Immature life cycle of laboratory-reared Phylloicus elektoros and Phylloicus amazonas (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) from a central Amazonian stream / Ciclo de vida em laboratório de imaturos de Phylloicus elektoros e Phylloicus amazonas (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) de um igarapé da Amazônia Central

We reared field-collected egg masses of the caddisflies Phylloicus amazonas (n = 2) and Phylloicus elektoros (n = 7) to adulthood. First instar larvae of both species hatched up to five days after field collection. Median development time from first larval instar to adult was 229 days for P. amazonas and 275 for P. elektoros, including the pupal development time (median of 13.5 and 16 days, respectively). Shredder organisms have been used frequently in studies related to organic matter processing in freshwater ecosystems. The biological information reported in here may be useful for the design of experimental studies in the field or under laboratory conditions.(AU)

Nós criamos massas de ovos dos tricópteros Phylloicus amazonas (n = 2) e Phylloicus elektoros (n = 7) coletadas no campo até a fase adulta. A mediana do tempo de desenvolvimento do primeiro instar larval ao adulto foi de 229 dias para P. amazonas e 275 dias para P. elektoros, incluindo o tempo de desenvolvimento pupal (mediana de 13.5 e 16 dias, respectivamente). Fragmentadores têm sido frequentemente usados em estudos relacionados ao processamento de matéria orgânica em ecossistemas aquáticos. As informações biológicas fornecidas neste estudo podem ser úteis para o planejamento de estudos experimentais em campo ou em condições de laboratório.(AU)

Taxonomic catalog of the Brazilian fauna: order Trichoptera (Insecta), diversity and distribution

Caddisflies are a highly diverse group of aquatic insects, particularly in the Neotropical region where there is a high number of endemic taxa. Based on taxonomic contributions published until August 2019, a total of 796 caddisfly species have been recorded from Brazil. Taxonomic data about Brazilian caddisflies are currently open access at the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the animal species occurring in Brazil. The order Trichoptera at CTFB includes a catalog of species recorded for the country, with synonymic lists, distribution throughout six biomes, 12 hydrographic regions, and 27 political states (including Federal District) from Brazil. The database is constantly updated to include newly published data. In this study, we reviewed the taxonomic effort on Brazilian caddisflies based on data currently in CTFB database. The accumulation curve of species described or recorded from the country, by year, shows a strong upward trend in last 25 years, indicating that it is possible that there are many more species to be described. Based on presence/absence of caddisfly species at three geographic levels (biomes, hydrographic regions, and states), second order Jackknife estimated at least 1,586 species occurring in Brazil (with hydrographic regions as unities), indicating we currently know about 50% of the Brazilian caddisfly fauna. Species distribution by Brazilian biomes reveals that the Atlantic Forest is the most diverse, with 490 species (298 endemic), followed by the Amazon Forest, with 255 species (101 endemic). Even though these numbers may be biased because there has been more intense collecting in these two biomes, the percentage of endemic caddisfly species in the Atlantic Forest is remarkable. Considering the distribution throughout hydrographic regions, clustering analyses (UPGMA) based on incidence data reveals two groups: northwestern basins and southeastern. Although these groups have weak bootstrap support and low similarity in species composition, this division of Brazilian caddisfly fauna could be related to Amazon-Atlantic Forest disjunction, with the South American dry diagonal acting as a potential barrier throughout evolutionary time.

Taxonomic catalog of the Brazilian fauna: order Trichoptera (Insecta), diversity and distribution

Caddisflies are a highly diverse group of aquatic insects, particularly in the Neotropical region where there is a high number of endemic taxa. Based on taxonomic contributions published until August 2019, a total of 796 caddisfly species have been recorded from Brazil. Taxonomic data about Brazilian caddisflies are currently open access at the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil website (CTFB), an on-line database with taxonomic information on the animal species occurring in Brazil. The order Trichoptera at CTFB includes a catalog of species recorded for the country, with synonymic lists, distribution throughout six biomes, 12 hydrographic regions, and 27 political states (including Federal District) from Brazil. The database is constantly updated to include newly published data. In this study, we reviewed the taxonomic effort on Brazilian caddisflies based on data currently in CTFB database. The accumulation curve of species described or recorded from the country, by year, shows a strong upward trend in last 25 years, indicating that it is possible that there are many more species to be described. Based on presence/absence of caddisfly species at three geographic levels (biomes, hydrographic regions, and states), second order Jackknife estimated at least 1,586 species occurring in Brazil (with hydrographic regions as unities), indicating we currently know about 50% of the Brazilian caddisfly fauna. Species distribution by Brazilian biomes reveals that the Atlantic Forest is the most diverse, with 490 species (298 endemic), followed by the Amazon Forest, with 255 species (101 endemic). Even though these numbers may be biased because there has been more intense collecting in these two biomes, the percentage of endemic caddisfly species in the Atlantic Forest is remarkable. Considering the distribution throughout hydrographic regions, clustering analyses (UPGMA) based on incidence data reveals two groups: northwestern basins and southeastern. Although these groups have weak bootstrap support and low similarity in species composition, this division of Brazilian caddisfly fauna could be related to Amazon-Atlantic Forest disjunction, with the South American dry diagonal acting as a potential barrier throughout evolutionary time.(AU)

