Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance at the buffer zone of the Chingaza National Natural Park, cordillera oriental of the colombian andes

Abstract The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.

Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance at the buffer zone of the Chingaza National Natural Park, cordillera oriental of the Colombian andes

The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.

Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance at the buffer zone of the Chingaza National Natural Park, cordillera oriental of the Colombian andes

The Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus) population density and relative abundance within the Chingaza Massif were assessed between September 2015 and May 2016. One hundred seventeen (117) camera traps were installed at 9 grids: 13 cameras per grid, each camera separated 750 m from the other; the sampling effort was 17,057 days-trap. Two thousand seven hundred eighty-four (2,784) native fauna records were obtained, 1,456 corresponding to mammals, 183 records for Andean bear specimens, 158 of them independent bear records (at least one hour between records), and 106 effective-independent bear records (also permitting individual recognition). Fifty-seven (57) Andean bear individuals were identified according to key external morphological features. Sixteen (16) adults were recaptured (12 males and 4 females), with a maximum mean distance of 27.22 km. Bears population density was 2.9 bears per 100 km². Based on this density and the buffer area of the sampling grids, we estimated an overall number of 122 bears in 4,215.15 km². The estimated density is the first for the species in Colombia and the lowest regarding previous reports from other countries. Thus, it is necessary to better understand how integral habitat quality and the anthropic impacts on habitat quality, availability, and connectivity may affect the Andean bear population densities in Colombia, as a useful tool for assessing populations` state and focus future conservation actions.(AU)

Levantamento de fauna silvestre no Terra Parque, município de Pirapozinho, estado de São Paulo / Lifting of wild fauna in the Terra Parque, municipality of Pirapozinho, state of São Paulo

O levantamento de fauna silvestre se baseia em uma série de observações, a fim de catalogar espécimes em dada região. Objetivou avaliar a diversidade de fauna no Resort “Terra Parque”, área com relevo colinoso e bioma de Mata Atlântica pertencente ao município de Pirapozinho–SP. A área local foi percorrida a pé, o monitoramento realizado foi utilizado 03 câmeras fotográficas automáticas com funcionamento ininterruptos, fixadas em árvores, registrando indivíduos em atividade diurna e noturna bem como observação direta para coleta dos dados de acordo com a existência de vestígios e pegadas. Os fragmentos do estudo foram divididos em 02 campanhas, cada uma com 05 dias consecutivos, na estação da primavera (outubro/2017) , perfazendo 10 dias com 240 horas de dados amostrais. Análises obtidas do processo de monitoramento foram descritivas. Identificados mamíferos através de vestígios e pegadas: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous e Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; Câmera AF1 resultou nas imagens de répteis - Salvator merianaee mamíferos - Dasypus novemcinctus e Nasua nasua; Câmera AF2 resultou em mamífero - Leopardus pardalis. As armadilhas fixadas em pontos estratégicos de áreas tiveram indícios de ocorrência de mamíferos em contrapartida para répteis são de difícil amostragem, por serem animais inconspícuos. Porém, foram capturados. Ao término do monitoramento foram confeccionadas placas informativas quanto à taxonomia. Conclui-se a importância do monitoramento para identificação dos espécimes para maximizar os esforços de conservação a nível local, tratando-se de um estabelecimento turístico.

The survey of wildlife is based on a series of observations in order to catalog specimens in a given region. The objective was to evaluate the diversity of fauna in the "Terra Parque" Resort, an area with hilly relief and an Atlantic Forest biome belonging to Pirapozinho -SP. The local area was walked on foot, the monitoring was performed using 03 automatic cameras with uninterrupted operation, fixed in trees, recording individuals in day and night activity as well as direct observation to collect the data according to the existence of traces and footprints. The fragments of the study were divided in 02 campaigns, each with 05 consecutive days, in the spring season (October/2017), making 10 days with 240 hours of sample data. Analyzes obtained from the monitoring process were descriptive. Identified mammals through traces and footprints: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous and Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; AF1 camera resulted in images of reptiles - Salvator merianae and mammals - Dasypus novemcinctus and Nasua nasua; Camera AF2 resulted in mammal - Leopardus pardalis. The traps fixed at strategic points of areas had indications of occurrence of mammals in counterpart to reptiles are difficult to sample because they are inconspicuous animals. However, they were captured. At the end of the monitoring,information boards were elaborated regarding the taxonomy. The importance of monitoring for identification of specimens to maximize conservation efforts at the local level, as a tourist establishment, is concluded.

