Growth curves of broilers fed different nutritional relationships using the Gompertz model

The study aimed to evaluate performance and growth curves of broilers fed different nutritional relations. A total of 1,440 Cobb-500 male day-old chicks were assigned to eight treatments in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with six replicates of 30 birds each. The main factors were nutritional density (control and high), lysine source (HCl and sulfate), and calcium pidolate (presence and absence). Analyses were made for body weight gain (BWG), and feed conversion rate (FCR) at 21, and 42 days of age. The growth curves were adjusted by weighing a bird per plot every three days. Data for BWG were tested by ANOVA to evaluatethe effects of treatments and their interactions at 5% significance, and the Gompertz model was adjusted by NLS. Birds fed a high nutritional density had higher BWG and lower FCR. Calcium pidolate and different sources of lysine did not influence the FCR of broilers, however a triple interaction was evidenced for BWG at 1 to 42 days of age. The day with maximum gain adjusted by Gompertz of all treatments was at the 32ndday of age and the maximum weight (A) was around 5.85 kg.(AU)

The Effect of Moringa Oleifera Leaf and Canola Seed Powder on Fattening, Laying Performance, Blood Plasma Constituents, and Microbiota in Japanese Quails

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of feeding Japanese quail chicks with diets containing different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder on growth performance, carcass yield, blood plasma constituents, and egg production. The trial lasted for a total of 7 weeks, with 5 weeks of fattening and two weeks of laying. The first group was the control group, while the second group was supplemented with Moringa oleifera leaves (4g/kg diet), the third group was supplemented with canola seed powder (4g/kg diet), the fourth group was supplemented with a mix of Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder (8g/kg diet). The results showed that canola seed powder from 0-3 weeks of age increased body weight in comparison to the control group, but there were no significant differences (p<0.05) among groups in terms of the final body weight and feed conversion ratio. Average daily feed intake was significantly different (p<0.05). However, body weight, carcass weight, liver weight, gizzard weight, and abdominal fat weight increased significantly compared to the control group. Feeding Moringa oleifera leaves and canola seed powder significantly increased the total plasma protein, as compared to the control group. There were significant decreases in cholesterol, triglycerides and HDL levels among groups, with no significant differences in glucose, ALT and LDL among all treatments. The addition of Moringa oleifera leaf and canola seed powder showed significant effects on calcium and magnesium. Both Moringa oleifera leaf and Moringa-canola mixture significantly reduced the presence of some pathogenic bacteria in the digestive system, which was seen as an important contribution to the digestive and immune systems.(AU)

Different calcium sources on the productive performance and bone quality of meat quail / Diferentes fontes de cálcio sob o desempenho produtivo e qualidade óssea de codornas de corte

This study was developed to examine the effect of using charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals as calcium sources on the productive performance, carcass yield and bone parameters of meat quail. A total of 250 one-day-old non-sexed European quail were used. The birds were distributed into five treatments (calcium sources: calcitic lime, calcium carbonate, charru mussel shell meal, maçunim shell meal or oyster shell meal) in a completely randomized design with five replicates and ten birds per experimental unit. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated from one to 35 days. At 35 days, two birds with the average weight of the plot were slaughtered per plot and used for analysis of carcass yield and bone parameters. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, carcass yield or tibia dry matter content, ash content and strength. The charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals can be used as calcium sources in the diet of European quail without affecting their productive performance, carcass yield or bone mineralization.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização das farinhas de conchas de sururu, maçunim e ostra como fontes de cálcio sobre o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros ósseos de codornas de corte. Foram utilizadas 250 codornas europeias, não sexadas, com um dia de idade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, constituído por cinco fontes de cálcio (calcário calcítico, carbonato de cálcio, farinha de conchas de sururu, farinha de conchas de maçunim e farinha de conchas de ostras), com cinco repetições e dez aves por unidade experimental. Foram avaliados o consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar no período de um a 35 dias. Aos 35 dias, duas aves de peso médio de cada parcela foram abatidas e utilizadas para as análises de rendimento de carcaça e parâmetros ósseos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) para os dados de consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, matéria seca, cinzas e resistência óssea de tíbias. As farinhas de conchas de sururu, maçunim e ostra podem ser utilizadas na alimentação de codornas europeias, como fontes de cálcio, sem afetar o desempenho produtivo, rendimento de carcaça e a mineralização óssea das aves.

