Record of the non-indigenous species Sternaspis aff. nana Zhadan, Tzetlin & Salazar-Vallejo, 2017 (Annelida: Sternaspidae) in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean

Abstract The introduction of non-indigenous marine species in new habitats is generally associated with ships arriving at ports, driven by species transported in ballast water and sediment and biofouling communities on ship hulls, drifting object and underwater surfaces in dock areas. The present paper reports the record of the specie Sternaspis aff. nana in the Atlantic Ocean, discussing its possible conservation status and method of arrival to Brazil. Sediments samples were collected in the external area (11 m depth) of the Suape Harbor (Brazil) in February 2018. Two individuals of Sternaspis aff. nana were recorded, representing the first record of this species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. The way S. aff. nana arrived in Brazilian waters cannot be easily determined, the short-lived lecithotrophic larvae of sternaspids suggest that the specimens found in Suape have arrived in ballast sediment. An increase in trade between Brazil and Asian countries since the 2000s has led to that more ships coming from China having arrived in Brazilian harbors. The arrival of S. aff. nana, originally described in the South China Sea, in the Suape harbor area may have resulted from this intense movement of ships between China and Brazil.

Record of the non-indigenous species Sternaspis aff. nana Zhadan, Tzetlin & Salazar-Vallejo, 2017 (Annelida: Sternaspidae) in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean

The introduction of non-indigenous marine species in new habitats is generally associated with ships arriving at ports, driven by species transported in ballast water and sediment and biofouling communities on ship hulls, drifting object and underwater surfaces in dock areas. The present paper reports the record of the specie Sternaspis aff. nana in the Atlantic Ocean, discussing its possible conservation status and method of arrival to Brazil. Sediments samples were collected in the external area (11 m depth) of the Suape Harbor (Brazil) in February 2018. Two individuals of Sternaspis aff. nana were recorded, representing the first record of this species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. The way S. aff. nana arrived in Brazilian waters cannot be easily determined, the short-lived lecithotrophic larvae of sternaspids suggest that the specimens found in Suape have arrived in ballast sediment. An increase in trade between Brazil and Asian countries since the 2000s has led to that more ships coming from China having arrived in Brazilian harbors. The arrival of S. aff. nana, originally described in the South China Sea, in the Suape harbor area may have resulted from this intense movement of ships between China and Brazil.

Record of the non-indigenous species Sternaspis aff. nana Zhadan, Tzetlin & Salazar-Vallejo, 2017 (Annelida: Sternaspidae) in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean

The introduction of non-indigenous marine species in new habitats is generally associated with ships arriving at ports, driven by species transported in ballast water and sediment and biofouling communities on ship hulls, drifting object and underwater surfaces in dock areas. The present paper reports the record of the specie Sternaspis aff. nana in the Atlantic Ocean, discussing its possible conservation status and method of arrival to Brazil. Sediments samples were collected in the external area (11 m depth) of the Suape Harbor (Brazil) in February 2018. Two individuals of Sternaspis aff. nana were recorded, representing the first record of this species in the Southwest Atlantic Ocean. The way S. aff. nana arrived in Brazilian waters cannot be easily determined, the short-lived lecithotrophic larvae of sternaspids suggest that the specimens found in Suape have arrived in ballast sediment. An increase in trade between Brazil and Asian countries since the 2000s has led to that more ships coming from China having arrived in Brazilian harbors. The arrival of S. aff. nana, originally described in the South China Sea, in the Suape harbor area may have resulted from this intense movement of ships between China and Brazil.(AU)

Nassarius foveolatus (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), a new record of an exotic species in Brazil

Exotic species are those that occur in an area beyond their natural limit and they are considered invasive when they cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health. In coastal environments, ballast water and inlays on the hull and other parts of vessels are the main ways of introducing invasive aquatic alien species. Nassarius foveolatus (Dunker, 1847) is native from the Central and East Indian Ocean to the East China Sea. The first specimens (empty shells) of N. foveolatus were collected manually on November 11, 2017 on the Rocio footbridge, located in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, on the coast of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Posteriorly, live specimens were collected in other localities of this bay. It is already possible to infer that the specimens of N. foveolatus occur together with the native specimens of N. vibex (Say, 1822), having the same niche. As previously only N. vibex existed in that place, at least a displacement of this native species has been occurred. However, certainly future ecological studies may confirm this displacement and additional consequences to the local ecosystem, as nassariids can be predators and scavengers. Control procedures should be also greatly implemented.

