo momento (M2), após tratamento com micofenolato de mofetila, quando o hematócrito era igual ou maior que 30%. Doze animais foram selecionados, cinco morreram antes do término do estudo. Não houve diminuição do risco trombótico entre os animais tratados com micofenolato de mofetila; os animais que apresentaram menor coagulabilidade apresentaram pior prognóstico, e a contagem de reticulócitos apresentou melhor valor prognóstico do que a contagem de hemácias no momento do diagnóstico.(AU)

An unusual large polythene bezoar in the rumen of a fallow deer (Dama dama)

Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies in both domestic and wild ruminants are very common. Indigestible foreign materials can be ingested during free range grazing or under captivity in zoos or game parks. There are different types of bezoars in literature. The most common in animals are phytobezoars, trichobezoars, lactobezoars, phytotrichobezoars, lithobezoars or pharmacobezoars. This is a case study of an adult (4 years old), 40 kg body weight female Fallow Deer (Dama dama) which was reared with other four more Fallow Deer does at Riyadh Zoological Garden. The doe was found sluggish and weak. On presentation the veterinarian of the zoo noticed the anorexia, pale mucous membranes and dullness. There was Normocytic Normochromic anaemia, low RBCs and Haematocrit level, high neutrophil count and leucocytosis. The doe was subjected to medicinal and supportive therapy but she could not recover and found dead on very next day. On post-mortem examination, an unusual large polythene bezoar along with calcified stony mass recovered from the rumen. The results suggested that the rumen impaction in the Fallow Deer might be due scavenging on refused Plastic dumps in the premises left over by visitors to the zoo and that the blood biochemical alterations, alongside clinical signs, might be of some diagnostic assistance.(AU)

An unusual large polythene bezoar in the rumen of a fallow deer (Dama dama)

Ingestion of indigestible foreign bodies in both domestic and wild ruminants are very common. Indigestible foreign materials can be ingested during free range grazing or under captivity in zoos or game parks. There are different types of bezoars in literature. The most common in animals are phytobezoars, trichobezoars, lactobezoars, phytotrichobezoars, lithobezoars or pharmacobezoars. This is a case study of an adult (4 years old), 40 kg body weight female Fallow Deer (Dama dama) which was reared with other four more Fallow Deer does at Riyadh Zoological Garden. The doe was found sluggish and weak. On presentation the veterinarian of the zoo noticed the anorexia, pale mucous membranes and dullness. There was Normocytic Normochromic anaemia, low RBCs and Haematocrit level, high neutrophil count and leucocytosis. The doe was subjected to medicinal and supportive therapy but she could not recover and found dead on very next day. On post-mortem examination, an unusual large polythene bezoar along with calcified stony mass recovered from the rumen. The results suggested that the rumen impaction in the Fallow Deer might be due scavenging on refused Plastic dumps in the premises left over by visitors to the zoo and that the blood biochemical alterations, alongside clinical signs, might be of some diagnostic assistance.

Seroprevalence for equine infectious anaemia in Equidae seized in the municipality of Petrópolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2015/2018 / Soroprevalência para anemia infecciosa equina em Equídeos apreendidos no município de Petrópolis, RJ, Brasil, 2015/2018

Equine infectious anaemia (EIA) is a globally distributed disease caused by a lentivirus. EIA is a notifiable disease that should be reported to the Official Veterinary Service (SVO). Outbreaks are controlled by sacrificing the EIA-positive animals. The study analysed the prevalence of EIA in 165 Equidae seized on public roads in the municipality of Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 2015 to 2018. After the seizure and identification of the Equidae, blood was collected to diagnose EIA. A prevalence of 11.8% was observed among the Equidae seized, and the main risk factor was the region of seizure. A kernel-smoothed map showed areas with the highest density of EIA-positive Equidae in the centre and to the east of the study area. In this region, the chance of seizing an equine positive for EIA was greater (OR=3.6) relative to the remaining region. The implementation and maintenance of Equidae seizures and subsequent diagnostic testing for EIA in the municipality of Petrópolis were shown to have great importance for the control and prevention of the disease. Indicating the place of seizure on the identification cards of the animals enabled delineation of the locations in the municipality of Petrópolis, that had a higher risk of EIA-positive animals.(AU)

