Feline aortic thromboembolism diagnosed by thermography

Background: In cats, arterial thromboembolism is one of the most devastating diseases, with an acute presentation, andis often caused by undiagnosed cardiomyopathy. Defined as the obstruction of one or more arterial lumens by emboli,the arterial thromboembolism is responsible for hypoperfusion signs. As the temperature of the skin surface is directlyrelated to tissue perfusion, thermography can be promising for the early diagnosis of thromboembolism. Therefore, thisstudy reports the importance of thermography as a complementary examination for the diagnosis of thromboembolism inthe abdominal aorta of a domestic cat.Case: A 4-year-old mixed-breed cat weighing 2.95 kg was presented with a history of sudden onset paraplegia, apathy,and pain when handled, with greater intensity in the sacro-coccidian region. During physical exam, it was noted that thefemoral artery pulse was undetectable bilaterally during manual pulse measurement. Superficial and deep sensitivity inthe pelvic limbs and proprioception were also absent and the plantar cushions and nail beds of the posterior limbs werepale to cyanotic. Thermographic images revealed that the temperature of both hind limbs was lower than that of forelimbs,with difference of 3.2ºC and 2.9ºC between the left and right limbs, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography revealed theabsence of pulse and flow in the femoral arteries bilaterally. Electrocardiography revealed sinus tachycardia, with a heartrate of 250 bpm. Echocardiography revealed dilation of the left atrium and concentric cardiac hypertrophy. After 24 h, dueto the worsening of the clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and sent for necropsy.Necropsy revealed that the arterial lumen of the caudal abdominal aorta and bifurcation of the iliac arteries were obliterated...

Feline aortic thromboembolism diagnosed by thermography

Background: In cats, arterial thromboembolism is one of the most devastating diseases, with an acute presentation, andis often caused by undiagnosed cardiomyopathy. Defined as the obstruction of one or more arterial lumens by emboli,the arterial thromboembolism is responsible for hypoperfusion signs. As the temperature of the skin surface is directlyrelated to tissue perfusion, thermography can be promising for the early diagnosis of thromboembolism. Therefore, thisstudy reports the importance of thermography as a complementary examination for the diagnosis of thromboembolism inthe abdominal aorta of a domestic cat.Case: A 4-year-old mixed-breed cat weighing 2.95 kg was presented with a history of sudden onset paraplegia, apathy,and pain when handled, with greater intensity in the sacro-coccidian region. During physical exam, it was noted that thefemoral artery pulse was undetectable bilaterally during manual pulse measurement. Superficial and deep sensitivity inthe pelvic limbs and proprioception were also absent and the plantar cushions and nail beds of the posterior limbs werepale to cyanotic. Thermographic images revealed that the temperature of both hind limbs was lower than that of forelimbs,with difference of 3.2ºC and 2.9ºC between the left and right limbs, respectively. Doppler ultrasonography revealed theabsence of pulse and flow in the femoral arteries bilaterally. Electrocardiography revealed sinus tachycardia, with a heartrate of 250 bpm. Echocardiography revealed dilation of the left atrium and concentric cardiac hypertrophy. After 24 h, dueto the worsening of the clinical condition and unfavorable prognosis, the animal was euthanized and sent for necropsy.Necropsy revealed that the arterial lumen of the caudal abdominal aorta and bifurcation of the iliac arteries were obliterated...(AU)

Echocardiographic diagnosis of interventricular septum defect with Eisenmenger syndrome in an adult dog - case report / Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de defeito do septo interventricularcom agravo de síndrome de Eisenmenger em cão adulto ­ relato de caso

Interventricular septal defect (IVSD) is a congenital heart disease characterized by communication or non-closure of the interventricular septum in the embryonic or postnatal period, causing a failure in the separation between the systemic and pulmonary circulation. The severity of the hemodynamic consequences depends on the extent of the defect and the magnitude of the flow through it. Blood flow commonly occurs from left to right, because systemic vascular resistance is greater than pulmonary resistance. This report describes the echocardiographic findings in a 4-year-old male Poodle treated at the Veterinary Hospital with a history of exercise intolerance, cyanosis and episodes of syncope. On echocardiography, perimembranous IVSD was diagnosed with atrial and right ventricular dilatation, discontinuity of the interventricular septum in the subaortic region measuring approximately 5 mm. In the Doppler evaluation, reverse turbulent flow was evidenced, characterizing shunt from right to left (Eisenmenger syndrome). Despite preserved systolic function, abnormal relaxation was observed. Doppler echocardiography was a fundamental complementary imaging test for the diagnosis of this congenital heart disease since its suspicion is not commonly raised in adult patients. Doppler echocardiography allowed us to identify the defect, define its size and extension, determine the direction of blood flow as well as its hemodynamic consequences.(AU)

O defeito do septo interventricular (DSIV) é uma cardiopatia congênita caracterizada pela comunicação ou não fechamento do septo interventricular no período embrionário ou pós-natal, causando falha na separação entre a circulação sis-têmica e pulmonar. A gravidade das consequências hemodinâmicas depende da extensão do defeito e da magnitude do fluxo através dele. O fluxo sanguíneo comumente ocorre da esquerda para a direita, porque a resistência vascular sistêmica é maior do que a pulmonar. Este relato descreve os achados ecocardiográficos em um Poodle, macho, de 4 anos atendido no Hospital Veterinário com história de intolerância ao exercício, cianose e episódios de síncope. Ao ecocardiograma foi diagnosticado DSIV do tipo perimembranoso com dilatação atrial e ventricular direita, descontinuidade do septo interventricular em região subaórtica medindo aproximadamente 5 mm. Na avaliação Doppler, evidenciou-se fluxo turbulento reverso, caracterizando shunt da direita para a esquerda (síndrome de Eisenmenger). Apesar da função sistólica preservada, foi observado relaxamento anormal. A ecocardiografia Doppler foi um exame de imagem complementar fundamental para o diagnóstico dessa cardio-patia congênita, uma vez que sua suspeita não é comumente levantada em pacientes adultos. A ecocardiografia Doppler per-mitiu identificar o defeito, definir seu tamanho e extensão, determinar a direção do fluxo sanguíneo, bem como suas conse-quências hemodinâmicas.(AU)

