Análise tricológica em morcegos do Brasil revela diferenciação ao nível de família (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

O estudo da microestrutura dos pelos pode ser aplicado em diversas áreas, como: zoologia, ecologia, ciências forenses, arqueologia, epidemiologia e paleontologia, além de ser uma ferramenta útil e importante na identificação das espécies de mamíferos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os padrões da microestrutura cuticular dos pelos de 68 espécies de morcegos ocorrentes no Brasil. Foram coletados pelos do dorso de espécimes depositados em coleção científica (via úmida). Posteriormente esses pelos foram prensados em lâminas para microscopia junto a uma fina camada de esmalte incolor, com o objetivo de marcar a impressão cuticular, que foi observada em microscópio óptico e comparada com literatura específica. As impressões cuticulares foram classificadas em oito padrões morfológicos: (1) folidáceo estreito, (2) conoidal liso, (3) conoidal contínuo liso, (4) conoidal ornamentado largo, (5) conoidal ornamentado descontínuo, (6) conoidal ornamentado dentado, (7) conoidal liso com bráctea e (8) ondeado oblíquo. Foi possível a diferenciação em nível de Família ou Subfamília. A partir da morfologia cuticular dos pelos foi construída uma chave para identificação de pelos de morcegos até o nível de família ou Subfamília (no caso de Phyllostomidae).

The study of the microstructure of hair can be applied in several areas, such as: zoology, ecology, forensic sciences, archaeology, epidemiology and paleonthology, asides from being and useful and important tool on identifying mammal species. The objective of the present study was to analyze the patterns of cuticular microstructure of the hair of 67 bat species occurring in Brazil. The hairs were collected from the back of specimens deposited in a scientific collection (wet method). Later, these hairs were pressed in a glass slide for microscopy with a fine layer of uncolored nail polish for marking the cuticular impression, which was observed in optical microscope and compared to specific literature. The cuticular impressions were classified in eight morphological patterns: (1) narrow leaf shaped, (2) straight conoidal, (3) continuous straight conoidal, (4) ornamented wide conoidal, (5) uncontinuous ornamented conoidal, (6) cogged ornamented conoidal, (7) straight conoidal with bracts and (8) obliquous waved. The diferentiation was possible to the level of Family or Subfamily. By the cuticular morphology of hair, an identification key was made for bat’s hairs to the level of Family or Subfamily (in the case of Phyllostomidae).

Análise tricológica em morcegos do Brasil revela diferenciação ao nível de família (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

O estudo da microestrutura dos pelos pode ser aplicado em diversas áreas, como: zoologia, ecologia, ciências forenses, arqueologia, epidemiologia e paleontologia, além de ser uma ferramenta útil e importante na identificação das espécies de mamíferos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os padrões da microestrutura cuticular dos pelos de 68 espécies de morcegos ocorrentes no Brasil. Foram coletados pelos do dorso de espécimes depositados em coleção científica (via úmida). Posteriormente esses pelos foram prensados em lâminas para microscopia junto a uma fina camada de esmalte incolor, com o objetivo de marcar a impressão cuticular, que foi observada em microscópio óptico e comparada com literatura específica. As impressões cuticulares foram classificadas em oito padrões morfológicos: (1) folidáceo estreito, (2) conoidal liso, (3) conoidal contínuo liso, (4) conoidal ornamentado largo, (5) conoidal ornamentado descontínuo, (6) conoidal ornamentado dentado, (7) conoidal liso com bráctea e (8) ondeado oblíquo. Foi possível a diferenciação em nível de Família ou Subfamília. A partir da morfologia cuticular dos pelos foi construída uma chave para identificação de pelos de morcegos até o nível de família ou Subfamília (no caso de Phyllostomidae).(AU)

The study of the microstructure of hair can be applied in several areas, such as: zoology, ecology, forensic sciences, archaeology, epidemiology and paleonthology, asides from being and useful and important tool on identifying mammal species. The objective of the present study was to analyze the patterns of cuticular microstructure of the hair of 67 bat species occurring in Brazil. The hairs were collected from the back of specimens deposited in a scientific collection (wet method). Later, these hairs were pressed in a glass slide for microscopy with a fine layer of uncolored nail polish for marking the cuticular impression, which was observed in optical microscope and compared to specific literature. The cuticular impressions were classified in eight morphological patterns: (1) narrow leaf shaped, (2) straight conoidal, (3) continuous straight conoidal, (4) ornamented wide conoidal, (5) uncontinuous ornamented conoidal, (6) cogged ornamented conoidal, (7) straight conoidal with bracts and (8) obliquous waved. The diferentiation was possible to the level of Family or Subfamily. By the cuticular morphology of hair, an identification key was made for bats hairs to the level of Family or Subfamily (in the case of Phyllostomidae).(AU)

