Effects of functional oil blend on performance, blood metabolites, organ biometry and intestinal morphometry in nursery piglets / Efeitos da mistura de óleo funcional no desempenho, metabólitos sanguíneos, biometria de órgãos e morfometria intestinal em leitões de creche

This study was conducted to assess the effects of functional oil (FO) blend on performance, blood metabolites, organ biometry and intestinal morphometry in piglets. A total of 128 crossbreed piglets (Landrace × Large White, 64 uncastrated males and 64 females, 21 d of age, and 6.79 ± 1.76 kg BW) were allocated in a randomized complete block design with two dietary treatments: a FO-free (FOF) diet or a diet based on added FO (1,500 mg/kg of diet with castor oil plus cashew nutshell oil). Piglets fed FO showed higher (p ≤ 0.05) average daily feed intake, daily body weight gain and final body weight after 23 d of study. For the total period, piglets fed FO showed greater (p = 0.007) feed conversion ratio. On d 23, higher serum total protein (p = 0.026) and globulin (p = 0.050) concentration, lower liver (p = 0.042) and stomach (p = 0.074) weight, and greater (p = 0.082) villi height (VH) in duodenum were observed in piglets fed FO. Nonetheless, piglets fed FOF showed greater (p = 0.054) ileal VH, but greater (p = 0.004) crypt depth (CD) in jejunum. Piglets fed FO showed higher VH to CD ratio in jejunum (p = 0.068) and duodenum (p = 0.074) on d 23 and 37, respectively. Based on the results, FO blend improved the performance of weaned piglets; however, it negatively affected the feed conversion ratio in the total period. Moreover, FO blend promoted changes in total protein concentrations and improvements in digestive and absorptive capacity assessed through VH to CD ratio, with a significant reduction in organs.

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de uma mistura de óleo funcional (OF) no desempenho zootécnico, nos metabólitos sanguíneos, na biometria de órgãos e na morfometria intestinal de leitões. Um total de 128 leitões mestiços (Landrace × Large White, 64 machos inteiros e 64 fêmeas; 21 dias de idade e peso corporal de 6,79 ± 1,76 kg) foram alocados em um delineamento de blocos casualizados completos, com dois tratamentos dietéticos: uma dieta sem OF (SOF) ou uma dieta baseada na adição de OF (1.500 mg/kg de dieta com OF de mamona e castanha de caju). Os leitões alimentados com OF apresentaram maior (p ≤ 0,05) consumo de ração diário médio, ganho de peso corporal diário e peso corporal aos 23 dias de experimento. Entretanto, os leitões que consumiram dietas com OF tiveram conversão alimentar superior (p = 0,007) no período total. No dia 23, houve aumento na concentração de proteína total (p = 0,026) e globulina (p = 0,050), menor peso de fígado (p = 0,042) e estômago (p = 0,074), e maior (p = 0,082) altura de vilosidade (AV) no duodeno em leitões que consumiram OF; entretanto, os leitões SOF tiveram (p = 0,054) AV superior no íleo, mas apresentaram (p = 0,004) profundidade de cripta (PC) superior no jejuno. Uma maior relação AV:PC no jejuno (p = 0,068) e duodeno (p = 0,074) foi observada em leitões com OF nos dias 23 e 37, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados, a mistura de OF melhorou o desempenho dos leitões desmamados; no entanto, afetou negativamente a taxa de conversão alimentar no período total. Além disso, a mistura de OF promoveu alterações nas concentrações proteínas totais e melhorias na capacidade digestiva e absortiva avaliadas através da relação AV:PC, com uma redução significativa nos órgãos.

Dehydrated cashew apple in different grinding sizes to sheep

The cashew pseudo fruit can be used to animal feeding in tropical and subtropical countries as Brazil, Ivory Coast and Vietnam. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the intake, digestibility of nutrients and nitrogen balance of dehydrated cashew apple by-product to sheep. The experiment was carried out with 24 sheep in a completely randomized design with the treatments distributed in a 4 x2 factorial scheme to test the inclusion (11, 21, 28 and 33% dry matter basis) and the grinding sizes (3 and 19 mm diameter) of dehydrated cashewappleby-product. To grinding sizes there was no effect to intake and digestibility, suggesting the use of dehydrated cashewappleby-product either finely or coarsely milled. The inclusion up to 33% of dehydrated cashewappleby-product inclusion did not affect voluntary intake and nitrogen balance. However, when including above 21%, there was a reduction of ether extract digestibility and more than 28% reduced dry matter and organic matter digestibility.(AU)

Anacardium occidentale L. (cajueiro) in the healing of skin wounds: an experimental study in rats

Purpose: To analyze the effects of Anacardium occidentale Linn on the healing of skin wounds. Methods: Twenty Wistar male rats were distributed into four groups (with five animals each one): negative control group (NCG), treated with saline solution; cashew tree group (CG), treated with hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of A. occidentale Linn; manipulated cashew tree group (MCG), with the ointment of extract of the bark of A. occidentale Linn; positive control group (PCG), treated with sunflower oil. All animals were examined daily, observing the macroscopic aspects of the surgical wound. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for tissue morphology analysis and Masson's trichrome for better collagen fiber characterization. Results: On day 7, the MCG group had the expansion of the surgical wound covered by crust, exceeding the initial limits. On day 21, the wounds were observed to be completely closed and epithelialized in the NCG and CG groups. PCG and MCG still had remnants of crusts on the wound. The NCG was the only one not to present an abscess in histopathological analysis. Conclusions: There was a prolongation of the healing phase of the animals treated with the extract, and the animals in the NCG showed a better outcome by histological analysis.