Two new species and a new distributional record of Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from southeastern Brazil

The genus Alterosa Blahnik (2005), with 39 extant species, is endemic to Atlantic Forest areas of southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate two new species from Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Alterosa cornuta sp. nov., easily diagnosed by the horn-like intermediate appendages crossing each other, and A. araras sp. nov., recognized mainly by the extremely developed basodorsal protuberance on tergum X and by the rod-like, mesally curved preanal appendages, with at least 2 stout spine-like setae positioned at mid length and with the apex cupped. Additionally, a new distributional record for Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, is provided for Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005).

Two new species and a new distributional record of Alterosa (Trichoptera: Philopotamidae) from southeastern Brazil

The genus Alterosa Blahnik (2005), with 39 extant species, is endemic to Atlantic Forest areas of southern and southeastern Brazil. Herein, we describe and illustrate two new species from Rio de Janeiro state, southeastern Brazil: Alterosa cornuta sp. nov., easily diagnosed by the horn-like intermediate appendages crossing each other, and A. araras sp. nov., recognized mainly by the extremely developed basodorsal protuberance on tergum X and by the rod-like, mesally curved preanal appendages, with at least 2 stout spine-like setae positioned at mid length and with the apex cupped. Additionally, a new distributional record for Espírito Santo state, southeastern Brazil, is provided for Alterosa falcata Blahnik (2005).(AU)

Checklist of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil

ABSTRACT Trichoptera presents about 15,000 species described globally, of which 2,562 are recorded in the Neotropics and 642 in Brazil, distributed in 70 genera and 16 families. In Brazil, knowledge of the distribution and species richness of Trichoptera is incipient and heterogeneous, especially in some states such as Mato Grosso do Sul. In this work, we present an updated checklist of caddisflies for Mato Grosso do Sul state, representing nine families, 24 genera, and 16 species, four of them are new species records. Additionally, a new record of species for the Brazilian country is presented.

RESUMO A ordem Trichoptera possui aproximadamente 15.000 espécies descritas no mundo, dentre as quais 2.562 possuem registro na Região Neotropical e 642 delas no Brasil, distribuídas em 70 gêneros e 16 famílias. No Brasil, o conhecimento de distribuição e riqueza de espécies de Trichoptera é incipiente e heterogêneo, principalmente em alguns estados, como o Mato Grosso do Sul. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos uma checklist atualizada dos tricópteros do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, representando nove famílias, 24 gêneros e 16 espécies, destas quatro são novos registros para o estado. Adicionalmente, é apresentado um novo registro de espécie para o Brasil.

Checklist of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil / Lista dos tricópteros (Insecta, Trichoptera) do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Trichoptera presents about 15,000 species described globally, of which 2,562 are recorded in the Neotropics and 642 in Brazil, distributed in 70 genera and 16 families. In Brazil, knowledge of the distribution and species richness of Trichoptera is incipient and heterogeneous, especially in some states such as Mato Grosso do Sul. In this work, we present an updated checklist of caddisflies for Mato Grosso do Sul state, representing nine families, 24 genera, and 16 species, four of them are new species records. Additionally, a new record of species for the Brazilian country is presented.(AU)

A ordem Trichoptera possui aproximadamente 15.000 espécies descritas no mundo, dentre as quais 2.562 possuem registro na Região Neotropical e 642 delas no Brasil, distribuídas em 70 gêneros e 16 famílias. No Brasil, o conhecimento de distribuição e riqueza de espécies de Trichoptera é incipiente e heterogêneo, principalmente em alguns estados, como o Mato Grosso do Sul. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos uma checklist atualizada dos tricópteros do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, representando nove famílias, 24 gêneros e 16 espécies, destas quatro são novos registros para o estado. Adicionalmente, é apresentado um novo registro de espécie para o Brasil.(AU)