Different Calcium Levels and Two Limestone Granulometries in the Diet of Laying Hens: Performance and Bone Characteristics

The effect of different calcium levels and two limestone granulometries on performance, egg quality, biometry of digestive organs and bone characteristics of light laying hens were evaluated. A total of 270 laying hens were used during 112 days, distributed in a completely randomized design in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme, with 3 levels of calcium (3.8, 4.0 and 4.2%) and 2 limestone granulometries (0.222 and 1.922 mm), totaling 6 treatments with 5 repetitions each. The parameters evaluated were: feed intake, egg production, egg weight and mass, feed conversion per mass and per dozen eggs, albumen, yolk and shell percentage, specific gravity of eggs and shell thickness. In addition, the relative weight of the heart, proventricle, gizzard, liver, pancreas, intestine weight and length, and bone characteristics were also evaluated. A significant interaction was observed for tibia mineral matter. Egg production was influenced by the limestone granulometry, presenting greater value in the treatments which contained fine granulometry limestone. Higher calcium levels of 4.0 and 4.2% provide greater specific density of eggs. Biometric variables and bone characteristics were not influenced by the treatments. In conclusion, it is recommended to use fine-grained limestone (0.222 mm) and a 4% calcium level in diets for light commercial hens, as they improve performance and quality of eggs, without interfering in biometrics of digestive organs and bone characteristics.(AU)

25-Hydroxycholecalciferol As an Alternative to Vitamin D3 in Diets with Different Levels of Calcium for Broilers Reared Under Heat Stress

The objective was to evaluate the effect of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) or vitamin D3 (VitD3) and different total calcium (Ca) levels on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood, enzymatic, and bone biochemistry of broilers reared under heat stress between 1 and 42 days of age. A total of 504 male, Cobb 500, broiler chickens were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (VitD3 or 25(OH)D3 × four Ca levels (100, 90, 80 and 70% of the recommendations of Rostagno et al. (2011)), eight treatments, seven replicates and nine broilers per cage. Feed intake and feed conversion ratio did not (p>0.05) vary when levels of Ca were reduced and vitamin D3 sources were supplemented in the diets from 1 to 21 days for broilers chickens. 25 (OH)D3 increased weight gain results (p<0.05). From 1 to 42 d, no differences (p>0.05) were observed on performance, carcass yields and meat quality, bone deposition of Ca and P, and alkaline phosphatase concentration. Higher serum (p<0.05) concentrations of Ca and P were found in broilers fed with 25(OH)D3. The replacement of VitD3 with 25(OH)D3 and the Ca reduction of 30% in diets did not negatively affect performance, carcass characteristics, and Ca and P deposition in the tibia of broilers at 42 days of age, under heat stress.(AU)

Addition of calcitic seaweed in the diet of sows positively affects the number of live-born piglets and milk parameters

This study was conducted to assess the effects of maternal dietary calcitic seaweed (CSW) on performance and blood metabolites of sows, and on performance, blood metabolites, intestinal microbiota, and parameters of gastrointestinal tract and bone of litters. On d 21 (post-insemination), non-pregnant sows were removed from the trial, remaining 19 sows in control group (without CSW) and 16 sows receiving CSW. Then, a total of 35 sows were allocated in a randomized block design with two treatments: control diet with calcitic limestone plus dicalcium phosphate (CTL) or CTL plus 0.4% CSW. In gestation, sows were fed twice a day (07:00 and 15:00 h) to reach an intake of 2.5 kg animal−1 day−1 divided into two equal meals. On parturition day, sows were offered only 0.5 kg feed animal−1. Throughout lactation, sows were fed three times a day (≅7 kg animal−1 day−1). All diets were provided as mash. Results suggested that sows fed CTL had litters with lower body weight at birth compared with those fed CSW. Sows fed CSW had 14.28% more live-born piglets and lower stillborns. Piglets from sows fed CSW showed greater calcium concentration on d 14 after birth than those from sows fed CTL. Sows fed CSW showed better milk chemical composition and an increase of 27.16% in milk production compared with those fed CTL. Piglets from sows fed CSW had an increase in cecum content in the Enterobacteriaceae count. This study showed that adding 0.4% CSW in the diet of pregnant and lactating sows as an organic calcium source positively influences the number of live-born piglets and the percentage of stillborns. In addition, milk composition and production are also improved without affecting piglets' biological response.(AU)

Efficiency of foliar application of sparingly soluble sources of boron and zinc in citrus

This study evaluated leaf supply of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using either soluble or sparingly soluble fertilizers in young sweet orange trees. Three experiments were set up in a greenhouse to compare two sources and four doses (control, low, adequate and high) of fertilizers as follows: (i) Experiment I (B): boric acid and calcium borate; (ii) Experiment II (Zn): Zn sulfate and Zn oxide; and (iii) Experiment III (B + Zn): boric acid + Zn Sulfate and Zn Borate. The sparingly soluble sources were effective in increasing the Zn and B leaf concentration. Dry matter of the aerial part increased 18 % with B applications in adequate concentration independent of the B fertilizer sources. In contrast, trees did not grow well with applications of adequate concentration of Zn as Zn Sulfate or high Zn concentration as Zn borate. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves increased with applications of low concentration of Zn as Zn oxide and decreased with high concentration of Zn from either source. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with application of adequate concentration of B as boric acid and high concentration of B as calcium borate. Furthermore, the upper concentrations of Zn were toxic in orange trees when the source was Zn sulfate. Increases in plant growth without damage to leaf tissue and positive responses of key enzymes of orange trees in a range of nutrient concentration applications demonstrated the practical use of sparingly soluble fertilizers to supplying B and Zn foliarily to plants.