Drink with probiotic potential based on water-soluble extract from cashew nuts / Bebida com potencial probiótico à base de extrato hidrossolúvel de castanha de caju

The research elaborat a drink based on a water-soluble cashew nut extract (WCNE), fermented with the probiotic strain Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 334. The formulations were defined by factorial design 22, with the independent variables: concentration of Lb. paracasei (1%, 1.5%, and 2%) and cashew nuts (100 g, 200 g, and 300 g), and the dependent variables: Composition (Moisture, Lipids, Proteins, Ashes and Carbohydrates) and Sensory Analysis (acceptance and ordination tests). The Lb. paracasei concentration in the WCNE registered between 7.72 log CFU g-1 to 8.27 log CFU g-1 for 6 hours of fermentation. According to the FDA, these values indicated a probiotic potential to the formulations (above 6 log CFU g-1). The concentration of cashew nuts (CNC) had a significant influence (P < 0.05) on all physical-chemical parameters and sensory attributes of the fermented WCNE, demonstrating itself as a determining factor for the product nutritional quality. The concentration of Lb. paracasei affected significantly (P < 0.05) the reduction of humidity and the increase of lipids and ash contents. The drinks F3 (300g CNC, 1% Lb. paracasei) and F4 (300g CNC, 2% Lb. paracasei) obtained the highest scores in the acceptance test and in the attributes of aroma, flavor, and overall impression. The study indicated that, in addition to good sensory acceptance, fermented WCNE can provide a concentration of probiotics above 7 log CFU g-1, thus being a promising alternative to meet the daily demand of probiotics for people who are restricted to dairy products.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma bebida à base de extrato hidrossolúvel de castanha de caju (EHCC), fermentada com a cepa probiótica Lactobacillus paracasei ATCC 334. As formulações foram definidas pelo planejamento fatorial 22, com as variáveis independentes: concentração de Lb. paracasei (1%, 1,5% e 2%) e castanha de caju (100 g, 200 g e 300 g), e as variáveis dependentes: Composição (Umidade, Lipídios, Proteínas, Cinzas e Carboidratos) e Análise Sensorial (testes de aceitação e ordenação). A concentração de Lb. paracasei no EHCC apresentou valores entre 7,72 log UFC/g a 8,27 log UFC/g com seis horas de fermentação. De acordo com o FDA, esses valores indicam o potencial probiótico das formulações (acima de 6 log UFC/g); a concentração de castanha de caju (CCC) teve influência significativa (P < 0,05) em todos os parâmetros físico-químicos e atributos sensoriais do EHCC fermentado demonstrando-se como fator determinante para qualidade nutricional do produto; a concentração de Lb. paracasei afetou significativamente (P < 0,05) a redução da umidade e o aumento dos conteúdos de lipídios e cinzas. As bebidas F3 (300 g CCC, 1% Lb. paracasei) e F4 (300 g CCC, 2% Lb. paracasei) obtiveram as maiores notas no teste de aceitação e nos atributos aroma, sabor e impressão global. O estudo indicou que, além da boa aceitação sensorial o EHCC fermentado pode fornecer concentração de probióticos acima de 7 log UFC g-1, sendo assim uma promissora alternativa para atender a demanda diária de probióticos à pessoas que apresentam restrição à produtos lácteos.

Chitosan combined with technical cashew nut shell liquid improves in vitro ruminal parameters and gas production kinetics

The objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chitosan (CHI) and technical cashew nut shell liquid (CNSLt) as natural feed additives in cattle diets on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and in vitro gas production kinetics. We conducted a completely randomized design with 5×4 factorial arrangement, with 20, 35, 50, 65, and 100% Tifton 85 hay and four additives, monensin (200 mg/kg DM), CNSLt (500 mg/kg DM), CHI (500 mg/kg DM), and CNSLt+CHI (500 mg/kg DM/each). Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) digestibility showed a linear reduction according to forage levels. The highest DM digestibility was observed with CHI on cattle diets. Inclusion of CHI increased DM digestibility. The highest in vitro organic matter and crude protein (CP) digestibilities were observed for CNSLt+CHI. The in vitro dry matter digestibility increased linearly with concentrate in the diet. There was interaction of forage:concentrate ratio and the additives for neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibility. Chitosan, CNSLt, and CNSLt+CHI promoted the lowest acetate:propionate ratio compared with monensin. Total gas production showed interaction of the forage:concentrate ratio and additives. Lag time was lowest with CNSLt+CHI. Chitosan and CNSLt can be considered alternative fermentation modulators to ionophores by improving nutrient digestibility and increasing ruminal propionate concentrations.(AU)

Occurrence of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the municipality of Alvorada do Gurguéia in South Central Piauí, Brazil

The state of Piauí is in a Cerrado/Caatinga transition area, which is known the richness of its fauna and flora. Therefore, this work aims to know the diversity of fruit fly species in cashew orchards and native forest fragments in the south-central region of Piauí. Fruit flies were collected in McPhail traps and by sampling fruits. The material collected from the traps and the fruits in the two areas were taken to the Laboratory of Phytotechnics from Campus Prof. Cinobelina Elvas at the Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI/CPCE), municipality of Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brazil. In McPhail traps, six species of the genus Anastrepha: A. alveata, A. dissimilis, A. fraterculus, A. manihoti, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were captured, of which A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae were present in both areas. Anastrepha alveata, A. dissimilis and A. manihoti occurred only in the cashew orchard. In fruit sampling, A. fraterculus, A. obliqua, and A. zenildae infested wild-guava fruits, Myrcia tomentosa (Myrtaceae), in native forest. Anastrepha fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae were obtained directly from M. tomentosa fruits and from traps. The availability of host fruits is the factor that most influences the population fluctuation of fruit flies, mainly in the native forest area. Anastrepha manihoti is reported for the first time in the state of Piauí. This is the first record of A. fraterculus, A. obliqua and A. zenildae, infesting wildguava fruits, M. tomentosa.

