Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Production, partial purification, and characterization of a glucoamylase from Epicoccum nigrum

Starch processing industries use amylases, accounting for approximately 30% of the world's enzyme market. Previously, an amylase-producing strain of Epicoccum nigrumwas isolated from maize grains. Although E. nigrumamylase production is already reported in the literature, no published data on production optimization or characterization of the produced enzyme exists. The objectives of this work were to improve the amylase production by theE. nigrumPG 16 strain and to purify and characterize the produced enzyme. The E. nigrumPG 16 amylase production best conditions in submerged culture were: inoculum of 4% (v v-1) of a five-days-old stationary culture homogenate, agitation at 100 rpm, 25°C, natural light, 72 hours of incubation, starch as thecarbon source, and an initial medium pH of 7.0. A molecular exclusion chromatography profile has shown the production of only one amylase, which was partially purified with ammonium precipitation and dialysis. The enzyme optima pH and temperature are 6.0 and 50°C, respectively. The partially purified enzyme lostits activity when incubated for 30 min in temperatures above 40°C, presenting a T50of 46.25°C. The KMand Vmaxof the partially purified enzyme are 1.72 mg mL-1of starch and 0.15 mgmin-1of degraded starch, respectively. The ion Ca2+slightly activated the studied enzyme. The ions Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+and the detergents SDS and Tween 80 acted as inhibitors of the studied enzyme. The partially purified enzyme released glucose from p-nitrophenyl α-D-glucopyranoside (p-NPG). Glucose was the enzyme's main product from starch hydrolysis, as evidenced by thin-layer chromatography. The E. nigrumPG 16 studied enzyme is a glucoamylase and represents an alternative for enzymatic starch hydrolysis.(AU)

Untreated or ammoniated cotton gin trash in the ensiling of elephant grass reduces silage quality

This study examined the inclusion of untreated or urea-ammoniated CGT on the chemical composition, pH, gas, and effluent losses, dry matter recovery (DMR), and aerobic stability of elephantgrass silage. The experiment was laid out in a randomized design with a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement represented by three levels of inclusion of CGT during ensiling (0, 5, or 10%) and three levels of ammoniation of CGT with urea before ensiling (0, 4 or 8% for 28 days), using four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test, considering a 5% significance level. The pH and DM, NDIN, ADIN, NDF and ADF contents of the silages increased (p<0.05) with the inclusion of CGT, regardless of ammoniation. The lowest (p<0.05) effluent loss was achieved using 10% of CGT ammoniated with 8% urea. In contrast, the elephantgrass silage exhibited the lowest (p<0.05) gas loss and the greatest (p<0.05) DMR. The inclusion of CGT compromised the aerobic stability of the silage. Therefore, the inclusion of CGT ­either untreated or ammoniated ­in the ensiling of elephantgrass is not recommended.(AU)

Combined agricultural practices in millet and cactus: phyllochron, structural characteristics and relations with yield

Variation in rainfall affects crops; therefore, agricultural practices become essential for forage production in semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different agricultural practices on phyllochron, structural characteristics of forage cactus and millet, and their relations with crop yield using the principal component analysis (PCA). The design was in randomized blocks, with six treatments: sole cropped cactus without straw mulching, sole cropped cactus with straw mulching, sole cropped millet without straw mulching, sole cropped millet with straw mulching, and cactus intercropping with millet, with and without straw mulching, each with four replicates. There were three cactus cycles and nine millet cycles (three cycles of cultivars BRS1501 and six of IPA Bulk-1-BF). Biometric parameters were evaluated monthly, while yield was determined after the crop harvest. Phyllochron was determined with the regression analysis. The PCA was applied to structural characteristics and yield. The systems adopted did not influence the structural characteristics of cactus and millet ( p > 0.05), except for cladode thickness, which increased with straw mulching. Phyllochron of the millet reduced when the crop was intercropped. The structural characteristics of cladode length, width, and thickness influenced crop yield, mainly in systems with straw mulching. Straw mulching and intercropping alter phyllochron of cactus and millet. The adoption of straw mulching has a more significant relationship with cactus yield, whereas biometric variables influence crop yield for millet, not the cropping system.(AU)

Gonadal characterization of the Amazonian fish Serrapinnus kriegi (Characidae: Cheirodontinae)

Abstract The knowledge of the testicular and ovarian morphology of a particular fish species is of paramount importance. Such analyze enables the development of studies and techniques aiming the improvement of their reproduction, management, commercialization and even their conservation. This study performed the ovarian and testicular characterization of the ornamental Amazon fish Serrapinnus kriegi. A total of three males and three females had their gonads analyzed by optical microscopy. Females present ovaries filled with oocytes in asynchronous development, indicating partial spawning in the species. Moreover, the micropyle and micropilar cell formation was observed in primary growing oocytes, representing a precocious oocyte development; and the zona radiata in the final vitellogenic oocytes is thicker than other related species, evidencing the development of a better protection to the embryos in function of the waters turbulence that characterize it spawning sites in the Amazonian streams. The male specimens present anastomosed tubular testes with unrestricted spermatogonia spread along the entire seminiferous tubules. The present data elucidate the dynamic of spermatogenesis and oogenesis of an ornamental Amazonian species, through the description of the male and female germ cells development.