Efficiency of foliar application of sparingly soluble sources of boron and zinc in citrus

This study evaluated leaf supply of zinc (Zn) and boron (B) using either soluble or sparingly soluble fertilizers in young sweet orange trees. Three experiments were set up in a greenhouse to compare two sources and four doses (control, low, adequate and high) of fertilizers as follows: (i) Experiment I (B): boric acid and calcium borate; (ii) Experiment II (Zn): Zn sulfate and Zn oxide; and (iii) Experiment III (B + Zn): boric acid + Zn Sulfate and Zn Borate. The sparingly soluble sources were effective in increasing the Zn and B leaf concentration. Dry matter of the aerial part increased 18 % with B applications in adequate concentration independent of the B fertilizer sources. In contrast, trees did not grow well with applications of adequate concentration of Zn as Zn Sulfate or high Zn concentration as Zn borate. Superoxide dismutase activity in leaves increased with applications of low concentration of Zn as Zn oxide and decreased with high concentration of Zn from either source. Polyphenol oxidase activity increased with application of adequate concentration of B as boric acid and high concentration of B as calcium borate. Furthermore, the upper concentrations of Zn were toxic in orange trees when the source was Zn sulfate. Increases in plant growth without damage to leaf tissue and positive responses of key enzymes of orange trees in a range of nutrient concentration applications demonstrated the practical use of sparingly soluble fertilizers to supplying B and Zn foliarily to plants.(AU)

Comparison between different sources of minerals in horses with nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism / [Comparação entre diferentes fontes de minerais em cavalos com hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional]

Minerals perform several functions in the body, such as coagulation actions, muscle contraction, enzymatic and hormonal production, among others. This study aims to evaluate the effect of a 150 days chelated and not chelated mineral supplementation with and without potassium oxalate on serological parameters and bone mineral density of horses. Twenty-four crossbred yearlings (12 females and 12 males) with an average age of 21±3 months and body weight of 330.8±37.9kg were divided into four groups containing six equines in each (three females and three males) in a completely randomized design with repeated measurements in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were: 1 - chelated minerals compound; 2 - chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate; 3 - not chelated minerals compound; and 4 - not chelated minerals compound and potassium oxalate. Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (NSH) were observed only in treatment 4. Results showed no treatment effect in bone biopsy for calcium, phosphorus and bone density. There were significant reductions of parathyroid hormone (PTH) means concentrations in treatments 2 and 4 during supplementation. Animals supplemented with chelated minerals compounds avoided mineral imbalances and NSH even when in dietary potassium oxalate challenged.(AU)

Os minerais desempenham diversas funções no organismo, como ações de coagulação, contração muscular, produção enzimática e hormonal, entre outras. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação de minerais quelatados e não quelatados, por 150 dias, com e sem oxalato de potássio, sobre parâmetros sorológicos e densidade mineral óssea em equinos. Vinte e quatro filhotes mestiços (12 fêmeas e 12 machos), com idade média de 21±3 meses e peso corporal de 330,8±37,9kg, foram divididos em quatro grupos contendo seis equinos cada (três fêmeas e três machos), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com repetição medida em arranjo fatorial 2x2. Os tratamentos foram: 1 - composto mineral quelatado; 2 - composto mineral quelatado e oxalato de potássio; 3 - composto mineral não quelatado; e 4 - composto mineral não quelatado e oxalato de potássio. Os sinais clínicos do hiperparatireoidismo secundário nutricional (NSH) foram observados apenas no tratamento 4. Os resultados não mostraram efeito de tratamento na biópsia óssea para cálcio, fósforo e densidade óssea. Houve redução significativa do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) em concentrações médias nos tratamentos 2 e 4 durante a suplementação. Os animais suplementados com compostos minerais quelatados evitaram desequilíbrios minerais e NSH, mesmo quando desafiados no oxalato de potássio na dieta.(AU)

Sources of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid inoculated into the eggs of quails and its effects on immunity / Fontes de ácido linoléico conjugado e ácido láurico inoculados em ovos de codornas e seus efeitos sobre a imunidade