Effects of ricinoleic acid from castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in dairy heifers / Efeitos do ácido ricinoleico do óleo de mamona e do líquido da castanha de caju sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e fermentação ruminal de novilhas leiteiras

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combining functional oils (FO) [ricinoleic acid (RA) and cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL)] on nutrient intake and total-tract apparent digestibility, ruminal fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and predicted rumen microbial protein (Pmic) in heifers. Twelve Jersey heifers (14±0.6 months and 264±18.7 kg BW) were assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with the following treatments: Control (CON), diet without feed additives; Ricinoleic acid, dietary inclusion of RA at 2 g kg-1 dry matter (DM); Cashew nutshell liquid, dietary inclusion of CNSL at 2 g kg-1 DM; and a mixture of 1 g kg-1 DM of RA and 1 g kg1 DM of CNSL (RA+CNSL). Heifers were allowed 14 d for treatment adaptation followed by 5 days of sampling. Total feces collection was performed to determine digestibility. Rumen fluid was collected to determine short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration. Urine samples were collected for nitrogen and purine derivatives analyses. Feeding RA decreased intake of DM, but increased crude protein (CP) digestibility and ruminal acetate concentration. Feeding CSNL increased NDF digestibility and lowered Pmic. The association of RA+CNSL increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility and ruminal concentration of total SCFA without affecting DM intake. Feeding RA treatment decreased N intake and N excreted in feces and urine. CNSL group had the highest values of N balance. Heifers fed RA had lower Pmic than CNSL and RA+CNSL. The association of RA+CNSL improved digestibility of fiber and increased ruminal concentration of SCFA without altering N balance and Pmic.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da combinação de óleos funcionais (OF) [ácido ricinoleico (AR) e líquido da castanha de caju (LCC)] no consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, utilização de nitrogênio e estimativa de proteína microbiana de novilhas leiteiras. Doze novilhas da raça Jersey (14±0,6 meses e 264±18,7 kg PV) foram alocadas em um experimento de quadrado latino 4×4 contendo os tratamentos a seguir: controle (CON), uma dieta sem aditivos; Ácido ricinoleico, inclusão de 2g kg-1 de matéria seca (MS) de AR na dieta; Líquido da castanha de caju (LCC), inclusão de 2 g kg-1 MS de LCC na dieta; e uma mistura de 1 g kg-1 MS de AR e 1 g kg-1 MS de LCC na dieta (AR+LCC). Cada período experimental tinha 14 dias para adaptação aos tratamentos e 5 dias de coleta. O consumo de alimentos foi mensurado diariamente, e uma coleta total de fezes foi realizada durante 3 dias consecutivos de cada período experimental para determinar a digestibilidade de nutrientes. Amostras de fluído ruminal foram coletadas no último dia de cada período para determinação da concentração de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta. Amostras de urina foram coletadas no dia 18 de cada período para análises de nitrogênio e derivados de purina. O fornecimento de AR diminuiu o consumo de MS e proteína bruta (PB), mas aumentou a digestibilidade de proteína bruta e concentração ruminal de acetato. O fornecimento de LCC não afetou o consumo, mas aumentou a digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN). A associação de AR+LCC aumentou a digestibilidade da PB e FDN como também a concentração total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no rúmen, sem alterar o consumo de MS. O tratamento AR diminuiu a ingestão de N como também a excreção de N pelas fezes e urina. As novilhas do grupo LCC tiveram os maiores valores de N absorvido e retido enquanto as novilhas do grupo AR tiveram os menores valores. As novilhas do grupo RA tiveram menor estimativa de proteína microbiana em comparação com aquelas no grupo LCC e AR+LCC mas não diferiram do CON. Em conclusão, a associação de AR+LCC melhorou a digestibilidade da fibra e aumentou a concentração do total de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta no rúmen sem alterar o balanço de N e estimativa da proteína microbiana no rúmen.(AU)

Age validation and contrasted growth performances of Pseudoplatystoma punctifer (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) in two river systems of the Western Amazon

The doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer is an economically and ecologically important catfish in the Amazon basin. However, little is known about its age, growth and population dynamics parameters. This study aims to validate the formation of growth marks in vertebrae of individuals collected from two rivers systems of the Peruvian Amazon (Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali and Putumayo) and compare growth parameters using the von Bertalanffy growth function between sexes and systems. A total of 372 individuals from the Amazon-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) system and 93 from the Putumayo River were analyzed. The formation of one growth ring per year was validated and the individual ages ranged from zero to nine years old. Females grew significantly larger than males in both systems. Both females and males grew significantly better in the AMU system than in the Putumayo River. Maximum observed length and size at maturity in the AMU system were lower than those reported in previous studies in the area, and together with an important proportion of juveniles in the catches, suggest that the species is heavily exploited. Further studies on the reproductive biology and population dynamics of the doncella are needed in order to implement management measures more in line with the current situation.(AU)

