Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in Conventional and Organic Broiler Chickens

Enteropatogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC), are generally poultry and poultry product isolate and can cause serious human infections. Many strains may become resistant to various antimicrobials, which can hinder the treatment of bacterial diseases. Organic farming seeks to avoid the selection and frequency of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aims to verify the resistance of EPEC and STEC from organic and conventional (industrial) broiler isolates to antimicrobials. All isolates were submitted to disk diffusion test with tetracycline, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and amoxicillin + clavulanate (TET, GEN, ENO, CTX, AMC) and PCR to detect specific virulence genes for EPEC and STEC. A total of 297 E. coli strains were isolated, 213 from conventional. In organic broiler, 84 strains were isolated. The strains from the conventional broiler isolates were resistant to five antimicrobials tested: TET 48.82% (104/213), ENO 28.17% (60/213), CTX 15.49% (33/213), GEN 14.55% (31/213), and AMC 7.04% (15/213), and 9.86% (21/213) were considered multidrug-resistant. Organic chicken strains were resistant to four of the antimicrobials tested: TET 35.7% (30/84), ENO 9.5% (8/84), CTX 2.4% (2/84), GEN 4.8% (4/84). Of the strains from the organic broiler chicken isolates, only 1.2% (1/84) was considered multidrug-resistant. No EPEC and STEC were found in the organic chicken samples. The multidrug resistance was characterized in 9.52% (2/21) of the EPEC and 4.76% (1/21) of the STEC. The study demonstrated the absence of EPEC and STEC strains in organic broilers and carcasses and a lower frequency of multiresistant strains compared to conventional breeding.(AU)

Chitosan Edible Coating as Decontaminant During Water Thawing of Frozen Broiler Carcasses

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chitosan edible coating applications on the sensory, physicochemical, and bacterial load on chicken during thawing. Edible coatings prepared with 0.5 &1% chitosan in acetic acid (0.5%), was used as thawing solution. The frozen chicken was submerged for 2 hrs in tap water as control, 0.5 &1% chitosan treatments. Chitosan 1% coating improves tenderness and in turn overall acceptability scores. The result of shear force analysis emphasized the tenderness sensory scores of cooked broilers. Application of chitosan coat reduces pH value, APC, Psychrotrophic count, with significant (p<0.05) reduction in thawed broilers with 1% chitosan coat. Therefore, commercial chitosan can be applied in water thawing of frozen broiler to improve the quality characteristics economically. The results demonstrate that the application of chitosan can be an effective method for reducing contamination in chicken meat during thawing.(AU)

Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens from Broiler Cecal Samples in the Slaughter Line by Real-Time PCR

Chicken meat is an important source of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria can occur in the intestinal microbiota of broilers and contaminate chicken carcasses in industrial meat processing. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a procedure based on real-time PCRs for the direct detection and quantification of these three bacteria in broilers' ceca collected in poultry slaughter houses and demonstrate the occurrence of these important foodborne pathogens in Brazilian poultry production flocks. Cecal contents were collected from 45 different broiler flocks in three different slaughterhouses in the state of Paraná, Brazil, totaling 45 samples (in pools of 10 different ceca/chickens per broiler flock). Then, these samples were tested for the detection and quantification of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCRs. The results demonstrated the occurrence of three (6.7%) positive pools for Salmonella, 20 (44.4%) for Campylobacter, and 32 (71.1%) for C. perfringens. Mean bacterial concentrations in the positive samples were 4.3log10 cells/g for Salmonella, 6.4 log10 cells/g for Campylobacter, and 5.5 log10 cells/g for C. perfringens. In conclusion, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and C. perfringens could be detected and quantified directly from the broilers cecal contents collected in the slaughter line. This procedure will be certainly useful to more quickly detect these foodborne pathogens and prevent their occurrence in chicken meat and other poultry food products.(AU)

Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter / Resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos em Escherichia coli shigatoxigênica (STEC) isoladas de frangos de corte ao abate

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.(AU)