Estudo dos vestígios de peixes dos sítios arqueológicos da área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The analysis of the material obtained in the rescue of archaeological sites in the area surrounding the Hydroelectric Plant of Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, revealed that a considerable amount of bones and fish scales incorporated in the alimentary remains. Using an osteological collection as reference, we identified remains of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characidae), Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) (Characidae), Pogonopoma obscurum Quevedo & Reis, 2002 (Loricariidae), Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999, Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae), Schizodon sp. (Anostomidae), Leporinus sp. (Anostomidae), Hoplias sp. (Erythrinidae), Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae) and Crenicichla sp. (Cichlidae). Based on specimens from fish collections, regressions were obtained comparing the size of the pre-maxillary bone in Crenicichla spp. and the length of the pectoral fin spine of Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, Pogonopoma obscurum and Hypostomus spp, with the standard length and weight of corresponding specimens. The estimated size and weight of the specimens obtained from fish remains in the archaeological sites varied between 79.7-153.9 mm and 13.5-33.9 g for Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, 158.2-151.0 mm and 179.5-194.3 g for Pogonopoma obscurum, 117.1-166.2 mm and 86.6-93.1 g for Crenicichla spp., and 62.2-397.2 mm and 34-20.3 g for Hypostomus spp. Therefore using these estimates of standard lengths and weights it was possible to formulate a hypotheses on the fishing technology used by the inhabitants of these sites.

Estudo dos vestígios de peixes dos sítios arqueológicos da área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The analysis of the material obtained in the rescue of archaeological sites in the area surrounding the Hydroelectric Plant of Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, revealed that a considerable amount of bones and fish scales incorporated in the alimentary remains. Using an osteological collection as reference, we identified remains of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characidae), Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) (Characidae), Pogonopoma obscurum Quevedo & Reis, 2002 (Loricariidae), Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999, Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae), Schizodon sp. (Anostomidae), Leporinus sp. (Anostomidae), Hoplias sp. (Erythrinidae), Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae) and Crenicichla sp. (Cichlidae). Based on specimens from fish collections, regressions were obtained comparing the size of the pre-maxillary bone in Crenicichla spp. and the length of the pectoral fin spine of Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, Pogonopoma obscurum and Hypostomus spp, with the standard length and weight of corresponding specimens. The estimated size and weight of the specimens obtained from fish remains in the archaeological sites varied between 79.7-153.9 mm and 13.5-33.9 g for Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, 158.2-151.0 mm and 179.5-194.3 g for Pogonopoma obscurum, 117.1-166.2 mm and 86.6-93.1 g for Crenicichla spp., and 62.2-397.2 mm and 34-20.3 g for Hypostomus spp. Therefore using these estimates of standard lengths and weights it was possible to formulate a hypotheses on the fishing technology used by the inhabitants of these sites.

Estudo dos vestígios de peixes dos sítios arqueológicos da área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The analysis of the material obtained in the rescue of archaeological sites in the area surrounding the Hydroelectric Plant of Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, revealed that a considerable amount of bones and fish scales incorporated in the alimentary remains. Using an osteological collection as reference, we identified remains of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characidae), Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) (Characidae), Pogonopoma obscurum Quevedo & Reis, 2002 (Loricariidae), Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999, Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae), Schizodon sp. (Anostomidae), Leporinus sp. (Anostomidae), Hoplias sp. (Erythrinidae), Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae) and Crenicichla sp. (Cichlidae). Based on specimens from fish collections, regressions were obtained comparing the size of the pre-maxillary bone in Crenicichla spp. and the length of the pectoral fin spine of Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, Pogonopoma obscurum and Hypostomus spp, with the standard length and weight of corresponding specimens. The estimated size and weight of the specimens obtained from fish remains in the archaeological sites varied between 79.7-153.9 mm and 13.5-33.9 g for Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, 158.2-151.0 mm and 179.5-194.3 g for Pogonopoma obscurum, 117.1-166.2 mm and 86.6-93.1 g for Crenicichla spp., and 62.2-397.2 mm and 34-20.3 g for Hypostomus spp. Therefore using these estimates of standard lengths and weights it was possible to formulate a hypotheses on the fishing technology used by the inhabitants of these sites.