Nassarius foveolatus (Gastropoda, Nassariidae), a new record of an exotic species in Brazil

Exotic species are those that occur in an area beyond their natural limit and they are considered invasive when they cause harm to the economy, environment, or human health. In coastal environments, ballast water and inlays on the hull and other parts of vessels are the main ways of introducing invasive aquatic alien species. Nassarius foveolatus (Dunker, 1847) is native from the Central and East Indian Ocean to the East China Sea. The first specimens (empty shells) of N. foveolatus were collected manually on November 11, 2017 on the Rocio footbridge, located in the Paranaguá Estuarine Complex, on the coast of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil. Posteriorly, live specimens were collected in other localities of this bay. It is already possible to infer that the specimens of N. foveolatus occur together with the native specimens of N. vibex (Say, 1822), having the same niche. As previously only N. vibex existed in that place, at least a displacement of this native species has been occurred. However, certainly future ecological studies may confirm this displacement and additional consequences to the local ecosystem, as nassariids can be predators and scavengers. Control procedures should be also greatly implemented.(AU)

More than two decades after the introduction of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) in La Plata Basin

Abstract The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is an Asian freshwater bivalve introduced in South America in the beginning of the 1990s, probably through ballast water releases in La Plata River estuary. It dispersed north through Paraná, Uruguay and Paraguay Rivers. The study evaluated the macroscale (18° to 34° S; 45° to 60° W) distribution of L. fortunei (larval stages) in the main rivers and reservoirs of La Plata Basin. Samplings were performed through 68 µm vertical plankton net hauls. Limnological variables were simultaneously determined. Larvae abundance correlated significantly with oxygen (positively) in summer, with temperature (positively) in winter and with total phosphorus and total nitrogen (both negatively) in winter. We expected densities to decrease towards north (latitudinal gradient) and increase in lentic conditions (reservoirs). Despite maximum density was found near the introduction point (La Plata River) similar value was also observed 2,000 km north (Paraguay River). The first hypothesis was refuted. The second hypothesis was partially accepted. Abundances were consistently higher in summer. Higher trophic conditions and fast flow seem to inhibit population growth. Food resources (chlorophyll a) locally influenced temporal variation. Limnoperna fortunei is widely distributed in La Plata basin, reaching high larval densities superior to 10,000 ind. m-3, in all major sub-basins. The species exhibits a high intrinsic dispersal ability (free planktonic larvae), wide tolerance to environmental factors and dispersion is potentialized by natural dispersion processes (e.g. fauna displacement) and human facilitation (e.g. commercial navigation).

Resumo O mexilhão dourado, Limnoperna fortunei, é um bivalve de água doce originário da Ásia e introduzido na América do Sul no início de 1990, provavelmente através da água de lastro liberada no estuário do rio La Plata. Dispersando-se para o norte através dos rios Paraná, Uruguai e Paraguai. Esse estudo avaliou a distribuição em macroescala (18° a 34° S; 45° a 60° W) de L. fortunei (estágios larvais) nos principais rios e reservatórios da bacia La Plata. Amostragens foram realizadas através de arrastos verticais com rede planctônica de 68 µm. Variáveis limnológicas foram simultaneamente determinadas. A abundância larval correlacionou-se significativamente com oxigênio (positivamente) no verão, com a temperatura (positivamente) no inverno e com fósforo total e nitrogênio total (ambos negativamente) no inverno. Esperávamos um decréscimo da densidade em direção ao norte (gradiente latitudinal) e aumento em condições lênticas (reservatórios). Apesar de a densidade máxima ter sido encontrada próximo do ponto de introdução (La Plata River) valores similares também foram observados 2.000 km ao norte (rio Paraguai). A primeira hipótese foi refutada. A segunda hipótese foi parcialmente aceita. Abundâncias foram consistentemente maiores no verão. Condições eutróficas e fluxo rápido parecem inibir o crescimento populacional. Recurso alimentar (clorofila a) local influenciou a variação temporal. Limnoperna fortunei está amplamente distribuído na bacia de La Plata, alcançando densidades larvais superiores a 10.000 ind. m-3 em todas as principais sub bacias. A espécie possui alta capacidade de dispersão intrínseca (larva planctônica livre), ampla tolerância aos fatores ambientais e os processos de dispersão são potencializados por processos naturais (e.g. deslocamento de fauna) e facilitação humana (e.g. navegação comercial).

More than two decades after the introduction of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) in La Plata Basin / Duas décadas após a chegada de Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) na Bacia do Prata

The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is an Asian freshwater bivalve introduced in South America in the beginning of the 1990s, probably through ballast water releases in La Plata River estuary. It dispersed north through Paraná, Uruguay and Paraguay Rivers. The study evaluated the macroscale (18° to 34° S; 45° to 60° W) distribution of L. fortunei (larval stages) in the main rivers and reservoirs of La Plata Basin. Samplings were performed through 68 µm vertical plankton net hauls. Limnological variables were simultaneously determined. Larvae abundance correlated significantly with oxygen (positively) in summer, with temperature (positively) in winter and with total phosphorus and total nitrogen (both negatively) in winter. We expected densities to decrease towards north (latitudinal gradient) and increase in lentic conditions (reservoirs). Despite maximum density was found near the introduction point (La Plata River) similar value was also observed 2,000 km north (Paraguay River). The first hypothesis was refuted. The second hypothesis was partially accepted. Abundances were consistently higher in summer. Higher trophic conditions and fast flow seem to inhibit population growth. Food resources (chlorophyll a) locally influenced temporal variation. Limnoperna fortunei is widely distributed in La Plata basin, reaching high larval densities superior to 10,000 ind. m-3, in all major sub-basins. The species exhibits a high intrinsic dispersal ability (free planktonic larvae), wide tolerance to environmental factors and dispersion is potentialized by natural dispersion processes (e.g. fauna displacement) and human facilitation (e.g. commercial navigation).(AU)