Frangos de corte e seus produtos são importantes componentes na cadeia de transmissão de Escherichia coli do patotipo Shigatoxigênico (STEC) para humanos. Este patotipo é responsável por causar episódios de diarréia severos, que podem evoluir para complicações sistêmicas. O diagnóstico rápido e preciso da doença, e o tratamento com antimicrobianos ainda no início da infecção, podem evitar seu agravamento. Porém, cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos podem ter implicações potencialmente negativas em relação ao sucesso do tratamento. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar cepas STEC resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos em frangos de corte e carcaças. Das 171 cepas de E. coli isoladas pelo método bacteriológico convencional, e submetidas à Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), para detecção dos genes stx1 e stx2, 21.05% (36/171) pertenciam ao patotipo STEC, a maioria (66.67% - 24/36) portando o gene stx1 associado ao gene eae. O perfil de multirresistência foi observado em 75% (27/36) das cepas STEC. A presença de cepas STEC no material estudado reforça o fato de que frangos vivos e carcaças devem ser considerados como reservatórios deste patotipo. A presença de cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos, contaminando produtos de origem animal, representa um risco à Saúde Pública pela possibilidade de disseminação de determinantes de multirresistência e maior risco de insucesso no tratamento de indivíduos infectados.(AU)

Principais causas de condenação de carcaças de frangos de corte em abatedouros sob inspeção federal no estado do Paraná, Brasil / Main causes of chicken carcasses condemnations in slaughters under federal inspection in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, analisar as principais causas de condenação total de carcaças de frangos de corte em frigoríficos sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal no Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Foram analisados os registros de abate, obtidos através do Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, e os relatórios de condenações por meio do Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão. As principais causas de condenação, registradas no período em estudo foram aspecto repugnante (28,7%), contaminação (19,3%), síndrome ascítica (11%) e escaldagem excessiva (9,6%). 65,5 % das condenações das carcaças foram de origem não patológica, identificadas como tecnopatias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the main causes of total condemnation of broiler carcasses in slaughterhouses under the Federal Inspection Service in Paraná, from January 2017 to December 2018. The slaughter records obtained through Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service, and reports of convictions through the Electronic System of the Citizen Information Service. The main causes of condemnation recorded in the study period were disgusting aspects (28.7%), contamination (19.3%), ascitic syndrome (11%) and excessive scalding (9.6%). 65,5 % of carcass convictions were of non-pathological origin and were identified as technopathies.(AU)

Principais causas de condenação de carcaças de frangos de corte em abatedouros sob inspeção federal no estado do Paraná, Brasil / Main causes of chicken carcasses condemnations in slaughters under federal inspection in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, analisar as principais causas de condenação total de carcaças de frangos de corte em frigoríficos sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal no Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Foram analisados os registros de abate, obtidos através do Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, e os relatórios de condenações por meio do Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão. As principais causas de condenação, registradas no período em estudo foram aspecto repugnante (28,7%), contaminação (19,3%), síndrome ascítica (11%) e escaldagem excessiva (9,6%). 65,5 % das condenações das carcaças foram de origem não patológica, identificadas como tecnopatias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the main causes of total condemnation of broiler carcasses in slaughterhouses under the Federal Inspection Service in Paraná, from January 2017 to December 2018. The slaughter records obtained through Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service, and reports of convictions through the Electronic System of the Citizen Information Service. The main causes of condemnation recorded in the study period were disgusting aspects (28.7%), contamination (19.3%), ascitic syndrome (11%) and excessive scalding (9.6%). 65,5 % of carcass convictions were of non-pathological origin and were identified as technopathies.(AU)

Utilização de níveis crescentes de farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte / Utilization of increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broiler

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do farelo de raiz de mandioca (FRM) na ração de frangos de corte sob o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaças, cortes e vísceras, no período 10 a 42 dias de vida. Foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por 16 frangos machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb 500. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro rações com 0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5% de farelo de raiz de mandioca em três programas de alimentação. Aos 42 dias, quatro aves por unidade foram abatidas e avaliados o rendimento de carcaça, principais cortes e vísceras comestíveis. A inclusão dos níveis de 15% e 22,5% de FRM na dieta dos frangos influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso, no consumo e na conversão alimentar no período inicial e de crescimento das aves. O rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras não foram influenciados pela dieta. Com base nos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se o uso de até 7,5% do farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500, no período de 10 a 42 dias, sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico das aves e o rendimento de carcaças, dos cortes e vísceras comestíveis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broilers, estimated by the performance and yield of carcasses, cuts, and viscera over, in the period 10 to 42 days of life. A completely randomized design was carried out, with four treatments and four repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 16 male and female Cobb 500 chickens (a total of 256 birds) that were 10 to 42 days old. The treatments consisted of four diets with 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5% of cassava root meal (CRM) in three feeding programs. At 42 days old, four birds per unit were slaughtered and the carcass yield, main cuts, and edible viscera were evaluated. The inclusion of levels of 15% and 22.5% of CRM in the diet of broiler had a negative influence on weight gain, food consumption, and feed conversion in the initial period and in the overall growth of the birds. Carcass yield, cuts, and viscera were not influenced by the diet. Based on the results, it is recommended that a maximum of 7.5% of the cassava root bran may be used in the diet of broilers of the Cobb 500 strain, over 10 to 42 days, without compromising the zootechnical performance of the birds or the yield of edible carcasses, cuts, and viscera.