Levantamento de fauna silvestre no Terra Parque, município de Pirapozinho, estado de São Paulo / Lifting of wild fauna in the Terra Parque, municipality of Pirapozinho, state of São Paulo

O levantamento de fauna silvestre se baseia em uma série de observações, a fim de catalogar espécimes em dada região. Objetivou avaliar a diversidade de fauna no Resort “Terra Parque”, área com relevo colinoso e bioma de Mata Atlântica pertencente ao município de Pirapozinho–SP. A área local foi percorrida a pé, o monitoramento realizado foi utilizado 03 câmeras fotográficas automáticas com funcionamento ininterruptos, fixadas em árvores, registrando indivíduos em atividade diurna e noturna bem como observação direta para coleta dos dados de acordo com a existência de vestígios e pegadas. Os fragmentos do estudo foram divididos em 02 campanhas, cada uma com 05 dias consecutivos, na estação da primavera (outubro/2017) , perfazendo 10 dias com 240 horas de dados amostrais. Análises obtidas do processo de monitoramento foram descritivas. Identificados mamíferos através de vestígios e pegadas: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous e Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; Câmera AF1 resultou nas imagens de répteis - Salvator merianaee mamíferos - Dasypus novemcinctus e Nasua nasua; Câmera AF2 resultou em mamífero - Leopardus pardalis. As armadilhas fixadas em pontos estratégicos de áreas tiveram indícios de ocorrência de mamíferos em contrapartida para répteis são de difícil amostragem, por serem animais inconspícuos. Porém, foram capturados. Ao término do monitoramento foram confeccionadas placas informativas quanto à taxonomia. Conclui-se a importância do monitoramento para identificação dos espécimes para maximizar os esforços de conservação a nível local, tratando-se de um estabelecimento turístico.(AU)

The survey of wildlife is based on a series of observations in order to catalog specimens in a given region. The objective was to evaluate the diversity of fauna in the "Terra Parque" Resort, an area with hilly relief and an Atlantic Forest biome belonging to Pirapozinho -SP. The local area was walked on foot, the monitoring was performed using 03 automatic cameras with uninterrupted operation, fixed in trees, recording individuals in day and night activity as well as direct observation to collect the data according to the existence of traces and footprints. The fragments of the study were divided in 02 campaigns, each with 05 consecutive days, in the spring season (October/2017), making 10 days with 240 hours of sample data. Analyzes obtained from the monitoring process were descriptive. Identified mammals through traces and footprints: Chrysocyon brachyurus, Cerdocyon thous and Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris; AF1 camera resulted in images of reptiles - Salvator merianae and mammals - Dasypus novemcinctus and Nasua nasua; Camera AF2 resulted in mammal - Leopardus pardalis. The traps fixed at strategic points of areas had indications of occurrence of mammals in counterpart to reptiles are difficult to sample because they are inconspicuous animals. However, they were captured. At the end of the monitoring,information boards were elaborated regarding the taxonomy. The importance of monitoring for identification of specimens to maximize conservation efforts at the local level, as a tourist establishment, is concluded.(AU)

Testing camera traps as a potential tool for detecting nest predation of birds in a tropical rainforest environment

Identification of the predators of bird nests is essential to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses and to make practical management decisions. A variety of nest monitoring devices have been proposed but many remain difficult to set up in the field. The aim of this study was to test camera traps as a potential tool to study predation of natural nests in a tropical rainforest environment. Specifically, we registered the predators, assessed their size range, and we compared the use of one and two cameras per nest. Of 122 nests from 24 bird species, 45 (37%) were depredated, and the cameras recorded the predator species in 29 of the total of depredated nests (64%). We identified predators in eight of 16 depredated nests (50%) in which we used one camera trap per nest, and we identified predators in 21 of 29 depredated nests (72%) when we used two camera traps per nest. The predators included six species of birds and six species of mammals, with body masses varying from 20 g to 16.5 kg. Causes for 10 of the 16 detection failures were identified and are discussed. These results suggest that camera traps are viable tools to investigate nest predation in a tropical rainforest area.

Testing camera traps as a potential tool for detecting nest predation of birds in a tropical rainforest environment

Identification of the predators of bird nests is essential to test ecological and evolutionary hypotheses and to make practical management decisions. A variety of nest monitoring devices have been proposed but many remain difficult to set up in the field. The aim of this study was to test camera traps as a potential tool to study predation of natural nests in a tropical rainforest environment. Specifically, we registered the predators, assessed their size range, and we compared the use of one and two cameras per nest. Of 122 nests from 24 bird species, 45 (37%) were depredated, and the cameras recorded the predator species in 29 of the total of depredated nests (64%). We identified predators in eight of 16 depredated nests (50%) in which we used one camera trap per nest, and we identified predators in 21 of 29 depredated nests (72%) when we used two camera traps per nest. The predators included six species of birds and six species of mammals, with body masses varying from 20 g to 16.5 kg. Causes for 10 of the 16 detection failures were identified and are discussed. These results suggest that camera traps are viable tools to investigate nest predation in a tropical rainforest area.(AU)

Abundância relativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na região do Parque Nacional das Emas-GO / Species richness and relative abundance of large mammals in Emas National Park region

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.