Checklist of Caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil / Lista dos tricópteros (Insecta, Trichoptera) do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Trichoptera presents about 15,000 species described globally, of which 2,562 are recorded in the Neotropics and 642 in Brazil, distributed in 70 genera and 16 families. In Brazil, knowledge of the distribution and species richness of Trichoptera is incipient and heterogeneous, especially in some states such as Mato Grosso do Sul. In this work, we present an updated checklist of caddisflies for Mato Grosso do Sul state, representing nine families, 24 genera, and 16 species, four of them are new species records. Additionally, a new record of species for the Brazilian country is presented.

A ordem Trichoptera possui aproximadamente 15.000 espécies descritas no mundo, dentre as quais 2.562 possuem registro na Região Neotropical e 642 delas no Brasil, distribuídas em 70 gêneros e 16 famílias. No Brasil, o conhecimento de distribuição e riqueza de espécies de Trichoptera é incipiente e heterogêneo, principalmente em alguns estados, como o Mato Grosso do Sul. Nesse trabalho, apresentamos uma checklist atualizada dos tricópteros do estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, representando nove famílias, 24 gêneros e 16 espécies, destas quatro são novos registros para o estado. Adicionalmente, é apresentado um novo registro de espécie para o Brasil.

Two new species of Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from South America

Triplectides, with about 70 extant species, is the most diverse genus within the Triplectidinae. In the Neotropical Region there are 14 species distributed from southern Mexico to Patagonia. Two new species of Triplectides from the Neotropics are described and illustrated based on the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov., from state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, and Triplectides qosqo sp. nov., from province of Cuzco, southern Peru. The news species can be distinguished by the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov. can be recognized by having the inferior appendages with mesal lobes subacute and apical lobes short, and the tergum X robust, with a subtruncate apex and deep mesal notch; Triplectides qosqo sp. nov. can be recognized by the first article of inferior appendages long and narrow when compared to the others Triplectides species and by the tibial spur formula 2,2,4.

Two new species of Triplectides (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from South America

Triplectides, with about 70 extant species, is the most diverse genus within the Triplectidinae. In the Neotropical Region there are 14 species distributed from southern Mexico to Patagonia. Two new species of Triplectides from the Neotropics are described and illustrated based on the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov., from state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, and Triplectides qosqo sp. nov., from province of Cuzco, southern Peru. The news species can be distinguished by the male genitalia: Triplectides cipo sp. nov. can be recognized by having the inferior appendages with mesal lobes subacute and apical lobes short, and the tergum X robust, with a subtruncate apex and deep mesal notch; Triplectides qosqo sp. nov. can be recognized by the first article of inferior appendages long and narrow when compared to the others Triplectides species and by the tibial spur formula 2,2,4.(AU)

Estimation of dry mass of caddisflies Phylloicus elektoros (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a Central Amazon stream

Aquatic invertebrate biomass estimations are often important in ecological and biological studies. Biomass may be determined by regression models between body and case dimensions and dry mass. Using linear, exponential and power regressions we analyzed the relationship between body and case dimensions and the biomass of Phylloicus elektoros Prather, 2003. Furthermore, we used cross-validation to evaluate the predictions of our models and of the models developed for Phylloicus sp. from southeastern Brazil. We measured four body dimensions (head capsule width, interocular distance, body and pronotum length) of 152 larvae and two case dimensions (width and length) of 45 cases. Case width provided better fit with biomass than case length in all model classes. Body length provided the best biomass prediction. Biomass predictions using models proposed in the literature were 75% lower than the observed values. The power model provided the best fit between body and case dimensions with biomass. However, exponential models also provided good biomass estimates. We observed a close fit between body and case dimensions and biomass, but the predictive power of the models was low (~40%). The predictive power of models proposed in the literature was much worse than those built from local data and thus we do not recommend their use to predict the biomass of organisms from different regions.