Utilization of increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broiler / Utilização de níveis crescentes de farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broilers, estimated by the performance and yield of carcasses, cuts, and viscera over, in the period 10 to 42 days of life. A completely randomized design was carried out, with four treatments and four repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 16 male and female Cobb 500 chickens (a total of 256 birds) that were 10 to 42 days old. The treatments consisted of four diets with 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5% of cassava root meal (CRM) in three feeding programs. At 42 days old, four birds per unit were slaughtered and the carcass yield, main cuts, and edible viscera were evaluated. The inclusion of levels of 15% and 22.5% of CRM in the diet of broiler had a negative influence on weight gain, food consumption, and feed conversion in the initial period and in the overall growth of the birds. Carcass yield, cuts, and viscera were not influenced by the diet. Based on the results, it is recommended that a maximum of 7.5% of the cassava root bran may be used in the diet of broilers of the Cobb 500 strain, over 10 to 42 days, without compromising the zootechnical performance of the birds or the yield of edible carcasses, cuts, and viscera.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do farelo de raiz de mandioca (FRM) na ração de frangos de corte sob o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaças, cortes e vísceras, no período 10 a 42 dias de vida. Foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por 16 frangos machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb 500. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro rações com 0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5% de farelo de raiz de mandioca em três programas de alimentação. Aos 42 dias, quatro aves por unidade foram abatidas e avaliados o rendimento de carcaça, principais cortes e vísceras comestíveis. A inclusão dos níveis de 15% e 22,5% de FRM na dieta dos frangos influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso, no consumo e na conversão alimentar no período inicial e de crescimento das aves. O rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras não foram influenciados pela dieta. Com base nos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se o uso de até 7,5% do farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500, no período de 10 a 42 dias, sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico das aves e o rendimento de carcaças, dos cortes e vísceras comestíveis.

Main causes of chicken carcass condemnations in Espírito Santo, Brazil / Principais causas de condenações de carcaça de frango no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Brazil is the third largest producer and the main exporter of chicken meat in the world. In 2019, it produced approximately 13.245 million tons of the product, generating more than six million dollars. According to the Poultry Association of the state of Espírito Santo, broiler production is carried out by 28 independent producers/companies, three integrator businesses, 42 integrated producers and seven slaughterhouses (structures with SIF, SIE/SISBI or SIE certification). Despite the growth of this sector, problems persist regarding the quality of carcasses and the number of condemnations. From the sanitary and industrial point of view, all products of animal origin must undergo prior inspection. The present study was developed using data generated by the Federal Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal, SIF) and the State Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Estadual, SIE). The main causes of condemnation of birds as inspected by SIF represented 9.26% of the slaughtered birds. Total condemnations corresponded to 1.35%. Overall, this study recorded a greater number of condemnations of non-pathological origin. In conclusion, there was consistency in the reasons why these products were condemned. Bruises/fractures and contamination were the most frequent causes according to both inspection services (SIF and SIE), indicating a common problem on the slaughter and inspection lines.(AU)

O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e o principal exportador de carne de frango do mundo. Em 2019, produziu aproximadamente 13,245 milhões de toneladas, faturando mais de seis milhões de dólares. Segundo a Associação dos Avicultores do Estado do Espírito Santo, a avicultura de corte conta com 28 produtores/empresas independentes, três integradoras, 42 integrados além de 7 abatedouros (estruturas com SIF, SIE/SISBI ou SIE). Embora tenha havido crescimento neste setor, ainda persistem problemas relacionados com a qualidade das carcaças e com o quantitativo de condenações. Sob o ponto de vista sanitário e industrial todos os produtos de origem animal devem receber fiscalização prévia. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido mediante levantamento de dados gerados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) e pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE). As principais causas de condenações de aves inspecionadas pelo SIF representaram 9,26% das aves abatidas. Para as condenações totais foi registrado o percentual de 1,35%. Este estudo registrou, no geral, um maior número de condenações de origem não patológica. Conclui-se que houve uma constância nas razões pelas quais esses produtos sofreram condenações. As contusões/fraturas e contaminações foram as de maior ocorrência, em ambos os Serviços de Inspeção (SIF e SIE), indicando um problema comum na linha de abate e inspeção.(AU)

Co-relationship between Escherichia coli in broiler cellulitis and liver lesions / Correlação entre a presença de Escherichia coli em lesões de celulite e fígados de frango

