Retrieval of leaf chlorophyll content in Gannan navel orange based on fusing hyperspectral vegetation indices using machine learning algorithms / Recuperação do teor de clorofila de folhas em laranja do umbigo Gannan com base na fusão de índices de vegetação hiperespectral usando algoritmos de inteligência artificial

Estimating leaf chlorophyll contents through leaf reflectance spectra is efficient and nondestructive. The literature base regarding optical indices (particularly chlorophyll indices) is wide ranging and extensive. However, it is without much consensus regarding robust indices for Gannan navel orange. To address this problem, this study investigated the performance of 19 published indices using RDS (raw data spectrum), FDS (first derivative data spectrum) and SDS (second derivative data spectrum) for the estimation of chlorophyll content in navel orange leaves. The single spectral index and combination of multiple spectral indices were compared for their accuracy in predicting chlorophyll a content (Chla), chlorophyll b content (Chlb) and total chlorophyll content (Chltot) content in navel orange leaves by using partial least square regression (PLSR), adaboost regression (AR), random forest regression (RFR), decision tree regression (DTR) and support vector machine regression (SVMR) models. Through the comparison of the above data in three datasets, the optimal modeling data set is RDS data, followed by FDS data, and the worst is SDS data. In modeling with multiple spectral indices, good results were obtained for Chla (NDVI750, NDVI800), Chlb (Datt, DD, Gitelson 2) and Chltot (Datt, DD, Gitelson2) by corresponding index combinations. Overall, we can find that the AR is also the best regression method judging by prediction performance from the results of single spectral index models and multiple spectral indices models. In comparison, result of multiple spectral indices models is better than single spectral index models in predicting Chla and Chltot content using FDS data and SDS data, respectively.

Estimar os teores de clorofila foliar através de espectros de refletância foliar é eficiente e não destrutivo, a base da literatura sobre índices ópticos (principalmente índices de clorofila) é ampla e extensa. No entanto, não há muito consenso sobre índices robustos para a laranja de Gannan. O estudo investigou o desempenho de 19 índices publicados usando RDS (espectro de dados brutos), FDS (espectro de dados de primeira derivada) e SDS (espectro de dados de segunda derivada) para a estimativa do teor de clorofila em folhas de laranja de umbigo. Os índices espectrais foram comparados quanto à sua precisão na previsão do teor de clorofila a (Chla), teor de clorofila b (Chlb) e teor de clorofila total (Chltot) em folhas de laranja de umbigo usando regressão dos mínimos quadrados parcial (PLSR), regressão adaboost (AR), modelos de regressão de floresta aleatória (RFR), regressão de árvore de decisão (DTR) e regressão de máquina de vetor de suporte (SVMR). Através da comparação dos dados acima em três conjuntos de dados, o conjunto de dados de modelagem ideal são os dados RDS, seguidos pelos dados FDS, e o pior são os dados SDS. Na modelagem com vários índices espectrais, bons resultados foram obtidos para Chla (NDVI750, NDVI800), Chlb (Datt, DD, Gitelson 2) e Chltot (Datt, DD, Gitelson2) por combinações de índices correspondentes. No geral, podemos descobrir que o AR também é o melhor método de regressão a julgar pelo desempenho de previsão dos resultados de modelos de índice espectral único e modelos de índices espectrais múltiplos. Em comparação, o resultado de modelos de índices espectrais múltiplos é melhor do que os modelos de índices espectrais únicos na previsão do conteúdo de Chla e Chltot usando dados FDS e dados SDS, respectivamente.

Biomass and vegetation index by remote sensing in different caatinga forest areas / Relação entre biomassa e índices de vegetação por sensoriamento remoto em diferentes áreas de florestas de caatinga

Continued unsustainable exploitation of natural resources promotes environmental degradation and threatens the preservation of dry forests around the world. This situation exposes the fragility and the necessity to study landscape transformations. In addition, it is necessary to consider the biomass quantity and to establish strategies to monitor natural and anthropic disturbances. Thus, this research analyzed the relationship between vegetation index and the estimated biomass using allometric equations in different Brazilian caatinga forest areas from satellite images. This procedure is performed by estimating the biomass from 9 dry tropical forest fragments using allometric equations. Area delimitations were obtained from the Embrapa collection of dendrometric data collected in the period between 2011 and 2012. Spectral variables were obtained from the orthorectified images of the RapidEye satellite. The aboveground biomass ranged from 6.88 to 123.82 Mg.ha-1. SAVI values were L = 1 and L = 0.5, while NDVI and EVI ranged from 0.1835 to 0.4294, 0.2197 to 0.5019, 0.3622 to 0.7584, and 0.0987 to 0.3169, respectively. Relationships among the estimated biomass and the vegetation indexes were moderate, with correlation coefficients (Rs) varying between 0.64 and 0.58. The best adjusted equation was the SAVI equation, for which the coefficient of determination was R² = 0.50, R2aj = 0.49, RMSE = 17.18 Mg.ha-1 and mean absolute error of prediction (MAE) = 14.07 Mg.ha-1, confirming the importance of the Savi index in estimating the caatinga aboveground biomass.