Clinical and toxicological findings in nitrate and nitrite poisoning in cattle in Northeastern Brazil / Achados clínicos e toxicológicos na intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil

We report two outbreaks of nitrate and nitrite poisoning in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The first, due to Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), and the second, due to P. purpureum and Brachiaria spp. (brachiaria grass), both occurred during a prolonged drought. In the first outbreak, the irrigation of the pastures with wastewater and sewage contributed to nitrate accumulation. The second outbreak occurred in pastures cultivated in the border of a dam, that had been submerged for long time accumulating large amounts of organic matter in the soil. Other probably risk factors for nitrate accumulation included the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and burning of the vegetation. In the first outbreak, four calves out of a total of 42 cattle died, and in the second outbreak 49 out of 243 cattle, including adults, yearlings, and a 2-day-old calf died. The clinical signs included dyspnea, cyanosis, ataxia, and falls, leading to death. The presence of nitrates was detected in both outbreaks using the diphenylamine test. Quantitative tests were performed in the second outbreak using a portable nitrate meter, and high nitrate concentrations were found. The characteristic macroscopic findings and absence of microscopic lesions and response to treatment with methylene blue were key to the diagnosis of poisoning by nitrates and nitrites. We conclude that poisoning by nitrates and nitrites in ruminants in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil is frequent due to the cultivation of grasses in the border of dams that had been covered by water for long periods or in areas irrigated by wastewater and/or sewage. In addition, the use of a portable measuring device is an effective alternative for the quantification of nitrates in pastures.

Relatamos dois surtos de intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O primeiro por Pennisetum purpureum (capim-elefante), e o segundo por P. purpureum e Brachiaria spp. (capim braquiária); ambos ocorreram durante uma estiagem prolongada. No primeiro surto, a irrigação das pastagens com água poluída e esgoto contribuiu para o acúmulo de nitrato. O segundo surto ocorreu em pastagens cultivadas na borda de uma barragem, que há muito tempo ficavam submersas, acumulando grande quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo. Outros prováveis fatores de risco para o acúmulo de nitrato incluíram o uso de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas e a queima da vegetação. No primeiro surto, quatro bezerros de um total de 42 bovinos morreram, e no segundo surto 49 de 243 bovinos, incluindo adultos, jovens de um ano e um bezerro de 2 dias de idade morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dispneia, cianose, ataxia e quedas, levando à morte. A presença de nitratos foi detectada em ambos os surtos pelo teste de difenilamina. Testes quantitativos foram realizados no segundo surto usando um medidor portátil de nitrato, e altas concentrações de nitrato foram encontradas. Os achados macroscópicos característicos e a ausência de lesões microscópicas e a resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos. Concluímos que a intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ruminantes na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil é frequente devido ao cultivo de gramíneas nas bordas de barragens que estiveram cobertas por água por longos períodos ou em áreas irrigadas por água poluída e/ou esgoto. Além disso, o uso de medidor portátil é uma alternativa eficaz para a quantificação de nitratos em pastagens.

Clinical and toxicological findings in nitrate and nitrite poisoning in cattle in Northeastern Brazil / Achados clínicos e toxicológicos na intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil

We report two outbreaks of nitrate and nitrite poisoning in Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. The first, due to Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass), and the second, due to P. purpureum and Brachiaria spp. (brachiaria grass), both occurred during a prolonged drought. In the first outbreak, the irrigation of the pastures with wastewater and sewage contributed to nitrate accumulation. The second outbreak occurred in pastures cultivated in the border of a dam, that had been submerged for long time accumulating large amounts of organic matter in the soil. Other probably risk factors for nitrate accumulation included the use of chemical fertilizers and herbicides and burning of the vegetation. In the first outbreak, four calves out of a total of 42 cattle died, and in the second outbreak 49 out of 243 cattle, including adults, yearlings, and a 2-day-old calf died. The clinical signs included dyspnea, cyanosis, ataxia, and falls, leading to death. The presence of nitrates was detected in both outbreaks using the diphenylamine test. Quantitative tests were performed in the second outbreak using a portable nitrate meter, and high nitrate concentrations were found. The characteristic macroscopic findings and absence of microscopic lesions and response to treatment with methylene blue were key to the diagnosis of poisoning by nitrates and nitrites. We conclude that poisoning by nitrates and nitrites in ruminants in the semiarid region of Northeastern Brazil is frequent due to the cultivation of grasses in the border of dams that had been covered by water for long periods or in areas irrigated by wastewater and/or sewage. In addition, the use of a portable measuring device is an effective alternative for the quantification of nitrates in pastures.(AU)

