Impact of water stress on adaptation and performance of sheep and goat in dryland regions under climate change scenarios: a systematic review

Climate change is shifting rainfall patterns, air temperature, river flows, and sea levels globally, resulting in changes in ground and surface water quality due to salinization, especially in arid and semiarid regions. During dry periods, the main water quality issue is a high quantity of salt in the water. Whilst water with fewer than 3,000 mg/L total salts is beneficial to all livestock species, tolerances vary greatly based on conditions and circumstances. Understanding the normal salt tolerance of animals without harming their production and health is important for sustainable livestock production, especially in dry areas. Understanding the normal salt tolerance of animals without harming their production and health is important for sustainable livestock production, especially in dry areas. Thus, this review examined the physiological, behavioral, hematological, and biochemical responses of sheep and goats in dryland areas under climate change scenarios. Despite changes in physiological, blood, biochemical, feed and water intake, sheep and goats adapt to salinity levels to drinking water in arid environments. Adaptable and native breeds are known to be more tolerant of saline water than selected exotic breeds. Small ruminants experience a decrease in food intake and weight, a decrease in breathing rate, and an increase in blood metabolite concentration when the salt in their drinking water increases. The concept that native and adapted small ruminant breeds can withstand high water salinity is gaining popularity in scientific research worldwide. More research is needed to investigate the water tolerance capabilities of adapted breeds, especially in dry and water-saline regions affected by climate change.

Seasonal altitudinal movements of birds in Brazil: a review

Birds' seasonal altitudinal movements in Brazil are poorly understood. The main source of information and has fostered interest since the 1980s. However, most of the available information is anecdotal, sources are repeatedly cited, and the information provided is quite superficial and speculative. Through bibliographic searches, we found 107 studies, 83 (77%) of which we consider valid, and only 63 (59%) were peer-reviewed. Most studies were carried out in southern and southeastern Brazil. Only 11 studies explicitly addressed seasonal altitudinal movements. Surprisingly, none of the studies simultaneously comprised a full year of study, standardized sampling methods, and encompassed the entire altitudinal range through which the birds might have moved. As a consequence, the quality of the data is questionable, and the expression "altitudinal migration" is unlikely to be accurate and has never been unequivocally demonstrated for birds in Brazil. Mention of "altitudinal migration" was found for 68 bird species, but these must be more clearly defined and appropriately tested.(AU)

Reproductive response of synchronized and extensively grazed Blackbelly ewes during the summer in the tropics

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the reproductive response of Blackbelly ewes synchronized with low doses of eCG during the summer in a tropical climate. Sixty multiparous hair ewes were divided into three groups (20 ewes/group): control group (CG; 0 IU of eCG), treated group 1 (TG-1; 140 IU of eCG) and treated group 2 (TG-2; 300 IU of eCG). The study found that the three groups of ewes showed differences in their reproductive behavior (P < 0.01). Indeed, all the ewes in the TG-1 and TG-2 groups presented a higher response to estrus than the CG (P < 0.01). In the same way, TG1 and TG-2 had an onset to estrus in less time (P < 0.01). On the other hand, prolificacy was also higher in TG-1 and TG-2 (P < 0.05). Likewise, ewes from TG-1 and TG-2 had more lambs than those from CG (P < 0.05). On the other hand, the variables of fertility and gestation length were similar regardless of the group of ewes (P > 0.05). It´s concluded that the ewes treated with eCG presented good reproductive behavior, and the majority did so in the first 24 to 36 h after removing the intravaginal device.

Blood serum triiodothyronine in Karagouniko and Chios rams as affected by season in a temperate environment

The current research investigated triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams in a temperate climate zone, considering the periods January-June and July-November, characterized by a gradual increase and decrease of daylight length, respectively. The animals raised in the farm of the Artificial Insemination Center of Karditsa (39021΄18΄΄N, 21054΄19΄΄E), Greece, and the meteorological variables air temperature, relative humidity, and sunshine, as well as photoperiod, were considered for a more detailed analysis. T-tests were used to detect possible changes in the concentration of triiodothyronine in both sheep breeds and in the abovementioned meteorological variables. January-June coincided with significantly higher (P < 0.05) triiodothyronine concentrations in Karagouniko and Chios rams (0.82 ng/ml and 0.77 ng/ml, respectively) compared to July-November (0.72 ng/ml in Karagouniko and 0.67 ng/ml in Chios rams). Air temperature and sunshine followed the opposite pattern (P < 0.05). Karagouniko rams showed higher triiodothyronine concentrations than Chios rams, irrespective of the season. Our findings shed light on an important aspect of the thyroid gland function in Karagouniko and Chios sheep under temperate environmental conditions.