A exploração contínua e insustentável dos recursos naturais promove a degradação ambiental e ameaça a conservação das florestas secas no mundo. Essa situação expõe a fragilidade e a necessidade de estudar as transformações da paisagem. É necessário considerar o quantitativo de biomassa e o estabelecimento de estratégias para monitorar distúrbios naturais e antrópicos. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a relação entre o índice de vegetação e a biomassa estimada por meio de equações alométricas em diferentes áreas da caatinga brasileira a partir de imagens de satélite. Este procedimento é realizado estimando-se a biomassa de nove fragmentos de floresta tropical seca com o uso em equações alométricas. As delimitações das áreas foram obtidas da coleção da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a partir dos dados dendrométricos coletados no período entre 2011 e 2012. As variáveis espectrais foram obtidas a partir das imagens ortorretificadas do satélite RapidEye. A biomassa acima do solo variou de 6,88 a 123,82 Mg.ha-1. Os valores de SAVI para os coeficientes L = 1 e L = 0,5, NDVI e EVI variaram de 0,1835 a 0,4294, 0,2197 a 0,5019, 0,3622 a 0,7584 e 0,0987 a 0,3169, respectivamente. As relações entre a biomassa estimada e os índices de vegetação foram moderadas, com coeficiente de correlação (rs) variando entre 0,64 e 0,58. A equação mais bem ajustada foi a Equação do SAVI, com coeficiente de determinação foi R² = 0,50, R2aj = 0.49, RMSE = 17.18 Mg.ha-1 e erro médio absoluto de predição (MAE) = 14.07 Mg.ha-1, confirmando a importância do índice SAVI na estimativa da biomassa aérea da Caatinga.

Correlation between vegetation indexes generated at Vitis Vinifera L. and soil, plant and production parameters for emergency application in decision making / Correlação entre indices de vegetação gerados em Vitis Vinifera L. e parâmetros de solo, planta e produção para aplicação emergencial na tomada de decisão

Correlation between proximal sensing techniques and laboratory results of qualitative variables plus agronomic attributes was evaluated of a 3,0 ha vineyard in the county of Muitos Capões, Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in Vitis vinifera L. at 2017/2018 harvest, aiming to evaluate the replacement of conventional laboratory analysis in viticulture by Vegetation Indexes, at situations were laboratory access are unavailable. Based on bibliographic research, looking for vegetative indexes developed or used for canopy reflectance analysis on grapevines and whose working bands were within the spectral range provided by the equipment used, a total of 17 viable candidates were obtained. These chosen vegetation indices were correlated, through Pearson (5%), with agronomic soil attributes (apparent electrical conductivity, clay, pH in H2O, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, effective CTC, CTC at pH 7.0, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) for depths 0 -20 cm and 20-40 cm, and plant tissue (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron) , in addition to some key oenological and phytotechnical parameters for the quantification of wine production and quality. One hundred and thirty ninesignificant correlations were obtained from this cross, with 36 moderate coefficients between 19 parameter variables versus 12 of the indexes. We concluded that in cases where access or availability of laboratory analyzes is difficult or impracticable, the use of vegetation indices is possible if the correlation coefficients reach, at least, the moderate magnitude, serving as a support to decision making until the lack analytical structure to be remedied.