A anemia infecciosa equina (AIE) é uma doença globalmente distribuída causada por um lentivírus. AIE é uma doença de notificação obrigatória que deve ser relatada ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), e os surtos são controlados pelo sacrifício dos animais positivos para AIE. O presente estudo analisou a prevalência de AIE em 165 equídeos apreendidos em vias públicas no município de Petrópolis, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período de 2015 a 2018. Após a apreensão e identificação dos equídeos seu sangue foi coletado para diagnosticar a AIE. Observou-se uma prevalência real de 11,8% entre os equídeos apreendidos, sendo que o principal fator de risco identificado foi a região de apreensão. O Mapa de Kernel mostrou que as áreas com maior densidade de equídeos positivos estavam no centro e leste da área de estudo. Nesta região, houve maior chance (OR = 3,6) de apreender um animal positivo para AIE em relação ao da outra região, composto pelos 34 locais restantes. A implementação e manutenção de apreensão de equídeos e posterior teste de diagnóstico para AIE no município de Petrópolis, RJ, mostrou-se de grande importância para o controle e prevenção da doença. A indicação do local da apreensão nos cartões de identificação dos animais possibilitou um delineamento dos locais no município de Petrópolis, RJ, que apresentavam maior risco de animais positivos para AIE.(AU)

Hemoplasma infection in wild captive carnivores / Infecção por hemoplasmas em carnívoros selvagens cativos

Hemoplasmas are bacteria able to adhere themselves loosely to the plasma membrane of erythrocytes and may parasitize several species of mammals. There are three known species of hemoplasmas that parasitize domestic and wild cats: Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Dogs are infected by at least two species of hemoplasmas: 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' and Mycoplasma haemocanis. The hemoplasmoses are very important in veterinary clinics, either because of its worldwide distribution and severity of clinical signs, depending on parasite species and host immune competence, or due to its zoonotic potential and capability of infecting endangered species. This study set out to investigate which hemoplasmas species parasitize different captive wild carnivores in order to clarify the epidemiology of hemoplasmoses in wild animals. Furthermore, the research intended to characterize the hematological changes caused by different species of hemotropic mycoplasmas infection in order to establish their clinical importance to wild species and the capacity of these species to become a reservoir of studied agents. Samples of 33 wild felids and 18 wild canids were investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect hemoplasmas DNA and it was observed that the occurrence of infection in these species is 45.5% and 83.3%, respectively. Factors such as age, gender or anaemia are not more frequent in animals positive for the infection. Therefore, it is concluded that infection caused by hemoplasmas in wild carnivores has high prevalence, and either agent pathogenicity is low, or chronic stage is more frequent, resulting in a low rate of diagnosis.(AU)

Hemoplasmas são bactérias capazes de aderir frouxamente à membrana plasmática de eritrócitos e que podem parasitar diversas espécies de mamíferos. São conhecidas três espécies de hemoplasmas que parasitam felídeos domésticos e selvagens: Mycoplasma haemofelis, 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma turicensis'. Cães são infectados por ao menos duas espécies de hemoplasmas: Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum' and Mycoplasma haemocanis. As hemoplasmoses são de grande importância na clínica veterinária, tanto pela sua distribuição ubíqua e severidade dos sinais clínicos, a depender da espécie do parasita e imunocompetência do hospedeiro, quanto pelo seu potencial zoonótico e capacidade de infectar espécies ameaçadas. Este estudo visa investigar quais espécies de hemoplasmas parasitam diferentes carnívoros selvagens de cativeiro, a fim de esclarecer a epidemiologia das hemoplasmoses em animais selvagens. Além disso, o trabalho objetivou caracterizar as alterações hematológicas causadas pela infecção por diferentes espécies de micoplasmas hemotrópicos visando estabelecer sua importância clínica para espécies selvagens e a capacidade destas espécies de se tornar reservatórios dos agentes estudados. Amostras de 33 felídeos selvagens e de 18 canídeos selvagens foram investigadas por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase (RCP) para detectar o DNA dos agentes e foi observado que a ocorrência da infecção por hemoplasmas nestas espécies é de 45,5% e 83,3%, respectivamente. Fatores como idade, sexo ou anemia não são mais frequentes em animais positivos para a infecção. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a infecção causada por hemoplasmas em carnívoros selvagens possui alta prevalência, no entanto ou a patogenicidade dos agentes é baixa ou o estágio crônico da infecção é mais frequente, resultando em uma baixa frequência diagnóstica.(AU)