Subtropical high-montane forest climate refuges in Brazil

Climate change represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. We investigate how climate change will affect the future potential distribution of tree species in subtropical high montane habitats in the Atlantic Forest and identify potential climate refuges for these species. The most frequent and exclusive species in this ecosystem were selected and geographic coordinates were compiled. The maximum entropy algorithm was used for climatic niche modeling. Two scenarios for 2061-2080 were considered for future predictions, one low impact (RCP 4.5) and one high impact (RCP 8.5). Isothermality, mean temperature in the driest quarter, mean temperature in the hottest quarter, rainfall in the driest month, and rainfall in the hottest quarter were the variables that best explained the climatic niche of the majority of species. The areas of potential species occurrence were reduced by 48.37 % (± 13.63 %) (RCP 4.5) and 62.49 % (± 21.87 %) (RCP 8.5) on average. The potential area of Crinodendron brasilense Reitz & L.B.Sm. decreased the most, by 82.11 % (RCP 4.5) and 90.06 % (RCP 8.5), respectively. High elevation areas in the south of Brazil were identified as priorities for conservation to ensure that climate refuges for high montane forest species are maintained in the future. Climate change events may significantly affect the species evaluated in this study.(AU)

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China / A dinâmica de crescimento do pinheiro siberiano nas montanhas de Altai, China

Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.

Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.

The Siberian pine growth dynamics in Altai Mountains, China / A dinâmica de crescimento do pinheiro siberiano nas montanhas de Altai, China

Climatic factors play an essential role in the growth of tree ring width. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the correlation between climatic variables and tree-ring growth characteristics of Pinus sibirica in Altai mountains, northwestern China. This study being is first of its kind on climate growth analysis of Pinus sibirica in northwestern China. The study showed great potential to understand the species growing under the specific climatic conditions. Total of 70 tree cores collected from three sites in the sampling area, out of which 63 tree cores considered for this study. The effect of climatic variables which was studied include precipitation, temperature and PDSI. Our results showed that Tree Ring Width chronology has a significantly positive correlation with the late winter (March) temperature and significant negative correlation with the July temperatures. A significant correlation was observed with the late summer precipitation whereas no significant relation found with the Palmer Drought Severity Index. These significant correlations with temperature and precipitation suggested that this tree species had the potential for the reconstruction of the past climate in the area.(AU)

Fatores climáticos desempenham papel essencial no crescimento da largura dos anéis das árvores. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a correlação entre variáveis climáticas e características de crescimento de anéis de árvores de Pinus sibirica nas montanhas de Altai, noroeste da China. Este estudo é o primeiro desse tipo na análise do crescimento climático de Pinus sibirica no noroeste da China. O estudo mostrou grande potencial para entender as espécies que crescem sob as condições climáticas específicas. Total de 70 testemunhos coletados em três locais na área de amostragem, dos quais 63 testemunhos considerados para este estudo. O efeito das variáveis climáticas estudadas incluem precipitação, temperatura e PDSI. Nossos resultados mostraram que a cronologia da Largura do Anel da Árvore tem uma correlação significativamente positiva com a temperatura do final do inverno (março) e uma correlação negativa significativa com as temperaturas de julho. Uma correlação significativa foi observada com a precipitação do final do verão, enquanto nenhuma relação significativa foi encontrada com o Índice de Severidade de Seca de Palmer. Essas correlações significativas com a temperatura e precipitação sugeriram que esta espécie de árvore tinha o potencial para a reconstrução do clima passado na área.(AU)

Seasonality effect on the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows to the equatorial Amazon climate / Efeito da sazonalidade sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças ao clima amazônico equatorial

The objective of this study was to evaluate the seasonal effect of months of the year upon the physiological and productive responses of crossbred dairy cows raised in an Amazonian climate. Twenty lactating cows were evaluated, fed on Brachiaria decumbens pasture, with free access to water and mineral supplementation. Data from climate variables air temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), rainfall (RA) and temperature and humidity index (THI) were recorded dur ing the months of January to April 2019. The physiological data collected were: respiratory rate (RR, mov/min), heart rate (HR, beats/min), rectal temperature (RT, ºC), udder surface temperature (UST, ºC), body surface temperature (BST, ºC), dorsum surface temperature (DST, ºC), front surface temperature (FST, ºC) and rear shin temperature (RST). Milk production (MP) was also measured. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) of RST and RR with values ranging from 34.8 to 35.5°C and 32.0 to 36.2 mov/min, respectively. There were no significant difference (P>0.05) for BST, and the values for MP and THI were 3.8; 3.8; 4.6; 4.1 kg and 77.7; 79.7; 80.6; 80.1, respectively. It was concluded that there was a seasonal effect of the months of the year evaluated on the respiratory rate of animals, however, it did not change the MP and the THI. The Amazon environment is conducive to causing thermal stress in lactating cows raised on pasture, requiring the use of shading to facilitate the ability of these animals to dissipate heat.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sazonais dos meses do ano sobre as respostas fisiológicas e produtivas de vacas leiteiras mestiças criadas em clima amazônico. Foram avaliadas 20 vacas lactantes, alimentadas com pasto de Brachiaria decumbens, com acesso livre a água e suplementação mineral. Foram registrados dados das variáveis climáticas temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), precipitação pluviométrica (PP) e índice de temperatura e Umidade (ITU) durante os meses de janeiro a abril de 2019. Os dados fisiológicos coletados foram: frequência respiratória (FR, mov/min), frequência cardíaca (FC, bat./min), temperatura retal (TR, ºC), temperatura superficial do úbere (TSU, ºC), temperatura superfície corporal (TSC, ºC), temperatura superficial do dorso (TSD, ºC), temperatura superficial da fronte (TSF, ºC) e temperatura superficial da canela (TSCA, °C). Também foi mensurada a produção de leite (PL, kg). Houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) da TSCA e FR com valores variando de 34,8 a 35,5°C e 32,0 a 36,2 mov/min, respectivamente. Não houve diferença significativa (P>0,05) para TSC e os valores observados para PL e ITU foram 3,8; 3,8; 4,6; 4,1 kg e 77,7; 79,7; 80,6; 80,1, respectivamente. Houve efeito sazonal dos meses avaliados sobre a taxa respiratória dos animais, no entanto, isso não alterou a PL nem o ITU. O ambiente amazônico é propício a causar estresse térmico em vacas lactantes mantidas a pasto, sendo necessário o uso de sombreamento para facilitar a capacidade de dissipação de calor corporal desses animais.(AU)