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of in-egg inoculation with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (AL), going by the weight of lymphoid organs and the biochemical profile of the blood of cut quails, from one to 35 days of age. We used 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, in six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per plot. Corn oil (OM) was used to dilute the CLA and AL. The experimental treatments were: healthy eggs (control); eggs inoculated with OM thinner; eggs inoculated with CLA 120 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with CLA 240 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with AL 60 mg / 50 mL OM and eggs inoculated with AL 90 mg / 50 mL OM. The results were analyzed through Program R at the level of 5% significance. To verify the normal distribution of errors, the Shapiro Wilk normality test was applied. At 21 days, an effect of p < 0.05 was observed for the total blood cholesterol content, inoculations with CLA reduced, even as AL increased, regardless of the level. At 35 days, it was found (p < 0.05) that the levels of total cholesterol and AST in the blood decreased with inoculations of CLA and AL at the lower levels, compared to those that did not receive the inoculations. The CLA and AL levels supplemented via egg inoculations did not interfere with the weight of the lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa) of the birds, at both ages. Supplementation in eggs of cut quails with CLA 240 mg reduced the total blood cholesterol content compared to CLA 120 mg, at 21 days of age. At 35 days of age, higher concentrations of CLA and AL increased the total cholesterol and AST in the blood of birds and AL had a greater effect on the increase than CLA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação in ovo com fontes de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e ácido láurico (AL), sobre os órgãos linfoides e o perfil bioquímico do sangue de codornas de corte de um a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: ovos íntegros (controle); ovos inoculados com diluidor OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 120 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 240 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com AL 60 mg/50mL OM e ovos inoculados com AL 90 mg/50mL OM. Aos 21 dias observou-se efeito (P<0,05) para teor de colesterol total no sangue, as inoculações com CLA reduzem, enquanto o AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa R no nível de significância de 5%. Para verificar a distribuição normal dos erros, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Aos 21 dias, observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) para o teor total de colesterol no sangue, inoculações com CLA reduzida, enquanto a AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Aos 35 dias, verificou-se (P < 0,05) que os níveis de colesterol total e AST no sangue diminuíram com as inoculações de CLA e AL em níveis mais baixos, comparados àqueles que não receberam inoculações. Os níveis de CLA e AL suplementados por inoculações de ovos não interferiram no peso dos órgãos linfoides (timo, bursa de Fabricius) de aves em ambas as idades. A suplementação em ovos de codornas de corte com CLA 240 mg reduz o conteúdo total de colesterol no sangue em comparação com o CLA 120 mg aos 21 dias de idade. Aos 35 dias de idade, concentrações mais altas de CLA e AL aumentam o colesterol total e AST no sangue das aves e o AL tem um efeito maior em aumentar o CLA sanguíneo.

Sources of conjugated linoleic acid and lauric acid inoculated into the eggs of quails and its effects on immunity / Fontes de ácido linoléico conjugado e ácido láurico inoculados em ovos de codornas e seus efeitos sobre a imunidade

The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of in-egg inoculation with sources of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and lauric acid (AL), going by the weight of lymphoid organs and the biochemical profile of the blood of cut quails, from one to 35 days of age. We used 360 quails distributed in a completely randomized design, in six treatments and six replicates of 10 birds per plot. Corn oil (OM) was used to dilute the CLA and AL. The experimental treatments were: healthy eggs (control); eggs inoculated with OM thinner; eggs inoculated with CLA 120 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with CLA 240 mg / 50 mL OM; eggs inoculated with AL 60 mg / 50 mL OM and eggs inoculated with AL 90 mg / 50 mL OM. The results were analyzed through Program R at the level of 5% significance. To verify the normal distribution of errors, the Shapiro Wilk normality test was applied. At 21 days, an effect of p < 0.05 was observed for the total blood cholesterol content, inoculations with CLA reduced, even as AL increased, regardless of the level. At 35 days, it was found (p < 0.05) that the levels of total cholesterol and AST in the blood decreased with inoculations of CLA and AL at the lower levels, compared to those that did not receive the inoculations. The CLA and AL levels supplemented via egg inoculations did not interfere with the weight of the lymphoid organs (thymus, Fabricius bursa) of the birds, at both ages. Supplementation in eggs of cut quails with CLA 240 mg reduced the total blood cholesterol content compared to CLA 120 mg, at 21 days of age. At 35 days of age, higher concentrations of CLA and AL increased the total cholesterol and AST in the blood of birds and AL had a greater effect on the increase than CLA.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da inoculação in ovo com fontes de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) e ácido láurico (AL), sobre os órgãos linfoides e o perfil bioquímico do sangue de codornas de corte de um a 35 dias de idade. Foram utilizadas 360 codornas distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves por parcela. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: ovos íntegros (controle); ovos inoculados com diluidor OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 120 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com CLA 240 mg/50mL OM; ovos inoculados com AL 60 mg/50mL OM e ovos inoculados com AL 90 mg/50mL OM. Aos 21 dias observou-se efeito (P<0,05) para teor de colesterol total no sangue, as inoculações com CLA reduzem, enquanto o AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Os resultados foram analisados pelo programa R no nível de significância de 5%. Para verificar a distribuição normal dos erros, foi aplicado o teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk. Aos 21 dias, observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) para o teor total de colesterol no sangue, inoculações com CLA reduzida, enquanto a AL aumenta independentemente do nível. Aos 35 dias, verificou-se (P < 0,05) que os níveis de colesterol total e AST no sangue diminuíram com as inoculações de CLA e AL em níveis mais baixos, comparados àqueles que não receberam inoculações. Os níveis de CLA e AL suplementados por inoculações de ovos não interferiram no peso dos órgãos linfoides (timo, bursa de Fabricius) de aves em ambas as idades. A suplementação em ovos de codornas de corte com CLA 240 mg reduz o conteúdo total de colesterol no sangue em comparação com o CLA 120 mg aos 21 dias de idade. Aos 35 dias de idade, concentrações mais altas de CLA e AL aumentam o colesterol total e AST no sangue das aves e o AL tem um efeito maior em aumentar o CLA sanguíneo.(AU)