La doncella Pseudoplatystoma punctifer es un bagre de importancia económica y ecológica en la cuenca Amazonica. Pese a ello, poco se conoce acerca de parámetros de edad, crecimiento y dinámica poblacional. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la formación de marcas de crecimiento en vértebras de individuos colectados en dos sistemas fluviales de la Amazonia Peruana (Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali y Putumayo) y comparar los parámetros de crecimiento usando la función de von Bertalanffy entre sexos y sistemas. Fueron analizados 372 individuos del sistema Amazonas-Marañón-Ucayali (AMU) y 93 del Putumayo. Se validó la formación de un anillo de crecimiento por año, la edad osciló entre cero y nueve años. Las hembras fueron significativamente más grandes que los machos en ambos sistemas. Para ambos sexos el crecimiento fue significativamente mayor en el sistema AMU que en el Putumayo. Las máximas tallas y edades de primera madurez observadas en el sistema AMU fueron menores a las reportadas en estudios previos en el área, y junto con un considerable porcentaje de juveniles presentes en las capturas, se sugiere que la especie está siendo fuertemente explotada. Son necesarios estudios de biología reproductiva y dinámica poblacional de doncella para implementar medidas de manejo acordes a la situación actual.(AU)

Liming and biochar on sorghum growth and Arenosol chemical properties in the Semiarid environment / Efeito da calagem e do biochar no crescimento do sorgo e nas propriedades químicas do Neossolo Quartzarênico no ambiente Semiárido

This research evaluated the effect of liming (with and without) and biochar (with and without) on sorghum cv. BRS Ponta Negra growth and Arenosol chemical properties in the Semiarid environment. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with treatments in a 2x2 factorial scheme, corresponding to the application or not of lime (0 and 2.5 t ha-1) and biochar (0 and 12.5 t ha-1). Biochar was produced from cashew branches. The experiment was conducted in 16 m² plots where the forage sorghum cultivar BRS Ponta Negra was cultivated. The soil chemical characteristics, the production attributes, and the structural characteristics of the sorghum cultivar studied were evaluated. There was no interaction between factors. The use of biochar increased the pH and Ca and P contents in the soil and contributed to increasing the panicle mass (2.51 t ha-1 of DM). Lime application affected the soil Ca content as the dose of 2.5 t ha-1 resulted in higher values of culm diameter (15.25 mm), panicle mass, and culm mass (2.63 and 7.50 t ha-1 of DM, respectively). Therefore, these results allowed to outline strategies for the use of limestone and biochar for forage production in semiarid environments in sandy soils. Because, these materials improve some chemical attributes of the soil and the production of forage sorghum. It is noteworthy that edophoclimatic conditions can change the response patterns observed in this research. Therefore, research in other regions is essential.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da calagem (com e sem) e do biocarvão (com e sem) sobre o crescimento e a produção de forragem do sorgo forrageiro cv. BRS Ponta Negra e nas propriedades químicas do Neossolo Quartzarênico no ambiente Semiárido. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com tratamentos em esquema fatorial 2x2, correspondendo a aplicação ou não do calcário (0 e 2,5 t ha-1) e do biocarvão (0 e 12,5 t ha-1). O biochar era produzido a partir de galhos de caju. O experimento foi conduzido em parcelas de 16 m² onde foi cultivada a cultivar de sorgo forrageiro BRS Ponta Negra. Foram avaliadas as características químicas do solo, os atributos de produção e as características estruturais da cultivar de sorgo estudada. Não houve interação entre os fatores. O uso do biochar aumentou o pH e os teores de Ca e P no solo e contribuiu para o aumento da massa da panícula (2,51 t ha-1 de MS). A aplicação de calcário afetou o teor de Ca no solo, assim a dose de 2,5 t ha-1 resultou em maiores valores de diâmetro do colmo (15,25 mm), massa da panícula e massa do colmo (2,63 e 7,50 t ha-1 de MS, respectivamente). Portanto, esses resultados permitem traçar estrategias de uso do calcário e biochar para produção forrageira em ambientes semiáridos com solos arenosos. Pois, esses materias melhoram alguns atributos quimicos do solo e a produção do sorgo forrageiro. Vale ressaltar que as condições edofoclimáticas podem alterar os padrões de resposta observados nesta pesquisa. Portanto, a pesquisa em outras regiões é essencial.

Phytobiotic Effect of Anacardium occidentale L. Leaves Powder on Performance, Carcass Traits, and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers

In order to evaluate the phytobiotic effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves powder (CLP) on growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and cecal lactic-acid bacteria in broilers, a total of 720 unsexed broilers of the Ross 308® genetic line were distributed according to a completely randomized design with three experimental treatments, five repetitions and 48 chickens per repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (DB; T0) and DB + supplementation with 0.50 (T1) and 0.75% (T2) of CLP. At 32 days, the body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not modified (p>0.05) by the experimental groups; however, T1 increased (p 0.05) the viability compared to T0. Additionally, T2 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and leg yields, although without significant changes (p>0.05) for the other edible portions. Moreover, this natural product (A. occidentale) increased (p 0.05) the ash content and the range of the red tone and decreased (p 0.05) the L* in the breast, although moisture, fat, pH, and b* were not affected by the experimental diets (p>0.05). Similarly, T1 favored (p 0.05) the growth of green bacterial colonies with a white halo, and both treatments with CLP the total cecal acid-lactic bacteria. No significant changes were observed (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen). Dietary supplementation with cashew leaves powder enhanced the viability of the batch (0.5%), some edible portions (0.75%), the breast pigmentation, and the cecal beneficial bacteria count in broilers.(AU)