Resumo O conhecimento da morfologia testicular e ovariana de uma determinada espécie de peixe é de suma importância, pois através destas análises é possível o desenvolvimento de estudos e técnicas visando o melhoramento de sua reprodução, manejo e comercialização e até mesmo auxiliar em sua conservação. Este estudo realizou a caracterização ovariana e testicular do peixe Amazônico ornamental Serrapinnus kriegi. Um total de três machos e três fêmeas tiveram suas gônadas analisadas através de microscopia óptica. As fêmeas apresentam ovários preenchidos por oócitos em desenvolvimento assincrônico, indicando desova parcelada da espécie. Além disso, observou-se a formação de micrópila e célula micropilar em oócitos em crescimento primário, representando o desenvolvimento precoce do oócito; a zona radiata nos oócitos vitelogênicos finais é mais espessa em comparação a outras espécies relacionadas, evidenciando o desenvolvimento de uma melhor proteção aos embriões, em função das águas turbulentas que caracterizam seu local de desova nos córregos amazônicos. Os machos apresentam testículos do tipo tubular anastomosado com espermatogônias irrestritas, espalhadas por todo o túbulo seminífero. Os dados apresentados elucidam a dinâmica da espermatogênese e oogênese de uma espécie de peixe ornamental amazônica, por meio da descrição das células germinativas masculinas e femininas.

Population dynamics, vertical distribution and damage characterization of burrower bug in peanut

Although the burrower bug (Cyrtomenus mirabilis) is considered a vitalsoil pest in peanut crops, Arachis hypogaea L., in South America, there is little information on its occurrence and damage characterization. This study aimed to evaluate the vertical distribution and fluctuation of the burrower bug in the soil and the damage this species causes in peanuts. Two peanut cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503) were evaluated in three locations in the state of São Paulo: Pindorama, Ribeirão Preto and Votuporanga, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests. Trenches were dug 0.5 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.3 m deep, along plant lines at four spots on each sampling date, and stratified in layers 10 cm deep. Plant samples (0.5 m) were collected and evaluated for number of pods and percentage of kernels with symptoms of insect damage. More than 85 % of the C. mirabilis population was found in depths of up to 10 cm, especially after plant fructification, and an increase in nymphs from 100 days after sowing (DAS) was seen when an increased number of maturing pods was observed. The occurrence of nymphs and adults of C. mirabilis and their damage to peanut kernels was similar in both cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503), when these were harvested according to their developmental cycles.

Análise da relação entre a caracterização química de cervejas e o conteúdo de alfa ácidos presente em dois cultivares de lúpulo / Analysis to study the relationship between the chemical characterization of beers and the content of alpha acids present in two cultivars of hops

O lúpulo (Humulus lupulusL.) é uma planta cuja inflorescência feminina é utilizada na indústria cervejeira para conferir amargor e aroma à bebida, sendo que, o Brasil importa cerca de 98% desta matéria-prima. Entretanto, essa planta vem ganhando destaque no país, influenciando diretamente as características de qualidade do produto final. Desta forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi explorar a relação entre o teor de alfa ácidos de dois cultivares de lúpulo produzidos no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos (primeiro no ranking em produção da cultura). O trabalho foi desenvolvido na Universidade de Estado de Santa Catarina ­Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (UDESC/CAV), em Lages/SC, no ano de 2021. Uma cerveja padrão do estilo Indian Pale Ale (IPA), com a mesmareceita base, foi produzida. Cada tratamento consistiu na adição de diferentes cultivares de lúpulo (Comet e Fuggle) de duas origens (Brasil e Estados Unidos). Os resultados confirmaram que os cultivares e a origem do lúpulo influenciam as característicasquímicas das cervejas avaliadas. A quantidade de compostos fenólicos totais, flavonoides e atividade antioxidante da cerveja produzida como cultivar Fuggle brasileiro foi 6,5% (850,09 meq ácido gálico L-1); 75,5% (95,07 meq quercetina L-1) e 13,8% (6890 mmol Trolox L-1) superior, respectivamente, em relação à cerveja produzida com o mesmo cultivar originário dos Estados Unidos. Houve uma correlação negativa entre o teor de alfa ácidos e o conteúdo fenólico e capacidade antioxidante das cervejas. As cervejas em que foi utilizado lúpulo Fugglebrasileiro, com o menor teor de alfa ácidos dentre os avaliados, apresentaram maior associação positiva com o conteúdo de polifenóis totais, individuais e capacidade antioxidante das cervejas. Assim, as cervejas produzidas com o cultivar FuggleBrasileiro apresentaram maior acúmulo de substâncias antioxidantes relacionadas com os indicadores de qualidade para o processamento e conservação da bebida.(AU)

Hops (Humulus lupulusL.) is a plant whose female inflorescence is used in the brewing industry to impart bitterness and aroma to the drink, and Brazil imports about 98% of this raw material. However, this plant has been gaining prominence in the country, directly influencing the quality characteristics of the final product. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between the alpha acids content of two hop cultivars produced in Brazil and the United States. The work was developed at UDESC/CAV, in Lages/SC, in the year 2021. A standard Indian Pale Ale beer, with the same base recipe, was produced. Each treatment consisted of the addition of different hop cultivars (Comet and Fuggle) from two origins (Brazilian and American). The results confirm that the cultivars and the origin of the hops influence the chemical characteristics of the evaluatedbeers. The amount of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of the beer produced with the Brazilian Fuggle cultivar was 6.5% (850.09 meq gallic acid L-1); 75.5% (95.07 meq quercetin L-1) and 13.8% (6890 mmol Trolox L-1) higher, respectively, in relation to beer produced with the same cultivar originating in the United States. There was an inverse correlation between the alpha acid content and the phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of the beers. The beers in which Brazilian Fuggle hops were used, with the lowest alpha acid content among those adopted, showed a greater positive association with the total polyphenol content, individuals and antioxidant capacity of the beers. In conclusion, the beers produced with the cultivar Fuggle Brasileiro have a greater concentration of antioxidant substances.(AU)