Abundância relativa de mamíferos de médio e grande porte na região do Parque Nacional das Emas-GO / Species richness and relative abundance of large mammals in Emas National Park region

Due the advancement of human population growth, there is an increase in the areas of agricultural production. This increase leads to landscape fragmentation and habitat reduction for wild animals. The aim of this work was to verify which species of mammals occur in the region of the Emas National Park (ENP). The data were collected through a camera trap, which are activated by a motion and heat sensor when an animal passes in front of the camera, recording the species, date and time of registration. The survey of mammals of the ENP region was carried out in 10 samplings between the years of 2001 and 2012. Relative abundance values are the ratio between the number of records of each species and the total hours of operation of the cameras. The results show that 33 species occur in the region and it can be concluded that the Emas National Park plays a fundamental role in the conservation of mammals threatened by extinction in the region. The fragments of native vegetation represented by the Legal Reserves and Permanent Preservation Areas of the rural properties required by the Brazilian Forest Code are important for the species studied and the negative impacts present in the agricultural production areas in the surroundings can be reduced with the appropriate management, mainly with the fulfillment of the requirements of the new forest code in order to provide higher quality of the agricultural production area.(AU)

Com o aumento do crescimento populacional humano, observa-se o avanço das áreas de produção agrícola. Esse avanço acarreta a fragmentação da paisagem e a redução do habitat para os animais silvestres. Objetivou-se verificar quais espécies de mamíferos ocorrem na região do Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE). Os dados foram coletados por meio de armadilhas fotográficas (AF), as quais são ativadas por um sensor de movimentoe calor quando algum animal passa em frente à câmera, registrando o animal, data e hora do registro. Foi considerado o intervalo de 1 hora para independência dos registros. O levantamento de mamíferos da regiãodo PNE foi realizado através de 10 amostragens entre os anos de 2001 e 2012. Os valores das abundâncias relativas foram obtidos pela razão entre o número de registros de cada espécie e o total de horas de funciovoadonamentodas câmeras. Os resultados mostram que 33 espécies ocorrem na região e conclui-se que o Parque Nacional das Emas apresenta papel fundamental na conservação de mamíferos ameaçados de extinção na região devido a seus registros em todos os anos de coleta, juntamente com os fragmentos de vegetação nativa, representados pelas Reservas Legais e Áreas de Preservação Permanente das propriedades rurais exigidos no Código Florestal Brasileiro. Os fragmentos são importantes para as espécies estudadas e os impactos negativos presentes nas áreas de produção agrícola no entorno podem ser reduzidos com o manejo apropriado dessas áreas, principalmente com o cumprimento das exigências do novo código florestal de maneira a proporcionar maior qualidade do fragmento de vegetação nativa associado à agricultura.(AU)

Mammalian diversity in the Savanna from Peru, with three new addictions from country

Bahuaja Sonene National Park protects the unique sample of subtropical humid savannas in Peru, which are known as Pampas del Heath with 6,136 hectares of area. Many endangered species and/or endemic from savannas occur there, however studies about the diversity of mammals in Pampas del Heath are limited and only three assessments there have been carried out since mid1970s. Therefore we surveyed mammals in three habitat types of the Pampas del Heath (savanna, ecotonal area and forest) during late 2011. We used several methods of record for the different mammal groups including 1) capture techniques with mist nets, snap traps, Sherman traps, Tomahawk traps and pitfall traps, 2) and detection techniques direct by means of camera traps, visualization of mammals during long walk, observation of tracks and interviews to local people. Total capture efforts totalized 6,033 trap/nights, 136 mist-net/nights and 108 cameras/nights. Sixty-nine species of mammals were recorded: 33 in savanna, 33 in ecotonal area and 38 in forest. Sixteen species are new records for the Pampas del Heath and three are new records from Peru (Cryptonanus unduaviensis, Rhogeessa hussoni and Rhogeessa io). Analyses on the sampling effort, relative density, diversity and community structure of small mammals were made for the three habitats types. Moreover eight species are Threatened and 24 are listed in CITES.

El Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene (PNBS) alberga la única muestra de la sabana húmeda tropical sudamericana en Perú la cual es conocida como “Pampas del Heath”, con sólo 6,136 hectáreas de superficie. En su ámbito ocurren muchas especies en peligro de extinción y/o endémicas de sabana, sin embargo estudios que dan a conocer la diversidad de mamíferos en las Pampas del Heath son escasos contándose con sólo tres evaluaciones desde 1977 hasta el presente. Por tanto, desarrollamos relevamientos de mamíferos en tres tipos de hábitats de las Pampas del Heath (sabana, área ecotonal y bosque) a fines del año 2011. Utilizamos varios métodos de registro para los diferentes grupos de mamíferos muestreados, incluyendo 1) técnicas de captura con redes de niebla, trampas de golpe, trampas Sherman, trampas Tomahawk y trampas de Caída, y 2) técnicas de detección directa por medio de cámaras trampa, avistamiento de mamíferos en senderos, búsqueda de rastros y entrevistas a pobladores locales. El esfuerzo de captura fue de 6,033 trampas/noche, 136 redes/noche y 108 cámaras/noche. Registramos un total de 69 especies de mamíferos: 33 en la sabana, 33 en el área ecotonal y 38 en el bosque. Dieciséis especies son nuevos reportes para las Pampas del Heath y tres son nuevos registros para el Perú (Cryptonanus unduaviensis, Rhogeessa hussoni and Rhogeessa io). Se realizó análisis del esfuerzo de muestreo, densidad relativa, diversidad y estructura comunitaria de los mamíferos pequeños para los tres tipos de hábitats. Además siete especies se encuentran Amenazadas y 24 están en CITES. Los nuevos registros aquí presentados incrementan el listado de mamíferos del Perú de 538 a 541 y ponen en evidencia la importancia de conducir inventarios biológicos para describir la biodiversidad de áreas remotas, como las Pampas del Heath.

Mammalian diversity in the Savanna from Peru, with three new addictions from country

Bahuaja Sonene National Park protects the unique sample of subtropical humid savannas in Peru, which are known as Pampas del Heath with 6,136 hectares of area. Many endangered species and/or endemic from savannas occur there, however studies about the diversity of mammals in Pampas del Heath are limited and only three assessments there have been carried out since mid1970s. Therefore we surveyed mammals in three habitat types of the Pampas del Heath (savanna, ecotonal area and forest) during late 2011. We used several methods of record for the different mammal groups including 1) capture techniques with mist nets, snap traps, Sherman traps, Tomahawk traps and pitfall traps, 2) and detection techniques direct by means of camera traps, visualization of mammals during long walk, observation of tracks and interviews to local people. Total capture efforts totalized 6,033 trap/nights, 136 mist-net/nights and 108 cameras/nights. Sixty-nine species of mammals were recorded: 33 in savanna, 33 in ecotonal area and 38 in forest. Sixteen species are new records for the Pampas del Heath and three are new records from Peru (Cryptonanus unduaviensis, Rhogeessa hussoni and Rhogeessa io). Analyses on the sampling effort, relative density, diversity and community structure of small mammals were made for the three habitats types. Moreover eight species are Threatened and 24 are listed in CITES.(AU)

El Parque Nacional Bahuaja Sonene (PNBS) alberga la única muestra de la sabana húmeda tropical sudamericana en Perú la cual es conocida como “Pampas del Heath”, con sólo 6,136 hectáreas de superficie. En su ámbito ocurren muchas especies en peligro de extinción y/o endémicas de sabana, sin embargo estudios que dan a conocer la diversidad de mamíferos en las Pampas del Heath son escasos contándose con sólo tres evaluaciones desde 1977 hasta el presente. Por tanto, desarrollamos relevamientos de mamíferos en tres tipos de hábitats de las Pampas del Heath (sabana, área ecotonal y bosque) a fines del año 2011. Utilizamos varios métodos de registro para los diferentes grupos de mamíferos muestreados, incluyendo 1) técnicas de captura con redes de niebla, trampas de golpe, trampas Sherman, trampas Tomahawk y trampas de Caída, y 2) técnicas de detección directa por medio de cámaras trampa, avistamiento de mamíferos en senderos, búsqueda de rastros y entrevistas a pobladores locales. El esfuerzo de captura fue de 6,033 trampas/noche, 136 redes/noche y 108 cámaras/noche. Registramos un total de 69 especies de mamíferos: 33 en la sabana, 33 en el área ecotonal y 38 en el bosque. Dieciséis especies son nuevos reportes para las Pampas del Heath y tres son nuevos registros para el Perú (Cryptonanus unduaviensis, Rhogeessa hussoni and Rhogeessa io). Se realizó análisis del esfuerzo de muestreo, densidad relativa, diversidad y estructura comunitaria de los mamíferos pequeños para los tres tipos de hábitats. Además siete especies se encuentran Amenazadas y 24 están en CITES. Los nuevos registros aquí presentados incrementan el listado de mamíferos del Perú de 538 a 541 y ponen en evidencia la importancia de conducir inventarios biológicos para describir la biodiversidad de áreas remotas, como las Pampas del Heath.(AU)