Pathogenic strains of Escherichia coli may invade the subcutaneous tissue of poultry and cause cellulitis, whilst the pathogen may also cause lesions in internal organs such as the liver. Current paper co-relates Escherichia coli and virulence genes characteristic of Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) in broilers´ cellulitis and liver lesions. One hundred carcasses were retrieved from the production chain in an avian abattoir in the state of Bahia, Brazil, between August 2013 and January 2014, due to detection of cellulitis lesions. Cellulitis and liver samples were retrieved aseptically to quantify E. coli by Petrifilm count fast method (3M Company) (AOAC 998.8). Virulent genes iss and iutA were removed from E. coli isolates by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Escherichia coli was isolated from 82.0% of broilers removed from the production chain and the bacterium was concomitantly detected in cellulitis and liver lesions in 40.0% of broilers. E. coli counts ranged between 1.00 and 4.73 log CFU/g in liver lesions and between 2.00 and 9.00 log UFC/g in cellulitis lesions. Virulent genes iutA and iss were detected in 97.56% and 89.02% of E. coli isolates, respectively. Genotype analysis demonstrated the concomitant amplification of genes iutA and iss in 60.0% (n=40) of samples of cellulitis and liver lesions in which the simultaneous isolation of E. coli occurred. There was a positive and significant co-relationship (r=0.22; p 0.05) between the variables occurrence of E. coli isolated from liver samples and the occurrence of E. coli isolated from cellulitis lesions. There were also positive and significant co-relationships between populations of E. coli from liver isolates and cellulitis lesions (r=0.46; p 0.05) when E. coli isolated in the liver and in cellulitis lesions was detected. Since results showed a relationship between E. coli in cellulitis and liver lesions and possible systemic infection, the occurrence of cellulitis lesions as a criterion for total discarding of carcass may be suggested.(AU)

Cepas patogênicas de Escherichia coli podem invadir o tecido subcutâneo das aves e provocar celulite aviária e este patógeno pode provocar lesões nos órgãos internos, como o fígado. Desta forma, objetivou-se correlacionar a presença de Escherichia coli e os genes de virulência característicos de Escherichia coli Patogênica para Aves (APEC) nas lesões de celulite e nos fígados dos frangos. Entre agosto de 2013 a janeiro de 2014, foram retiradas 100 carcaças da linha de produção por apresentarem lesões de celulite em um matadouro avícola da Bahia (Brasil). Foram coletadas amostras de celulite e fígados de frango assepticamente para quantificação de E. coli pelo método rápido de contagem Petrifilm (3M Company) (AOAC 998.8). Em seguida foi realizada a pesquisa dos genes de virulência iss e iutA nos isolados de E. coli utilizando a Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Escherichia coli foi isolada em 82,00% das aves retiradas da linha de produção e a bactéria foi detectada concomitantemente nas lesões de celulite e fígado em 40,00% das aves. As contagens de E. coli variaram de 1,00 a 4,73 log UFC/g nos fígados e de 2,00 a 9,00 log UFC/g nas lesões de celulite. Os genes de virulência iutA e iss foram encontrados em 97,56% e 89,02% dos isolados de E. coli, respectivamente. A análise genotípica revelou a amplificação concomitante dos genes iutA e iss em 60,00% (n=40) das amostras de lesões de celulite e fígado nas quais houve o isolamento simultâneo de E. coli. Foi observada correlação positiva e significativa (r=0,22; p 0,05) entre as variáveis ocorrência de E. coli isolada das amostras dos fígados e ocorrência E. coli isolada das lesões de celulite e, nos casos em que foi detectada a ocorrência de E. coli isolada em fígado e lesões de celulite, correlações positivas e significativas também foram evidenciadas entre as populações de E. coli dos isolados dos fígados e das lesões de celulite, (r=0,46; p 0,05). Assim ficou evidenciada a relação entre E. coli presente nas lesões de celulite e no fígado e uma possível infecção sistêmica, desta forma, sugere-se que a presença de lesões de celulite seja utilizada como critério para o descarte total da carcaça.(AU)

Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming - Is It Possible to Use Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming in Commercial Broiler Slaughterhouses in Brazil?