O mexilhão dourado, Limnoperna fortunei, é um bivalve de água doce originário da Ásia e introduzido na América do Sul no início de 1990, provavelmente através da água de lastro liberada no estuário do rio La Plata. Dispersando-se para o norte através dos rios Paraná, Uruguai e Paraguai. Esse estudo avaliou a distribuição em macroescala (18° a 34° S; 45° a 60° W) de L. fortunei (estágios larvais) nos principais rios e reservatórios da bacia La Plata. Amostragens foram realizadas através de arrastos verticais com rede planctônica de 68 µm. Variáveis limnológicas foram simultaneamente determinadas. A abundância larval correlacionou-se significativamente com oxigênio (positivamente) no verão, com a temperatura (positivamente) no inverno e com fósforo total e nitrogênio total (ambos negativamente) no inverno. Esperávamos um decréscimo da densidade em direção ao norte (gradiente latitudinal) e aumento em condições lênticas (reservatórios). Apesar de a densidade máxima ter sido encontrada próximo do ponto de introdução (La Plata River) valores similares também foram observados 2.000 km ao norte (rio Paraguai). A primeira hipótese foi refutada. A segunda hipótese foi parcialmente aceita. Abundâncias foram consistentemente maiores no verão. Condições eutróficas e fluxo rápido parecem inibir o crescimento populacional. Recurso alimentar (clorofila a) local influenciou a variação temporal. Limnoperna fortunei está amplamente distribuído na bacia de La Plata, alcançando densidades larvais superiores a 10.000 ind. m-3 em todas as principais sub bacias. A espécie possui alta capacidade de dispersão intrínseca (larva planctônica livre), ampla tolerância aos fatores ambientais e os processos de dispersão são potencializados por processos naturais (e.g. deslocamento de fauna) e facilitação humana (e.g. navegação comercial).(AU)

More than two decades after the introduction of Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) in La Plata Basin

Abstract The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei, is an Asian freshwater bivalve introduced in South America in the beginning of the 1990s, probably through ballast water releases in La Plata River estuary. It dispersed north through Paraná, Uruguay and Paraguay Rivers. The study evaluated the macroscale (18° to 34° S; 45° to 60° W) distribution of L. fortunei (larval stages) in the main rivers and reservoirs of La Plata Basin. Samplings were performed through 68 µm vertical plankton net hauls. Limnological variables were simultaneously determined. Larvae abundance correlated significantly with oxygen (positively) in summer, with temperature (positively) in winter and with total phosphorus and total nitrogen (both negatively) in winter. We expected densities to decrease towards north (latitudinal gradient) and increase in lentic conditions (reservoirs). Despite maximum density was found near the introduction point (La Plata River) similar value was also observed 2,000 km north (Paraguay River). The first hypothesis was refuted. The second hypothesis was partially accepted. Abundances were consistently higher in summer. Higher trophic conditions and fast flow seem to inhibit population growth. Food resources (chlorophyll a) locally influenced temporal variation. Limnoperna fortunei is widely distributed in La Plata basin, reaching high larval densities superior to 10,000 ind. m-3, in all major sub-basins. The species exhibits a high intrinsic dispersal ability (free planktonic larvae), wide tolerance to environmental factors and dispersion is potentialized by natural dispersion processes (e.g. fauna displacement) and human facilitation (e.g. commercial navigation).

Resumo O mexilhão dourado, Limnoperna fortunei, é um bivalve de água doce originário da Ásia e introduzido na América do Sul no início de 1990, provavelmente através da água de lastro liberada no estuário do rio La Plata. Dispersando-se para o norte através dos rios Paraná, Uruguai e Paraguai. Esse estudo avaliou a distribuição em macroescala (18° a 34° S; 45° a 60° W) de L. fortunei (estágios larvais) nos principais rios e reservatórios da bacia La Plata. Amostragens foram realizadas através de arrastos verticais com rede planctônica de 68 µm. Variáveis limnológicas foram simultaneamente determinadas. A abundância larval correlacionou-se significativamente com oxigênio (positivamente) no verão, com a temperatura (positivamente) no inverno e com fósforo total e nitrogênio total (ambos negativamente) no inverno. Esperávamos um decréscimo da densidade em direção ao norte (gradiente latitudinal) e aumento em condições lênticas (reservatórios). Apesar de a densidade máxima ter sido encontrada próximo do ponto de introdução (La Plata River) valores similares também foram observados 2.000 km ao norte (rio Paraguai). A primeira hipótese foi refutada. A segunda hipótese foi parcialmente aceita. Abundâncias foram consistentemente maiores no verão. Condições eutróficas e fluxo rápido parecem inibir o crescimento populacional. Recurso alimentar (clorofila a) local influenciou a variação temporal. Limnoperna fortunei está amplamente distribuído na bacia de La Plata, alcançando densidades larvais superiores a 10.000 ind. m-3 em todas as principais sub bacias. A espécie possui alta capacidade de dispersão intrínseca (larva planctônica livre), ampla tolerância aos fatores ambientais e os processos de dispersão são potencializados por processos naturais (e.g. deslocamento de fauna) e facilitação humana (e.g. navegação comercial).