Estudo dos vestígios de peixes dos sítios arqueológicos da área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The analysis of the material obtained in the rescue of archaeological sites in the area surrounding the Hydroelectric Plant of Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, revealed that a considerable amount of bones and fish scales incorporated in the alimentary remains. Using an osteological collection as reference, we identified remains of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characidae), Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) (Characidae), Pogonopoma obscurum Quevedo & Reis, 2002 (Loricariidae), Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999, Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae), Schizodon sp. (Anostomidae), Leporinus sp. (Anostomidae), Hoplias sp. (Erythrinidae), Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae) and Crenicichla sp. (Cichlidae). Based on specimens from fish collections, regressions were obtained comparing the size of the pre-maxillary bone in Crenicichla spp. and the length of the pectoral fin spine of Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, Pogonopoma obscurum and Hypostomus spp, with the standard length and weight of corresponding specimens. The estimated size and weight of the specimens obtained from fish remains in the archaeological sites varied between 79.7-153.9 mm and 13.5-33.9 g for Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, 158.2-151.0 mm and 179.5-194.3 g for Pogonopoma obscurum, 117.1-166.2 mm and 86.6-93.1 g for Crenicichla spp., and 62.2-397.2 mm and 34-20.3 g for Hypostomus spp. Therefore using these estimates of standard lengths and weights it was possible to formulate a hypotheses on the fishing technology used by the inhabitants of these sites.

Estudo dos vestígios de peixes dos sítios arqueológicos da área de influência da Usina Hidrelétrica Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

The analysis of the material obtained in the rescue of archaeological sites in the area surrounding the Hydroelectric Plant of Machadinho, Rio Grande do Sul, revealed that a considerable amount of bones and fish scales incorporated in the alimentary remains. Using an osteological collection as reference, we identified remains of Salminus brasiliensis (Cuvier, 1816) (Characidae), Brycon orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1849) (Characidae), Pogonopoma obscurum Quevedo & Reis, 2002 (Loricariidae), Hemiancistrus fuliginosus Cardoso & Malabarba, 1999, Prochilodus lineatus (Valenciennes, 1836) (Prochilodontidae), Schizodon sp. (Anostomidae), Leporinus sp. (Anostomidae), Hoplias sp. (Erythrinidae), Hypostomus sp. (Loricariidae) and Crenicichla sp. (Cichlidae). Based on specimens from fish collections, regressions were obtained comparing the size of the pre-maxillary bone in Crenicichla spp. and the length of the pectoral fin spine of Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, Pogonopoma obscurum and Hypostomus spp, with the standard length and weight of corresponding specimens. The estimated size and weight of the specimens obtained from fish remains in the archaeological sites varied between 79.7-153.9 mm and 13.5-33.9 g for Hemiancistrus fuliginosus, 158.2-151.0 mm and 179.5-194.3 g for Pogonopoma obscurum, 117.1-166.2 mm and 86.6-93.1 g for Crenicichla spp., and 62.2-397.2 mm and 34-20.3 g for Hypostomus spp. Therefore using these estimates of standard lengths and weights it was possible to formulate a hypotheses on the fishing technology used by the inhabitants of these sites.

Amazonia boliviana: arqueología de los Llanos de Mojos

The archaeology of the Bolivian Amazonia or "Low lands" comprises a large territory that shows, significant time and spatial discontinuities. The identification of societies in this area constituting "Jefaturas de la Floresta Tropical", from criteria based on preconceptions requires the reassessment of regional prehistory from the causal point of view. Benian archeology (Llanos de Mojos) is fundamentally known, from the Erland Nordenskiöld excavations, which undoubtedly sets the conceptual bases existing to date. Between 1977 and 1981 a Mission of Museo de La Plata (Argentina), under the direction of B. Dougherty together with the Instituto Nacional de Arqueología of La Paz (Bolivia) and the Amazonian Ecosystem Research (EEUU), carried out systemic researches considering several anthropologic items and producing numerous radiocarbon datings. Such contribution helped to clarify, but not to simplify, the regional pre-Hispanic outlook, very important in the South American archeological thematic. An exhaustive bibliographic list that facilitates the access to the knowledge of that large area complements this presentation.