Anemia hemolítica imunomediada primária em cães - Revisão de literatura / Primary immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in dogs - Literature review / Anemia hemolítica inmunomediada primaria en perros ­ Revisión de literatura

A anemia hemolítica imunomediada (AHIM) é o distúrbio imunológico de maior prevalência em cães. Caracteriza-se como uma hipersensibilidade do tipo II, que leva a destruição prematura de hemácias. Dentre as principais complicações, o estado de hipercoagulabilidade predispondo a coagulação intravascular disseminada e tromboembolismo pulmonar é a mais importante, sendo a causa de óbito em mais de 80% dos casos. O diagnóstico é realizado a partir da exclusão de outras causas para anemia e por meio da constatação de um ou mais desses sinais: anemia moderada a grave (hematócrito <25-35%), evidências de hemólise (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinúria ou hiperbilirrubinemia) e presença de anticorpos na hemácia (caracterizado a partir da auto-aglutinação, esferocitose, teste de Coombs positivo ou citometria de fluxo). O tratamento é direcionado à supressão da resposta imune, sendo os corticosteroides e os imunossupressores, os fármacos de predileção.(AU)

Immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is the most prevalent immune disorder among dogs. It is characterized as type II hypersensitivity, leading to premature destruction of red blood cells. Among the main complications, hypercoagulability predisposing to disseminated intravascular coagulation and pulmonary thromboembolism is the most important, being the cause of death in more than 80% of the cases. The diagnosis is made by excluding other causes for anemia and the presence of one or more of these signs: moderate to severe anemia (hematocrit <25-35%), evidence of hemolysis (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria or hyperbilirubinemia) and presence of antibodies in the erythrocyte (characterized by self-agglutination, spherocytosis, positive Coombs test, or flow cytometry). Treatment is directed to suppression of the immune response, with corticosteroids and immunosuppressants the drugs of predilection.(AU)

La anemia hemolítica inmunomediada (AHIM) es el disturbio inmunológico con mayor prevalencia en perros. Es definido como una hipersensibilidad tipo II, que lleva a destrucción prematura de hematíes. Dentro de las principales complicaciones, el estado de hipercoagulabilidad que predispone a coagulación intravascular diseminada y tromboembolismo pulmonar es el más importante, siendo la causa de muerte en más de 80% de los casos. El diagnóstico se realiza excluyendo otras causas de anemia y confirmando una o más de las siguientes alteraciones: anemia moderada a grave (hematocrito <25-35%), evidencias de hemolisis (hemoglobinemia, hemoglobinuria o hiperbilirrubinemia) y presencia de anticuerpos en hematíes (caracterizado a partir de autoaglutinación, esferocitosis, test de Coombs positivo o citometría de flujo). El tratamiento se basa en la supresión de la respuesta inmune, siendo los cortico esteroides y los inmunosupresores los fármacos de elección.(AU)

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic deviation in a mixed-breed dog

Background: Portosystemic deviation (PSD) is a congenital or acquired vascular anomaly that allows an abnormal bloodflow from the portal vein directly to the systemic circulation. This liver by-pass avoids hepatic metabolism of severaltoxins. Congenital PSDs are usually solitary and extra-hepatic, with a high incidence in pure-breed dogs. Acquired PSDsare usually multiple and occur as a consequence of portal hypertension. Surgery is the definitive treatment. Cliniciansand surgeons may present difficulties in the propaedeutic of animals with PSD. This paper aims at reporting a successfulsurgical treatment of a solitary extra-hepatic congenital PSD in a mixed-breed dog.Case: A 7-month-old mixed-breed dog, female, spayed, weighing 8 kg, was presented with a history of sudden syncopeafter feeding. Complementary exams revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia, hypoalbuminemia and increased alanineaminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal ultrasound revealed an anomalous vessel inserted in the caudalcava vein, compatible with a congenital extra-hepatic PSD. Computed tomography revealed the anomalous vessel, with1,1 cm of diameter, originated from the cranial mesenteric vein and it inserted in the cranial margin of the caudal cavavein. A medical support was started with hydration, metronidazole, lactulose, probiotic and Hepatic diet. After 15 days thedog was submitted to surgery and a 5 mm ameroid constrictor ring was placed to gradually close the anomalous vessel.The dog recovered well and an abdominal ultrasound was repeated after 30 days, showing the ameroid constrictor ringring in the left cranial abdominal region, occluding the PSD close to its insertion in the caudal cava vein...