Mass of agricultural tractors available in the brazilian market / Massa dos tratores agrícolas comercializados no mercado brasileiro

Currently, manufacturers of agricultural tractors offer to farmers a diversity of brands, models, and settings for the most diverse agricultural operations. In this sense, the relation mass/power of tractor influences directly in the performance of these operations. The objective of this research was to study the agricultural wheel tractors marketed in Brazil in relation to their mass, in order to obtain current data to help their selection and proper use. The research involved 145 agricultural tractors models of eight different brands, including 2WD, MFWD and 4WD versions. The variables mass without ballast, relation mass/power for the different brands, type of traction and tractor power were analyzed separately. Tractor power was classified in: Class I (<50kW), Class II (50 to 150kW) and Class III (>150kW), according to the rated engine power declared by the manufacturer. Statistical analyses used were the t-Student and Tukey tests. The most number of tractors belongs to Class II and are considered versatile due to their mass/power relation, and can be used in the most diverse agricultural operations. From these analyses it was detected the mass/power relation decreases when the rated engine power increases.(AU)

Atualmente, os fabricantes de tratores agrícolas disponibilizam aos agricultores uma diversidade de marcas, modelos e configurações para as mais diversas operações agrícolas. Nesse sentido, a relação massa/potência do trator influencia de forma direta no desempenho dessas operações. Objetivou-se estudar os tratores agrícolas de rodas comercializados no mercado brasileiro, no que se refere a sua massa, visando obter dados atuais que auxiliem sua seleção e uso adequado. A pesquisa envolveu 145 modelos de tratores agrícolas de oito marcas diferentes, contemplando as versões 4x2, TDA e 4x4. Foram analisadas separadamente as variáveis massa sem lastro e relação massa/potência para as diferentes marcas, tipo de tração e potência do trator, sendo esta última classificada em: Classe I (menores que 50kW), Classe II (entre 50 e 150kW) e Classe III (maiores que 150kW), de acordo com a potência nominal do motor, declarada pelo fabricante. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas por meio dos testes t de Student e Tukey. O maior número de tratores pertence à Classe II, sendo considerados versáteis, devido à sua relação massa/potência, podendo ser usados nas mais diversas operações agrícolas. Há uma tendência de os tratores agrícolas comercializados no mercado brasileiro diminuírem sua relação massa/potência, conforme aumenta a potência nominal do motor.(AU)

Acelerações eficazes na interface assento-operador de um trator / Effective accelerations in the seat-interface operator of an tractor

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar as magnitudes das acelerações eficazes na interface assento-operador, utilizando três posições de regulagem do assento, duas profundidades de escarificação, duas velocidades de deslocamento e três configurações de lastros. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria com delineamento experimental de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições, totalizando 144 unidades experimentais. Utilizou-se um trator agrícola, com potência no motor de 63kW (85cv), tendo um escarificador acoplado. Os dados foram registrados através de um acelerômetro triaxial posicionado na interface assento-operador. Concluiu-se que as magnitudes das acelerações eficazes obtidas, na interface assento-operador, em todos os 36 tratamentos, ficaram acima do limite de conforto na frequência de 1 a 80Hz, estabelecidas pela norma (International Organization for Standardization 2631-1: 1997) para exposição de oito horas diárias do operador.(AU)

This research has the main objective to analyze the magnitude of efficient accelerations on the seat-operator interface, using three adjustment knob positions, two scarification depths, two displacement speeds and three different ballast settings. The experiment was held at the Federal University of Santa Maria through a subdivided portion experimental design, with four repetitions and 144 experimental units. A agricultural tractor was used with 63kW of power on the engine (63kW) attached to the chisel plow. The information was recorded by the accelerometers that were installed on the seat-operator interface. It was concluded that the magnitude of efficient accelerations obtained on the seat-operator interface in all the 36 individual tests stayed above the comfort limit on the frequency of 1 to 80Hz, established by the standard (International Organization for Standardization 2631-1: 1997) for daily eight hour exposure.(AU)ien