Phytobiotic Effect of Anacardium occidentale L. Leaves Powder on Performance, Carcass Traits, and Intestinal Characteristics in Broilers

In order to evaluate the phytobiotic effect of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) leaves powder (CLP) on growth performance, carcass traits, lymphoid organ weights and cecal lactic-acid bacteria in broilers, a total of 720 unsexed broilers of the Ross 308® genetic line were distributed according to a completely randomized design with three experimental treatments, five repetitions and 48 chickens per repetitions. The experimental treatments consisted of a basal diet (DB; T0) and DB + supplementation with 0.50 (T1) and 0.75% (T2) of CLP. At 32 days, the body weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not modified (p>0.05) by the experimental groups; however, T1 increased (p 0.05) the viability compared to T0. Additionally, T2 improved (p 0.05) the carcass and leg yields, although without significant changes (p>0.05) for the other edible portions. Moreover, this natural product (A. occidentale) increased (p 0.05) the ash content and the range of the red tone and decreased (p 0.05) the L* in the breast, although moisture, fat, pH, and b* were not affected by the experimental diets (p>0.05). Similarly, T1 favored (p 0.05) the growth of green bacterial colonies with a white halo, and both treatments with CLP the total cecal acid-lactic bacteria. No significant changes were observed (p>0.05) in the relative weight of the immune organs (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen). Dietary supplementation with cashew leaves powder enhanced the viability of the batch (0.5%), some edible portions (0.75%), the breast pigmentation, and the cecal beneficial bacteria count in broilers.

Composição nutricional de frutos do Cerrado mato grossense: cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A. St.-Hil. ), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart. ) Radlk.) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) / Nutritional composition of the fruits from Midwestern Cerrado: cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A. St. -Hil. ), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização nutricional (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e açúcares totais), quantificação do Valor Energético Total (VET) e determinação do teor de carotenoides totais dos frutos de cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), do Cerrado mato grossense. No intuito de oferecer uma alternativa de dieta nutritiva e incentivar o reaproveitamento de alimentos, foram analisadas polpas e cascas destes frutos. O cajuzinho do cerrado apresentou expressiva quantidade de carotenoides totais nas polpas (5,95 mg/100g) e cascas (6,55 mg/100g). Já a curriola apresentou um valor considerável de cinzas (0,66%) nas polpas e mostraram quantidade significativa de Valor Energético Total (80,96 Kcal/100g). O inharé destacou-se por apresentar elevado teor de proteínas nas cascas (3,76%) e polpas (3,19%). Estes resultados mostraram que polpas e cascas dos frutos analisados, podem ser utilizadas como fonte de nutrientes ou como ingredientes na elaboração de novos alimentos com potencial funcional. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o potencial nutricional e carotenoides totais nas cascas destes frutos do Cerrado mato grossense. (AU)

This study aimed at performing the nutritional characterization (moisture, protein, lipid, ashes and total sugar), quantification of the Total Energy Value (TEV) and determination of carotenoid content of cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), of the Midwestern Cerrado. Aiming at offering a nutritious alternative of diet and motivating the reuse of foods, the pulps and peels of fruits were analyzed. Cajuzinho do cerrado showed expressive amount of total carotenoids in the pulps (5.95 mg/100g) and peels (6.55 mg/100g). The curriola presented a considerable amount of ash (0.66%) in the pulps and a significant amount of Total Energy Value (80.96 Kcal/100g). On the other hand, the inharé had a high amount of protein in the peels (3.76%) and pulps (3.19%). These results showed that pulps and peels of the analyzed fruits can be used as source of nutrients or as ingredients in the manufacture of new functional foods. This is the first report which evaluates the nutritional potential and total carotenoids in peels of fruits from Midwestern Cerrado. (AU)

Composição nutricional de frutos do Cerrado mato grossense: cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A. St. -Hil), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart) Radlk) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) / Nutritional composition of the fruits from Midwestern Cerrado: cajuzinho do cerrado(Anacardium humile A. St. -Hil), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart) Radlk)and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização nutricional (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e açúcares totais), quantificação do Valor Energético Total (VET) e determinação do teor de carotenoides totais dos frutos de cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), do Cerrado mato grossense. No intuito de oferecer uma alternativa de dieta nutritiva e incentivar o reaproveitamento de alimentos, foram analisadas polpas e cascas destes frutos. O cajuzinho do cerrado apresentou expressiva quantidade de carotenoides totais nas polpas (5,95 mg/100g) e cascas (6,55 mg/100g). Já a curriola apresentou um valor considerável de cinzas (0,66%) nas polpas e mostraram quantidade significativa de Valor Energético Total (80,96 Kcal/100g). O inharé destacou-se por apresentar elevado teor de proteínas nas cascas (3,76%) e polpas (3,19%). Estes resultados mostraram que polpas e cascas dos frutos analisados, podem ser utilizadas como fonte de nutrientes ou como ingredientes na elaboração de novos alimentos com potencial funcional. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o potencial nutricional e carotenoides totais nas cascas destes frutos do Cerrado mato grossense.