Digestibility and bioavailability of organic calcium sources for european quail / Digestibilidade e biodisponibilidade de fontes orgânicas de cálcio para codornas europeias

The objective of this study was to determine the apparent and true digestibility coefficients and relative bioavailability of charru mussel, maçunim (Anomalocardia brasiliana) and oyster shells as organic calcium sources for meat quail. In the digestibility trial, 240 quail were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five diets (calcitic limestone, calcium carbonate and three marine calcium sources), five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit. The relative bioavailability of calcium was determined by the standard-curve and slope ratio methods in a growth trial in which 288 European quail were distributed in completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of basal diet with a low calcium concentration (0.166%) that was supplemented with two levels of calcium (0.342% and 0.684%) derived from different calcium sources. The apparent and true digestibility coefficients of calcium from charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals for meat quail were 91.85 and 92.04%; 91.71 and 91.90%; and 89.39 and 89.63%, respectively. The relative bioavailability of calcium from charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals obtained using standard-curve and slope ratio methods were 133.22 and 119.18%; 140.05 and 113.69%; and 141.73 and 106.22%, respectively, allowing the use of these organic calcium sources in diet formulations for meat quail.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeiro e a biodisponibilidade relativa de conchas de sururu, maçunim (Anomalocardia brasiliana) e ostra como fontes orgânicas de cálcio para codornas de corte. No ensaio de digestibilidade, 240 codornas foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado constituído de cinco dietas (calcário calcítico, carbonato de cálcio e três fontes marinhas de cálcio), cinco repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. A biodisponibilidade relativa do cálcio foi determinada pelo método da curva padrão e Slope Ratio em um ensaio de crescimento no qual 288 codornas Europeias foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta basal, com baixa concentração de cálcio (0,166%) a qual foi suplementada com dois níveis de cálcio (0,342% e 0,684%)proveniente das diferentes fontes de cálcio. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeiro das farinhas de conchas de sururu, maçunim e ostra, para codornas de corte foram 91,85 e 92,04%; 91,71 e 91,90%; e 89,39 e 89,63%, respectivamente. A biodisponibilidade do cálcio das farinhas de conchas de sururu, de maçunim e de ostra obtidas utilizando-se os métodos da curva padrão e Slope Ratio foram133,22 e 119,18%; 140,05 e 113,69%; e 141,73 e 106,22%, respectivamente, permitindo o uso destas fontes orgânicas de cálcio na formulação de ração para codornas de corte.

Digestibility and bioavailability of organic calcium sources for european quail / Digestibilidade e biodisponibilidade de fontes orgânicas de cálcio para codornas europeias