Enterobacteria identification and detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in a Port Complex

The Port Complex of Maranhão (PCM) is the second largest port complex in Brazil, receiving ships with large volumes of ballast water. To evaluate the microbiological quality of its waters, physicochemical parameters (pH and salinity), the number of coliforms (thermotolerants and totals), and the presence of enterobacterias and diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains were analyzed. In order to identify the presence of E. coli virulence genes target regions of the stx, elt, est, aggR, CVD432, ipaH and eae nucleotide sequences were studied. The presence of totals and thermotolerants coliforms were positive. Analyzing the salinity parameter, a significant increase in total coliforms was observed during the rainy season. We identified the species Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella ozaenae, Morganella morganii, Enterobacter cloacae and Edwardsiella tarda. Out of the 51 E. coli isolated, two were positive for the elt gene and one was positive for the CVD432 sequence, features of enterotoxigenic and enteroaggregative strains, respectively. This study reveals that the PCM is contaminated by enterobacteria and diarrheagenic E.coli thus providing evidence regarding the risk of these bacteria being carried by ships to other countries, and draws attention to the input of fecal bacteria brought by ships in the port waters of Maranhão.

Opsanus beta: an invasive fish species in the Santos estuary, Brazil / Opsanus beta: uma espécie de peixe invasora no estuário de Santos, Brasil

A non-indigenous fish species, Opsanus beta, was found during an ichthyofauna sampling program in Santos Estuary. Common on the western coast of Florida and the Caribbean, the most probable source of this occurrence is due to ballast water from the ships. The 140 specimens reported (18 to 323 mm TL; 8 to 442 g WT) were caught in fish baited traps (215.28 ± 5.95 mm TL; 207.36 ± 16.42 g WT; 25.7% of the total caught), otter-trawls (213.97 ± 5.87 mm TL and 194.92 ± 11.31 g; 54.3%) and gillnets (226.93 ± 5.40 mm TL and 218.14 ± 17.01 g; 20.0%). Of 81 specimens sexed, 43.6% of females (n = 55) and 92.0% of males (n = 24) have mature gonads. Santos estuarine areas are very similar to the O. beta original environment, and allied to the absence of natural predators, and its environmental plasticity, projecting it as a well adapted species in region, which must be viewed as a potential serious implication to other Brazilian estuarine systems.

Opsanus beta, espécie não nativa, foi registrada em um programa de monitoramento da ictiofauna no estuário de Santos. Comum na costa oeste da Flórida e Caribe, seu registro seria decorrente provavelmente da água de lastro de navios. Os 140 espécimes amostrados (18 a 323 mm CT, 8 a 442 g PT) foram capturados em armadilhas (215,28 ± 5,95 mm CT; 207,36 ± 16,42 g PT; 25,7% do total capturado), em arrastos-de-portas (213,97 ± 5,87 mm CT; 194,92 ± 11,31 g; 54,3%) e redes de emalhe (226,93 ± 5,40 mm CT; 218,14 ± 17,01 g; 20,0%). Dos 81 exemplares sexados, 43,6% das fêmeas (n = 55) e 92,0% dos machos (n = 24) apresentaram gônadas maduras. As áreas estuarinas de Santos são similares ao ambiente original da espécie, que, aliada à ausência de predadores naturais e à plasticidade ambiental, está se estabelecendo na região, implicando em risco potencial para outros sistemas estuarinos do sudeste-sul do Brasil.

VARIABILIDADE GENÉTICA DE POPULAÇÕES DO MEXILHÃO DOURADO (LIMNOPERNA FORTUNEI) EM PISCICULTURAS DE RESERVATÓRIOS DO PARANÁ