Avaliou-se a correlação entre as técnicas de sensoriamento proximal e os resultados laboratoriais de variáveis qualitativas, mais os atributos agronômicos do solo de um vinhedo de 3,0 ha no município de Muitos Capões, região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na safra 2017/2018. Objetivou avaliar a substituição das análises laboratoriais convencionais em viticultura por Índices de Vegetação, em situações de indisponibilidade de acesso ao laboratório. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, buscaram-se índices vegetativos desenvolvidos ou utilizados para análise de refletância de dossel em videiras e cujas bandas de trabalho estavam dentro do intervalo espectral fornecido pelo equipamento utilizado, obtendo-se um total de 17 candidatos viáveis. Esses índices de vegetação escolhidos foram correlacionados, por meio de Pearson (5%), com atributos agronômicos do solo (condutividade elétrica aparente, argila, pH em H2O, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, CTC efetivo, CTC em pH 7,0, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) para profundidades de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm, e tecido vegetal (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro), além de alguns parâmetros enológicos e fitotécnicos essenciais para a quantificação da produção e qualidade do vinho. Deste cruzamento foram obtidas 139 correlações significativas, resultando 36 coeficientes moderados entre 19 variáveis de parâmetros versus 12 dos índices. Concluímos que nos casos em que o acesso ou disponibilidade de análises laboratoriais é difícil ou impraticável, a utilização de índices de vegetação é possível, desde que os coeficientes de correlação atinjam, pelo menos, a magnitude moderada, servindo como suporte para a tomada de decisão até a falta de estrutura analítica ser remediada.

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) meets bioethics: the 10Rs ethical principles in research / O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) encontra a bioética: os princípios éticos dos 10Rs na pesquisa

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a tropical fish species widely used in research, worldwide. The development of genetically modified animals and the increasing number of zebrafish breeding facilities due to their emerging use in several research fields, opened room for new ethical challenges for research carried out with this species. It is necessary to raise the scientific community's awareness of the ethical standards and laws in force, on animal research. Thus, the aim of the current study is to describe 10 Rs ethical principles by using zebrafish as model system in research. The classical 3 Rs concerning animal welfare, namely replacement, reduction and refinement; and the added 7 Rs related to scientific (registration, reporting, robustness, reproducibility and relevance) and conduct principles (responsibility, and respect) in zebrafish research are herein presented and critically discussed. The use of these 10 Rs by researchers, institutions and the Animal Ethics Committee is recommended to support regulations, decision-making about and the promotion of zebrafish health and welfare in research.

O peixe-zebra (Danio rerio) é um peixe tropical amplamente usado em pesquisas em todo o mundo. Devido ao seu uso emergente em várias áreas de pesquisa, o desenvolvimento de animais geneticamente modificados e o aumento das instalações de peixe-zebra, novos desafos éticos surgem na pesquisa com o peixe-zebra. Além disso, é necessária a conscientização da comunidade científica sobre as normas éticas e leis vigentes na pesquisa com animais. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever os princípios éticos de 10 Rs usando o peixe-zebra como sistema modelo em pesquisa. Os 3 Rs clássicos relativos ao bem-estar animal (substituição, redução e refinamento) e 7 Rs adicionais relacionados aos princípios científicos (registro, relatório, robustez, reprodutibilidade e relevância) e de conduta (responsabilidade e respeito) na pesquisa do peixe-zebra são apresentados e discutido criticamente. Recomendamos o uso desses 10 Rs pelos pesquisadores, instituições e Comitê de Ética Animal na regulamentação, decisão e promoção da saúde e bem-estar do peixe-zebra em pesquisas.

Economic valuation of the eco-systemic benefits derived from the environmental asset lake Laguna Santa Elena, through the multi-criteria analysis / Valoração econômica dos benefícios ecossistêmicos derivados do ativo ambiental Laguna Santa Elena por meio da análise multicritério

Lake Laguna Santa Elena, a freshwater body, located in mid-south of Chile, is an environmental asset used as a water resource by the agricultural and touristic sector and is the habitat for a wide variety of endemic avifauna. The objective of this study was to assign a monetary value to this lacustrine body, using the methodology of AMUVAM (Multicriteria Analysis of Environmental Active Values). The information was collected through the application of surveys to a panel of experts involved in the use of the environmental resource. The result obtained with the AMUVAM method corresponds to the US $ 17,780,686, a figure that represents an estimated value of the TEV (Total Economic Value) of the environmental asset. This study, a pioneer in the Region, will support decision making, allowing an adequate management of this critical water resource.(AU)