This study aimed to evaluate visual contamination rates of carcasses of broilers slaughtered in establishments supervised by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) and efficiency of carcass washing in replacement of trimming. The work was divided into three parts: analysis of partial and total carcass condemnation by contamination in hot (October to March) and cold (April to September) periods; evaluation of microbiological contamination before and after washing 800 carcasses (400 that did not go through washing x 400 that went through washing); and carcass washing test. For the test, twenty carcasses were evaluated in five treatments: carcasses without contamination - before washing; carcasses without contamination - after washing; contaminated carcasses - before washing and before trimming; contaminated carcasses - after washing; contaminated carcasses - after trimming. Hot and cold periods obtained a similar number and weight of slaughtered chickens. There were no differences regarding condemnation by contamination. Periods of the year did not influence the average weight of the birds slaughtered in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Carcass washing in the slaughter line was effective in reducing total bacterial contamination, E. coli, and enterobacteria. There is a similarity in the reduction of condemnations by contamination, evidencing that the uniformity of production systems. Although it is not yet a reality in Brazilian slaughterhouses, the washing procedure can be considered a safe replacement for trimming.(AU)

Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming - Is It Possible to Use Carcass Washing as an Alternative to Trimming in Commercial Broiler Slaughterhouses in Brazil?

This study aimed to evaluate visual contamination rates of carcasses of broilers slaughtered in establishments supervised by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF) and efficiency of carcass washing in replacement of trimming. The work was divided into three parts: analysis of partial and total carcass condemnation by contamination in hot (October to March) and cold (April to September) periods; evaluation of microbiological contamination before and after washing 800 carcasses (400 that did not go through washing x 400 that went through washing); and carcass washing test. For the test, twenty carcasses were evaluated in five treatments: carcasses without contamination - before washing; carcasses without contamination - after washing; contaminated carcasses - before washing and before trimming; contaminated carcasses - after washing; contaminated carcasses - after trimming. Hot and cold periods obtained a similar number and weight of slaughtered chickens. There were no differences regarding condemnation by contamination. Periods of the year did not influence the average weight of the birds slaughtered in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Carcass washing in the slaughter line was effective in reducing total bacterial contamination, E. coli, and enterobacteria. There is a similarity in the reduction of condemnations by contamination, evidencing that the uniformity of production systems. Although it is not yet a reality in Brazilian slaughterhouses, the washing procedure can be considered a safe replacement for trimming.

Detection of enterobacteria in broiler carcasses for sale in the market / Pesquisa de enterobactérias em carcaças de frangos à venda no comércio

This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of broiler marketed in Teresina, PI. The study was performed in the from September to November 2018, to which three groups of broiler carcasses produced in the city of Teresina were analyzed: without refrigeration, labeling and inspection (n=8); originated from local production, refrigerated, labeled, and inspected (n=8); and originated from other states, frozen, packed, labeled, and inspected (n=8). The collected samples were analyzed regarding the determination of the Most Probable Number (NMP) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, and detection of Salmonella spp., besides the measurement of the temperature of the carcasses. The logarithmic means of thermotolerant and total coliforms in the broiler carcasses varied from 0.70 to 4.66 NMP/g and from 0.73 to 4.66 NMP/g, respectively. The bacteria E. coli and Salmonella spp. were also detected in samples with refrigeration and inspection (25 % and 12.5 %, respectively). As for the marketing temperature, only the broiler carcass samples which were chilled and frozen were within the standard of the Brazilian legislation. The results observed in this study indicate the need for improvement in the processing, handling, and storage of the broiler meat marketed in Teresina, PI.

Objetivou-se analisar a qualidade microbiológica de carcaças de frangos comercializadas em Teresina, PI. O estudo foi realizado no período de setembro a novembro de 2018, para o qual foram analisadas carcaças de frango produzidas no município de Teresina, sem refrigeração, rotulagem e inspeção (n=8); de produção local refrigeradas, embaladas com rotulagem e inspecionadas (n=8); e oriundas de outros estados congeladas, embaladas com rotulagem e inspecionadas (n=8). As amostras coletadas foram analisadas quanto à determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia colie pesquisa de Salmonellaspp., além de aferição da temperatura das carcaças. As médias logarítmicas de coliformes termotolerantes e totais nas carcaçasde frango analisadas variaram de 0,70 a 4,66 NMP/g e de 0,73 a 4,66 NMP/g, respectivamente. Também foram encontradas bactérias E. colie Salmonellaspp. em amostras com refrigeração e com inspeção (25 % e 12,5 %, respectivamente). Quanto à temperatura de comercialização apenas as amostras de carcaça de frango resfriadas e as congeladas mostraram-se dentro do padrão da legislação brasileira. Os resultados observados nesse estudo indicam a necessidade de melhoria no processamento, manipulação e armazenamentoda carne de frango comercializado em Teresina, PI.