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic deviation in a mixed-breed dog

Background: Portosystemic deviation (PSD) is a congenital or acquired vascular anomaly that allows an abnormal bloodflow from the portal vein directly to the systemic circulation. This liver by-pass avoids hepatic metabolism of severaltoxins. Congenital PSDs are usually solitary and extra-hepatic, with a high incidence in pure-breed dogs. Acquired PSDsare usually multiple and occur as a consequence of portal hypertension. Surgery is the definitive treatment. Cliniciansand surgeons may present difficulties in the propaedeutic of animals with PSD. This paper aims at reporting a successfulsurgical treatment of a solitary extra-hepatic congenital PSD in a mixed-breed dog.Case: A 7-month-old mixed-breed dog, female, spayed, weighing 8 kg, was presented with a history of sudden syncopeafter feeding. Complementary exams revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia, hypoalbuminemia and increased alanineaminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Abdominal ultrasound revealed an anomalous vessel inserted in the caudalcava vein, compatible with a congenital extra-hepatic PSD. Computed tomography revealed the anomalous vessel, with1,1 cm of diameter, originated from the cranial mesenteric vein and it inserted in the cranial margin of the caudal cavavein. A medical support was started with hydration, metronidazole, lactulose, probiotic and Hepatic diet. After 15 days thedog was submitted to surgery and a 5 mm ameroid constrictor ring was placed to gradually close the anomalous vessel.The dog recovered well and an abdominal ultrasound was repeated after 30 days, showing the ameroid constrictor ringring in the left cranial abdominal region, occluding the PSD close to its insertion in the caudal cava vein...(AU)

Alterações no eritrograma e no ferro sérico em pacientes caninos com diferentes níveis de creatinina sérica / Changes in the erythrogram and serum iron in canine patients with different serum creatinine levels

A anemia de etiologia multifatorial é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada pela redução da quantidade de eritrócitos circulantes e/ou da quantidade de hemoglobina presente nas hemácias. No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência e o tipo de anemia em cães com diferentes níveis séricos de creatinina, bem como os indicadores do metabolismo do ferro nesses pacientes. Foram avaliados 60 cães de diferentes raças, sendo 30 com creatinina sérica acima de 1,4 mg/dL, com indicativo de doença renal, clinicamente estáveis, e 30 com valores de creatinina sérica abaixo de 1,4 mg/dL, dos quais 15 apresentavam pelo menos um dos parâmetros do eritrograma abaixo dos limites fisiológicos e 15 todos os parâmetros eritrocitários dentro da normalidade. Quarenta e três cães apresentaram anemia, sendo 40 do tipo normocítica normocrômica e três microcítica normocrômica. Os níveis séricos de ferro, bem como o índice de saturação da transferrina foram decrescentes em relação aos níveis de creatinina, com diferença significativa em relação aos controles. Os dados obtidos inferem que a deficiência de ferro não esteve presente nos animais deste estudo, assim como a anemia nestes animais não esteve relacionada com hipoferremia.

Anaemia with multifactorial etiology is a clinical syndrome characterized by reduced number of erythrocytes and / or amount of hemoglobin present in red blood cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and type of anaemia in dogs with different serum creatinine levels, as well as indicators of iron metabolism in these patients. Forty five Beagle breed dogs were evaluated, being 30 with serum creatinine levels above 1.4 mg/dL, indicative of clinically stabled kidney disease, and 15 with serum creatinine levels below 1.4 mg/dL. Thirty nine dogs (86.7%) had normocytic normochromic anaemia. Serum iron, as well as the rate of transferrin saturation, were reduced compared to the levels of creatinine, but without significant difference. The obtained data infer that iron deficiency was not present in the animals of this study, as well as anaemia in these animals was not related hypoferremia.