Effect of Housing Design and Location on Production and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens during Summer in Botswana

Botswana experiences long, hot summer periods which negatively affect broiler productivity and results in economic losses. To determine these negative effects, two parallel broiler production studies were conducted in the North eastern (NE) and South eastern (SE) regions. In each region, three large scale commercial broiler farms were randomly selected based on similarities in bird management and housing systems. In each farm, one house type (Gable, Hoop and See-saw) was selected for long term flock monitoring (1 to 35 days) over three production cycles. Results showed that the production performance of the broilers in the SE region was superior to that in the NE region, with temperatures on being average higher in the NE than in the SE. The European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) was significantly higher (p0.05) between the regions at 9.0% and 7.4% for the NE and SE, respectively. In the NE, the Gable structure had the highest profitability and economic efficiency and was thus superior in comparison to the other house structures.(AU)

Ant diversity (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Turvo State Park, municipality of Derrubadas, state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Diversidade de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) no Parque Estadual do Turvo, Derrubadas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Abstract The knowledge of ant assemblages that occurs in Conservation Units in the Atlantic Forest domain is a priority, considering the number of endemic species and the impacts that this biome has been suffering. The aim of this study was to evaluate ant assemblages in the Turvo State Park, which is the largest conservation unit in the State of Rio Grande do Sul and presents an important role on biodiversity protection. Two samplings were conducted in 2019, one in the summer (January) and the other in the spring (November and December), at five sites 2 km apart, with pitfall traps (soil and canopy), sardine baits, glucose, beating net, sweeping net and manual collection. We sampled 121 species in the summer and 120 in the spring, totaling 163 ant species. A total of 78 species (47.8%) occurred in both sampling seasons. The richest genera in the study were Camponotus (S = 30), Pheidole (S = 23) and Linepithema (S = 11). Seventeen species were recorded for the first time for Rio Grande do Sul state. The results indicate that this is one of the most species-rich assemblages of ants ever surveyed in a conservation unit in southern Brazil. The study highlights the importance of Conservation Units as protected environments against habitat loss for ant biodiversity. The results of this study contribute to myrmecofauna knowledge and serve as a basis for environmental impact studies, management plans and conservation of Atlantic Forest remnants.

Resumo O conhecimento das assembleias de formigas que ocorrem em Unidades de Conservação no domínio Mata Atlântica é prioritário, considerando-se o número de espécies endêmicas e os impactos que este bioma vem sofrendo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar a assembleia de formigas que ocorre no Parque Estadual do Turvo, a maior unidade de conservação do Rio Grande do Sul que se destaca pelo seu papel na proteção da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica austral. Foram realizadas duas amostragens no ano de 2019, uma no verão (janeiro) e a outra na primavera (novembro e dezembro), em cinco pontos distantes 2 km entre si, com armadilhas pitfall (solo e dossel), iscas de sardinha, iscas de glicose, guarda-chuva entomológico, rede de varredura e coleta manual. A riqueza amostrada no verão foi de 121 e na primavera de 120, totalizando 163 espécies. Ao todo, 78 espécies (47,8%) ocorreram concomitantemente nas duas amostragens. Os gêneros mais ricos foram Camponotus (S=30), Pheidole (S=23) e Linepithema (S=11). Dezessete espécies foram registradas pela primeira vez para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os resultados se constituem em uma das mais ricas assembleias de formigas já inventariadas em uma unidade de conservação na região sul do Brasil. O estudo destaca a importância das Unidades de Conservação como ambientes protegidos contra a perda de habitat para a biodiversidade de formigas. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para o conhecimento da mirmecofauna e servem como base para estudos de impacto ambiental, planos de manejo e conservação de remanescentes da Mata Atlântica.