Relatamos dois surtos de intoxicação por nitrato e nitrito na Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. O primeiro por Pennisetum purpureum (capim-elefante), e o segundo por P. purpureum e Brachiaria spp. (capim braquiária); ambos ocorreram durante uma estiagem prolongada. No primeiro surto, a irrigação das pastagens com água poluída e esgoto contribuiu para o acúmulo de nitrato. O segundo surto ocorreu em pastagens cultivadas na borda de uma barragem, que há muito tempo ficavam submersas, acumulando grande quantidade de matéria orgânica no solo. Outros prováveis fatores de risco para o acúmulo de nitrato incluíram o uso de fertilizantes químicos e herbicidas e a queima da vegetação. No primeiro surto, quatro bezerros de um total de 42 bovinos morreram, e no segundo surto 49 de 243 bovinos, incluindo adultos, jovens de um ano e um bezerro de 2 dias de idade morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíram dispneia, cianose, ataxia e quedas, levando à morte. A presença de nitratos foi detectada em ambos os surtos pelo teste de difenilamina. Testes quantitativos foram realizados no segundo surto usando um medidor portátil de nitrato, e altas concentrações de nitrato foram encontradas. Os achados macroscópicos característicos e a ausência de lesões microscópicas e a resposta ao tratamento com azul de metileno foram fundamentais para o diagnóstico de intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos. Concluímos que a intoxicação por nitratos e nitritos em ruminantes na região semiárida do Nordeste do Brasil é frequente devido ao cultivo de gramíneas nas bordas de barragens que estiveram cobertas por água por longos períodos ou em áreas irrigadas por água poluída e/ou esgoto. Além disso, o uso de medidor portátil é uma alternativa eficaz para a quantificação de nitratos em pastagens.(AU)

Estrutura óssea exógena traqueal em um gato / Exogenous tracheal bone structure in a cat

Background: Acute dyspnea is a clinical emergency with a presentation similar to several etiologies. Cats are usually referred with complaints of anorexia, abdominal breathing, cyanosis, and open mouth breathing, and veterinarians should stabilize the animals as soon as possible. The incidence of aspiration of foreign bodies is low, particularly in this species. The diagnosis consists of observing the foreign structure in the lumen of the trachea, commonly performed using radiography or bronchoscopy. This report describes a case of a feline with a tracheal foreign body, with a detailed description of the clinical findings and successful treatment. Case: A 10-year-old female feline exhibited severe dyspnea and cyanosis. During the anamnesis, the owner stated that the clinical signs suddenly presented one day prior, after the animal ingested a piece of fish. Physical examination revealed changes in pulmonary auscultation, which was bilaterally muffled, and intense respiratory distress, as observed by the evident signs of exhaustion (sternal decubitus, reduced muscle tone), in addition to cyanotic mucous membranes. The animal was intubated and maintained under anesthesia with propofol infusion and respiratory support (ambu) for 1 h, during which complementary examinations were performed. Chest radiography showed the presence of a radiopaque structure (approximately 0.5 cm) in the tracheal region. Thus, we decided to remove the structure using bronchoscopy. The foreign body was located above the main bronchial bifurcation and was removed. There was an improvement in oxygenation after 20 min of maintenance of ventilatory support, followed by weaning of the animal's successful respiratory support. Antibiotic therapy and analgesia were prescribed at home, and the animal exhibited full recovery after 10 days. Discussion: Dyspnea is a clinical sign that should be treated as an emergency, as it is associated with high mortality. In these cases, positive pressure ventilation is indicated in three situations: persistent hypoventilation, severe hypoxemia unresponsive to oxygen therapy, and excessive respiratory effort or fatigue. Dyspnea may be due to impairment of the upper or lower airway or restrictive conditions. Clinically, felines with tracheal foreign bodies have a sudden onset of dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, and lethargy. In these patients, the reduction in lung sounds is a common finding, as observed in the present case. The occurrence of tracheal foreign bodies in cats is rare and, depending on the type of foreign body and its location in the airway, complete obstruction of the respiratory tract may occur. In the present case, it was possible to observe the foreign body in the trachea on radiographic images. Felines with tracheal foreign bodies generally present a structure located close to the carina, as observed in the present case. Bronchoscopy using a flexible or rigid tube is considered the gold-standard technique for removing foreign bodies from the respiratory tract, and the greatest difficulty during the removal procedure is ensuring that the airways are not obstructed by the instruments used. The use of these materials is not free of complications, as they may be responsible for the development of pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, dyspnea, and respiratory failure. In the present case, there were no complications during or after the procedure, and the patient recovered completely.(AU)

Clinical and anatomopathological descriptions of dog with arterious Hemitruncus: case report / [Descrições clínicas e anatomopatológicas de cão com hemitruncus arterioso: relato de caso

The anomalous origin of the pulmonary trunk in the ascending aorta, defined as arterious hemitruncus, is a rare congenital malformation in dogs, caused by a defect in the spiral septum. Thus, given the unusual occurrence in the canine species, the systemic severity and the high lethality, the aim of this study was to describe this heart disease in a three-month-old male German Spitz puppy, emphasizing clinical changes of the necropsy and microscopics. The animal had cyanosis, dyspnea and weakness and was forwarded for necropsy after sudden death. Numerous changes were detected in the post-mortem examination, including in the heart, as cardiomegaly and absence of the arterial ligament, which was replaced by the complete fusion between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, after leaving both the left and right ventricles, respectively and, among the microscopic findings, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy stood out. The association of these findings with the history indicated the diagnosis of arterious hemitruncus followed by cardiorespiratory failure, emphasizing the importance of out complementary cardiological exams in young symptomatic patients for the survival of those affected. Arterious hemitruncus, although rare, must be added in the differential diagnosis of other heart diseases that cause similar clinical signs.(AU)