A arqueologia da Amazônia boliviana ou das "Terras Baixas" compreende um imenso território que mostra, a luz da informação disponível, significativas descontinuidades espaço-temporais. A identificação nesta área de sociedades constituindo "cacicados da floresta tropical" a partir de critérios baseados em preconceitos, requer a reavaliação da pré-história regional do ponto de vista causal. A arqueologia beniana (de Llanos de Mojos) é conhecida, fundamentalmente, a partir das escavações de Erland Nordenskiöld, que sem dúvida estabeleceu as bases conceituais existentes atualmente. Entre os anos de 1977 e 1981 uma missão do Museu de La Plata (Argentina), sob a direção de B. Dougherty, e em estreita colaboração com o Instituto de Arqueologia de La Paz (Bolívia) e com o Amazonian Ecosystem Research (EUA), conduziu pesquisas sistemáticas considerando variados itens antropológicos e produzindo numerosas datações de radiocarbono. Estas contribuições ajudaram a esclarecer, mas não a simplificar o panorama pré-hispânico regional, tão importante na temática arqueológica sul-americana. Complementa este artigo uma exaustiva lista de bibliografias que facilita o acesso ao conhecimento sobre este grande território.

Crustáceos no cerrito Ariano Souza, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul e distribuição de Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura, Portunidae)

While all species of the genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860 have a continuous distribution on the Atlantic coast of the Americas, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 is the only one with disjunct distribution. Considering that this species was introduced in Europe and Japan, it has been suggested that the occurrence of C. sapidus on the southern coast of Brazil was due to the transport by ballast water. In the archaeological site Ariano Souza, located in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil), remains of crustaceans, including claws of approximately two thousand years ago, were found. A preliminary analysis of this material showed Callinectes chelae. Because this archaeological site is located inside the estuary, it has been hypothesized that these chelae belong either to C. sapidus or to C. danae Smith, 1869. A comparison between pincers collected in the archaeological and pincers of these two species (90 dactyls, 30 of each type) was performed. The analysis (ANOVA) considered the variability of seven characters of the dactyls, and demonstrated the existence of two groups. Results showed that the measured characters suffice to separate these species, and indicated that the material found in the archaeological site belongs to C. sapidus. The hypothesis of the introduction of C. sapidus in the area is rejected. The possible biogeographic history of the species is discussed.

Crustáceos no cerrito Ariano Souza, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul e distribuição de Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura, Portunidae)

While all species of the genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860 have a continuous distribution on the Atlantic coast of the Americas, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 is the only one with disjunct distribution. Considering that this species was introduced in Europe and Japan, it has been suggested that the occurrence of C. sapidus on the southern coast of Brazil was due to the transport by ballast water. In the archaeological site Ariano Souza, located in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil), remains of crustaceans, including claws of approximately two thousand years ago, were found. A preliminary analysis of this material showed Callinectes chelae. Because this archaeological site is located inside the estuary, it has been hypothesized that these chelae belong either to C. sapidus or to C. danae Smith, 1869. A comparison between pincers collected in the archaeological and pincers of these two species (90 dactyls, 30 of each type) was performed. The analysis (ANOVA) considered the variability of seven characters of the dactyls, and demonstrated the existence of two groups. Results showed that the measured characters suffice to separate these species, and indicated that the material found in the archaeological site belongs to C. sapidus. The hypothesis of the introduction of C. sapidus in the area is rejected. The possible biogeographic history of the species is discussed.

Crustáceos no cerrito Ariano Souza, Rio Grande, Rio Grande do Sul e distribuição de Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura, Portunidae)

While all species of the genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860 have a continuous distribution on the Atlantic coast of the Americas, Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 is the only one with disjunct distribution. Considering that this species was introduced in Europe and Japan, it has been suggested that the occurrence of C. sapidus on the southern coast of Brazil was due to the transport by ballast water. In the archaeological site Ariano Souza, located in the estuary of the Patos Lagoon (southern Brazil), remains of crustaceans, including claws of approximately two thousand years ago, were found. A preliminary analysis of this material showed Callinectes chelae. Because this archaeological site is located inside the estuary, it has been hypothesized that these chelae belong either to C. sapidus or to C. danae Smith, 1869. A comparison between pincers collected in the archaeological and pincers of these two species (90 dactyls, 30 of each type) was performed. The analysis (ANOVA) considered the variability of seven characters of the dactyls, and demonstrated the existence of two groups. Results showed that the measured characters suffice to separate these species, and indicated that the material found in the archaeological site belongs to C. sapidus. The hypothesis of the introduction of C. sapidus in the area is rejected. The possible biogeographic history of the species is discussed.