Estimation of dry mass of caddisflies Phylloicus elektoros (Trichoptera: Calamoceratidae) in a Central Amazon stream

Aquatic invertebrate biomass estimations are often important in ecological and biological studies. Biomass may be determined by regression models between body and case dimensions and dry mass. Using linear, exponential and power regressions we analyzed the relationship between body and case dimensions and the biomass of Phylloicus elektoros Prather, 2003. Furthermore, we used cross-validation to evaluate the predictions of our models and of the models developed for Phylloicus sp. from southeastern Brazil. We measured four body dimensions (head capsule width, interocular distance, body and pronotum length) of 152 larvae and two case dimensions (width and length) of 45 cases. Case width provided better fit with biomass than case length in all model classes. Body length provided the best biomass prediction. Biomass predictions using models proposed in the literature were 75% lower than the observed values. The power model provided the best fit between body and case dimensions with biomass. However, exponential models also provided good biomass estimates. We observed a close fit between body and case dimensions and biomass, but the predictive power of the models was low (~40%). The predictive power of models proposed in the literature was much worse than those built from local data and thus we do not recommend their use to predict the biomass of organisms from different regions.(AU)

Description of the immature stages of Leptonema tridens (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southeastern Brazil with notes on its biology

The larva and pupa of Leptonema tridens Mosely, 1933 are described and illustrated. Larvae of L. tridens can be distinguished from other described larvae of Leptonema Guérin, 1843 mainly by the rodlike setae of the labrum and the forecoxa lacking processes, bearing only a row of spiniform setae on its inner surface. The specimens were collected in different localities of the Mantiqueira mountain range, Itatiaia massif, states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Larvae build typical hydropsychid shelters and are found in rapids, attached to rocky substrates. Gut content analysis revealed that larvae are omnivorous-filterers.

Description of the immature stages of Leptonema tridens (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southeastern Brazil with notes on its biology

The larva and pupa of Leptonema tridens Mosely, 1933 are described and illustrated. Larvae of L. tridens can be distinguished from other described larvae of Leptonema Guérin, 1843 mainly by the rodlike setae of the labrum and the forecoxa lacking processes, bearing only a row of spiniform setae on its inner surface. The specimens were collected in different localities of the Mantiqueira mountain range, Itatiaia massif, states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Larvae build typical hydropsychid shelters and are found in rapids, attached to rocky substrates. Gut content analysis revealed that larvae are omnivorous-filterers.

Description of the immature stages of Leptonema tridens (Insecta: Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) from southeastern Brazil with notes on its biology

The larva and pupa of Leptonema tridens Mosely, 1933 are described and illustrated. Larvae of L. tridens can be distinguished from other described larvae of Leptonema Guérin, 1843 mainly by the rodlike setae of the labrum and the forecoxa lacking processes, bearing only a row of spiniform setae on its inner surface. The specimens were collected in different localities of the Mantiqueira mountain range, Itatiaia massif, states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil. Larvae build typical hydropsychid shelters and are found in rapids, attached to rocky substrates. Gut content analysis revealed that larvae are omnivorous-filterers.

Composition and diversity of Trichoptera (Insecta) larvae communities in the middle section of the Jacuí river and some tributaries, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The taxonomic composition and diversity of Trichoptera larvae communities were studied in four lotic sites in central region of State of Rio Grande do Sul. Sampling was done monthly from June, 2001 to May, 2002 in four sites located at the middle section of Jacuí River (Point 4) and in three tributaries (Carijinho River - Point 1; Lajeado da Gringa - Point 2 and Lajeado do Gringo - Point 3), with a Surber sampler. The total number of larvae collected was 29,143, belonging to 25 genera distributed in nine families; twenty of these genera are new records for the State. The highest abundance was found at Point 2 (n = 12,547). The highest standardized richness, for a 1,177 specimens sample chosen by chance, was recorded at Point 1, followed by Point 4 (17.7 and 16 genera, respectively). The highest diversity was found at Point 1, and the lowest at Point 3 (H' = 1.31 and H' = 0.77, respectively). Point 1 had the lowest anthropic influence and the best preserved riparian vegetation, while Point 3 presented the highest anthropic impact, and a very reduced riparian vegetation. The diversity of Trichoptera observed in this study is low, compared to the estimated maximum theoretical diversity. Low diversity values are related to the low evenness, since the richness was relatively high. The Trichoptera larvae communities seem to be related to the food availability and physical features (riparian vegetation and anthropic influence) of the study sites.