O mexilhão dourado, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), é um molusco bivalve originário do sudeste da Ásia e sua chegada no Brasil ocorreu através da água de lastro de embarcações, a partir de então ele tem atingido altas densidades populacionais, alterando drasticamente ecossistemas aquáticos continentais. Este molusco é um invasor de água doce, que apresenta características fisiológicas e ecológicas que favorecem sua rápida e eficaz proliferação na água. Diversos métodos têm sido empregados para controlar a infestação do Limnoperna fortunei e grandes impactos ambientais estão sendo gerados em decorrência da utilização de métodos inespecíficos. Pesquisas realizadas através do estudo da genética e biologia molecular forneceriam maiores informações sobre o mexilhão dourado, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que possam contribuir com o controle desta espécie. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar de forma inédita a diversidade genética de populações de L. fortunei presentes em três pisciculturas dos reservatórios de Canoas I (PCAN), Rosana (PROS) e Capivara (PCAP), Rio Paranapanema, Paraná, Brasil. Cinco loci microssatélite foram amplificados usando DNA extraído do músculo adutor de 75 indivíduos (25 por população). Os cinco loci utilizados produziram 38 alelos e o número de alelos por locus variou de 26 (Lf06) a 13 (Lf22) com uma média geral de 7,6. Houve baixa presença de alelos nulos. Os valores médios de riqueza alélica (Ra) foram diferentes entre as populações. A média do número de alelos efetivos (Ae) variou de 2,032 (PCAN) a 3,282 (PROS). A heterozigosidade observada (Ho) foi menor que a esperada (He) em todas as populações, com desvio no equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. O valor médio do Coeficiente de endogamia (Fis) foi positivo e significativo para todas as populações. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) identificou maior variabilidade genética dentro do que entre as populações e o índice de fixação (Fst) mostrou uma pequena diferenciação genética entre elas. Foram observadas associações significativas (P = <0,05) de desequilíbrio de ligação em todas as populações. Foi identificada a ocorrência de fluxo gênico em todas as populações e ausência de efeito Bottleneck recente, com correlação entre distância genética e geográfica. As populações foram separadas no dendrograma com a formação de dois agrupamentos: PCAN x PCAP e PROS. A análise de agrupamento populacional mostrou um K = 2, com similaridade 8 genética entre as três populações e maior proximidade entre PCAN e PCAP, corroborando com os dados gerados pelo dendrograma. Os resultados poderão ser utilizados para contribuir com o desenvolvimento de alternativas mais específicas que possam controlar de forma satisfatória esta espécie invasora.

The golden mussel, Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857), is a bivalve mollusc originating in Southeast Asia and its arrival in Brazil took place by ships ballast water, from then on it has reached high densities, dramatically altering freshwater ecosystems. This mollusk is a freshwater invader, which has physiological and ecological characteristics that favor their rapid and effective proliferation in the water. Several methods have been employed to control the infestation Limnoperna fortunei and major environmental impacts are being generated due to the use of non-specific methods. Research conducted through the study of genetics and molecular biology would provide more information on the golden mussel, allowing new development technologies that contribute to the control of this species. The aim of this study was to evaluate in an unprecedented manner the genetic diversity of L. fortunei populations present in three fish farms from Canoas I (PCAN), Rosana (PROS) and Capivara (PCAP) reservoirs, Paranapanema River, Paraná, Brazil. Five microsatellite loci were amplified using DNA extracted from the adductor muscle of 75 individuals (25 per population). The five loci used produced 38 alleles and the number of alleles per locus ranged from 26 (Lf06) to 13 (Lf22) with an overall average of 7.6. There was a low presence of null alleles. The average values of allelic richness (Ar) differed between populations. The average number of effective alleles (Ae) ranged from 2.032 (PCAN) to 3.282 (PROS). The observed heterozygosity (Ho) was lower than expected (He) in all populations, with deviation in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The average value of inbreeding coefficient (Fis) was positive and significant for all populations. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) identified greater genetic variability within than between populations and the fixation index (Fst) showed little genetic differentiation between them. Significant associations were observed (P = <0.05) of linkage disequilibrium in all populations. The occurrence of gene flow in all populations and absence of recent Bottleneck effect, with correlation between genetic and geographic distance was identified. The populations were separated in a dendrogram with the formation of two groups: PCAN x PCAP and PROS. The population cluster analysis showed K = 2, with genetic similarity among the three populations and greater proximity between PCAN and PCAP, 10 confirming the data generated by the dendrogram. The results could be used to contribute to the development of more specific alternatives to satisfactorily control this invasive species

Non indigenous ascidians in port and natural environments in a tropical Brazilian bay

Despite limited natural dispersal, some species of ascidians can be transported vast distances via oceanic petroleum platforms, ship hulls and ballast water and therefore may be good indicators of bioinvasion. Usually non indigenous species (NIS) are abundant in harbors. This is caused in part because of the higher propagule delivery rate in these areas. An alternative explanation of why invasion is enhanced in harbor and marinas is that environmental degradation commonly found in these habitats favors the establishment of NIS. Most surveys for introduced species were not comprehensive and targeted mainly ports and marinas. Angra dos Reis is an excellent system that provides an opportunity to compare the potential distribution of introduced and native species of Ascidiacea between port and natural environments. Here, we compared the colonization of experimental subtidal plates placed in harbors and marinas with the colonization of plates placed in nearby natural areas. With 27 taxa (15 identified to species), species richness was greater in port environments (25 versus 8). Six taxa were common to both environments while 19 taxa were exclusively found in ports. Among the identified species in ports, three were introduced, five were cryptogenic and only one was native. Only three species were found exclusively in the natural sites and all were cryptogenic. The presence of introduced species only in the port areas of Angra dos Reis reinforces the need for continued, periodic monitoring in the region for early detection of new, potentially invasive, species as well as for better understanding of abnormal population growth of the already known species. Management to reduce the transfer of exotics to natural habitats must be implemented.