The bycatch of piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii industrial fishing in a salinity and depth gradient in the Amazon estuary, Brazil / A captura incidental na pesca industrial da piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii em um gradiente de salinidade e profundidade no estuário do Amazonas, Brasil

The piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii is a freshwater catfish that is the most abundant fishery resource in the Amazon estuary. Piramutaba trawling is done on industrial fishing scale and is characterized by the presence of many freshwater and marine bycatch species, with and without commercial value. Here we describe the bycatch of the industrial fishery of piramutaba in the Amazon estuary and evaluate the relationship of two important environmental factors, depth and salinity, with the accidental capture of freshwater and marine fishes in the Amazon estuary in the rainy and dry seasons. We identified 21 cartilaginous fish species (19.1% freshwater and 80.9% marine) and 125 bony fish species (25.6% freshwater and 74.4% marine). The bycatch included 64 species without commercial value (43% of all bycatch species), which are always discarded. Freshwater and estuarine fishes exhibited significantly higher abundances in shallower environments, while marine fishes were similarly abundant along the entire depth gradient. On the contrary, the abundance of freshwater fishes significantly decreased, and that of estuarine and marine fishes significantly increased with increasing salinity. Regarding the conservation status of the bycatch species, one is classified as vulnerable (VU), and seven as critically endangered (CR). The information on the bycatch of piramutaba fishery in the Amazon estuary is important to subsidize regional fisheries policies and the management of protected areas.(AU)

A piramutaba, Brachyplatystoma vaillantii é um bagre de água doce que representa o recurso pesqueiro mais abundante no estuário amazônico. O arrasto da piramutaba é feito em escala industrial, caracterizado pela presença de muitas espécies de água doce e marinha capturadas de forma incidental, com e sem valor comercial. Aqui descrevemos a captura incidental da pesca industrial de piramutaba no estuário amazônico e avaliamos a relação de dois fatores ambientais, profundidade e salinidade, com a captura incidental de espécies de água doce e marinhas nas estações chuvosa e seca. Identificamos 21 espécies de peixes cartilaginosos (19,1% de água doce e 80,9% marinhos) e 125 espécies de peixes ósseos (25,6% de água doce e 74,4% marinhos). A captura incidental incluiu 64 espécies sem valor comercial (43% de todas as espécies capturadas) que sempre são descartadas. Os peixes de água doce e estuarinos exibiram abundâncias significativamente maiores em ambientes mais rasos, enquanto os peixes marinhos foram igualmente abundantes ao longo de todo o gradiente de profundidade. Inversamente, a abundância de peixes de água doce diminuiu significativamente, e a de peixes estuarinos e marinhos aumentou significativamente em salinidades maiores. Em relação ao estado de conservação das espécies capturadas, uma é reconhecida como vulnerável (VU) e sete como criticamente ameaçadas (CR). As informações sobre a captura incidental da pesca da piramutaba no estuário amazônico são fundaentais para subsidiar políticas pesqueiras regionais e gestão de áreas protegidas.(AU)

Yield, chemical composition, and efficiency of utilization of applied nitrogen from BRS Kurumi pastures / Produção, composição química e eficiência da utilização de nitogênio aplicado de pastagens de BRS Kurumi

The objective was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertilization levels on productivity, and nutritional value of BRS Kurumi managed at different residue heights during rainy and dry periods of the year. The pasture was managed in three residue heights (20, 35, and 50 cm) and three nitrogen fertilization levels (0, 100, and 200 kg N/ha/year) during the rainy and dry seasons. When the height of the grass of each plot reached 80 cm, the Kurumi was cut manually at the pre-established residue heights. Around 89% of the dry matter (DM) production was observed during the rainy season. The residue height of 35 cm together with doses of 100 or 200 kg N/ha/year, and the residue height of 20 cm, with a dose of 100 kg N/ha/year were the treatments that had the highest DM production during the rainy period. No differences in DM production were observed between tested treatments during the dry period. The Kurumi cultivated during the dry period had the highest content of neutral detergent fiber and lowest digestibility. The Kurumi managed with residue heights of 20 and 35 cm and fertilized with 100 kg N/ha had the highest values of efficiency of utilization applied nitrogen. The use of 20 or 35 cm of residue height and 100 kg of N/ha/year is recommended to obtain greater biomass production and nutrients, nutritional quality, and nitrogen use efficiency.