Evaluation of the acid-neutralizing and cytotoxicity properties of novel plant mucilage used as an alternative treatment for peptic ulcers and as antacids in Namibia

Hypersecretion of gastric acid damages the stomach lining, causing the formation of peptic ulcers. Mucilage from medicinal plants offers a relaxing and soothing effect to the endodermal lining of the gut and has antacid properties, which can protect the mucosal lining from gastric acidity. This is the first report aimed to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics, acid-neutralizing, and cytotoxicity properties of traditionally used aqueous mucilage from Asparagus exuvialis and Sesamum capense. The physicochemical properties were determined by biochemical methods. Acid neutralizing and buffering capacities were determined by titration methods. Normal mouse embryonic fibroblast cells were used for cytotoxicity evaluation by MTT assay. The physicochemical characterization confirmed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, proteins, tannins, flavonoids, and glycosides. Sesamum capense mucilage exhibited the most potent artificial gastric juice neutralizing capacity pH of 4.62±0.01, 8.0±0.00 acid neutralization capacity per gram of acid, and 30 minutes duration of acid neutralization. The aqueous mucilage from S. capense did not cause any significant cytotoxicity to 3T3 cell lines showing an IC50 value of 91.5 ± 0.06 µg mL-1, confirming the safe nature of the mucilage. These findings revealed that S. capense has the potential to neutralize gastric acid responsible for ulceration and can be safely consumed.(AU)

Comparison of the alcohol content obtained in the fermentation of dwarf cavendish bananaand its peel for the purposes of brandy production / Comparação do teor alcóolico obtido na fermentação de banana nanica e de sua casca para fins de produção de aguardente

Brandy is one of the most consumed alcoholic beverages in Brazil, being produced with sweet vegetables, cereals, sugar cane and fruits that have fermentable sugars. This drink is confused with cachaça, from which it is distinguished by the alcoholic degree and typically Brazilian productivity. Banana stands out in Brazil and in the world as the second fruit in productivity, behind only orange, being an accessible raw material for the production of brandy. This processing is advantageous due to the rapid ripening of this fruit, which can often make it impossible to fresh to the consumer. This study aimed to carry out the fermentation through the inoculation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeseparately for pulp and skins of Dwarf Cavendish bananas to verify the alcohol content produced. The banana pulp brandy reached an alcohol content of 39,5° GL, within the stipulated by the current legislation, the peel, however, did not allow adequate alcohol levels (7,5° GL). It is concluded that the pulp of Dwarf Cavendish banana is viable for the production of brandy.(AU)

A aguardente é uma das bebidasalcoólicasmais consumidasno Brasil, sendo produzida comvegetais doces, cereais, cana-de-açúcar e frutas que possuemaçúcares fermentescíveis. Esta bebida é confundida com a cachaça, da qual é diferenciadapelo grau alcoólicoe produtividade tipicamente brasileira. Abanana possui destaque no Brasil e no mundo como a segunda fruta em produtividade,atrás apenas da laranja, sendo uma matéria-prima acessível para a produção de aguardenteem razão do processo de amadurecimento rápido,o que acaba muitas vezes por inviabilizar a venda in naturapara o consumidor. Este estudo objetivou realizar a fermentação através da inoculação da levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiaeseparadamente para mostosdapolpa e cascas de bananas nanicapara verificar o teor alcóolico produzido. A aguardente de polpa de bananaatingiu teor alcoólicode 39,5° GL, dentro do estipulado pela legislação vigente, a casca, contudo, não permitiuníveis alcóolicos adequados(7,5°GL). Conclui-se que a polpa da banana nanica é viável para a produção de aguardente.(AU)

Morphological and molecular characterization of Contracaecum australe (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitizing Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) on the north coast of Brazil / Caracterização morfológica e molecular de Contracaecum australe (Nematoda: Anisakidae) parasitando Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Aves: Phalacrocoracidae) no litoral norte do Brasil

Abstract For the first time in Brazil, Contracaecum australe is recorded parasitizing Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Aves, Suliformes, Phalacrocoracidae) from the Marine Extractive Reserve of Soure on Marajó Island, Brazilian Amazon. Its morphology revealed a body with a transversally striated cuticle, smooth or slightly cleft interlabia, lips with auricles, labial papillae, and conspicuous amphids. In males, the presence of the median papilla on the upper lip of the cloaca and spicules that reach almost half of the body of the parasite. These morphological characters, added to the number and distribution of the pre- and postcloacal papillae of the male specimens, and supported by the molecular phylogeny from the analysis of the ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2 genes, allowed the identification of these parasites.