This study aimed at performing the nutritional characterization (moisture, protein, lipid, ashes and total sugar), quantification of the Total Energy Value (TEV) and determination of carotenoid content of cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), of the Midwestern Cerrado. Aiming at offering a nutritious alternative of diet and motivating the reuse of foods, the pulps and peels of fruits were analyzed. Cajuzinho do cerrado showed expressive amount of total carotenoids in the pulps (5.95 mg/100g) and peels (6.55 mg/100g). The curriola presented a considerable amount of ash (0.66%) in the pulps and a significant amount of Total Energy Value (80.96 Kcal/100g). On the other hand, the inharé had a high amount of protein in the peels (3.76%) and pulps (3.19%). These results showed that pulps and peels of the analyzed fruits can be used as source of nutrients or as ingredients in the manufacture of new functional foods. This is the first report which evaluates the nutritional potential and total carotenoids in peels of fruits from Midwestern Cerrado.

Composição nutricional de frutos do Cerrado mato grossense: cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A. St. -Hil), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart) Radlk) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) / Nutritional composition of the fruits from Midwestern Cerrado: cajuzinho do cerrado(Anacardium humile A. St. -Hil), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart) Radlk)and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo a caracterização nutricional (umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, cinzas e açúcares totais), quantificação do Valor Energético Total (VET) e determinação do teor de carotenoides totais dos frutos de cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) e inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), do Cerrado mato grossense. No intuito de oferecer uma alternativa de dieta nutritiva e incentivar o reaproveitamento de alimentos, foram analisadas polpas e cascas destes frutos. O cajuzinho do cerrado apresentou expressiva quantidade de carotenoides totais nas polpas (5,95 mg/100g) e cascas (6,55 mg/100g). Já a curriola apresentou um valor considerável de cinzas (0,66%) nas polpas e mostraram quantidade significativa de Valor Energético Total (80,96 Kcal/100g). O inharé destacou-se por apresentar elevado teor de proteínas nas cascas (3,76%) e polpas (3,19%). Estes resultados mostraram que polpas e cascas dos frutos analisados, podem ser utilizadas como fonte de nutrientes ou como ingredientes na elaboração de novos alimentos com potencial funcional. Este é o primeiro estudo que avalia o potencial nutricional e carotenoides totais nas cascas destes frutos do Cerrado mato grossense.(AU)

This study aimed at performing the nutritional characterization (moisture, protein, lipid, ashes and total sugar), quantification of the Total Energy Value (TEV) and determination of carotenoid content of cajuzinho do cerrado (Anacardium humile A.St.-Hil.), curriola (Pouteria ramiflora (Mart.) Radlk) and inharé (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul), of the Midwestern Cerrado. Aiming at offering a nutritious alternative of diet and motivating the reuse of foods, the pulps and peels of fruits were analyzed. Cajuzinho do cerrado showed expressive amount of total carotenoids in the pulps (5.95 mg/100g) and peels (6.55 mg/100g). The curriola presented a considerable amount of ash (0.66%) in the pulps and a significant amount of Total Energy Value (80.96 Kcal/100g). On the other hand, the inharé had a high amount of protein in the peels (3.76%) and pulps (3.19%). These results showed that pulps and peels of the analyzed fruits can be used as source of nutrients or as ingredients in the manufacture of new functional foods. This is the first report which evaluates the nutritional potential and total carotenoids in peels of fruits from Midwestern Cerrado.(AU)

Biology and External Morphology of the Immature Stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) in Anacardium occidentale L / Biologia e Morfologia Externa dos Estágios Imaturos de Dirphia moderata Bouvier (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae: Hemileucinae) em Anacardium occidentale L

The genus Dirphia Hübner, [1819] presents Neotropical distribution. This genus, besides causing accidents of interest in public health, is a potential defoliator pest of cultivated plants, among them the cashew tree (Anacardium occidentale L.), a crop of great economic importance. This study describes the biology, external morphology of the immature stages of Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 including the first instar larva chaetotaxy. The egg stage had an average duration of 15 days, larval stage 45 days and pupa 60 days, totaling 120 days in average temperature of 28.8 °C and 59.5% relative humidity. Six instars were confirmed by the Dyar rule, with a growth rate of cephalic capsule K = 1.4 times per ínstar. The results found in the first ínstar chaetotaxy follow the general pattern known for Hemileucinae.(AU)

O gênero Dirphia Hübner, [1819] apresenta distribuição Neotropical. Esse gênero, além de causar acidentes de interesse na saúde pública, é uma potencial praga desfolhadora de plantas cultivadas, entre elas o cajueiro (Anacardium occidentale L.), cultura de grande importância econômica. Esse estudo descreve a biologia e morfologia externa dos estágios imaturos de Dirphia moderata Bouvier, 1929 incluindo a quetotaxia da larva de primeiro instar. O estágio de ovo teve duração média de 15 dias, estágio larval de 45 dias e pupa de 60 dias, totalizando 120 dias em temperatura média de 28,8 °C e 59,5% de umidade relativa. Seis ínstares foram confirmados pela regra de Dyar, com razão de crescimento da cápsula cefálica K = 1,4 vezes a cada ínstar. Os resultados encontrados na quetotaxia do primeiro instar segue o padrão geral conhecido para Hemileucinae.(AU)

Effect of cashew nut shell liquid at varying inclusion levels on rumenfermentation and methane production in vitro