A origem anômala do tronco pulmonar em aorta ascendente, definida como hemitruncus arterioso, é uma malformação congênita rara em cães, causada por defeito no septo espiral. Assim, diante da ocorrência incomum na espécie canina, da gravidade sistêmica e da alta letalidade, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever essa doença cardíaca em um filhote de três meses de idade, macho, Spitz Alemão, enfatizando as alterações clínicas, de necropsia e microscópicas. O animal apresentava cianose, dispneia e fraqueza e foi encaminhado para necropsia após morte súbita. Inúmeras alterações foram detectadas no exame post-mortem, inclusive no coração, como cardiomegalia e ausência do ligamento arterioso, o qual foi substituído pela fusão completa entre aorta ascendente e tronco pulmonar, após a saída de ambas dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente, e, dentre os achados microscópicos, destacou-se a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos. A associação desses achados com o histórico indicou o diagnóstico de hemitruncus arterioso seguido de insuficiência cardiorrespiratória, ressaltando-se a importância de exames complementares cardiológicos em pacientes jovens sintomáticos na sobrevida dos acometidos. O hemitruncus arterioso, apesar de raro, deve ser acrescido no diagnóstico diferencial de outras cardiopatias que causam sinais clínicos similares.(AU)

Diagnosis and treatment of a peritoneopericardial hernia in an adult dog: a case report / Diagnóstico e tratamento de hérnia peritoniopericárdica em cão adulto: relato de caso

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a common congenital pericardial anomaly in dogs and cats, characterized by a communication between the abdomen and the pericardial sac. Animals may be asymptomatic or show nonspecific clinical signs related to the gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory systems. In this report, we present a case of a 3-year-old female Schnauzer, weighing 7,7 kg, with a history of easy fatigue and cyanosis triggered by stress. The diagnosis of peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was confirmed through echocardiography and simple and contrast radiography findings that showed the presence of hepatic lobes in the pericardial sac. The animal underwent supra-umbilical celiotomy to correct the hernia and subsequently presented immediate improvement of clinical signs.

A hérnia diafragmática peritoniopericárdica é uma anomalia congênita pericárdica comum em cães e gatos, sendo caracterizada pela comunicação entre abdômen e saco pericárdico. Os animais podem ser assintomáticos ou apresentar sinais clínicos inespecíficos relacionados aos sistemas gastrointestinal e cardiorrespiratório. Expõe-se um caso de um cão Schnauzer, fêmea, 3 anos de idade, pesando 7,7 kg, com histórico de cansaço fácil e cianose em momentos de estresse. O diagnóstico de hérnia peritoniopericárdica foi confirmado por meio de ecocardiografia e exame radiográfico simples e contrastado que evidenciaram a presença de lobos hepáticos no saco pericárdico. O animal foi submetido a celiotomia pré-umbilical para correção do defeito, apresentando melhora imediata dos sinais clínicos após a correção cirúrgica.

Diagnosis and treatment of a peritoneopericardial hernia in an adult dog: a case report / Diagnóstico e tratamento de hérnia peritoniopericárdica em cão adulto: relato de caso

Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia is a common congenital pericardial anomaly in dogs and cats, characterized by a communication between the abdomen and the pericardial sac. Animals may be asymptomatic or show nonspecific clinical signs related to the gastrointestinal and cardiorespiratory systems. In this report, we present a case of a 3-year-old female Schnauzer, weighing 7,7 kg, with a history of easy fatigue and cyanosis triggered by stress. The diagnosis of peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia was confirmed through echocardiography and simple and contrast radiography findings that showed the presence of hepatic lobes in the pericardial sac. The animal underwent supra-umbilical celiotomy to correct the hernia and subsequently presented immediate improvement of clinical signs.(AU)

A hérnia diafragmática peritoniopericárdica é uma anomalia congênita pericárdica comum em cães e gatos, sendo caracterizada pela comunicação entre abdômen e saco pericárdico. Os animais podem ser assintomáticos ou apresentar sinais clínicos inespecíficos relacionados aos sistemas gastrointestinal e cardiorrespiratório. Expõe-se um caso de um cão Schnauzer, fêmea, 3 anos de idade, pesando 7,7 kg, com histórico de cansaço fácil e cianose em momentos de estresse. O diagnóstico de hérnia peritoniopericárdica foi confirmado por meio de ecocardiografia e exame radiográfico simples e contrastado que evidenciaram a presença de lobos hepáticos no saco pericárdico. O animal foi submetido a celiotomia pré-umbilical para correção do defeito, apresentando melhora imediata dos sinais clínicos após a correção cirúrgica.(AU)

Eritrocitose primária em cão: relato de caso / Primary erythrocytosis in dog: case report

A eritrocitose absoluta primária, também denominada de policitemia vera, é um distúrbio mieloproliferativo crônico de causa desconhecida, caracterizado pela proliferação clonal de células-tronco eritróides neoplásicas. Acomete cães de meia-idade entre seis e sete anos. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns são letargia, fraqueza, poliúria, polidipsia, sangramentos como epistaxe, hematúria, hematoemese, hematoquezia, até mesmo convulsões e ataxia. O diagnóstico é baseado em valores altos de hematócrito, geralmente acima de 70%, excluindo-se as causas de eritrocitose secundária. As concentrações séricas de eritropoietina estão normais ou diminuídas. O tratamento consiste em flebotomia e administração de hidroxiuréia. Relata-se o caso de uma cadela, raça Bichon Frise, 11 anos, que, no início do quadro, apresentou hematócrito de 84%, letargia, ataxia, mucosas congestas, cianose de língua, poliúria e polidipsia. Realizou-se o tratamento com hidroxiuréia durante oito anos, na dose de 15 a 30 mg/kg, a cada 24 horas, sem ocorrência de efeitos colaterais ou recidiva das manifestações clínicas.(AU)