Resumo Pela primeira vez no Brasil, Contracaecum australe é registrado parasitando Phalacrocorax brasilianus (Aves, Suliformes, Phalacrocoracidae) da Reserva Extrativista Marinha de Soure na Ilha de Marajó, Amazônia brasileira. Sua morfologia revelou corpo com cutícula estriada transversalmente, interlábios lisos ou levemente fendidos, lábios com aurículas, papilas labiais e anfídeos conspícuos. Nos machos, observa-se a presença da papila mediana no lábio superior da cloaca e espículos que atingem quase a metade do corpo do parasito. Esses caracteres morfológicos, somados ao número e distribuição das papilas pré e pós-cloacais dos espécimes machos, e apoiados pela filogenia molecular a partir da análise dos genes ITS-1, 5.8S e ITS-2, permitiram a identificação desses parasitos.

Oxidative activity of corpus luteum and ovarian parenchyma in Bos taurus indicus heifers

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress in ovaries and corpus luteum (CL) of Bos taurus indicus females and the oxidant effect of CL in ovarian tissues in regions near, intermediate, or distant from it. Ovaries (n=12) of Nelore heifers (n=6) were collected from a slaughterhouse and fragmented. Experiment 1, each ovary was obtained from three fragments, resulting in 18 fragments of ovaries with CL (OV+CL) and another 18 fragments of ovaries without CL (OV-CL). Three fragments were generated from CL, totaling 18 CL fragments. In experiment 2, the ovarian fragments were removed from specific regions near, intermediate, or distant from the CL. All the fragments were placed in Eppendorf-type microtubes (1 mL), kept in a thermal container at 4 ºC, and then stored in a -80 ºC freezer for analysis of oxidative stress (TBARS and NBT) and antioxidant potential (FRAP and ABTS). In the antioxidant activity analysis, luteal tissues showed more antioxidant activity than ovarian tissue (FRAP = P < 0.0001; ABTS = P < 0.02). In the oxidative stress analysis, CL had lower levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS; TBARS = P < 0.03; NBT = P < 0.0001) than ovarian tissues. There was no difference in antioxidant activity and oxidative stress between the fragments obtained from different regions (OV+CL versus OV-CL; P > 0.05). The presence of CL in the ovaries of Bos taurus indicus females did not influence the oxidative stress or antioxidant potential of the gonad. Thus, the removal of ovarian fragments with or without the presence of CL indicates that biotechnologies such as in vitro follicle cultivation is possible.(AU)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity in the rhizosphere of tree seedlings subjected to residual herbicides / Atividade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares na rizosfera de mudas de árvores submetidas a herbicidas residuais

Abstract Trees occurring on the margins of agricultural areas can mitigate damage from residual herbicides. Rhizospheric microbial activity associated with trees is one of the main remedial capacity indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rhizospheric microbiological activity in tree species subjected to the herbicides atrazine and sulfentrazone via the rhizosphere. The experiment was designed in four blocks and a 6 × 3 factorial scheme. The first factor consisted of six tree species from Brazil and the second of atrazine, sulfentrazone, and water solutions. Four herbicide applications were performed via irrigation. The total dry mass of the plants, mycorrhizal colonization, number of spores, basal respiration of the rhizospheric soil, and survival rate of bioindicator plants after phytoremediation were determined. Trichilia hirta had higher biomass when treated with atrazine and sulfentrazone. Herbicides decreased the microbial activity in Triplaris americana and did not affect the microbiological indicators of Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba, and Toona ciliata. Fewer bioindicator plants survived in soil with Triplaris americana and sulfentrazone. Microbiological indicators were influenced in different ways between species by the presence of herbicides in the rhizosphere.

Resumo As árvores que ocorrem nas margens das áreas agrícolas podem mitigar os danos dos herbicidas residuais. A atividade microbiana rizosférica associada às árvores é um dos principais indicadores de capacidade corretiva. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade microbiológica rizosférica em espécies arbóreas submetidas aos herbicidas atrazina e sulfentrazone via rizosfera. O experimento foi estruturado em quatro blocos e esquema fatorial 6 × 3. O primeiro fator consistiu em seis espécies de árvores do Brasil e o segundo em soluções de atrazine, sulfentrazone e água. Quatro aplicações de herbicidas foram realizadas via irrigação. Foram determinados a massa seca total das plantas, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos, respiração basal do solo rizosférico e taxa de sobrevivência de plantas bioindicadoras após fitorremediação. Trichilia hirta apresentou maior biomassa quando tratada com atrazina e sulfentrazone. Os herbicidas diminuíram a atividade microbiana em Triplaris americana e não afetaram os indicadores microbiológicos de Myrsine gardneriana, Schizolobium parahyba e Toona ciliata. Menos plantas bioindicadoras sobreviveram no solo com Triplaris americana e sulfentrazone. Os indicadores microbiológicos foram influenciados de formas distintas entre as espécies pela presença dos herbicidas na rizosfera.