Detection of enterobacteria in broiler carcasses for sale in the market / Pesquisa de enterobactérias em carcaças de frangos à venda no comércio

This study aimed to analyze the microbiological quality of broiler marketed in Teresina, PI. The study was performed in the from September to November 2018, to which three groups of broiler carcasses produced in the city of Teresina were analyzed: without refrigeration, labeling and inspection (n=8); originated from local production, refrigerated, labeled, and inspected (n=8); and originated from other states, frozen, packed, labeled, and inspected (n=8). The collected samples were analyzed regarding the determination of the Most Probable Number (NMP) of total and thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, and detection of Salmonella spp., besides the measurement of the temperature of the carcasses. The logarithmic means of thermotolerant and total coliforms in the broiler carcasses varied from 0.70 to 4.66 NMP/g and from 0.73 to 4.66 NMP/g, respectively. The bacteria E. coli and Salmonella spp. were also detected in samples with refrigeration and inspection (25 % and 12.5 %, respectively). As for the marketing temperature, only the broiler carcass samples which were chilled and frozen were within the standard of the Brazilian legislation. The results observed in this study indicate the need for improvement in the processing, handling, and storage of the broiler meat marketed in Teresina, PI.(AU)

Objetivou-se analisar a qualidade microbiológica de carcaças de frangos comercializadas em Teresina, PI. O estudo foi realizado no período de setembro a novembro de 2018, para o qual foram analisadas carcaças de frango produzidas no município de Teresina, sem refrigeração, rotulagem e inspeção (n=8); de produção local refrigeradas, embaladas com rotulagem e inspecionadas (n=8); e oriundas de outros estados congeladas, embaladas com rotulagem e inspecionadas (n=8). As amostras coletadas foram analisadas quanto à determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia colie pesquisa de Salmonellaspp., além de aferição da temperatura das carcaças. As médias logarítmicas de coliformes termotolerantes e totais nas carcaçasde frango analisadas variaram de 0,70 a 4,66 NMP/g e de 0,73 a 4,66 NMP/g, respectivamente. Também foram encontradas bactérias E. colie Salmonellaspp. em amostras com refrigeração e com inspeção (25 % e 12,5 %, respectivamente). Quanto à temperatura de comercialização apenas as amostras de carcaça de frango resfriadas e as congeladas mostraram-se dentro do padrão da legislação brasileira. Os resultados observados nesse estudo indicam a necessidade de melhoria no processamento, manipulação e armazenamentoda carne de frango comercializado em Teresina, PI.(AU)

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil

The extensive use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in Brazil. A total of 230 Salmonella strains, isolated from cloacal swabs (n=56) and broiler carcasses swabs (n=174) before and after chilling from slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection Service within the period 2012-2017, were analyzed. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on all the isolates. Serotyping results showed that 41% of the strains were Salmonella Heidelberg, 29% S. Minnesota, 12% S. Saintpaul, 6.5% S. Enteritidis, 3.9% S. Anatum, 2.2% S. Cerro, 2.2% S. Senftenberg, 1.7% S. Newport, 0.4% S. Ealing, 0.4% S. O:4,5 and 0.4% S. O:9,12. MDR rates of the isolates were 67.4%. S. Heidelberg 89.5%, S. Minnesota 51.5%, S. Saintpaul 82.1%, S. Anatum 66.7%, S. Cerro 60%, S. Senftenberg 40%. Out of the 230 strains, 41.3% presented resistance to Penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitor, Penicillin, 1st and 2nd Generation Cephalosporin, 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporin, Tetracycline and Sulfonamide. Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Senftenberg and S. Minnesota were isolated after chilling tank highlighting a food safety concern for the industry of poultry and poultry products indicating a risk to collective health. The high prevalence of MDR nontyphoidal Salmonella obtained in this study limit the options available to treat infectious disease in humans and animals.(AU)

High Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Nontyphoidal Salmonella Recovered from Broiler Chickens and Chicken Carcasses in Brazil