Primary absolute erythrocytosis, also termed polycythemia vera, is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder of unknown cause. It is characterized by clonal proliferation of neoplastic erythroid stem cells. It affects middle-aged dogs between 6-7 years. The most common clinical manifestations are lethargy, weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, and bleeding such as epistaxis, hematuria, hematoemese, and hematochezia. Seizures and ataxia are also common. Diagnosis is based on high hematocrit values, generally above 70% excluding the causes of secondary erythrocytosis. Serum concentrations of erythropoietin are at a normal level or decreased level. Treatments consists of hydroxyurea and phlebotomy management. It is reported that case of female Bichon Frise, 11 years old who onset of the disease had a hematocrit of 84%, lethargy, ataxia, congested mucous membranes, tongue cyanosis, polyuria and polydipsia. The treatment with hydroxyurea was performed for 8 years, at a dose of 15 to 20mg/kg, every 24 hours, without occurrence of side effects or recurrence of clinical manifestations.(AU)

Eritrocitose primária em cão: relato de caso / Primary erythrocytosis in dog: case report

A eritrocitose absoluta primária, também denominada de policitemia vera, é um distúrbio mieloproliferativo crônico de causa desconhecida, caracterizado pela proliferação clonal de células-tronco eritróides neoplásicas. Acomete cães de meia-idade entre seis e sete anos. As manifestações clínicas mais comuns são letargia, fraqueza, poliúria, polidipsia, sangramentos como epistaxe, hematúria, hematoemese, hematoquezia, até mesmo convulsões e ataxia. O diagnóstico é baseado em valores altos de hematócrito, geralmente acima de 70%, excluindo-se as causas de eritrocitose secundária. As concentrações séricas de eritropoietina estão normais ou diminuídas. O tratamento consiste em flebotomia e administração de hidroxiuréia. Relata-se o caso de uma cadela, raça Bichon Frise, 11 anos, que, no início do quadro, apresentou hematócrito de 84%, letargia, ataxia, mucosas congestas, cianose de língua, poliúria e polidipsia. Realizou-se o tratamento com hidroxiuréia durante oito anos, na dose de 15 a 30 mg/kg, a cada 24 horas, sem ocorrência de efeitos colaterais ou recidiva das manifestações clínicas.(AU)

Primary absolute erythrocytosis, also termed polycythemia vera, is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder of unknown cause. It is characterized by clonal proliferation of neoplastic erythroid stem cells. It affects middle-aged dogs between 6-7 years. The most common clinical manifestations are lethargy, weakness, polyuria, polydipsia, and bleeding such as epistaxis, hematuria, hematoemese, and hematochezia. Seizures and ataxia are also common. Diagnosis is based on high hematocrit values, generally above 70% excluding the causes of secondary erythrocytosis. Serum concentrations of erythropoietin are at a normal level or decreased level. Treatments consists of hydroxyurea and phlebotomy management. It is reported that case of female Bichon Frise, 11 years old who onset of the disease had a hematocrit of 84%, lethargy, ataxia, congested mucous membranes, tongue cyanosis, polyuria and polydipsia. The treatment with hydroxyurea was performed for 8 years, at a dose of 15 to 20mg/kg, every 24 hours, without occurrence of side effects or recurrence of clinical manifestations.(AU)

Palatoplastia em envelope para tratamento de prolongamento de palato mole em cão da raça pastor belga malinois: relato de caso

Prolongamento de palato é uma afecção primária em cães de raças braquicefálicas, entretanto encontra-se presente em outras raças. Promove dispneia e podem ocorrer quadros de cianose e síncope. O diagnóstico se dá por laringoscopia e o tratamento é estritamente cirúrgico, sendo a estafilectomia a técnica mais usual. Outras técnicas, como a palatoplastia em envelope, foram desenvolvidas para tratamento dessa afecção. O objetivo do estudo é relatar um caso de palatoplastia em envelope modificada para tratamento de prolongamento de palato em um cão da raça Pastor Belga Malinois, assim como sua boa recuperação pós-operatória.(AU)

Elongated soft palate is a primary affection in brachicephalic dogs, however is found to be presente in other breeds. Promotes dyspnea and may occur episodes of cianosis and syncope. Diagnosis is obtained through laryngoscopy and the treatment of this affection is strictly cirurgical, and staphylectomy is an usual technique commonly used. Other procedures, such folded flap palatoplasty, have been developed to the correction of this disease,. This study aims to report a case of a modified folded flap palatoplasty to correct a elongated soft palate in a Belgian Malinois dog, as well as its good posoperative evolution.(AU)

Palatoplastia em envelope para tratamento de prolongamento de palato mole em cão da raça pastor belga malinois: relato de caso

Prolongamento de palato é uma afecção primária em cães de raças braquicefálicas, entretanto encontra-se presente em outras raças. Promove dispneia e podem ocorrer quadros de cianose e síncope. O diagnóstico se dá por laringoscopia e o tratamento é estritamente cirúrgico, sendo a estafilectomia a técnica mais usual. Outras técnicas, como a palatoplastia em envelope, foram desenvolvidas para tratamento dessa afecção. O objetivo do estudo é relatar um caso de palatoplastia em envelope modificada para tratamento de prolongamento de palato em um cão da raça Pastor Belga Malinois, assim como sua boa recuperação pós-operatória.

Elongated soft palate is a primary affection in brachicephalic dogs, however is found to be presente in other breeds. Promotes dyspnea and may occur episodes of cianosis and syncope. Diagnosis is obtained through laryngoscopy and the treatment of this affection is strictly cirurgical, and staphylectomy is an usual technique commonly used. Other procedures, such folded flap palatoplasty, have been developed to the correction of this disease,. This study aims to report a case of a modified folded flap palatoplasty to correct a elongated soft palate in a Belgian Malinois dog, as well as its good posoperative evolution.