Oregano extract (Origanum vulgare) in female broiler chickens of free-range strain raised in the Western Amazon / Extrato de orégano (Origanum vulgare) em frangos de corte fêmeas de linhagem caipira criadas na Amazônia Ocidental

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of oregano extract added to commercial diets on zootechnical performance parameters, carcass yield, immunological conditions, morphometry, and intestinal pH for free-range broiler chickens raised under sanitary challenge conditions. Three hundred chicks of the strain 'Heavy red' were used and distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replications, totaling 30 experimental units, each consisting of 10 birds. The treatments were: T1: Basal diet without oregano extract (OE); T2: Basal diet with OE (150 mg/kg); T3: Basal diet with OE (250 mg/kg); T4: Basal diet with OE (350 mg/kg); T5: and Basal diet with OE (450 mg/kg). There was a significant effect on feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, feed efficiency, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L), and intestinal morphometry. No significant differences were observed in viability, carcass yield, intestinal pH, lymphoid organs, gizzard, heart, and intestine. Oregano extract influenced the liver yield and abdominal fat of broilers. Overall, the inclusion of oregano extract at the level of 350 mg/kg provided better results.(AU)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do extrato de orégano adicionado à ração comercial, considerando os parâmetros de desempenho zootécnico, rendimento de carcaça, condições imunológicas, morfometria e pH intestinal de frangos de corte de linhagem caipira, criados sob condição de desafio sanitário. Foram utilizados 300 pintos da linhagem vermelho pesadão, que foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado - DIC, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, totalizando 30 unidades experimentais, constituídas por 10 aves cada. Os tratamentos foram: T1: Ração basal, sem Extrato de Orégano (EO); T2: Ração basal com EO (150 mg/Kg); T3: Ração basal com EO (250 mg/Kg); T4: Ração basal com EO(350 mg/Kg); T5: Ração basal com EO (450 mg/Kg). Houve efeito significativo no consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, eficiência alimentar, relação heterofilo/linfócito (H/L) e morfometria intestinal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na viabilidade, no rendimento de carcaça, no pH intestinal, nos órgãos linfoides, moela, coração e intestino. Promoveu influência no rendimento de fígado e gordura abdominal dos frangos. A inclusão no nível de 350mg/kg proporciona melhores resultados.(AU)

Impact of yeast on the characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc wines from the Campanha Gaúcha Region / Impacto de leveduras nas características de vinhos Sauvignon Blanc da Região da Campanha Gaúcha

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of different commercial strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the characteristics of Sauvignon Blanc wines produced in the Campanha Gaúcha region. The must obtained by mechanical destemming and crushing was treated with 150 mg L of potassium metabisulfite and pectolitic enzymes and subject to enzymatic hidrolisis and débourbage for 24h00 at 4°C. The must was divided into glass fermenters of 4,6 L, in triplicate for each of the four treatments, which were defined by the inoculation of 25g hL-1 of dry yeast: T1 - Zymaflore X5® (Laffort, Bordeaux, France); T2 - AWRI 796 (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T3 - Maurivim PDM (AB Biotek, Sydney, Australia); T4 - 50% Zymaflore X5® + 50% AWRI 796. The wines were analyzed, regarding: ethanol; reducing sugars; total acidity; volatile acidity; pH; dry matter; and ash. The most significant differences were observed in: ethanol; reducing sugars; pH; dry matter. Among the treatments inoculated with single strains, T1 showed higher ethanol and lower reducing sugars content. T3 presented results similar to T1. T2 resulted in higher content of reducing sugars and consequently lower ethanol levels. The mixed fermentation (T4) achieved the lowest levels of reducing sugars among the treatments. It suggests that mixed fermentations could be an alternative to produce drier wines.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de leveduras Saccharomyces cerevisiae comerciais nas características de vinhos Sauvignon Blanc, da região da Campanha Gaúcha, Brasil. Após desengace e esmagamento das uvas, o mosto foi sulfitado (150 mg L de metabissulfito de potássio), submetido a 24h00 de débourbage. Após, o mosto foi dividido em garrafões de vidro de 4,6 L, para realização da fermentação alcoólica, em triplicata. Os tratamentos constituíram-se pela inoculação de 25 g hL-1leveduras desidratadas: T1 - Zymaflore X5® (Laffort, Bordeaux, França); T2 - AWRI 796® (AB Biotek, Sydney, Austrália); T3 - Maurivin PDM® (AB Biotek, Sydney, Austrália), T4 - 50% Zymaflore X5® + 50% de AWRI 796®. As variáveis analisadas nos vinhos foram: etanol; açúcares redutores; acidez total; acidez volátil; pH; extrato seco; cinzas. As diferenças mais significativas foram observadas para: etanol; açúcares redutores; pH; extrato seco. Dentre os tratamentos com inoculação de cepas únicas, T1 apresentou maior graduação alcoólica e baixo teor de açúcares redutores. T3 apresentou resultados semelhantes a T1. T2 apresentou menor graduação alcoólica e maior teor de açúcares redutores. T4 apresentou os níveis mais baixos de açúcares redutores dentre os tratamentos. Isso sugere que a inoculação de mais de uma cepa pode ser uma alternativa para produzir vinhos mais secos.(AU)

Mapping of leaf rust resistance genes in common wheat 'Guinong08-6' / Mapa de genes de resistência à ferrugem da folha em trigo 'Guinong08-6'

Wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), a devastating disease of wheat in the world, causes severe yield losses and therefore the development of resistant cultivars is very important. Here, a Chinese wheat line (Guinong08-6) showed adult-plant resistance against mixed fungal isolates of leaf rust, which is common in Guiyang region. It was crossed with a susceptible wheat line (Guinong19) to develop F1, F2, and F3 hybrids. Combined SSR and STS markers were used to map leaf rust resistance genes in Guinong08-6, and the resistance phenotype of Guinong08-6 was co-regulated by two complementary dominant genes, named LrGn08-6A and LrGn08-6B. LrGn08-6A was mapped to chromosome 2AS with markers URIC-LN2 and Xgpw2204, which flanked the gene at distances of 1.8 centimorgan (cM) and 14.83 cM, respectively. LrGn08-6B was mapped to chromosome 4DL with markers Xgpw342 and Xbarc93, which both flanked the gene at a distance of 26.57 cM. Genetic and molecular marker analyses demonstrated that LrGn08-6A, which was inherited from Aegilops ventricosa may be the resistance gene Lr37, while LrGn08-6B may be a newly discovered leaf rust resistance gene.(AU)

A ferrugem da folha do trigo (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), importante doença do trigo em todo o mundo, causa graves perdas de rendimento e, portanto, o desenvolvimento de cultivares resistentes é muito importante. Nesta pesquisa, uma linhagem chinesa de trigo (Guinong08-6) mostrou resistência de plantas adultas a uma mistura de isolados do patógeno, na região de Guiyang, China. Essa linhagem foi cruzada com uma linhagem suscetível de trigo (Guinong19) para desenvolver híbridos F1, F2 e F3. Combinados de marcadores SSR e STS foram usados para mapear genes de resistência à ferrugem da folha em Guinong08-6, e o fenótipo de resistência de Guinong08-6 foi co-regulado por dois genes dominantes complementares, chamados LrGn08-6A e LrGn08-6B. LrGn08-6A foi mapeado para o cromossomo 2AS com marcadores URIC-LN2 e Xgpw2204, que flanquearam o gene em distâncias de 1,8 centimorgano (cM) e 14,83 cM, respectivamente. LrGn08-6B foi mapeado para o cromossomo 4DL com marcadores Xgpw342 e Xbarc93, e ambos flanquearam o gene a uma distância de 26,57 cM. As análises genéticas e moleculares de marcadores demonstraram que LrGn08-6A, que foi herdado de Aegilops ventricosa, pode ser o gene de resistência Lr37, enquanto LrGn08-6B pode ser um gene recentemente descoberto de resistência à ferrugem da folha do trigo.(AU)

Retrospective evalution of non-fatty solids in samples of raw milk in the state of Rio Grande do Sul according to season, Brazil / Estudo retrospectivo dos sólidos não gordurosos em amostras de leite cru no estado do Rio Grande do Sul de acordo com as estações do ano

The present study described the chemical composition and somatic cell score (SCS) of samples of refrigerated raw milk collected from commercial farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to better understand the behavior of constituents present in non-fatty solids (NFS) in milk according to the season of the year. Means were used to describe statistical data. To estimate the probability of NFS levels meeting IN 76 (BRAZIL, 2018), binary logistic regression was used. It was reported that 18.2% (233.817) of analytical results showed NFS below 8.4%, representing the minimum required by IN 76. The highest average NFS level observed in the five-year period was registered in the micro-region of Passo Fundo (8.70%) in winter. The microregion with the lowest results was Porto Alegre (8.53%); however, it still demonstrated levels within the limits established by IN 76. The study indicates that milk constituents show differences between seasons. In autumn and winter, the constituents remained equal to or higher than those required by current legislation, while spring and summer were the periods with the lowest NFS values. The SCS was also influenced by the seasons, with the highest rates in spring, summer, and autumn.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os resultados de composição química e escore de células somáticas (ECS) de amostras de leite cru refrigerado coletado em fazendas comerciais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para melhor entendimento do comportamento dos constituintes presentes nos sólidos não gordurosos (SNG) no leite de acordo com as estações do ano. As médias foram estudadas para descrever as estatísticas dos dados. Para estimar a probabilidade de os teores de SNG atenderem à IN 76 de 2018, foi utilizada a regressão logística binária. Foi constatado que 18,2% (233.817) dos resultados analíticos apresentaram SNG abaixo de 8,4%, que representa o mínimo exigido pela IN 76 (BRASIL, 2018). A maior média de SNG observada no período de cinco anos foi registrada na microrregião de Passo Fundo (8,70%), no inverno. A microrregião com menores resultados foi a de Porto Alegre (8,53%), no entanto com teores dentro do estabelecido pela IN 76/2018. O estudo demonstrou que os constituintes do leite apresentaram diferenças entre as estações do ano. O outono e inverno foram os períodos em que os constituintes se mantiveram iguais ou superiores aos exigidos pela legislação vigente, enquanto que a primavera e o verão foram os períodos com os menores valores de SNG. O ECS também foi influenciado pelas estações do ano. Na primavera, verão e outono ocorreram os maiores índices.

Mineral contents in bone and liver of sheep with or without periodontitis / Conteúdo de minerais em ossos e no fígado de ovinos com ou sem periodontite

Due to the supposed involvement of minerals in cases of ruminant periodontitis, this study aimed to analyze the concentrations of phosphorus (P) in bone, and cobalt (Co), copper (Co), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) in liver of a cohort of sheep affected or not by periodontitis. From an outbreak of the disease in 2011 in Pará state, Brazil, rib and liver samples were obtained from 22 sheep with periodontitis and seven samples from healthy animals. Based on the concentrations of the different minerals in the tissues, we concluded that there was no relationship between periodontal disease in sheep with any mineral deficiency status. In contrast, most of the minerals in the tissues were above or within the recommended concentrations in bone and liver. Within the various aspects which until now have been studied regarding periodontitis in ruminants, the results obtained here corroborate the fact that periodontal disease in sheep is an infectious disease and it is not a consequence of the deficiency or excess of mineral elements in the diet.