Essential oils are possible natural antibioticalternatives for manipulating ruminal fermentation in order to improve the utilization of nutrient in ruminants. This studyevaluated the effect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at varying inclusion levels on in vitro gas production, nutrient degradation, and post-incubation parameters. Experimentaldiets consisted of Panicum maximum (Ntchisi) grass as basal diet and supplemental pellets treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 ml/kg of cashew nut shell liquid. Proximate composition ofexperimental diets was analysed. In vitro experiment was carried out on experimental diets (P. maximum and concentrate pellets at ratio 70:30) for 24 hours using goat rumen liquor as inoculum. Results showed that CNSLinclusion had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the ether extract and metabolizable energy of experimental pellets. Dietary treatment with 15 ml/kg of CNSL had the lowest (P < 0.05) invitro gas production. Inclusion of CNSL significantly inhibited methane production at 5 ml/kg (18%), 10 ml/kg (34%) and 15 ml/kg (57%) CNSL inclusion levels (P < 0.05).Ammonia-N and TVFA decreased significantly with CNSL inclusion. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in short-chain fatty acid, metabolizable energy, and organic matter degradabilitywere recorded with increasing CNSL inclusion levels.(AU)

Effect of cashew nut shell liquid at varying inclusion levels on rumenfermentation and methane production in vitro

Essential oils are possible natural antibioticalternatives for manipulating ruminal fermentation in order to improve the utilization of nutrient in ruminants. This studyevaluated the effect of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) at varying inclusion levels on in vitro gas production, nutrient degradation, and post-incubation parameters. Experimentaldiets consisted of Panicum maximum (Ntchisi) grass as basal diet and supplemental pellets treated with 0, 5, 10 and 15 ml/kg of cashew nut shell liquid. Proximate composition ofexperimental diets was analysed. In vitro experiment was carried out on experimental diets (P. maximum and concentrate pellets at ratio 70:30) for 24 hours using goat rumen liquor as inoculum. Results showed that CNSLinclusion had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the ether extract and metabolizable energy of experimental pellets. Dietary treatment with 15 ml/kg of CNSL had the lowest (P < 0.05) invitro gas production. Inclusion of CNSL significantly inhibited methane production at 5 ml/kg (18%), 10 ml/kg (34%) and 15 ml/kg (57%) CNSL inclusion levels (P < 0.05).Ammonia-N and TVFA decreased significantly with CNSL inclusion. Significant reduction (P < 0.05) in short-chain fatty acid, metabolizable energy, and organic matter degradabilitywere recorded with increasing CNSL inclusion levels.

Cashew nut meal (Anacardium occidentale L) in the feeding of growing rabbits / Farelo de castanha de caju (Anacardium occidentale L) na alimentação de coelhos em crescimento

Two trials were conducted: (1) to determine the chemical composition, digestibility of nutrients and energy of cashew nut meal (CNM); and (2) to evaluate the effects of increasing its levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) in diets for growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. The digestibility assay utilized 24 rabbits (55 days of age), distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 repetitions, with one reference and another test feed composed of 70% basal diet and 30% CNM. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy from CNM were, respectively, 76.61, 61.71 and 56.53%. The digestible dry matter, digestible protein and digestible energy were, respectively, 74.28, 16.97 and 3,549 kcal/kg. The performance assay utilized 120 rabbits, with an average of 45 days of age and weight 1090 ± 151g, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and 10 repetitions with two rabbits of the same sex per cage. The inclusion of CNM above 5% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake and improved feed conversion, without affecting weight gain and carcass characteristics to the 20% level of inclusion. There was also a linear reduction in feed cost per kilogram of weight gain and linear improvement in rates of economic efficiency and cost index up to 25% CNM inclusion. Based on these findings - and to not hurt performance - it is recommended to include up to 20% CNM in rabbits' diet.

Dois ensaios foram realizados: (1) para determinar a composição química, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia do farelo de castanha de caju (FCC) e avaliar os efeitos do aumento dos níveis (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) em dietas para coelhos em crescimento sobre desempenho, características de carcaça e avaliação econômica. O ensaio de digestibilidade utilizou 24 coelhos (55 dias de idade), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetições, sendo uma ração referência e outra ração teste composta por 70% de dieta basal e 30% de FCC. A digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do FCC foram, respectivamente, 76,61; 61,71 e 56,53%. A matéria seca digestível, a proteína digestível e a energia digestível foram, respectivamente, 74,28; 16,97 e 3,549 kcal / kg. O ensaio de desempenho utilizou 120 coelhos, com média de 45 dias de idade e peso de 1090 ± 151g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e 10 repetições com dois coelhos do mesmo sexo por gaiola. A inclusão de FCC acima de 5% promoveu uma redução linear no consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar, sem afetar as características de ganho de peso e carcaça para o nível de inclusão de 20%. Também foi observada redução linear no custo de alimentação por quilograma de ganho de peso e melhora linear nas taxas de eficiência econômica e índice de custos até 25% de inclusão do FCC. Com base nesses resultados - e para não prejudicar o desempenho - é recomendável incluir até 20% de FCC na dieta de coelhos.