A Laguna Santa Elena, um corpo de água doce localizado no centro-sul do Chile, é um ativo ambiental usado como recurso hídrico pelos setores agrícola e turístico e é o habitat de uma ampla variedade de avifauna endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi atribuir um valor monetário a esse corpo lacustre, utilizando a metodologia da AMUVAM (Análise Multicritério de Valores Ambientais Ativos). As informações foram coletadas por meio da aplicação de pesquisas a um painel de especialistas envolvidos no uso do recurso ambiental. O resultado obtido com o método AMUVAM corresponde a US$ 17.780.686, que representam um valor estimado do valor econômico total (VT) do ativo ambiental. Este estudo, pioneiro na região, apoiará a tomada de decisões, permitindo um gerenciamento adequado desse recurso hídrico crítico.(AU)

Diagnóstico da produção de leite no município de Pejuçara-RS / Diagnosis of milk production in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS

A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a produção de leite bovino em diferentes níveis produtivos no município de Pejuçara-RS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de amostragem semiestratificada, não probabilística e de população finita. A pesquisa foi realizada com 35 produtores (90% de intervalo de confiança e 10% de margem de erro). As propriedades foram agrupadas em três estratos de produção: de 0 a 200 litros/dia; de 201 a 500 litros/dia; e acima de 501 litros/dia. A maioria dos produtores de leite possuem idade superior a 50 anos e mais de 20 anos de experiência nessa atividade. Do total apenas 7 produtores possuíam menos de 40 anos de idade. Os sistemas de produção são semi-intensivos, onde os animais são criados em pastagem cultivada e recebem ração e silagem de milho após as ordenhas. Esse sistema, atrelados a boa genética dos animais e o adequado manejo sanitário, promove uma adequada produção de leite animal/dia. Grande parte da renda do município de Pejuçara é oriunda da atividade leiteira, com isso o trabalho de extensão serve de apoio na tomada de decisão visando melhorias nos pontos críticos e o aprimoramento nos pontos positivos nas diversas propriedades do município.

The research had the objective of analyzing the production of bovine milk at different productive levels in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS. The semi-standardized, non-probabilistic and finite population sampling methodology was used. The research was carried out with 35 producers (90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error). The properties were grouped into three production strata: 0 to 200 liters / day; From 201 to 500 liters / day; And above 501 liters / day. Most dairy farmers are over 50 years old and over 20 years of experience in this activity. Of the total only 7 producers were under 40 years of age. The production systems are semi-intensive, where the animals are raised in cultivated pasture and receive feed and corn silage after the milking. This system, coupled with good animal genetics and adequate sanitary management, promotes an adequate production of animal milk / day. Much of the income of the municipality of Pejuçara is derived from the dairy activity, so the extension work serves as a support in the decision making aiming at improvements in the critical points and the improvement in the positive points in the diverse properties of the municipality.

Diagnóstico da produção de leite no município de Pejuçara-RS / Diagnosis of milk production in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS

A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a produção de leite bovino em diferentes níveis produtivos no município de Pejuçara-RS. Utilizou-se a metodologia de amostragem semiestratificada, não probabilística e de população finita. A pesquisa foi realizada com 35 produtores (90% de intervalo de confiança e 10% de margem de erro). As propriedades foram agrupadas em três estratos de produção: de 0 a 200 litros/dia; de 201 a 500 litros/dia; e acima de 501 litros/dia. A maioria dos produtores de leite possuem idade superior a 50 anos e mais de 20 anos de experiência nessa atividade. Do total apenas 7 produtores possuíam menos de 40 anos de idade. Os sistemas de produção são semi-intensivos, onde os animais são criados em pastagem cultivada e recebem ração e silagem de milho após as ordenhas. Esse sistema, atrelados a boa genética dos animais e o adequado manejo sanitário, promove uma adequada produção de leite animal/dia. Grande parte da renda do município de Pejuçara é oriunda da atividade leiteira, com isso o trabalho de extensão serve de apoio na tomada de decisão visando melhorias nos pontos críticos e o aprimoramento nos pontos positivos nas diversas propriedades do município.(AU)

The research had the objective of analyzing the production of bovine milk at different productive levels in the municipality of Pejuçara-RS. The semi-standardized, non-probabilistic and finite population sampling methodology was used. The research was carried out with 35 producers (90% confidence interval and 10% margin of error). The properties were grouped into three production strata: 0 to 200 liters / day; From 201 to 500 liters / day; And above 501 liters / day. Most dairy farmers are over 50 years old and over 20 years of experience in this activity. Of the total only 7 producers were under 40 years of age. The production systems are semi-intensive, where the animals are raised in cultivated pasture and receive feed and corn silage after the milking. This system, coupled with good animal genetics and adequate sanitary management, promotes an adequate production of animal milk / day. Much of the income of the municipality of Pejuçara is derived from the dairy activity, so the extension work serves as a support in the decision making aiming at improvements in the critical points and the improvement in the positive points in the diverse properties of the municipality.(AU)