Dispneia expiratória restritiva em um gato com fibrose pulmonar idiopática: relato de caso / Restrictive expiratory dyspnea in a cat with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: case report

As doenças pulmonares intersticiais constituem um grupo de doenças difusas do parênquima pulmonar, no qual a fibrose pulmonar intersticial está incluída. Histologicamente, esta se caracteriza por hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II, hiperplasia ou hipertrofia de músculo liso e fibrose. Embora a patogenia da fibrose pulmonar intersticial não esteja bem elucidada, devido às semelhanças microscópicas encontradas nos pneumócitos tipo II em felinos e na forma familiar da doença em humanos, acredita-se que haja caráter genético para o seu desenvolvimento. Os sinais clínicos frequentemente relatados incluem desconforto respiratório, cianose, letargia e perda de peso. Devido ao caráter progressivo e à ausência de tratamento específico, a doença apresenta prognóstico desfavorável. Foi atendida uma gata de 12 anos de idade, com histórico de dispneia há 20 dias. Ao exame clínico, o animal apresentou dispneia expiratória restritiva, crepitação à ausculta torácica e foi visualizado padrão intersticial ao exame radiográfico do tórax. A paciente foi submetida à punção com agulha fina de tecido pulmonar e veio a óbito algumas horas após o procedimento, apresentando insuficiência respiratória aguda. No exame histológico do tecido pulmonar, foi verificada a ocorrência de fibrose pulmonar idiopática. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de dispneia expiratória restritiva em um felino doméstico devido à fibrose pulmonar idiopática, já que, segundo o conhecimento dos autores, não há nenhum relato da ocorrência da doença no país.(AU)

Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in which interstitial lung fibrosis is included. Histologically, it is characterized by type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hypertrophy or hyperplasia of smooth tissue and fibrosis. Although the pathogenesis of interstitial lung fibrosis has not been elucidated, due to the microscopic similarities found in type II pneumocytes in cats and familial form of the disease in humans, it is believed that there is a genetic trait for development. The frequently reported clinical signs include respiratory distress, cyanosis, lethargy, and weight loss. Due to the progressive nature and the absence of specific treatment, the disease has a poor prognosis. A 12-year-old cat with dyspnea for 20 days was assisted. The animal underwent fine needle aspiration of lung tissue and died few hours after the procedure, with acute respiratory failure. Upon histological examination of lung tissue, the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was found. The aim of this study is to report a case of restrictive expiratory dyspnea in a domestic feline due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, because, according to our knowledge, there is no report on the occurrence of the disease in our country.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma at the base of the left atrium of a dog with mitral and tricuspid valve degeneration ­ case report / Hemangiossarcoma na base do átrio esquerdo de um cão com degeneração da válvula mitral e tricúspide ­ relato de caso

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the vascular endothelium, with high metastatic power and commonly described in the spleen, liver, and right atrium. Thus, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of HSA at the base of the left atrium of a male, elderly, Lhasa Apso dog, treated with cyanosis, orthopedic position, cough. In the physical examination, the presence of crackling was observed in pulmonary lobes, murmur in focus of mitral and tricuspid grade IV\VI. The recommended emergency therapy was performed until the clinical improvement of the animal. After echocardiography, mitral and tricuspid valvular degeneration was confirmed, as well as the presence of an irregular, mixed echocardiogram, extra-cardiac, immobile at the base of the left atrium, measuring 2.9 x 1.44 cm in diameter. The clinical therapy established stabilized the clinical picture for 128 days, with recurrence of pulmonary edema and severe hemorrhagic pleural effusion, with the owners opting for euthanasia of the animal and necropsy confirming the definitive diagnosis of extrahepatic SAH at the base of the left atrium.(AU)

O hemangiossarcoma (HSA) é uma neoplasia maligna originada no endotélio vascular, com alto poder metastático e comumente descrito no baço, fígado e átrio direito. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a ocorrência do HSA na base do átrio esquerdo de um cão, macho, idoso, da raça Lhasa Apso, atendido apresentando cianose, posição ortopneica e tosse. No exame físico foi observado presença de crepitação em lobos pulmonares e sopro em foco de mitral e tricúspide grau IV\VI. Foi realizada terapia emergencial preconizada até a melhora clínica do animal, e após a ecocardiografia confirmou-se a degeneração valvular mitral e tricúspide, bem como a presença de uma imagem irregular, de ecogenicidade mista, extracardíaca e imóvel na base do átrio esquerdo, medindo 2,9 x 1,44 cm de diâmetro. A terapia clínica instituída estabilizou o quadro clínico por 128 dias, havendo recidiva do edema pulmonar e efusão pleural hemorrágica grave, com os proprietários optando pela eutanásia do animal e a necropsia, confirmando o diagnóstico definitivo do HSA extracardíaco na base do átrio esquerdo.(AU)

Dispneia expiratória restritiva em um gato com fibrose pulmonar idiopática: relato de caso / Restrictive expiratory dyspnea in a cat with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: case report

As doenças pulmonares intersticiais constituem um grupo de doenças difusas do parênquima pulmonar, no qual a fibrose pulmonar intersticial está incluída. Histologicamente, esta se caracteriza por hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II, hiperplasia ou hipertrofia de músculo liso e fibrose. Embora a patogenia da fibrose pulmonar intersticial não esteja bem elucidada, devido às semelhanças microscópicas encontradas nos pneumócitos tipo II em felinos e na forma familiar da doença em humanos, acredita-se que haja caráter genético para o seu desenvolvimento. Os sinais clínicos frequentemente relatados incluem desconforto respiratório, cianose, letargia e perda de peso. Devido ao caráter progressivo e à ausência de tratamento específico, a doença apresenta prognóstico desfavorável. Foi atendida uma gata de 12 anos de idade, com histórico de dispneia há 20 dias. Ao exame clínico, o animal apresentou dispneia expiratória restritiva, crepitação à ausculta torácica e foi visualizado padrão intersticial ao exame radiográfico do tórax. A paciente foi submetida à punção com agulha fina de tecido pulmonar e veio a óbito algumas horas após o procedimento, apresentando insuficiência respiratória aguda. No exame histológico do tecido pulmonar, foi verificada a ocorrência de fibrose pulmonar idiopática. O objetivo do presente trabalho é relatar um caso de dispneia expiratória restritiva em um felino doméstico devido à fibrose pulmonar idiopática, já que, segundo o conhecimento dos autores, não há nenhum relato da ocorrência da doença no país.(AU)