Non indigenous ascidians in port and natural environments in a tropical Brazilian bay

Despite limited natural dispersal, some species of ascidians can be transported vast distances via oceanic petroleum platforms, ship hulls and ballast water and therefore may be good indicators of bioinvasion. Usually non indigenous species (NIS) are abundant in harbors. This is caused in part because of the higher propagule delivery rate in these areas. An alternative explanation of why invasion is enhanced in harbor and marinas is that environmental degradation commonly found in these habitats favors the establishment of NIS. Most surveys for introduced species were not comprehensive and targeted mainly ports and marinas. Angra dos Reis is an excellent system that provides an opportunity to compare the potential distribution of introduced and native species of Ascidiacea between port and natural environments. Here, we compared the colonization of experimental subtidal plates placed in harbors and marinas with the colonization of plates placed in nearby natural areas. With 27 taxa (15 identified to species), species richness was greater in port environments (25 versus 8). Six taxa were common to both environments while 19 taxa were exclusively found in ports. Among the identified species in ports, three were introduced, five were cryptogenic and only one was native. Only three species were found exclusively in the natural sites and all were cryptogenic. The presence of introduced species only in the port areas of Angra dos Reis reinforces the need for continued, periodic monitoring in the region for early detection of new, potentially invasive, species as well as for better understanding of abnormal population growth of the already known species. Management to reduce the transfer of exotics to natural habitats must be implemented.

Non indigenous ascidians in port and natural environments in a tropical Brazilian bay

Despite limited natural dispersal, some species of ascidians can be transported vast distances via oceanic petroleum platforms, ship hulls and ballast water and therefore may be good indicators of bioinvasion. Usually non indigenous species (NIS) are abundant in harbors. This is caused in part because of the higher propagule delivery rate in these areas. An alternative explanation of why invasion is enhanced in harbor and marinas is that environmental degradation commonly found in these habitats favors the establishment of NIS. Most surveys for introduced species were not comprehensive and targeted mainly ports and marinas. Angra dos Reis is an excellent system that provides an opportunity to compare the potential distribution of introduced and native species of Ascidiacea between port and natural environments. Here, we compared the colonization of experimental subtidal plates placed in harbors and marinas with the colonization of plates placed in nearby natural areas. With 27 taxa (15 identified to species), species richness was greater in port environments (25 versus 8). Six taxa were common to both environments while 19 taxa were exclusively found in ports. Among the identified species in ports, three were introduced, five were cryptogenic and only one was native. Only three species were found exclusively in the natural sites and all were cryptogenic. The presence of introduced species only in the port areas of Angra dos Reis reinforces the need for continued, periodic monitoring in the region for early detection of new, potentially invasive, species as well as for better understanding of abnormal population growth of the already known species. Management to reduce the transfer of exotics to natural habitats must be implemented.

Ballast water: a review of the impact on the world public health

Since the nineteenth century ships have been using ballast water (BW) for safety, stability, propulsion and maneuverability, as well as to redress loss of fuel weight and water consumption, and to maintain structural stress at acceptable levels. Ballast water has been spreading many non-native species around the globe, but little is known about the extent and potential significance of ship-mediated transfer of microorganisms. The global movements of ballast water by ships create a long-distance dispersal mechanism for human pathogens that may be important in the worldwide distribution of microorganisms, as well as for the epidemiology of waterborne diseases. Only a few studies have been carried out on this subject, most of them involving ballast water containing crustacean larvae and phytoplankton. Specialized microbiological studies on these waters are necessary to avoid a repeat of what happened in 1991, when epidemic cholera was reported in Peru and rapidly spread through Latin America and Mexico. In July of 1992, Vibrio cholerae was found in the USA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that it came from ballast water of ships whose last port of call was in South America. In Brazil, just a few studies about the subject have been performed. An exploratory study by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA) found in ballast water different microorganisms, such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, coliphages, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. Until now, Brazil has been focusing only on organisms transported to its territory from other countries by ballast water, to avoid their establishment and dissemination in Brazilian areas. Studies that can assess the probability that water ballast carries pathogenic microorganisms are extremely important, as is the examination of ships that arrive in the country. Treatment of the human infections caused by BW exists but none is completely safe and efficient.

Ballast water: a review of the impact on the world public health

Since the nineteenth century ships have been using ballast water (BW) for safety, stability, propulsion and maneuverability, as well as to redress loss of fuel weight and water consumption, and to maintain structural stress at acceptable levels. Ballast water has been spreading many non-native species around the globe, but little is known about the extent and potential significance of ship-mediated transfer of microorganisms. The global movements of ballast water by ships create a long-distance dispersal mechanism for human pathogens that may be important in the worldwide distribution of microorganisms, as well as for the epidemiology of waterborne diseases. Only a few studies have been carried out on this subject, most of them involving ballast water containing crustacean larvae and phytoplankton. Specialized microbiological studies on these waters are necessary to avoid a repeat of what happened in 1991, when epidemic cholera was reported in Peru and rapidly spread through Latin America and Mexico. In July of 1992, Vibrio cholerae was found in the USA and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determined that it came from ballast water of ships whose last port of call was in South America. In Brazil, just a few studies about the subject have been performed. An exploratory study by the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária - ANVISA) found in ballast water different microorganisms, such as fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium perfringens, coliphages, Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae non-O1. Until now, Brazil has been focusing only on organisms transported to its territory from other countries by ballast water, to avoid their establishment and dissemination in Brazilian areas. Studies that can assess the probability that water ballast carries pathogenic microorganisms are extremely important, as is the examination of ships that arrive in the country. Treatment of the human infections caused by BW exists but none is completely safe and efficient.