Archaeological material for the study of crop evolution

This research studies archaeological samples of maize (Zea mays mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), from Januaria, MG, Brazil, for samples between 1010 (for the oldest sample) and 570 years (for the most recent) as estimated through radiocarbon dating. Maize cobs were morphologically analysed by using length, basal and apical diameters, largest diameter, number of rows, number of grains per row, and number of grains per row per length parameters. The maize cob length presented increases through time, allowing an increase on the number of seed per cob, but the size of seeds did not vary significantly. Starch present in the reserve organs of the maize and cassava were analysed morphologically through Scanning Electron Microscopy, and compared to indigenous and modern samples, aiming to estimate the diversity of the material and, for the cassava, to assure that samples were truely Manihot sp. The starch of the maize and cassava reserve organs was in excellent state of conservation and the morphology of the starch grains allowed the separation of maize varieties. More than one variety of maize was found on a same period of time, suggesting that the old indigenous people of the area planted different varieties of maize simultaneously and these varieties changed through the studied period of time. Finally archaeological starch grains of maize presented more diverse standards than modern grains.

Amostras arqueológicas de milho (Zea mays mays) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta), oriundas da região de Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com idades estimadas entre 1010 anos para a amostra mais antiga, até 570 anos para as mais novas, foram estudadas morfologicamente. No caso do milho, tomaram-se medidas de comprimento da espiga, diâmetro basal, diâmetro apical, diâmetro maior, número de fileiras, número de grãos por fileiras e número de grãos por fileiras por comprimento. O tamanho da espiga aumentou com o tempo, permitindo aumento da quantidade de sementes, mas sem que estas sementes sofressem uma variação significativa em seu tamanho. Amostras de grãos de amido das sementes de milho e do tubérculo de mandioca foram estudados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e comparadas com amostras de raças indígenas e etnovariedades, para estimar a diversidade deste material e, no caso do tubérculo, para certificação que se tratava realmente de mandioca e não uma outra espécie. O amido dos órgãos de reserva do milho e mandioca encontram-se em excelente estado de conservação e, através da morfologia dos grãos de amido foram separadas raças ou variedades de milho. Constatou-se a presença de mais de uma raça de milho em um mesmo período de tempo e estas raças foram variando ao longo do período analisado (de 1010 a 570 anos atrás). A variabilidade dos grãos de amido das amostras arqueológicas de milho se apresentou maior do que as amostras atuais utilizadas.

Archaeological material for the study of crop evolution

This research studies archaeological samples of maize (Zea mays mays) and cassava (Manihot esculenta), from Januaria, MG, Brazil, for samples between 1010 (for the oldest sample) and 570 years (for the most recent) as estimated through radiocarbon dating. Maize cobs were morphologically analysed by using length, basal and apical diameters, largest diameter, number of rows, number of grains per row, and number of grains per row per length parameters. The maize cob length presented increases through time, allowing an increase on the number of seed per cob, but the size of seeds did not vary significantly. Starch present in the reserve organs of the maize and cassava were analysed morphologically through Scanning Electron Microscopy, and compared to indigenous and modern samples, aiming to estimate the diversity of the material and, for the cassava, to assure that samples were truely Manihot sp. The starch of the maize and cassava reserve organs was in excellent state of conservation and the morphology of the starch grains allowed the separation of maize varieties. More than one variety of maize was found on a same period of time, suggesting that the old indigenous people of the area planted different varieties of maize simultaneously and these varieties changed through the studied period of time. Finally archaeological starch grains of maize presented more diverse standards than modern grains.

Amostras arqueológicas de milho (Zea mays mays) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta), oriundas da região de Januária, Minas Gerais, Brasil, com idades estimadas entre 1010 anos para a amostra mais antiga, até 570 anos para as mais novas, foram estudadas morfologicamente. No caso do milho, tomaram-se medidas de comprimento da espiga, diâmetro basal, diâmetro apical, diâmetro maior, número de fileiras, número de grãos por fileiras e número de grãos por fileiras por comprimento. O tamanho da espiga aumentou com o tempo, permitindo aumento da quantidade de sementes, mas sem que estas sementes sofressem uma variação significativa em seu tamanho. Amostras de grãos de amido das sementes de milho e do tubérculo de mandioca foram estudados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e comparadas com amostras de raças indígenas e etnovariedades, para estimar a diversidade deste material e, no caso do tubérculo, para certificação que se tratava realmente de mandioca e não uma outra espécie. O amido dos órgãos de reserva do milho e mandioca encontram-se em excelente estado de conservação e, através da morfologia dos grãos de amido foram separadas raças ou variedades de milho. Constatou-se a presença de mais de uma raça de milho em um mesmo período de tempo e estas raças foram variando ao longo do período analisado (de 1010 a 570 anos atrás). A variabilidade dos grãos de amido das amostras arqueológicas de milho se apresentou maior do que as amostras atuais utilizadas.