Cashew nut meal (Anacardium occidentale L) in the feeding of growing rabbits / Farelo de castanha de caju (Anacardium occidentale L) na alimentação de coelhos em crescimento

Two trials were conducted: (1) to determine the chemical composition, digestibility of nutrients and energy of cashew nut meal (CNM); and (2) to evaluate the effects of increasing its levels (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) in diets for growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics and economic evaluation. The digestibility assay utilized 24 rabbits (55 days of age), distributed in a completely randomized design with two treatments and 12 repetitions, with one reference and another test feed composed of 70% basal diet and 30% CNM. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and gross energy from CNM were, respectively, 76.61, 61.71 and 56.53%. The digestible dry matter, digestible protein and digestible energy were, respectively, 74.28, 16.97 and 3,549 kcal/kg. The performance assay utilized 120 rabbits, with an average of 45 days of age and weight 1090 ± 151g, distributed in a completely randomized design with six treatments and 10 repetitions with two rabbits of the same sex per cage. The inclusion of CNM above 5% promoted a linear reduction in feed intake and improved feed conversion, without affecting weight gain and carcass characteristics to the 20% level of inclusion. There was also a linear reduction in feed cost per kilogram of weight gain and linear improvement in rates of economic efficiency and cost index up to 25% CNM inclusion. Based on these findings - and to not hurt performance - it is recommended to include up to 20% CNM in rabbits' diet.(AU)

Dois ensaios foram realizados: (1) para determinar a composição química, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia do farelo de castanha de caju (FCC) e avaliar os efeitos do aumento dos níveis (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25%) em dietas para coelhos em crescimento sobre desempenho, características de carcaça e avaliação econômica. O ensaio de digestibilidade utilizou 24 coelhos (55 dias de idade), distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com dois tratamentos e 12 repetições, sendo uma ração referência e outra ração teste composta por 70% de dieta basal e 30% de FCC. A digestibilidade da matéria seca, proteína bruta e energia bruta do FCC foram, respectivamente, 76,61; 61,71 e 56,53%. A matéria seca digestível, a proteína digestível e a energia digestível foram, respectivamente, 74,28; 16,97 e 3,549 kcal / kg. O ensaio de desempenho utilizou 120 coelhos, com média de 45 dias de idade e peso de 1090 ± 151g, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e 10 repetições com dois coelhos do mesmo sexo por gaiola. A inclusão de FCC acima de 5% promoveu uma redução linear no consumo de ração e melhor conversão alimentar, sem afetar as características de ganho de peso e carcaça para o nível de inclusão de 20%. Também foi observada redução linear no custo de alimentação por quilograma de ganho de peso e melhora linear nas taxas de eficiência econômica e índice de custos até 25% de inclusão do FCC. Com base nesses resultados - e para não prejudicar o desempenho - é recomendável incluir até 20% de FCC na dieta de coelhos.(AU)

Use of cashew and castor essential oils to improve fibre digestibility in high forage diets: digestibility, ruminal fermentation and microbial protein synthesis / Uso de óleos essenciais de caju e mamona para melhorar a digestibilidade da fibra: digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana

High forage diets in the tropics are less efficient and more contaminating due to high energy losses as methane and the low digestibility of tropical forages. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of essential oils (EO) of Anacardium occidentale and Ricinus communis as additives in high forage diets on intake, digestibility, ruminal fermentation and synthesis of microbial protein. Four 'Holstein' steers fitted with ruminal cannula were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-day period). The treatments were 1, 2, 4 and 8 g day-¹ EO per animal (essential oils, Oligobasics®). The diet was total mixed ration (TMR) of Brachiaria hay (Brachiaria humidicola cv. Lanero) and concentrate (ground corn, soybean meal, ammonium sulphate, urea and minerals) in an 80:20 ratio. Differences were observed in the digestibility of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) in levels above 2 g day-¹ EO (P < 0.05). The VFA (volatile fatty acids) acetate and propionate were higher in diets with 2 g day-¹ EO (P < 0.05), without affecting the acetate:propionate ratio. Levels above 2 g day-¹ EO negatively affected the faecal N excretion (P < 0.05). The inclusions of A. occidentale and R. communis EOs at 2 g day-¹ per day animal improved fibre digestion and decreased N excretion. These results indicate that this mixture of EOs may have strong antimicrobial activity at lower doses. The N losses, fibre digestion and digestibility could be improved with the use of cashew and castor essential oils in high forage diets.

As dietas no tropico possuem altas proporções de forragem, sendo menos eficientes e mais contaminantes devido às altas perdas de energia na forma de metano e baixa digestibilidade das forragens tropicais. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os efeitos dos óleos essenciais (OE) de caju (Anacardium occidentale)e mamona (Ricinus comunis) como aditivos em dietas alto forragem sobre consumo, digestibilidade, fermentação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana. Quatro novilhos da raça Holandesa, com cânula ruminal, foram utilizados em delineamento em quadrado latino 4x4. Os tratamentos foram 1, 2, 4 e 8 g dia-¹ OE / animal (óleos essenciais - Oligobasics®). A dieta foi uma ração mista total (TMR) de feno de Brachiaria (Brachiaria humidicola cv Lanero) e concentrado (grão de milho moído, farelo de soja, sulfato de amônio, ureia e minerais) na proporção 80:20. Foram observadas diferenças na digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e dos nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) em níveis acima de 2 g dia-¹ OE (P < 0,05). Os AGV (ácidos graxos voláteis) acetato e propionato foram maiores nas dietas com 2 g dia-¹ OE (P < 0,05), sem afetar a razão acetato:propionato. Níveis acima de 2 g dia-¹ OE afetaram negativamente a excreção fecal de N (P < 0,05). As inclusões de OE de A. occidentale e R. communis em 2 g dia-¹ OE / animal melhoraram a digestão da fibra e diminuíram a excreção fecal de N. Estes resultados indicam que esta mistura de OE pode ter maior atividade antimicrobiana em doses mais baixas. As perdas de N, digestão da fibra e digestibilidade foram melhoradas, com o uso de óleos essenciais de caju e mamona em dietas com alta inclusão de forragem.