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito dos níveis de fertilização nitrogenada na produtividade e no valor nutritivo do BRS Kurumi quando manejado em diferentes alturas de resíduos durante os períodos seco e chuvoso do ano. O capim foi manejado em três alturas de resíduos (20, 35 e 50 cm) em associação com três níveis de fertilização com nitrogênio (0, 100 e 200 kg N/ha/ ano), durante o período seco e chuvoso do ano. Quando a altura do capim de cada parcela atingiu 80 cm, o Kurumi foi cortado nas alturas de resíduos pré-estabelecidas. Cerca de 89% da produção de MS foi observada durante o período chuvoso. A altura do resíduo de 35 cm juntamente com doses de 100 ou 200 kg N/ ha/ ano, e a altura do resíduo de 20 cm, com dose de 100 kg N/ha/ ano foram os tratamentos que apresentaram maior produção de MS durante o período chuvoso. Não foram observadas diferenças na produção de MS entre os tratamentos testados durante o período da seca. O Kurumi cultivado no período da seca apresentou maior teor de fibra em detergente neutro e menor digestibilidade. O Kurumi manejado com alturas de resíduo de 20 e 35 cm e fertilizado com 100 kg N/ha apresentou os maiores valores de eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio aplicado. Recomenda-se a utilização de 20 ou 35 cm de altura do resíduo e 100 kg de N/ha/ ano para obter maior produção de biomassa e nutrientes, qualidade nutricional e eficiência no uso do nitrogênio.

Environmental factors on seasonal germination of different weedy rice (Oryza sativa L) biotypes / Efeitos de fatores ambientais na germinação sazonal de diferentes biótipos de arroz vermelho (Oryza sativa L)

Weedy biotypes of Oryza sativa L., (weedy rice) are a serious threat to rice production because of their flexibility in seed germination timing, variable growth forms, and high genetic diversity. Experiments were designed to determine the effects of storage conditions, osmotic stress, pH, salt stress, and burial depth on germination of weedy rice seeds in flooded or non-flooded conditions. Mature weedy rice seeds were gathered from rice fields in the different regions of Turkey. Three biotypes were selected and classified according to awn length; long awn, short awn and awnless. Seasonal germination patterns of weedy rice seeds in the laboratory after retrieval from various depths and timing were affected by burial depth, water regime, and exhumation timing across the treatments for all biotypes. The long and short awn biotypes had higher germination rates than the awnless biotype and did not have a seasonal germination pattern. Seed germination was initiated in the spring, peaked in summer and declined in the fall in flooded and non-flooded treatments for the awnless biotype. The most distinct differences in seedling emergence patterns were observed in awnless and long awn biotypes, and they emerged from 10 cm depth. Our results suggested that flooded conditions reduced the germination of weedy rice biotypes. Flooding rice paddies for a period of time after harvest may improve weedy rice control and decrease the weed population. In addition to deeper cultivation would be more effective in controlling all weedy biotypes since the majority of weed seedling emergence was from shallow depths.

Biótipos de Oryza sativa L., arroz vermelho, são uma séria ameaça à produção de arroz devido à sua flexibilidade no tempo de germinação das sementes, formas de crescimento variáveis e alta diversidade genética. Os experimentos foram projetados para entender os efeitos das condições de armazenamento, estresse osmótico, pH, estresse salino e profundidade de semeadura na germinação de sementes de arroz vermelho em condições de inundação ou não. Sementes maduras de arroz vermelho foram colhidas em campos de arroz em diferentes regiões da Turquia. Três biótipos foram selecionados e classificados de acordo com o comprimento da arista longa, curta e sem arista. Padrões sazonais de germinação de sementes de arroz vermelho no laboratório após a recuperação em várias profundidades e tempos foram afetados pela profundidade de semeadura, regime de água e tempo de permanência no solo entre os tratamentos para todos os biótipos. Os biótipos de arista longa e curta tiveram taxas de germinação mais altas do que o biótipo sem arista e não apresentaram um padrão de germinação sazonal. A germinação das sementes foi iniciada na primavera, atingiu o pico no verão e diminuiu no outono em tratamentos com alagamento e sem alagamento para o biótipo sem armação. As diferenças mais nítidas nos padrões de emergência de plântulas foram observadas em biótipos sem e com arista longa, e emergiram a partir de 10 cm de profundidade. Nossos resultados sugerem que as condições de inundação reduziram a germinação de biótipos de arroz vermelho Parece que inundar os arrozais por um período de tempo após a colheita pode melhorar o controle do arroz vermelho e diminuir a população de arroz vermelho. Além disso, o cultivo mais profundo seria mais eficaz no controle de todos os biótipos de arroz vermelho, uma vez que a maioria da emergência de plântulas de arroz vermelho ocorreu em profundidades rasas.

Agricultural insurance preferences of apricot farmers: the case of Malatya / Avaliação das preferências de seguro agrícola dos agricultores de damasco: o caso de Malatya

Malatya is an important production centre of apricots in Turkey, and the world. However, a major problem causing product loss, is late spring frosts. Cold damages the flowers and thus, fruit set and yield decrease. As a result, the farmer's income fluctuates from year to year. This study, stated apricot farmers demographics, and technical features of 52 interviewed apricot farms, in Malatya. Also, conjoint analysis (CA) is used to identify the farmers' preferences for agricultural insurance attributes. This method investigated the joint effect of a set of independent variables, on an ordinal scale of a measurement-dependent variable. Of the farmers, 76.9% have done agricultural insurance last year.