Devido ao suposto envolvimento de minerais em casos de periodontite em ruminantes, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar as concentrações de fósforo (P) nos ossos, além de cobalto (Co), cobre (Co), ferro (Fe), zinco (Zn) e selênio (Se), no fígado de ovelhas afetadas ou não por periodontite. De um surto da doença em 2011, no estado do Pará, Brasil, foram obtidas amostras de costelas e fígado de 22 ovelhas com periodontite e sete amostras de animais saudáveis. Com base nas concentrações dos diferentes minerais nos tecidos, conclui-se que não houve relação entre a doença periodontal em ovinos com qualquer estado de deficiência mineral. A maioria dos minerais estava acima ou dentro das concentrações recomendadas, seja no tecido ósseo, seja no hepático. Entre os diversos aspectos até agora estudados sobre a periodontite em ruminantes, os resultados obtidos corroboram o fato de a doença periodontal em ovinos ser uma doença infecciosa e não decorrente da deficiência ou do excesso de elementos minerais na dieta.

Biomass sorghum silages with sugarcane / Silagem de sorgo biomassa com cana-de-açúcar / Ensilaje de sorgo biomasa con caña de azúcar

The storage of forage to be offered at different times of the year are viable alternatives for all production systems, and sorghum biomass has been highlighted for this purpose. As preservedforage, it was hypothesized that sugarcane can contribute to the fermentation process. Theobjective was to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of sugarcane (0, 20, 40 and60%) inthe silage of three biomass sorghum genotypes (B012, B017 and B018). The material wasensiled using PVC silos and after 60 days the silos were opened and the contents of drymatter, mineral matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicellulose, lignin, and hydrogen potential were determined. The experiment wasconducted in a completely randomized design, in a factorial scheme with four replications. The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance followed by multiple comparisonbyTukey's test (α < 0.05) and linear regression. The biomass sorghum genotypes respondedsatisfactorily to the fermentation process, resulting in quality silages. However, the inclusionof sugarcane did not improve the quality of the silages, and its inclusion in the silage of thegenotypes evaluated is not recommended.(AU)

O armazenamento de forragem a ser ofertada em diferentes épocas do ano são alternativasviáveis para todos os sistemas de produção, e a biomassa de sorgo tem se destacado paraestefim. Como forragem preservada, levantou-se a hipótese de que a cana-de-açúcar podecontribuir para o processo de fermentação. O objetivo foi avaliar a inclusão de diferentesníveis de cana-de-açúcar (0, 20, 40 e 60%) na silagem de três genótipos de sorgo biomassa(B012, B017 e B018). O material foi ensilado em silos de PVC e após 60 dias foramabertosedeterminados os teores de matéria seca, matéria mineral, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, hemicelulose, lignina e potencial dehidrogênio. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, emesquema fatorial com quatro repetições. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análisedevariância seguida de comparação múltipla pelo teste de Tukey (α < 0,05) e regressãolinear. Os genótipos de sorgo biomassa responderam satisfatoriamente ao processo de fermentação, resultando em silagens de qualidade. No entanto, a inclusão da cana-de-açúcar não melhoroua qualidade das silagens, não sendo recomendada sua inclusão na silagemdos genótipos avaliados.(AU)

Los acopios de forrajes para ser ofrecidos en diferentes épocas del año son alternativas viablespara todos los sistemas de producción, y para ello se ha destacado la biomasa de sorgo. Comoforraje conservado, se planteó la hipótesis de que la caña de azúcar puede contribuir al proceso de fermentación. El objetivo fue evaluar la inclusión de diferentes niveles de cañadeazúcar (0, 20, 40 y 60%) en el ensilaje de tres genotipos de sorgo de biomasa (B012, B017yB018). El material se ensiló en silos de PVC y después de 60 días se abrieron los silos ysedeterminaron los contenidos de materia seca, materia mineral, materia orgánica, proteínacruda, fibra detergente neutro, fibra detergente ácido, hemicelulosa, lignina y potencial dehidrógeno. El experimento se condujo en un diseño completamente al azar, en un esquemafactorial con cuatro repeticiones. Los datos fueron analizados a través del análisis de varianzaseguido de comparación múltiple por la prueba de Tukey (α < 0,05) y regresión lineal. Losgenotipos de sorgo de biomasa respondieron satisfactoriamente al proceso de fermentación, dando como resultado ensilajes de calidad. Sin embargo, la inclusión de caña de azúcar nomejoró la calidad de los ensilajes, por lo que no se recomienda su inclusión en los ensilajesdelos genotipos evaluados.(AU)

'Alecrim Pimenta' nanoformulated essential oil (Lippia sidoides) as additive in consortium silages / Óleo essencial nanoformulado de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) como aditivo em silagens consorciadas