A composição taxonômica e a diversidade de comunidades de larvas de Trichoptera foram estudadas em quatro ambientes lóticos na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente de junho de 2001 a maio de 2002 em quarto pontos, localizados no trecho médio do Rio Jacuí (Ponto 4) e em três tributários (Rio Carijinho - Ponto 1; Lajeado da Gringa - Ponto 2 e Lajeado do Gringo - Ponto 3), com amostrador de Surber. O número total de larvas coletado foi 29.143, pertencentes a 25 gêneros distribuídos em nove famílias; vinte destes gêneros constituem registros novos para o Estado. A maior abundância foi encontrada no Ponto 2 (n = 12.547). A maior riqueza padronizada, para uma amostra de 1.177 espécimes retirados ao acaso, foi registrada no Ponto 1, seguida pelo Ponto 4 (17,7 e 16 gêneros, respectivamente). A maior diversidade foi encontrada no Ponto 1 e a menor no Ponto 3 (H' = 1,31 e H' = 0,77, respectivamente). O Ponto 1 possui a menor influência antrópica e a vegetação ripária melhor conservada, enquanto o Ponto 3 apresentou o maior impacto antrópico e a vegetação ripária muito reduzida. A diversidade de Trichoptera observada neste estudo foi baixa, comparada com a diversidade teórica máxima estimada. Os baixos valores de diversidade registrados estão relacionados à baixa equidade, pois a riqueza foi relativamente alta. As comunidades de larvas de Trichoptera parecem estar relacionadas com a disponibilidade alimentar e as características físicas (vegetação ripária e influência antrópica) dos ambientes estudados.

Composition and diversity of Trichoptera (Insecta) larvae communities in the middle section of the Jacuí river and some tributaries, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

The taxonomic composition and diversity of Trichoptera larvae communities were studied in four lotic sites in central region of State of Rio Grande do Sul. Sampling was done monthly from June, 2001 to May, 2002 in four sites located at the middle section of Jacuí River (Point 4) and in three tributaries (Carijinho River - Point 1; Lajeado da Gringa - Point 2 and Lajeado do Gringo - Point 3), with a Surber sampler. The total number of larvae collected was 29,143, belonging to 25 genera distributed in nine families; twenty of these genera are new records for the State. The highest abundance was found at Point 2 (n = 12,547). The highest standardized richness, for a 1,177 specimens sample chosen by chance, was recorded at Point 1, followed by Point 4 (17.7 and 16 genera, respectively). The highest diversity was found at Point 1, and the lowest at Point 3 (H' = 1.31 and H' = 0.77, respectively). Point 1 had the lowest anthropic influence and the best preserved riparian vegetation, while Point 3 presented the highest anthropic impact, and a very reduced riparian vegetation. The diversity of Trichoptera observed in this study is low, compared to the estimated maximum theoretical diversity. Low diversity values are related to the low evenness, since the richness was relatively high. The Trichoptera larvae communities seem to be related to the food availability and physical features (riparian vegetation and anthropic influence) of the study sites.

A composição taxonômica e a diversidade de comunidades de larvas de Trichoptera foram estudadas em quatro ambientes lóticos na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. As amostras foram coletadas mensalmente de junho de 2001 a maio de 2002 em quarto pontos, localizados no trecho médio do Rio Jacuí (Ponto 4) e em três tributários (Rio Carijinho - Ponto 1; Lajeado da Gringa - Ponto 2 e Lajeado do Gringo - Ponto 3), com amostrador de Surber. O número total de larvas coletado foi 29.143, pertencentes a 25 gêneros distribuídos em nove famílias; vinte destes gêneros constituem registros novos para o Estado. A maior abundância foi encontrada no Ponto 2 (n = 12.547). A maior riqueza padronizada, para uma amostra de 1.177 espécimes retirados ao acaso, foi registrada no Ponto 1, seguida pelo Ponto 4 (17,7 e 16 gêneros, respectivamente). A maior diversidade foi encontrada no Ponto 1 e a menor no Ponto 3 (H' = 1,31 e H' = 0,77, respectivamente). O Ponto 1 possui a menor influência antrópica e a vegetação ripária melhor conservada, enquanto o Ponto 3 apresentou o maior impacto antrópico e a vegetação ripária muito reduzida. A diversidade de Trichoptera observada neste estudo foi baixa, comparada com a diversidade teórica máxima estimada. Os baixos valores de diversidade registrados estão relacionados à baixa equidade, pois a riqueza foi relativamente alta. As comunidades de larvas de Trichoptera parecem estar relacionadas com a disponibilidade alimentar e as características físicas (vegetação ripária e influência antrópica) dos ambientes estudados.