The extensive use of antimicrobial agents has contributed to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance (MDR) in Salmonella, an important zoonotic pathogen that causes outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in humans. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Salmonella strains isolated from poultry in Brazil. A total of 230 Salmonella strains, isolated from cloacal swabs (n=56) and broiler carcasses swabs (n=174) before and after chilling from slaughterhouses under Federal Inspection Service within the period 2012-2017, were analyzed. Serotyping and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on all the isolates. Serotyping results showed that 41% of the strains were Salmonella Heidelberg, 29% S. Minnesota, 12% S. Saintpaul, 6.5% S. Enteritidis, 3.9% S. Anatum, 2.2% S. Cerro, 2.2% S. Senftenberg, 1.7% S. Newport, 0.4% S. Ealing, 0.4% S. O:4,5 and 0.4% S. O:9,12. MDR rates of the isolates were 67.4%. S. Heidelberg 89.5%, S. Minnesota 51.5%, S. Saintpaul 82.1%, S. Anatum 66.7%, S. Cerro 60%, S. Senftenberg 40%. Out of the 230 strains, 41.3% presented resistance to Penicillins + beta-lactamase inhibitor, Penicillin, 1st and 2nd Generation Cephalosporin, 3rd and 4th Generation Cephalosporin, Tetracycline and Sulfonamide. Salmonella Heidelberg, S. Saintpaul, S. Anatum, S. Cerro, S. Senftenberg and S. Minnesota were isolated after chilling tank highlighting a food safety concern for the industry of poultry and poultry products indicating a risk to collective health. The high prevalence of MDR nontyphoidal Salmonella obtained in this study limit the options available to treat infectious disease in humans and animals.

Detection of the mcr-1 gene in Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains isolated from broilers

ABSTRACT: Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC) strains are among the major pathotypes found in poultry and their products, which are capable of causing human enteric infections. Colistin has been claimed the drug of choice against diseases caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (MDRGN) in humans. The mcr-1 gene was the first plasmidial gene that has been described to be responsible for colistin resistance and has also been detected in birds and poultry products. Our study aimed to detect the mcr-1 gene in enteropathogenic strains of E. coli in order to evaluate the resistance to colistin in broilers. The material was obtained from 240 cloacal samples and 60 broiler carcasses. The strains were isolated by the conventional bacteriological method and by the virulence genes, which characterize the enteropathogenic strains and resistance, and the samples were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 213 isolated strains of E. coli, 57 (26.76%) were characterized as atypical EPEC and 35 (16.43%) as STEC. The mcr-1 gene was found in 3.5% (2/57) of the EPEC strains and 5.7% (2/35) of the STEC strains. In this study, it was possible to confirm that the mcr-1 resistance gene is already circulating in the broiler flocks studied and may be associated with the pathogenic strains.

RESUMO: Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica (EPEC) e Shigatoxigênica (STEC) estão entres os principais patotipos encontrados em aves e produtos avícolas que são capazes de causar doença entérica no homem. A colistina tem sido preconizada como droga de escolha para o tratamento de doenças causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas multirresistentes em humanos. O gene mcr-1 foi o primeiro gene plasmidial a ser descrito como responsável pela resistência a colistina e tem sido descrito em aves e produtos avícolas. Este estudo tem como objetivo a detecção do gene mcr-1 em estirpes de E. coli enteropatogênicas a fim de avaliar a resistência a colistina em frangos de corte. O material foi obtido a partir de 240 amostras cloacais e 60 carcaças de frango de corte. As estirpes foram isoladas pelo método bacteriológico convencional e os genes de virulência, que caracterizam as estirpes enteropatogênicas, e resistência foram detectados pela reação em cadeia pela polimerase (PCR). Das 213 estirpes de E. coli isoladas, 57 (26,76%) foram caracterizadas como EPEC atípica e 35 (16,43%) como STEC. O gene mcr-1 foi encontrado em 3,5% (2/57) das estirpes EPEC e 5,7% (2/35) das estirpes STEC. Neste estudo foi possível confirmar que o gene de resistência mcr-1 já está em circulação nos lotes de frango de corte estudados e pode estar associado às estirpes patogênicas.

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Broilers Technological Processing and Determination of a Performance Objective (PO) for Frozen Chicken Breast

The present study investigated the frequency, level of contamination and serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from broiler flocks in different processing sites and the fulfillment of a Performance Objective (PO) in frozen chicken breasts, as a risk assessment to measure the efficacy of prevention and control programs applied to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. in raw poultry meat that contribute to reach food safety and public health goals. From 1,800 samples of cloacal swabs, carcasses before and after immersion chilling and frozen breasts derived from 20 broiler flocks slaughtered at two processing plants located in the mid-west and southern regions of Brazil, 278 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) automated BAX System (DUPONT QUALICOM, USA), and 118 were enumerated by miniaturized most probable number technique. 122 Salmonella spp. strains were serotyped at the National Reference Laboratory of Cholera and Enteric Diseases of Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation (FIOCRUZ), showing a dominance of Salmonella Minnesota in every processing steps of the slaughterhouse located in the Brazilian mid-west region. Only 1 lot failed to reach the expected result for the Performance Objective (PO), using a maximum of 10% positivity acceptance for Salmonella spp. in frozen chicken breasts. Qualitative and quantitative results combined may be considered an effective tool to evaluate the effect of prevention and control programs for Salmonella spp. on the safety of the final product.(AU)

Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Salmonella spp. in Broilers Technological Processing and Determination of a Performance Objective (PO) for Frozen Chicken Breast

The present study investigated the frequency, level of contamination and serotyping of Salmonella strains isolated from broiler flocks in different processing sites and the fulfillment of a Performance Objective (PO) in frozen chicken breasts, as a risk assessment to measure the efficacy of prevention and control programs applied to reduce the risk of Salmonella spp. in raw poultry meat that contribute to reach food safety and public health goals. From 1,800 samples of cloacal swabs, carcasses before and after immersion chilling and frozen breasts derived from 20 broiler flocks slaughtered at two processing plants located in the mid-west and southern regions of Brazil, 278 samples were positive for Salmonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) automated BAX System (DUPONT QUALICOM, USA), and 118 were enumerated by miniaturized most probable number technique. 122 Salmonella spp. strains were serotyped at the National Reference Laboratory of Cholera and Enteric Diseases of Oswaldo Cruz Institute Foundation (FIOCRUZ), showing a dominance of Salmonella Minnesota in every processing steps of the slaughterhouse located in the Brazilian mid-west region. Only 1 lot failed to reach the expected result for the Performance Objective (PO), using a maximum of 10% positivity acceptance for Salmonella spp. in frozen chicken breasts. Qualitative and quantitative results combined may be considered an effective tool to evaluate the effect of prevention and control programs for Salmonella spp. on the safety of the final product.

The effect of four commercial broiler hybrids and the season on occurrence of broiler condemnations in the abattoirs / O efeito de quatro linhagens comerciais de frangos de corte e a estação do ano na ocorrência de condenações no abatedouro

Condemnations in the broilers abattoirs can represent an overview farms health and effectiveness of welfare programs, as well as predisposition between hybrids. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of condemnation among four commercial broiler hybrids and the oscillation of condemnations in different seasons in a poultry abattoir. Data from condemnations of the Federal Inspection Service of a slaughterhouse were analyzed during one year, in which a total of 12.81% of partial condemnations were observed and total condemnations represented 0.41% of slaughtered broiler. There was a difference in total and partial condemnation among the hybrids evaluated, with Hubbard hybrid being the one with the highest number of condemnations (0.67% - 17.71%), followed by Ross 95 (0.42% - 14.21%), Cobb (0.30% - 10.03%); and Cobb Fast (0.26% - 9.29%). The analysis between the seasons showed a higher conviction rate in winter and a lower rate in autumn for both total and partial condemnation. Hubbard had the highest rates and Cobb Fast the lowest for most causes of condemnation. We concluded that the metabolic cause led to higher losses by total condemnation, while contamination or technopathies represented the highest rates in partial losses. The broiler hybrid and the time of year may influence the causes of condemnation in the abattoir. This information should be considered by the abattoir and the farms in sanitary planning, considering the financial impact due to losses by condemnations of carcasses.(AU)

As condenações no abatedouro de frangos podem representar uma visão geral da saúde das granjas e da eficácia dos programas de bem-estar, bem como revelar diferenças fenotípicas entre linhagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a prevalência de condenação entre quatro híbridos comerciais de frangos de corte e a oscilação de condenações em diferentes épocas em um frigorífico de aves. Os dados das condenações do Serviço Federal de Inspeção de um abatedouro foram analisados durante um ano, no qual foram observadas 12,81% de condenações parciais e 0,41% de condenações totais. Houve diferença na condenação total e parcial entre os híbridos avaliados, sendo o híbrido Hubbard o com maior número de condenações (0,67% - 17,71%), seguido por Ross 95 (0,42% - 14,21%), Cobb (0,30%). - 10,03%); e Cobb Fast (0,26% - 9,29%). A análise entre as estações do ano demonstrou uma maior taxa de condenação no inverno e menor taxa no outono para condenação total e parcial. Hubbard apresentou as maiores taxas e Cobb Fast as mais baixas para a maioria das causas de condenações. Concluímos que a causa metabólica resultou em mais perdas por condenação total, enquanto a contaminação ou tecnopatias representaram as maiores taxas em perdas parciais. A linhagem de frango de corte e a época do ano podem influenciar nas causas de condenação no abatedouro. Essas informações devem ser consideradas pela indústria e pelas granjas no planejamento sanitário, considerando o impacto financeiro devido às perdas por condenações de carcaças.(AU)