The objective of this study was to determine the apparent and true digestibility coefficients and relative bioavailability of charru mussel, maçunim (Anomalocardia brasiliana) and oyster shells as organic calcium sources for meat quail. In the digestibility trial, 240 quail were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five diets (calcitic limestone, calcium carbonate and three marine calcium sources), five replicates and eight quails per experimental unit. The relative bioavailability of calcium was determined by the standard-curve and slope ratio methods in a growth trial in which 288 European quail were distributed in completely randomized experimental design. Treatments consisted of basal diet with a low calcium concentration (0.166%) that was supplemented with two levels of calcium (0.342% and 0.684%) derived from different calcium sources. The apparent and true digestibility coefficients of calcium from charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals for meat quail were 91.85 and 92.04%; 91.71 and 91.90%; and 89.39 and 89.63%, respectively. The relative bioavailability of calcium from charru mussel-, maçunim- and oyster-shell meals obtained using standard-curve and slope ratio methods were 133.22 and 119.18%; 140.05 and 113.69%; and 141.73 and 106.22%, respectively, allowing the use of these organic calcium sources in diet formulations for meat quail.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeiro e a biodisponibilidade relativa de conchas de sururu, maçunim (Anomalocardia brasiliana) e ostra como fontes orgânicas de cálcio para codornas de corte. No ensaio de digestibilidade, 240 codornas foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado constituído de cinco dietas (calcário calcítico, carbonato de cálcio e três fontes marinhas de cálcio), cinco repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental. A biodisponibilidade relativa do cálcio foi determinada pelo método da curva padrão e Slope Ratio em um ensaio de crescimento no qual 288 codornas Europeias foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta basal, com baixa concentração de cálcio (0,166%) a qual foi suplementada com dois níveis de cálcio (0,342% e 0,684%)proveniente das diferentes fontes de cálcio. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente e verdadeiro das farinhas de conchas de sururu, maçunim e ostra, para codornas de corte foram 91,85 e 92,04%; 91,71 e 91,90%; e 89,39 e 89,63%, respectivamente. A biodisponibilidade do cálcio das farinhas de conchas de sururu, de maçunim e de ostra obtidas utilizando-se os métodos da curva padrão e Slope Ratio foram133,22 e 119,18%; 140,05 e 113,69%; e 141,73 e 106,22%, respectivamente, permitindo o uso destas fontes orgânicas de cálcio na formulação de ração para codornas de corte.(AU)

Different profiles of fatty acids in Ca soaps on dissociation and modification by biohydrogenation in vitro

This study evaluated the effects of rumen pH on in vitro Ca dissociation of different sources of Ca soaps of fatty acids (CSFA). Treatments were distributed in a 6×4 factorial design and consisted of six CSFA sources and four rumen fluid pH. The CSFA sources were: two sources of palm oil (PO1 and PO2), soybean oil (SO), palm + soybean oil (PSO), palm + cottonseed oil (PCO), and palm + cottonseed + soybean oil (PCSO). All CSFA samples were added to a pool of rumen fluid and adjusted to four different pH (5.5, 6.0, 6.5, and 7.0), and then, incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. This procedure was replicated over three consecutive days. Effect of CSFA source × rumen pH was detected for in vitro relative Ca dissociation and change (Δ) in concentrations of oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids. Calcium dissociation did not differ among CSFA sources in pH 7.0 or 6.5, but was greater for SO vs. PO2, PSO, PCO, and PCSO in pH 6.0. Relative Ca dissociation in pH 5.5 was lower for PO1 and PSO vs. SO, but greater for PO1 and PSO vs. PCO and PCSO. The Δ of oleic acid was greater for PO2 vs. PCO in pH 6.5 and PO1 and PCSO vs. PO2 and SO in pH 7.0. The Δ of linoleic acid was greatest for SO across all pH evaluated and did not differ between PO1 and PO2, but both had a reduced Δ of linoleic acid than other CSFA sources in pH 5.5 and 7.0. The Δ of linolenic acid concentrations did not differ between PO1 and PO2, but both had less Δ of linolenic acid concentrations than other CSFA sources across all pH. Besides, SO had greater Δ of linolenic acid compared with PSO, PCO, and PCSO in pH 5.5, 6.0, and 6.5. Combining palm + cottonseed oil and palm + cottonseed + soybean oil reduces Ca dissociation and maintains the original fatty acid profile of the CSFA source.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Frying Fat, Vegetable Oil and Calcium Soaps Of Palm Oil on the Productive Behavior and Carcass Yield of Broiler Chickens

Vegetable oils (VO) and animal fats are conventional lipid sources used in feed formulations. Frying fats (FF) and calcium soaps of palm oil (CaSPO) are low-cost lipid sources. This study evaluated the productive performance of broiler chickens fed diets with CaSPO in substitution for VO or FF. Two hundred, 1-day old male broiler chickens were allocated in a randomized design with factorial arrangement (22). Diets included 2 lipid sources (FF and VO) and 2 CaSPO levels (0 and 50%). The study had two phases (starter and finisher) of 21 days each. For the starter phase there was no effect (p>0.05) of dietary treatments on the chickens productive performance. For the finisher phase birds fed diets with FF had higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio (main effect; p 0.01) than those fed diets with VO. Over the 42-day feeding period animals fed FF had higher feed conversion ratio (main effect; p=0.02) and tended (p=0.08) to show higher feed intake than those fed diets with VO. The CaSPO substitution for VO or FF had no effect (p>0.05) on the productive performance of broiler chickens. There was no influence of treatment on carcass yield. The drumsticks plus thighs were higher (main effect; p 0.01) in birds receiving VO than in those receiving FF. The interaction (fat source*CaSPO) was not significant (p>0.05). These results may indicate that VO is superior to FF and CaSPO may substitute for VO or FF without affecting productive performance of broiler chickens. Lipid source showed small influence on carcass characteristics.(AU)