Malatya é um importante centro de produção de damascos na Turquia e no mundo. No entanto, um grande problema que causa a perda de produto são as geadas do final da primavera. O frio prejudica as flores e, com isso, a frutificação e a produção diminuem. Como resultado, a renda do agricultor varia de ano para ano. No estudo, objetiva-se constatar a demografia dos produtores de damasco e características técnicas de 52 fazendas de damasco entrevistadas, em Malatya. Além disso, a análise conjunta é usada para identificar as preferências dos agricultores por atributos de seguro agrícola. Este método investiga o efeito conjunto de um conjunto de variáveis independentes, em uma escala ordinal de uma variável dependente de medição. 76,9% dos agricultores fizeram seguro agrícola no ano passado.

Diversity, distribution and relative abundance of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan / Diversidade, distribuição e abundância relativa da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão

Abstract The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity, distribution (C) and relative abundance (RA) of the mosquito fauna (Diptera: Culicidae) of Malakand and Dir Lower, Pakistan. Collection of specimens (n = 1087) was made during September 2018 to July 2019 at six different habitats including freshwater bodies, rice fields, animal sheds, indoors, drains and sewage waters. Specimens were collected through light traps, pyrethrum spray, aspirators and nets and subsequently killed, preserved and then arranged in entomological boxes for identification. Three genera were identified namely Culex, Anopheles and Aedes. A total of fourteen species were identified namely: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) and An. annularis (van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus was found constantly distributed in the study area with RA = 16.5% and C = 100%. An. annularis was found as a satellite species, sporadically distributed in the study area having RA = 0.9% and C = 17%. Diversity indices of mosquitoes in the studied habitats were found as, Shannon-Wiener Index (2.415), Simpson Index (9.919), Fisher's Index (2.269) and Margalef's Index (1.859). A statistically significant difference was recorded in mosquito diversity in the six habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, chi-squared, H = 17.5, df = 5, P = 0.003 at α = 0.05). The present study encompasses mosquito fauna of Malakand, Pakistan with respect to diversity, relative abundance and distribution in diverse habitats and all seasons of the year. This will assist scientists working in various fields related with epidemiology, medical and veterinary entomology, ecology and allied areas of biological sciences.

Resumo O presente estudo foi conduzido para avaliar a diversidade, distribuição (C) e abundância relativa (RA) da fauna de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) de Malakand e Dir Lower, Paquistão. A coleta de espécimes (n = 1087) foi feita durante o período de setembro de 2018 a julho de 2019 em seis habitats diferentes, incluindo corpos d'água, campos de arroz, galpões de animais, ambientes internos, ralos e águas residuais. Os espécimes foram coletados por meio de armadilhas luminosas, spray de piretro, aspiradores e redes e posteriormente mortos, preservados e depois dispostos em caixas entomológicas para identificação. Três gêneros foram identificados, nomeadamente Culex, Anopheles e Aedes. Um total de 14 espécies foi identificado, a saber: Cx. quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823), An. stephensi (Liston, 1901), Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (Giles, 1901), Ae. vittatus (Bigot, 1861), An. maculatus (Theobald, 1901), An. fluviatilis (James, 1902), Cx. vishnui (Theobald, 1901), Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762), An. subpictus (Grassi, 1899), An. dthali (Patton, 1905), An. culicifascies (Giles, 1901), An. pallidus (Theobald, 1901), Ae. albopictus (Skuse, 1894) e An. annularis (Van der Wulp, 1884). Cx. quinquefasciatus foi encontrado constantemente distribuído na área de estudo com AR = 16,5% e C = 100%. A. annularis foi encontrada como espécie satélite, distribuída esporadicamente na área de estudo com RA = 0,9% e C = 17%. Os índices de diversidade de mosquitos nos habitats estudados foram encontrados como índice de Shannon-Wiener (2,415), índice de Simpson (9,919), índice de Fisher (2,269) e índice de Margalef (1,859). Uma diferença estatisticamente significativa foi registrada na diversidade de mosquitos nos seis habitats (Kruskal-Wallis, qui-quadrado, H = 17,5, df = 5, P = 0,003 em α = 0,05). O presente estudo abrange a fauna de mosquitos de Malakand, Paquistão, com respeito à diversidade, abundância relativa e distribuição em diversos habitats e em todas as estações do ano. Isso ajudará os cientistas que trabalham em vários campos relacionados com a epidemiologia, entomologia médica e veterinária, ecologia e áreas afins das ciências biológicas.

