Equine poisoning by coffee husk (Coffea canephora) in northern Espírito Santo, Brazil

Background: Brazil is the largest coffee (Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica) producer in the world, and Espírito Santostate is the second largest national producer of this commodity. Caffeine poisoning has been described in several animal andhuman species and is generally associated with accidental and/or intentional ingestion of caffeine-containing products. Inhorses, there are few reports in the literature about coffee poisoning, and most animals show clinical signs of excitability,involuntary muscle tremors, and chewing movements. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are to describe theclinical and epidemiological aspects of coffee (Coffea canephora) poisoning in horses in northern Espírito Santo, Brazil.Cases: Two horses from northern Espírito Santo presented with clinical signs of excessive sweating, reluctance to enterthe trailer, muscle tremors, aggression, incoordination, constant tremors of the lips and tongue, chewing movements, andfalling. Clinical signs began after the animals were confined in stalls containing coffee husk (Coffea canephora) for atleast one week. After three days in the stall, the horse began to show clinical signs characterized by excessive sweating,reluctance to enter the trailer, aggression, and incoordination. On physical examination, there was marked dehydration,tachycardia (120 bpm), tachypnea (80 mpm) and a body temperature of 39.1ºC. In addition, the animal had cecum andventral colon hypomotility. The horse was treated as soon as it was admitted to the hospital with a 10 ml / h intravenousdrip of Ringer lactate solution; 100 ml intravenous mercepton every 24 hours; 10 ml intramuscular vitamin B1 every 24hours, and 1.1 ml intravenous acepromazine 1%; when it showed increased excitability, it was treated for neurological signsand recovered four days after admission. The second animal was a three-year-old female Mangalarga Marchador horse,weighing 280 kg. The animal was confined...

Equine poisoning by coffee husk (Coffea canephora) in northern Espírito Santo, Brazil

Background: Brazil is the largest coffee (Coffea canephora and Coffea arabica) producer in the world, and Espírito Santostate is the second largest national producer of this commodity. Caffeine poisoning has been described in several animal andhuman species and is generally associated with accidental and/or intentional ingestion of caffeine-containing products. Inhorses, there are few reports in the literature about coffee poisoning, and most animals show clinical signs of excitability,involuntary muscle tremors, and chewing movements. Therefore, the objectives of the present study are to describe theclinical and epidemiological aspects of coffee (Coffea canephora) poisoning in horses in northern Espírito Santo, Brazil.Cases: Two horses from northern Espírito Santo presented with clinical signs of excessive sweating, reluctance to enterthe trailer, muscle tremors, aggression, incoordination, constant tremors of the lips and tongue, chewing movements, andfalling. Clinical signs began after the animals were confined in stalls containing coffee husk (Coffea canephora) for atleast one week. After three days in the stall, the horse began to show clinical signs characterized by excessive sweating,reluctance to enter the trailer, aggression, and incoordination. On physical examination, there was marked dehydration,tachycardia (120 bpm), tachypnea (80 mpm) and a body temperature of 39.1ºC. In addition, the animal had cecum andventral colon hypomotility. The horse was treated as soon as it was admitted to the hospital with a 10 ml / h intravenousdrip of Ringer lactate solution; 100 ml intravenous mercepton every 24 hours; 10 ml intramuscular vitamin B1 every 24hours, and 1.1 ml intravenous acepromazine 1%; when it showed increased excitability, it was treated for neurological signsand recovered four days after admission. The second animal was a three-year-old female Mangalarga Marchador horse,weighing 280 kg. The animal was confined...(AU)

Fatal caffeine intoxication in a dog

An 8-month-old male Yorkshire terrier was presented for ingestion of 800 mg of an over-the-counter caffeine supplement. Clinical signs included extreme tachycardia, facial fasciculation, coma/stupor and flailing. Due to the lack of response to medical therapies, humane euthanasia was elected. Microscopically, necrotic neurons were scattered throughout the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, pyriform lobe, amygdala, and basal nuclei, with relative sparing of the caudate nuclei. In addition, mild skeletal myocyte necrosis and mural necrosis of cardiac arterioles in the left and right ventricles were noted. This is the first report of the microscopic lesions associated with caffeine intoxication in a dog.