Interstitial lung diseases are a group of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases in which interstitial lung fibrosis is included. Histologically, it is characterized by type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, hypertrophy or hyperplasia of smooth tissue and fibrosis. Although the pathogenesis of interstitial lung fibrosis has not been elucidated, due to the microscopic similarities found in type II pneumocytes in cats and familial form of the disease in humans, it is believed that there is a genetic trait for development. The frequently reported clinical signs include respiratory distress, cyanosis, lethargy, and weight loss. Due to the progressive nature and the absence of specific treatment, the disease has a poor prognosis. A 12-year-old cat with dyspnea for 20 days was assisted. The animal underwent fine needle aspiration of lung tissue and died few hours after the procedure, with acute respiratory failure. Upon histological examination of lung tissue, the occurrence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis was found. The aim of this study is to report a case of restrictive expiratory dyspnea in a domestic feline due to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, because, according to our knowledge, there is no report on the occurrence of the disease in our country.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma at the base of the left atrium of a dog with mitral and tricuspid valve degeneration ­ case report / Hemangiossarcoma na base do átrio esquerdo de um cão com degeneração da válvula mitral e tricúspide ­ relato de caso

Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant neoplasm originating from the vascular endothelium, with high metastatic power and commonly described in the spleen, liver, and right atrium. Thus, the objective of the present study is to report the occurrence of HSA at the base of the left atrium of a male, elderly, Lhasa Apso dog, treated with cyanosis, orthopedic position, cough. In the physical examination, the presence of crackling was observed in pulmonary lobes, murmur in focus of mitral and tricuspid grade IV\VI. The recommended emergency therapy was performed until the clinical improvement of the animal. After echocardiography, mitral and tricuspid valvular degeneration was confirmed, as well as the presence of an irregular, mixed echocardiogram, extra-cardiac, immobile at the base of the left atrium, measuring 2.9 x 1.44 cm in diameter. The clinical therapy established stabilized the clinical picture for 128 days, with recurrence of pulmonary edema and severe hemorrhagic pleural effusion, with the owners opting for euthanasia of the animal and necropsy confirming the definitive diagnosis of extrahepatic SAH at the base of the left atrium.(AU)

O hemangiossarcoma (HSA) é uma neoplasia maligna originada no endotélio vascular, com alto poder metastático e comumente descrito no baço, fígado e átrio direito. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a ocorrência do HSA na base do átrio esquerdo de um cão, macho, idoso, da raça Lhasa Apso, atendido apresentando cianose, posição ortopneica e tosse. No exame físico foi observado presença de crepitação em lobos pulmonares e sopro em foco de mitral e tricúspide grau IV\VI. Foi realizada terapia emergencial preconizada até a melhora clínica do animal, e após a ecocardiografia confirmou-se a degeneração valvular mitral e tricúspide, bem como a presença de uma imagem irregular, de ecogenicidade mista, extracardíaca e imóvel na base do átrio esquerdo, medindo 2,9 x 1,44 cm de diâmetro. A terapia clínica instituída estabilizou o quadro clínico por 128 dias, havendo recidiva do edema pulmonar e efusão pleural hemorrágica grave, com os proprietários optando pela eutanásia do animal e a necropsia, confirmando o diagnóstico definitivo do HSA extracardíaco na base do átrio esquerdo.(AU)

Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a primary hemangiosarcoma in a pinscher dog

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor that arises from the vascular endothelium affecting more often dogs than other species as cats, cows and horses. It comprises approximately 2% of all tumors in dogs. The most common primary site for the HSA in dogs is the spleen, and other locations include the right atrium, pericardium, liver and prostate. Other authors have reported this tumor in lungs, kidney, oral cavity, muscle, bone, urinary bladder, left ventricle, tongue and retroperitoneum. Due to the importance of the HSA in canine species, the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and pathological findings, besides therapeutic protocol in an unusual case of HSA. Case: A six-year-old male pinscher was referred to the veterinary hospital with a history of cyanosis and choking. The animal was submitted to radiographic examination in lateral cervical view, which identified the presence of a mass of 1.2 cm in diameter near the pharynx. In order to evaluate the oral cavity, general anesthesia was performed, and it was possible to see a soft, rosy, circumscribed and vascularized lump in pharyngeal region. Due to suspicion of neoplasm, excisional biopsy without surgical margin was performed. The histopathological exam diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry against vimentin, factor VIII, VEGF and Ki67 was performed and confirmed diagnosis of low grade [...]

Clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical evaluation of a primary hemangiosarcoma in a pinscher dog

Background: Hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is a malignant tumor that arises from the vascular endothelium affecting more often dogs than other species as cats, cows and horses. It comprises approximately 2% of all tumors in dogs. The most common primary site for the HSA in dogs is the spleen, and other locations include the right atrium, pericardium, liver and prostate. Other authors have reported this tumor in lungs, kidney, oral cavity, muscle, bone, urinary bladder, left ventricle, tongue and retroperitoneum. Due to the importance of the HSA in canine species, the aim of this study was to describe the clinical and pathological findings, besides therapeutic protocol in an unusual case of HSA. Case: A six-year-old male pinscher was referred to the veterinary hospital with a history of cyanosis and choking. The animal was submitted to radiographic examination in lateral cervical view, which identified the presence of a mass of 1.2 cm in diameter near the pharynx. In order to evaluate the oral cavity, general anesthesia was performed, and it was possible to see a soft, rosy, circumscribed and vascularized lump in pharyngeal region. Due to suspicion of neoplasm, excisional biopsy without surgical margin was performed. The histopathological exam diagnosed hemangiosarcoma. Immunohistochemistry against vimentin, factor VIII, VEGF and Ki67 was performed and confirmed diagnosis of low grade [...](AU)

Abordagem da asfixia neonatal e infecção bacteriana em neonatos caninos: uso da troponina I e avaliação da sepse

O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar os níveis de troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) em cães recém-nascidos com asfixia e não asfixiados, correlacionando com a avaliação do escore Apgar modificado, saturação de oxigênio, glicemia, lactatemia e hemogasometria. O estudo visou determinar o possível uso da troponina I como marcador de lesão isquêmica do miocárdio e indicador de hipóxia perinatal grave em cães neonatos. Foram avaliados 15 animais no grupo parto eutócico (GE), 15 animais no grupo cesariana (GC) e 13 animais no grupo hipóxia (com asfixia) (GH). No GH os recém-nascidos exibiram acidose mista proeminente (p<0,05) (respiratória por aumento pCO2 e metabólica por redução do pH, HCO3, BEecf e aumento do lactato) em comparação ao GE e GC, em decorrência da hipoxemia grave. Os parâmetros no escore de Apgar e hemogasometria demonstraram que estes cães nasceram com asfixia, apresentando baixa vitalidade e necessidade de manobras reanimatórias. Os níveis de troponina I estavam dentro dos padrões de referência para cães hígidos nos grupos GE e GC. No GH os níveis de troponina I foram significativamente mais elevados do que o GE e GC (p<0,05) e estavam acima dos padrões de referência para cães hígidos. Conclui-se que a troponina I é um marcador de hipóxia e lesão miocárdica em cães neonatos. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi descrever a incidência de sepse em cães recém-nascidos, os aspectos clínicos envolvidos, os principais agentes bacterianos isolados e as taxas de mortalidade. Das 152 ninhadas e 762 neonatos avaliados, 14,8% (113/762) apresentaram sepse ou choque séptico, e a taxa de mortalidade entre os filhotes afetados foi de 25,6% (29/113). Diferenças significativas (p <0,0001) nos parâmetros clínicos (frequência cardíaca e respiratória, glicemia, temperatura corporal, saturação periférica de oxigênio e reflexos) foram observadas entre neonatos saudáveis e neonatos com sepse e choque séptico. Os principais e mais relevantes sinais clínicos foram: apatia, redução do reflexo de sucção, diarreia, tríade neonatal, insuficiência de ganho de peso, bradicardia, dispneia, mucosas cianóticas, eritema corporal, redução da saturação periférica de oxigênio, cianose e necrose dos tecidos das extremidades. A mãe pode ter sido a principal fonte de infecção para 87,6% (99/113) dos neonatos com sepse. O agente bacteriano mais isolado foi a Escherichia coli, responsável por 25,6% (29/113) dos casos de sepse. A morbidade e mortalidade da sepse neonatal em cães são altas. A avaliação clínica e o diagnóstico de sepse em neonatos diferem daqueles em animais adultos. Assim, o conhecimento das particularidades neonatais da sepse é essencial para o manejo clínico adequado e maior sobrevida desses pacientes.

The first study aimed to evaluate and compare the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated newborn dogs, correlating with the modified Apgar score, oxygen saturation, glycemia, lactatemia and blood gas analysis. The study aimed to determine the possible use of troponin I as a marker of myocardial ischemic injury and an indicator of severe perinatal hypoxia in neonatal dogs. Fifteen animals in the eutocic delivery group (EG), 15 animals in the cesarean group (CG) and 13 animals in the hypoxia group (asphyxiated) (GH) were evaluated. In GH, newborns showed prominent mixed acidosis (p<0.05) (respiratory due to pCO2 increase and metabolic due to reduced pH, HCO3, BEecf and increase in lactate) compared to EG and GC, due to severe hypoxemia. The parameters in the Apgar score and blood gas analysis showed that these dogs were born asphyxiated, with low vitality and need for resuscitation maneuvers. Troponin I levels were within the reference standards for healthy dogs in the GE and GC groups. In GH, troponin I levels were significantly higher than in GE and GC (p<0.05) and were above the reference standards for healthy dogs. It is concluded that troponin I is a marker of hypoxia and myocardial injury in neonatal dogs. The aim of the second study was to describe the incidence of sepsis in newborn dogs, the clinical aspects involved, the main bacterial agents isolated and the mortality rates. Of the 152 litters and 762 neonates evaluated, 14.8% (113/762) had sepsis or septic shock, and the mortality rate among affected pups was 25.6% (29/113). Significant differences (p < 0.0001) in clinical parameters (heart and respiratory rate, blood glucose, body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation and reflexes) were observed between healthy neonates and neonates with sepsis and septic shock. The main and most relevant clinical signs were: apathy, reduced sucking reflex, diarrhea, neonatal triad, failure to gain weight, bradycardia, dyspnea, cyanotic mucous membranes, body erythema, reduced peripheral oxygen saturation, cyanosis and tissue necrosis from the ends. The mother may have been the main source of infection for 87.6% (99/113) of neonates with sepsis. The most isolated bacterial agent was Escherichia coli, responsible for 25.6% (29/113) of sepsis cases. The morbidity and mortality of neonatal sepsis in dogs is high. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis of sepsis in neonates differ from those in adult animals. Thus, knowledge of neonatal sepsis particularities is essential for proper clinical management and better survival of these patients.