Coffee crops adaptation to climate change in agroforestry systems with rubber trees in southern Brazil

Adaptation to climate change is a strategy for crops to cope with the scenario of rising temperatures worldwide. In the case of Coffea arabica L., the use of agroforestry systems (AFS) with woody species is a promising practice to reduce excessive heat during the day. This study aimed to 1) evaluate air temperature changes that occur in an AFS of coffee and double alleys of rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis Müell. Arg.) and 2) carry out an analysis of future warming scenarios by comparing the cultivation of Arabic coffee in full sun and in an AFS of double alleys of rubber trees. The microclimatic variables were measured between two rows of coffee trees at 1.0 m of height from June 2016 to June 2018. The results indicate that the AFS with double alleys of rubber trees spaced 16 m apart had an average temperature reduction from 1.4 to 2.5 °C from 10h00 to 16h00. The study also simulated temperature increases of 1.7, 2.6, 3.1, and 4.8 °C from 2018 to 2099, according to scenarios predicted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and the impact in coffee production in Paraná State, Brazil. Using the climatic generator PGECLIMA_R, simulations suggest a progressive reduction of traditional areas suitable for open-grown coffee in the state. Production conditions can be maintained through the AFS, since the systems attenuate mean temperatures by 1-2 °C. We conclude that the AFS of coffee and rubber trees contribute to coffee crop adaptations to a future warmer environment.

Luz artificial na reprodução equina ­ Revisão / Artificial lighting in the equine reproduction ­ A review

Os equinos são animais poliéstricos sazonais, fotoperiódico positivos, apresentando ciclos reprodutivos em estações definidas do ano, primavera e verão, e estações com ausência ou baixa atividade reprodutiva, outono e inverno. A necessidade da maximização do período reprodutivo, bem como a definição de um ano hípico iniciando em julho, no hemisfério sul (para algumas raças como o Puro Sangue de Corrida e o Quarto de milha) levou ao desenvolvimento de técnicas para diminuir o tempo que essas éguas permanecem em anestro reprodutivo. Uma das técnicas mais utilizadas destaca-se o uso de iluminação artificial. Consistindo no fornecimento de luz branca incandescente ou led azul ou branco em baias, piquetes ou por meio de máscaras, a fim de simular os efeitos de dias longos no organismo assim liberar o eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-gonadal. Para estimular o retorno antecipado à ciclicidade, a égua deve ser exposta a um estímulo de 14 a 15 horas de luz diárias, totalizando 9 a 10 horas de escuridão, ou receber um estímulo de 1 hora de luz, aproximadamente 9 horas após o anoitecer. É fundamental que a égua esteja com escore corporal adequado e alguns cuidados com o fornecimento da luz artificial sejam atendidos, como a continuidade no fornecimento para o sucesso da técnica.(AU)

Horses are seasonally breeding animals which means that they natural breed in specific seasons (Spring, and Summer), with non or low reproductive activity on the other seasons (Winter and Fall). The development of techniques to shorten the anoestrus can be necessary to anticipate the breeding season, starting in July in the Southern Hemisphere, for some breeds such as Thoroughbred and Quarter Horses. The most common technique is the use of artificial lighting with incandescent, or blue/white led light, applied in stalls, paddocks or with a light mask to mimic the effects of a long day and release the hipotalamic-hipophysarie-gonadal axis. To stimulate an early return to cyclicity, the mare should be exposed to a 14-to-15-hour light stimulus daily, totalling 9 to 10 hours of darkness, or receive a 1-hour light stimulus, approximately 9 hours after dusk. It is fundamental that the mare has an adequate body condition score and some awareness with the provision of artificial light are considered, such as the continuity of the light program for the success of the technique.(AU)

Retrospective evalution of non-fatty solids in samples of raw milk in the state of Rio Grande do Sul according to season, Brazil / Estudo retrospectivo dos sólidos não gordurosos em amostras de leite cru no estado do Rio Grande do Sul de acordo com as estações do ano

The present study described the chemical composition and somatic cell score (SCS) of samples of refrigerated raw milk collected from commercial farms in the state of Rio Grande do Sul in order to better understand the behavior of constituents present in non-fatty solids (NFS) in milk according to the season of the year. Means were used to describe statistical data. To estimate the probability of NFS levels meeting IN 76 (BRAZIL, 2018), binary logistic regression was used. It was reported that 18.2% (233.817) of analytical results showed NFS below 8.4%, representing the minimum required by IN 76. The highest average NFS level observed in the five-year period was registered in the micro-region of Passo Fundo (8.70%) in winter. The microregion with the lowest results was Porto Alegre (8.53%); however, it still demonstrated levels within the limits established by IN 76. The study indicates that milk constituents show differences between seasons. In autumn and winter, the constituents remained equal to or higher than those required by current legislation, while spring and summer were the periods with the lowest NFS values. The SCS was also influenced by the seasons, with the highest rates in spring, summer, and autumn.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os resultados de composição química e escore de células somáticas (ECS) de amostras de leite cru refrigerado coletado em fazendas comerciais no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para melhor entendimento do comportamento dos constituintes presentes nos sólidos não gordurosos (SNG) no leite de acordo com as estações do ano. As médias foram estudadas para descrever as estatísticas dos dados. Para estimar a probabilidade de os teores de SNG atenderem à IN 76 de 2018, foi utilizada a regressão logística binária. Foi constatado que 18,2% (233.817) dos resultados analíticos apresentaram SNG abaixo de 8,4%, que representa o mínimo exigido pela IN 76 (BRASIL, 2018). A maior média de SNG observada no período de cinco anos foi registrada na microrregião de Passo Fundo (8,70%), no inverno. A microrregião com menores resultados foi a de Porto Alegre (8,53%), no entanto com teores dentro do estabelecido pela IN 76/2018. O estudo demonstrou que os constituintes do leite apresentaram diferenças entre as estações do ano. O outono e inverno foram os períodos em que os constituintes se mantiveram iguais ou superiores aos exigidos pela legislação vigente, enquanto que a primavera e o verão foram os períodos com os menores valores de SNG. O ECS também foi influenciado pelas estações do ano. Na primavera, verão e outono ocorreram os maiores índices.