Fatal caffeine intoxication in a dog

An 8-month-old male Yorkshire terrier was presented for ingestion of 800 mg of an over-the-counter caffeine supplement. Clinical signs included extreme tachycardia, facial fasciculation, coma/stupor and flailing. Due to the lack of response to medical therapies, humane euthanasia was elected. Microscopically, necrotic neurons were scattered throughout the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, pyriform lobe, amygdala, and basal nuclei, with relative sparing of the caudate nuclei. In addition, mild skeletal myocyte necrosis and mural necrosis of cardiac arterioles in the left and right ventricles were noted. This is the first report of the microscopic lesions associated with caffeine intoxication in a dog.(AU)

Contaminação de águas de pesque-pague por agrotóxicos e cafeína em áreas de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar

Com esse estudo objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade das águas de pesque- pague quanto a presença de agrotóxicos e cafeína, determinar a toxicidade dessas águas para Daphnia magna e Lemna minor e avaliar o risco ambiental dos contaminantes prevalentes para D. magna, L. minor e Oreochromis niloticus. Para tanto, amostras de águas e de sedimentos de fundo dos tanques de peixes dos pesque-pague foram coletadas trimestralmente entre Junho/2014 e Maio/2015. As determinações dos resíduos de agrotóxicos e de cafeína foram realizadas por LC- MS/MS. As maiores contaminações das águas ocorreram, em ordem decrescente, com a cafeína e com os herbicidas tebutiuron, metolacloro, hexazinona, atrazina, ametrina e clomazone. Os fatores que mais influenciaram a contaminação das águas por agrotóxicos foram as características físicas e químicas dos herbicidas, quantidade de área cultivada com cana-de-açúcar no entorno dos pesque-pague e a coincidência ente as maiores precipitações pluviais e as aplicações dos agrotóxicos. Os lançamentos de efluentes de Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto em águas superficiais que margeiam os pesque-pague foi o fator responsável pela contaminação das águas com a cafeína. As águas dos pesque-pague não apresentaram toxicidade para D. magna e L. minor e a baixa concentração de nutrientes nessas águas foi um fator relevante para a inibição de crescimento de L. minor. O tebutiuron é o agrotóxico prevalente nas águas dos pesque-pague e é mais tóxico para os organismos-teste que a cafeína. Pela toxicidade aguda, o tebutiuron se classifica como de alto risco de intoxicação ambiental para L. minor e um risco de intoxicação ambiental aceitável para D. magna e O. niloticus.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of fee-fishing pounds water about the pesticides and caffeine presence, to determine the water toxicity for Daphnia magna and Lemna minor, and to evaluate the environmental risk of contaminants prevalent for D. magna, L. minor and Oreochromis niloticus. For that, water and bottom sediments samples from the fish tanks of the fee-fishing pounds, were collected quarterly between June/2014 and May/2015. Residues determinations of pesticides and caffeine were performed by LC-MS/MS. The highest water contamination occurred, in descending order, with caffeine and the herbicides tebutiuron, metolachlor, hexazinone, atrazine, ametrine and clomazone. The factors that most influenced the water contamination by pesticides were the physical and chemical characteristics of the herbicides, the amount of area cultivated with sugarcane in the surroundings of the fee-fishing pounds and the coincidence between the greater precipitations and the pesticides applications. The effluent releases of Sewage Treatment Stations in surface water that border the fee-fishing pounds was the responsible factor for the contamination of the water by caffeine. The water of the fee-fishing pounds had no toxicity for D. magna and L. minor and the low concentration of nutrients in the water was a relevant factor for the inhibition of L. minor growth. Tebutiuron is the prevalent agrochemical in fee-fishing pounds water and it is more toxic to test organisms than caffeine. Due to acute toxicity, tebutiuron is classified as a high environmental intoxication risk for L. minor and a acceptable environmental intoxication risk for D. magna and O. niloticus.