Alterações no eritrograma e no ferro sérico em pacientes caninos com diferentes níveis de creatinina sérica / Changes in the erythrogram and serum iron in canine patients with different serum creatinine levels

A anemia de etiologia multifatorial é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada pela redução da quantidade de eritrócitos circulantes e/ou da quantidade de hemoglobina presente nas hemácias. No presente estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência e o tipo de anemia em cães com diferentes níveis séricos de creatinina, bem como os indicadores do metabolismo do ferro nesses pacientes. Foram avaliados 60 cães de diferentes raças, sendo 30 com creatinina sérica acima de 1,4 mg/dL, com indicativo de doença renal, clinicamente estáveis, e 30 com valores de creatinina sérica abaixo de 1,4 mg/dL, dos quais 15 apresentavam pelo menos um dos parâmetros do eritrograma abaixo dos limites fisiológicos e 15 todos os parâmetros eritrocitários dentro da normalidade. Quarenta e três cães apresentaram anemia, sendo 40 do tipo normocítica normocrômica e três microcítica normocrômica. Os níveis séricos de ferro, bem como o índice de saturação da transferrina foram decrescentes em relação aos níveis de creatinina, com diferença significativa em relação aos controles. Os dados obtidos inferem que a deficiência de ferro não esteve presente nos animais deste estudo, assim como a anemia nestes animais não esteve relacionada com hipoferremia.(AU)

Anaemia with multifactorial etiology is a clinical syndrome characterized by reduced number of erythrocytes and / or amount of hemoglobin present in red blood cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and type of anaemia in dogs with different serum creatinine levels, as well as indicators of iron metabolism in these patients. Forty five Beagle breed dogs were evaluated, being 30 with serum creatinine levels above 1.4 mg/dL, indicative of clinically stabled kidney disease, and 15 with serum creatinine levels below 1.4 mg/dL. Thirty nine dogs (86.7%) had normocytic normochromic anaemia. Serum iron, as well as the rate of transferrin saturation, were reduced compared to the levels of creatinine, but without significant difference. The obtained data infer that iron deficiency was not present in the animals of this study, as well as anaemia in these animals was not related hypoferremia.(AU)

Anemia hemolítica em bovinos de corte em sistema de criação extensiva em Mato Grosso e Rondônia / Hemolytic anemia in beef cattle in extensive system farming in Mato Grosso and Rondônia

Casos de anemia hemolítica em bovinos de corte em sistema de criação extensiva em Mato Grosso e Rondônia são acompanhados desde 2008. Os animais acometidos apresentam fraqueza, mucosas pálidas ou ictéricas, urina enegrecida, depressão e anorexia. Esse quadro muitas vezes evolui para morte, principalmente quando os animais são movimentados. Durante esse período aproximadamente 429 bovinos morreram em diferentes surtos eem alguns casos a mortalidade chegou a 50%. Foi realizada investigação para as principais causas infecciosas como leptospirose, babesiose, tripanossomíase, anaplasmose e hemoglobinúria bacilar, bem como para as possíveis causas toxicas relatadas como etiologia de anemia hemolítica em bovinos por meio de exames hematológicos, bioquímica sanguínea, moleculares e histopatológicos. Não se observou nas propriedades acometidas, nenhuma das plantas já descritas no Brasil como causadora de anemia hemolítica em animais de interesse pecuário no momento das investigações dos surtos. Apesar da etiologia desses casos ainda não ser conhecida, as evidências epidemiológicas, clínicas e patológicas da doença sugerem que a mesma seja causada por uma planta tóxica de ação hemolítica, presente nas propriedades acometidas, mas que ainda não foi confirmada experimentalmente.(AU)

Cases of hemolytic anemia in beef cattle in na extensive breeding system in Mato Grosso and Rondônia have been monitored since 2008. The affected animals presented weakness, pale or icteric mucosas, blackened urine, prostration and anorexia. The outcome of these cases often is death, principally if the animals are forced to walk. Approximately 429 cattle died in these outbreaks andin some of these, mortality rates ranged from 0.26 to 50%. Research was carried out on the main infectious causes such as leptospirosis, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, anaplasmosis and bacillary hemoglobinuria, as well as the possible toxic causes reported as etiology of hemolytic anemia in cattle through hematology, blood biochemistry, molecular and histopathological examinations. Any plant ready described in Brazil as cause of hemolytic anemia in animals from livestock interest was observed in thosefarms. Although the etiology of these cases is not yet known, clinical and pathological evidences of the disease suggested that it is caused by a toxic plant of hemolytic action, present in the affected properties, but not yet confirmed experimentally.(AU)