The presence of spoilage microorganisms in forage interferes with the fermentation process of silage, due to competition with lactic acid bacteria for substrate, generating losses and influencing the nutritional value of the ensiled material. Thus, the objective is to evaluate the effect of "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (Lippia sidoides) and nanoformulated thymol on microbiological, fermentative and aerobic stability profile of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. BRS Ponta Negra) silage intercropped with Paiaguás grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás). A 4 x 3 factorial design was adopted, with four additives applied to the silages (control treatment; nanoformulated "Alecrim Pimenta" essential oil (OEN); 62% nanoformulated thymol; and 100% pure nanoformulated thymol), associated with three silo period times (15, 30 and 45 days), with five replications per treatment, totaling 60 mini silos. The Clostridium population was higher in the control treatment and in the OEN. The Lactobacillus population decreased with the increase in silo opening time. Higher aerobic stabilities were recorded in silages with 100% nanoformulated thymol with opening at 15 days; and silages with 62% nanoformulated Thymol (opening period at 30 and 45 days). Silages with 100% thymol provided higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents, while the use of OEN provided lower losses of dry matter and gases. Silos opened at 45 days showed higher losses of dry matter, gases and effluents. Sorghum and Paiaguás grass silages that received nanoformulated thymol were more efficient in controlling Clostridium and Lactobacillus populations, and this additive improved the aerobic stability of the silage.

A presença de microrganismos deterioradores na forragem interfere no processo fermentativo da silagem, devido a competição com as bactérias ácido láticas por substrato, gerando perdas e influenciando o valor nutritivo do material ensilado. Assim, objetiva-se avaliar o efeito do óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides) e do timol nanoformulado sobre perfil microbiológico, fermentativo e estabilidade aeróbia de silagem do consórcio de Sorgo (Sorghum bicolor var. Ponta Negra) com capim Paiaguás (Urochloa brizantha cv. Paiaguás). Foi adotado esquema fatorial 4 x 3, quatro aditivos aplicados nas silagens (tratamento controle; óleo essencial de Alecrim pimenta nanoformulado (OEN); timol nanoformulado 62%; e timol nanoformulado 100% de pureza), associados a três tempos de abertura do silo (15, 30 e 45 dias), com cinco repetições por tratamento, totalizando 60 mini silos. A população de Clostridium foi maior no tratamento controle e no OEN. A população de Lactobacillus reduziu com o aumento no tempo de abertura do silo. Maiores estabilidades aeróbica foram registradas em silagens com timol nanoformulado 100% com abertura aos 15 dias; e silagens com Timol nanoformulado 62% (tempos de abertura aos 30 e 45 dias). Silagens com timol 100% proporcionaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes, enquanto que o uso de OEN proporcionou menores perdas de matéria seca e gases. Silos com abertura aos 45 dias apresentaram maiores perdas de matéria seca, gases e efluentes. Silagens de Sorgo e capim Paiaguás que recebram timol nanoformulado foram mais eficientes em controlar as populações de Clostridium e Lactobacillus, bem como este aditivo melhorou a estabilidade aeróbica da silagem.

Different storage conditions and 1-methylcyclopropyl in pitaya post-harvest conservation / Diferentes condições de armazenamento e1-metilciclopropeno na conservação pós-colheita de pitaia

Fast perishability of dragon fruit requires that strategies be adopted to extend its post-harvest shelf life, in order to reduce losses,maintain quality and increase the financial return of economic activity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of storage conditions in combination with the application of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on the quality maintenance of red dragon fruit. The treatments evaluated were cold storage (CS; 21 kPa O2+ 0.03 kPa CO2), controlled atmosphere (CA; 2 kPa O2+ 5 kPa CO2) and modified atmosphere (MA; 40 µm thick low-density polyethylene bags) combined or not with the application of 1-MCP (300nL.L-1), with four replications per treatment. The fruits of all treatments were stored for 20 days at 13 ± 2°C and relative humidity (RH) of 90 ± 5%, followed by 3 days of exposure at ambient conditions (20 ± 3°C and RH of 70 ± 5%). After the shelf life,CA and MA maintained fruits with a higher hue angle. The treatment of 1-MPC added to CA and MA provided greater force for pulp penetration. CS, AC and MA, added to the treatment with 1-MCP, are promising technologies to be used in the storage of dragon fruit.(AU)

A rápida perecibilidade dos frutos de pitaia exige que sejam adotadas estratégias para prolongar sua vida útil em pós-colheita, a fim de reduzir perdas, manter a qualidadee aumentar o retorno financeiro da atividade econômica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de condições de armazenamento em combinação com a aplicação de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP) sobre a manutenção da qualidade de pitaia vermelha. Os tratamentos avaliados foram armazenamento refrigerado (AR; 21 kPa O2+ 0,03 kPa CO2), atmosfera controlada (AC; 2 kPa O2+ 5 kPa CO2) e atmosfera modificada (AM; bolsas de polietileno de baixa densidade de 40 µm de espessura) combinados ou não coma aplicação de1-MCP (300 nL.L-1), com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os frutos de todos os tratamentos foram armazenados durante 20 dias a 13 ± 2°C e umidade relativa (UR) de 90 ± 5% seguidos de 3 dias de exposição em condições ambiente (20 ± 3°C e URde 70 ± 5%). Após o período de prateleira, AC e AM mantiveram frutos com maior ângulo hue. O tratamento de 1-MPC somado a AC e AM proporcionou maior força para penetração da polpa. O AR, a AC e a AM, somadas ao tratamento com 1-MCP, são promissoras tecnologias a serem empregadas no armazenamento de pitaia.(AU)