Effect of Dietary Frying Fat, Vegetable Oil and Calcium Soaps Of Palm Oil on the Productive Behavior and Carcass Yield of Broiler Chickens

Vegetable oils (VO) and animal fats are conventional lipid sources used in feed formulations. Frying fats (FF) and calcium soaps of palm oil (CaSPO) are low-cost lipid sources. This study evaluated the productive performance of broiler chickens fed diets with CaSPO in substitution for VO or FF. Two hundred, 1-day old male broiler chickens were allocated in a randomized design with factorial arrangement (22). Diets included 2 lipid sources (FF and VO) and 2 CaSPO levels (0 and 50%). The study had two phases (starter and finisher) of 21 days each. For the starter phase there was no effect (p>0.05) of dietary treatments on the chickens productive performance. For the finisher phase birds fed diets with FF had higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio (main effect; p 0.01) than those fed diets with VO. Over the 42-day feeding period animals fed FF had higher feed conversion ratio (main effect; p=0.02) and tended (p=0.08) to show higher feed intake than those fed diets with VO. The CaSPO substitution for VO or FF had no effect (p>0.05) on the productive performance of broiler chickens. There was no influence of treatment on carcass yield. The drumsticks plus thighs were higher (main effect; p 0.01) in birds receiving VO than in those receiving FF. The interaction (fat source*CaSPO) was not significant (p>0.05). These results may indicate that VO is superior to FF and CaSPO may substitute for VO or FF without affecting productive performance of broiler chickens. Lipid source showed small influence on carcass characteristics.

Supplementation with different non-fiber carbohydrate sources in dairy cow diets with high or low rumen-undegradable protein content / Suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas para vacas leiteiras com alto ou baixo teor de proteína não degradável no rúmen

The objective for this study was to evaluate the supplementation with different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources for grazing dairy cows in diets with high or low concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Twelve multiparous cows averaging 30kg/d of milk production and 45±23 days in milk in a 4x4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were used. The difference in NFC content of the diets was achieved using ground corn (GC) or dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary RUP was altered by the partial replacement of soybean meal (LRUP) by roasted whole soybean and corn gluten meal (HRUP). Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed in DCP treatments compared to GC treatments (19.2 and 17.7kg/day of DM, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower for LRUP treatments (3.4%) when compared to HRUP (3.6%). The milk protein concentration was greater for GC treatments (2.9%) in relation to DCP treatments (2.8%). Lower milk ureic nitrogen was observed when DCP diets were fed compared to those with GC (17.8 and 21.2mg/dL, respectively). The use of DCP as CNF source increased dry matter intake as well as milk fat concentration, although no differences in milk production were observed for RUP level.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) em vacas manejadas a pasto em dietas com alta ou baixa concentração de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). Doze vacas multíparas com média de 30kg leite/ dia e 45±23 dias em lactação foram utilizadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. As fontes de CNF foram milho moído (MM) e polpa cítrica seca (PC). A PNDR da dieta foi alterada pela substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta de baixa PNDR (BPNDR) por grão de soja tostado e farelo de glúten de milho dieta de alta PNDR (APNDR). Foi observado maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS) nos tratamentos com PC quando comparado aos tratamentos com MM (19,2 e 17,7kg / dia de MS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi menor para os tratamentos com BPNDR (3,4%) em comparação aos tratamentos com APNDR (3,6%). O teor de proteína do leite foi maior nos tratamentos com MM (2,9%) em relação aos tratamentos com PC (2,8%). Foram observados menores teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite dos animais alimentados com PC em relação aos com MM (17,8 e 21,2mg / dL, respectivamente). O uso de PC como fonte de CNF aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, bem como o teor de gordura do leite, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças na produção de leite relacionada a alteração nos teores de PNDR.(AU)

Supplementation with different non-fiber carbohydrate sources in dairy cow diets with high or low rumen-undegradable protein content / Suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos em dietas para vacas leiteiras com alto ou baixo teor de proteína não degradável no rúmen