A smartphone-based apple yield estimation application using imaging features and the ANN method in mature period

ABSTRACT: Apple yield estimation using a smartphone with image processing technology offers advantages such as low cost, quick access and simple operation. This article proposes distribution framework consisting of the acquisition of fruit tree images, yield prediction in smarphone client, data processing and model calculation in server client for estimating the potential fruit yield. An image processing method was designed including the core steps of image segmentation with R/B value combined with V value and circle-fitting using curvature analysis. This method enabled four parameters to be obtained, namely, total identified pixel area (TP), fitting circle amount (FC), average radius of the fitting circle (RC) and small polygon pixel area (SP). A individual tree yield estimation model on an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) was developed with three layers, four input parameters, 14 hidden neurons, and one output parameter. The system was used on an experimental Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji) orchard. Twenty-six tree samples were selected from a total of 80 trees according to the multiples of the number three for the establishment model, whereby 21 groups of data were trained and 5 groups o data were validated. The R2 value for the training datasets was 0.996 and the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) value 0.063. The RRMSE value for the validation dataset was 0.284 Furthermore, a yield map with 80 apple trees was generated, and the space distribution o the yield was identified. It provided appreciable decision support for site-specific management.

A smartphone-based apple yield estimation application using imaging features and the ANN method in mature period

ABSTRACT: Apple yield estimation using a smartphone with image processing technology offers advantages such as low cost, quick access and simple operation. This article proposes distribution framework consisting of the acquisition of fruit tree images, yield prediction in smarphone client, data processing and model calculation in server client for estimating the potential fruit yield. An image processing method was designed including the core steps of image segmentation with R/B value combined with V value and circle-fitting using curvature analysis. This method enabled four parameters to be obtained, namely, total identified pixel area (TP), fitting circle amount (FC), average radius of the fitting circle (RC) and small polygon pixel area (SP). A individual tree yield estimation model on an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) was developed with three layers, four input parameters, 14 hidden neurons, and one output parameter. The system was used on an experimental Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji) orchard. Twenty-six tree samples were selected from a total of 80 trees according to the multiples of the number three for the establishment model, whereby 21 groups of data were trained and 5 groups o data were validated. The R2 value for the training datasets was 0.996 and the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) value 0.063. The RRMSE value for the validation dataset was 0.284 Furthermore, a yield map with 80 apple trees was generated, and the space distribution o the yield was identified. It provided appreciable decision support for site-specific management.

Optimal selective logging regime and log landing location models: a case study in the Amazon forest / Regime de corte seletivo ótimo em modelos de locação de pátios de estocagem de madeira: um estudo de caso na floresta amazônica

Reduced-impact logging is a well known practice applied in most sustainable forest management plans in the Amazon. Nevertheless, there are still ways to improve the operational planning process. Therefore, the aim of this study was to create an integer linear programming (ILP) to fill in the knowledge gaps in the decision support system of reduced impact logging explorations. The minimization of harvest tree distance to wood log landing was assessed. Forest structure aspects, income and wood production were set in the model, as well as the adjacency constraints. Data are from a dense ombrophylous forest in the western Brazilian Amazon. We applied the phytosociological analysis and BDq method to define the selective logging criteria. Then, ILP models were formulated to allow the application of the constraints. Finally, 32 scenarios (unbalanced forest, UF, and balanced forest, BF) were generated and compared with real executed plans (RE). Robust results were achieved and the expected finding of each scenario was met. The feasibility to integrate ILP models in uneven-aged forest management projects was endorsed. Consequently, the UF and BF scenarios tested were efficient and concise, introducing new advances for forest management plans in the Amazon. The proposed models have a high potential to improve the selective logging activities in the Amazon forest.(AU)