Duplicação cromossômica de gramíneas forrageiras: uma alternativa para programas de melhoramento genético

The artificial obtaining of duplicate genotypes aims to maximize forage characteristics of agronomic interest, such as nutritional value and forage production, resistance against pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance and fertility restoration in sterile hybrids. It also aims to obtain genetic variability in apomictic species through chromosome doubling of the sexual accesses by equaling the ploidy in order to allow crossings and the obtaining of fertile descendents. The polyploidy induction is made using antimitotic substances, and colchicine is the most widely used in forage. However, due to its toxicity, other substances such as herbicides and caffeine has been used successfully for grasses. The efficiency in obtaining the polyploidy artificially depends on various exogenous factors, such as the antimitotic substances used, the kind of explants, the time and the exposure conditions and the antimitotic concentrations. This review aims to present the main methods used to induce polyploidy in grasses and the progress obtained in genetic breeding by the use of artificially duplicate genotypes.

A obtenção artificial de genótipos com duplicação cromossômica em forrageiras busca maximizar características de interesse agronômico, como valor nutricional e produção de forragem, resistência a pragas e doenças, tolerância a estresses abióticos e restauração da fertilidade de híbridos estéreis. Outro objetivo da duplicação cromossômica é a geração de variabilidade genética em espécies apomíticas, por meio da duplicação cromossômica de acessos sexuais igualando a ploidia de modo a permitir a realização de cruzamentos e a obtenção de descendentes férteis. A indução de poliploidia é feita utilizando substâncias antimitóticas, sendo a colchicina a mais amplamente usada em plantas forrageiras. Entretanto, devido a sua toxicidade, outras substâncias como herbicidas e cafeína vem sendo empregadas com sucesso em gramíneas. A eficácia na obtenção de poliploides artificialmente depende de uma série de fatores exógenos, tais como as substâncias antimitóticas utilizadas, o tipo de explante, o tempo e as condições de exposição e as concentrações dos antimitóticos. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar os principais métodos usados para indução de poliploidia em gramíneas forrageiras e os avanços obtidos no melhoramento genético, a partir do uso de genótipos poliploidizados.

Duplicação cromossômica de gramíneas forrageiras: uma alternativa para programas de melhoramento genético

The artificial obtaining of duplicate genotypes aims to maximize forage characteristics of agronomic interest, such as nutritional value and forage production, resistance against pests and diseases, abiotic stress tolerance and fertility restoration in sterile hybrids. It also aims to obtain genetic variability in apomictic species through chromosome doubling of the sexual accesses by equaling the ploidy in order to allow crossings and the obtaining of fertile descendents. The polyploidy induction is made using antimitotic substances, and colchicine is the most widely used in forage. However, due to its toxicity, other substances such as herbicides and caffeine has been used successfully for grasses. The efficiency in obtaining the polyploidy artificially depends on various exogenous factors, such as the antimitotic substances used, the kind of explants, the time and the exposure conditions and the antimitotic concentrations. This review aims to present the main methods used to induce polyploidy in grasses and the progress obtained in genetic breeding by the use of artificially duplicate genotypes.

A obtenção artificial de genótipos com duplicação cromossômica em forrageiras busca maximizar características de interesse agronômico, como valor nutricional e produção de forragem, resistência a pragas e doenças, tolerância a estresses abióticos e restauração da fertilidade de híbridos estéreis. Outro objetivo da duplicação cromossômica é a geração de variabilidade genética em espécies apomíticas, por meio da duplicação cromossômica de acessos sexuais igualando a ploidia de modo a permitir a realização de cruzamentos e a obtenção de descendentes férteis. A indução de poliploidia é feita utilizando substâncias antimitóticas, sendo a colchicina a mais amplamente usada em plantas forrageiras. Entretanto, devido a sua toxicidade, outras substâncias como herbicidas e cafeína vem sendo empregadas com sucesso em gramíneas. A eficácia na obtenção de poliploides artificialmente depende de uma série de fatores exógenos, tais como as substâncias antimitóticas utilizadas, o tipo de explante, o tempo e as condições de exposição e as concentrações dos antimitóticos. Esta revisão tem por objetivo apresentar os principais métodos usados para indução de poliploidia em gramíneas forrageiras e os avanços obtidos no melhoramento genético, a partir do uso de genótipos poliploidizados.