The objective for this study was to evaluate the supplementation with different non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources for grazing dairy cows in diets with high or low concentrations of rumen undegradable protein (RUP). Twelve multiparous cows averaging 30kg/d of milk production and 45±23 days in milk in a 4x4 Latin square design with 2 × 2 factorial arrangement were used. The difference in NFC content of the diets was achieved using ground corn (GC) or dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary RUP was altered by the partial replacement of soybean meal (LRUP) by roasted whole soybean and corn gluten meal (HRUP). Greater dry matter intake (DMI) was observed in DCP treatments compared to GC treatments (19.2 and 17.7kg/day of DM, respectively). Milk fat concentration was lower for LRUP treatments (3.4%) when compared to HRUP (3.6%). The milk protein concentration was greater for GC treatments (2.9%) in relation to DCP treatments (2.8%). Lower milk ureic nitrogen was observed when DCP diets were fed compared to those with GC (17.8 and 21.2mg/dL, respectively). The use of DCP as CNF source increased dry matter intake as well as milk fat concentration, although no differences in milk production were observed for RUP level.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com diferentes fontes de carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF) em vacas manejadas a pasto em dietas com alta ou baixa concentração de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR). Doze vacas multíparas com média de 30kg leite/ dia e 45±23 dias em lactação foram utilizadas em delineamento quadrado latino 4x4 com arranjo fatorial 2 × 2. As fontes de CNF foram milho moído (MM) e polpa cítrica seca (PC). A PNDR da dieta foi alterada pela substituição parcial do farelo de soja da dieta de baixa PNDR (BPNDR) por grão de soja tostado e farelo de glúten de milho dieta de alta PNDR (APNDR). Foi observado maior consumo de matéria seca (CMS) nos tratamentos com PC quando comparado aos tratamentos com MM (19,2 e 17,7kg / dia de MS, respectivamente). O teor de gordura do leite foi menor para os tratamentos com BPNDR (3,4%) em comparação aos tratamentos com APNDR (3,6%). O teor de proteína do leite foi maior nos tratamentos com MM (2,9%) em relação aos tratamentos com PC (2,8%). Foram observados menores teores de nitrogênio ureico no leite dos animais alimentados com PC em relação aos com MM (17,8 e 21,2mg / dL, respectivamente). O uso de PC como fonte de CNF aumentou o consumo de matéria seca, bem como o teor de gordura do leite, embora não tenham sido observadas diferenças na produção de leite relacionada a alteração nos teores de PNDR.(AU)

Spider venom peptides as potential drug candidates due to their anticancer and antinociceptive activities

Spider venoms are known to contain proteins and polypeptides that perform various functions including antimicrobial, neurotoxic, analgesic, cytotoxic, necrotic, and hemagglutinic activities. Currently, several classes of natural molecules from spider venoms are potential sources of chemotherapeutics against tumor cells. Some of the spider peptide toxins produce lethal effects on tumor cells by regulating the cell cycle, activating caspase pathway or inactivating mitochondria. Some of them also target the various types of ion channels (including voltage-gated calcium channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, and acid-sensing ion channels) among other pain-related targets. Herein we review the structure and pharmacology of spider-venom peptides that are being used as leads for the development of therapeutics against the pathophysiological conditions including cancer and pain.(AU)

Forage production and mineral composition of cactus intercropped with legumes and fertilized with different sources of manure / Produção de forragem e composição mineral da palma consorciada com leguminosas e adubada com diferentes fontes de esterco

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive potential and mineral composition of the forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). This species was analyzed both in monoculture and intercropped with leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.] and gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. Steud.], and was assessed with different sources of manure (cattle, sheep, goat, and broiler litter) serving as fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco in Caruaru, PE, Brazil. Treatments were allocated in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Main plots consisted of cropping systems, while the split-plots were dedicated to manure sources. Cactus harvest was carried out after two years of regrowth. Response variables included both production and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. No differences were observed for cactus production between the cropping systems, with an average value of 22.1Mg dry matter ha-1 2 years-1. In the intercropped systems, greater proximity to the legumes increased the production of the cactus in the treatments with the cattle and sheep manure, and increased the concentrations of P, K, and Mg, but not of N. The introduction of tree legumes, along with the application of manure, contributes to an increase in production and nutrient concentration of IPA-Sertânia cactus.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial produtivo e a composição mineral da palma forrageira IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), em cultivo isolado e consorciada com leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] ou gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], e adubada com as fontes de esterco bovino, ovino, caprino e cama de frango. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, em Caruaru. O delineamento foi casualizado em blocos, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pelos sistemas de cultivo e as subparcelas pelas fontes de esterco. A colheita da palma foi realizada aos dois anos de crescimento e analisada quanto à produção e aos teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). Não foram observadas diferenças de produção da palma entre os sistemas de cultivo, atingindo valor médio de 22,1t ha-1 2 anos-1 de matéria seca (MS). Nos sistemas consorciados, a maior proximidade com as leguminosas incrementou a produção da palma, nos tratamentos com os estercos bovino e ovino, e elevou os teores de P, K e Mg, mas não os teores de N. A introdução de leguminosas arbóreas, juntamente com a aplicação dos estercos, contribui para elevar a produção e os níveis de nutrientes da palma IPA-Sertânia. (AU)