Análise comparativa do peso específico dos tratores agrícolas fabricados no Brasil e seus efeitos sobre a seleção e uso

The aptitude and performance of the agricultural tractors on field conditions have been influenced by the tractor weight. This parameter has varied mainly according to the manufacturers, generating a demand of comparative information. The objective of this research was to analyze the weight of Brazilian agricultural tractors, aiding in the selection and in its appropriate use. The present research included 103 models of commercial tractors of the brands Massey Ferguson, Agrale, New Holland, John Deere, Ursus and Valtra. Tractor weight and weight/power relationship, separately in different brands, traction type and power groups, were analyzed. The data were analyzed through the t test (Student). Significant differences were observed for the brands and power groups when the weight/power relationship was considered. The parameter weight has differed also for the traction type. Besides, the weight/power relationship without ballast weight has decreased with the increase of power. Therefore, Brazilian agricultural wheeled tractors are heterogeneous regarding weight and weight/power, what influences their economic performance. These parameters must be considered during the use and choice of a tractor.

O peso do trator influi diretamente na recomendação e no seu desempenho a campo. Esta variável é, muitas vezes, característica do fabricante, induzindo a necessidade de informações comparativas entre os modelos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os tratores agrícolas brasileiros no que se refere ao peso, visando obter dados que auxiliem na seleção e no seu uso adequado. O levantamento englobou 103 modelos de tratores comerciais das marcas Massey Ferguson, Agrale, New Holland, John Deere, Ursus e Valtra. Foram analisados os parâmetros peso e relação peso/potência, separadamente em diferentes marcas, tipo de tração e faixas de potência. A análise estatística foi feita através do teste t de Student. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para classificação de marcas e faixas de potência no parâmetro relação peso/potência, diferindo também no critério tipo de tração quando analisado o peso. Além disso, verificou-se que a relação peso/potência sem lastro diminui com o aumento da potência. Portanto, os tratores agrícolas de rodas brasileiros são heterogêneos no que se refere ao peso e à relação peso potência, o que afeta o desempenho econômico dos mesmos, sendo importantes fatores a serem considerados na seleção e no uso destas máquinas.

Análise comparativa do peso específico dos tratores agrícolas fabricados no Brasil e seus efeitos sobre a seleção e uso

The aptitude and performance of the agricultural tractors on field conditions have been influenced by the tractor weight. This parameter has varied mainly according to the manufacturers, generating a demand of comparative information. The objective of this research was to analyze the weight of Brazilian agricultural tractors, aiding in the selection and in its appropriate use. The present research included 103 models of commercial tractors of the brands Massey Ferguson, Agrale, New Holland, John Deere, Ursus and Valtra. Tractor weight and weight/power relationship, separately in different brands, traction type and power groups, were analyzed. The data were analyzed through the t test (Student). Significant differences were observed for the brands and power groups when the weight/power relationship was considered. The parameter weight has differed also for the traction type. Besides, the weight/power relationship without ballast weight has decreased with the increase of power. Therefore, Brazilian agricultural wheeled tractors are heterogeneous regarding weight and weight/power, what influences their economic performance. These parameters must be considered during the use and choice of a tractor.

O peso do trator influi diretamente na recomendação e no seu desempenho a campo. Esta variável é, muitas vezes, característica do fabricante, induzindo a necessidade de informações comparativas entre os modelos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar os tratores agrícolas brasileiros no que se refere ao peso, visando obter dados que auxiliem na seleção e no seu uso adequado. O levantamento englobou 103 modelos de tratores comerciais das marcas Massey Ferguson, Agrale, New Holland, John Deere, Ursus e Valtra. Foram analisados os parâmetros peso e relação peso/potência, separadamente em diferentes marcas, tipo de tração e faixas de potência. A análise estatística foi feita através do teste t de Student. Foram observadas diferenças significativas para classificação de marcas e faixas de potência no parâmetro relação peso/potência, diferindo também no critério tipo de tração quando analisado o peso. Além disso, verificou-se que a relação peso/potência sem lastro diminui com o aumento da potência. Portanto, os tratores agrícolas de rodas brasileiros são heterogêneos no que se refere ao peso e à relação peso potência, o que afeta o desempenho econômico dos mesmos, sendo importantes fatores a serem considerados na seleção e no uso destas máquinas.