Impacts of scenarios RCP4. 5 and RCP8. 5 on plant physiology in Tapajos National Forest in the Brazilian Amazon using the ED2. 2 model / Impactos dos cenários RCP4. 5 e RCP8. 5 na fisiologia vegetal na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, na Amazônia brasileira, através do modelo ED2. 2

Models that simulate the process of stomatal conductance (gs) for a given set of environmental conditions are important, as this process is the main mechanism that controls the gas exchange of terrestrial plants absorbing atmospheric CO2 in tropical forests. Simulations were performed for the Tapajós National Forest, in the western Brazilian Amazon, observing the gs process under the current climate scenario (control) and under the scenarios RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 (2071 - 2100), using the ED2.2 ecosystem demography model. The results showed that the lower availability of soil water for the plants reduced photosynthesis due to the closing of the stomata. The model results for gross primary productivity (GPP) are similar to those observed in the field, varying about ≈24 MgC ha-1 year-1 for the rainy season and ≈23 MgC ha-1 year-1 for the dry season (average 2002 to 2010) in the control scenario. In the RCP4.5 scenario, simulated GPP was 30.7 and 30 MgC ha-1year-1 for the rainy and dry season, respectively (30.5 and 25 MgC ha-1year-1, respectively, for the RCP8.5 scenario). Our results also show that there may be a limitation on the increase in biomass carbon with the concentration of CO2, as GPP was lower in RCP8.5, despite this scenario having a higher value of atmospheric CO2 relative to RCP4.5.(AU)

Modelos que simulam o processo de condutância estomática (gs) para um determinado conjunto de condições ambientais são importantes, pois esse processo é o principal mecanismo que controla as trocas gasosas das plantas terrestres ao absorver o CO2 atmosférico em florestas tropicais. Realizamos simulações para a Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, na Amazônia Ocidental brasileira, observando o processo da gs sob o cenário climático atual (controle) e sob os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5 (2071 - 2100) usando o modelo demográfico de ecossistema ED2.2. Os resultados mostraram que a menor disponibilidade de água no solo para as plantas reduziu a fotossíntese devido ao fechamento dos estômatos. Os resultados do modelo para produtividade primária bruta (PPB) foram semelhantes aos observados em campo, variando cerca de ≈24 MgC ha-1 ano-1 para a estação chuvosa e ≈23 MgC ha-1 ano-1 para a estação seca (média 2002 a 2010) no cenário controle. No cenário RCP4.5, o resultado da PPB simulado foi de 30,7 e 30 MgC ha-1ano-1 para as estações chuvosa e seca, respectivamente (30,5 e 25 MgC ha-1 ano-1, respectivamente, para o cenário RCP8.5). Nossos resultados mostram que pode haver uma limitação no aumento do carbono da biomassa com a concentração de CO2, uma vez que a PPB foi menor no RCP8.5, apesar deste cenário ter um valor maior de CO2 atmosférico em relação ao RCP4.5.(AU)

Physical and Semen Characteristics of Mexican Creole Roosters in Summer and Autumn, at 19° North Latitude with a Constant Photoperiod

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the seasons (Summer and Autumn), on live weight, body condition, mass motility, percentage of live spermatozoa, and sperm-cell concentration of Creole roosters (Gallus domesticus) from Mexico. Semen from 35-week-old Creole roosters was collected weekly during 10 weeks in Summer and Autumn, through the dorso-abdominal massage technique. Roosters were individually kept under a constant photoperiod (16 hours light:8 hours dark). The average live weight was 4.5% higher (p<0.05) in Autumn (2.78 kg) than in Summer (2.66 kg), therefore this variable increased with age (r = 0.85, p<0.05). Category 2 of body condition occurred (p<0.05) with higher probability than the others (0, 1 and 3), being practically the same (p>0.05) in Autumn (99.96%) and in Summer (99.81%). On average (and in weeks 1 and 3-10), the percentage of live spermatozoa was higher in Summer than in Autumn. Accordingly, the percentage of live spermatozoa decreased with age (r = -0.82, p<0.05). However, on average, sperm-cell concentration did not change between seasons (p>0.05). In conclusion, Mexican Creole roosters showed higher percentage of live spermatozoa in Summer than in Autumn. Therefore, it is advisable to select these animals of about 2.7 kg and reproduce them in Summer.(AU)