A exploração de impacto reduzido é uma prática bem conhecida e aplicada na maioria dos planos de manejo florestal sustentável na Amazônia. Todavia, ainda há a possibilidade de melhoria do processo de planejamento da operação. Diante da falta de métodos auxiliares à tomada de decisão, o objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver modelos de programação linear inteira (PLI) para suprir esta demanda. Considerou-se a minimização da distância entre as árvores exploradas e os pátios de estocagem de madeira. Aspectos estruturais, econômicos e produtivos foram incorporados ao modelo, bem como restrições de adjacência. Os dados derivam de uma floresta ombrófila densa na Amazônia Ocidental. Previamente, utilizou-se uma análise fitossociológica e o método BDq como critério de remoção. Posteriormente, modelos de PLI foram formulados para exemplificar as aplicações. Finalmente, 32 cenários (para floresta desbalaceada, UF, e floresta balanceada, BF) foram gerados e comparados com o plano executado no campo (RE). Resultados robustos foram obtidos e atenderam às expectativas de cada cenário. A viabilidade da integração dos modelos de PLI em projetos de manejo de florestas ineqüiâneas foi testado. Os cenários UF e BF testados foram eficientes e concisos, confirmando seu potencial para aumentar a eficiência de planos de exploração madeireira e manejo florestal na Amazônia.(AU)

A smartphone-based apple yield estimation application using imaging features and the ANN method in mature period

Apple yield estimation using a smartphone with image processing technology offers advantages such as low cost, quick access and simple operation. This article proposes distribution framework consisting of the acquisition of fruit tree images, yield prediction in smarphone client, data processing and model calculation in server client for estimating the potential fruit yield. An image processing method was designed including the core steps of image segmentation with R/B value combined with V value and circle-fitting using curvature analysis. This method enabled four parameters to be obtained, namely, total identified pixel area (TP), fitting circle amount (FC), average radius of the fitting circle (RC) and small polygon pixel area (SP). A individual tree yield estimation model on an ANN (Artificial Neural Network) was developed with three layers, four input parameters, 14 hidden neurons, and one output parameter. The system was used on an experimental Fuji apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Red Fuji) orchard. Twenty-six tree samples were selected from a total of 80 trees according to the multiples of the number three for the establishment model, whereby 21 groups of data were trained and 5 groups o data were validated. The R2 value for the training datasets was 0.996 and the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) value 0.063. The RRMSE value for the validation dataset was 0.284 Furthermore, a yield map with 80 apple trees was generated, and the space distribution o the yield was identified. It provided appreciable decision support for site-specific management.(AU)

Positioning of sensors for control of ventilation systems in broiler houses: a case study

Ventilation systems are incorporated at intensive poultry farms to control environment conditions and thermal comfort of broilers. The ventilation system operates based on environmental data, particularly measured by sensors of temperature and relative humidity. Sensors are placed at different positions of the facility. Quality, number and positioning of the sensors are critical factors to achieve an efficient performance of the system. For this reason, a strategic positioning of the sensors associated to controllers could support the maintenance and management of the microclimate inside the facility. This research aims to identify the three most representative points for the positioning of sensors in order to support the ventilation system during the critical period from 12h00 to 15h00 on summer days. Temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were measured in four different tunnel ventilated barns at the final stage of the production cycle. The descriptive analysis was performed on these data. The Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was also calculated. Then, the geostatistical analysis of THI was performed by GS+ and the position of sensors was determined by ordinary kriging. The methodology was able to detect the most representative points for the positioning of sensors in a case study (southeastern Brazil). The results suggested that this strategic positioning would help controllers to obtain a better inference of the microclimate during the studied period (the hottest microclimate), considered critical in Brazil. In addition, these results allow developing a future road map for a decision support system based on 24 h monitoring of the ventilation systems in broiler houses.

Positioning of sensors for control of ventilation systems in broiler houses: a case study

Ventilation systems are incorporated at intensive poultry farms to control environment conditions and thermal comfort of broilers. The ventilation system operates based on environmental data, particularly measured by sensors of temperature and relative humidity. Sensors are placed at different positions of the facility. Quality, number and positioning of the sensors are critical factors to achieve an efficient performance of the system. For this reason, a strategic positioning of the sensors associated to controllers could support the maintenance and management of the microclimate inside the facility. This research aims to identify the three most representative points for the positioning of sensors in order to support the ventilation system during the critical period from 12h00 to 15h00 on summer days. Temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were measured in four different tunnel ventilated barns at the final stage of the production cycle. The descriptive analysis was performed on these data. The Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) was also calculated. Then, the geostatistical analysis of THI was performed by GS+ and the position of sensors was determined by ordinary kriging. The methodology was able to detect the most representative points for the positioning of sensors in a case study (southeastern Brazil). The results suggested that this strategic positioning would help controllers to obtain a better inference of the microclimate during the studied period (the hottest microclimate), considered critical in Brazil. In addition, these results allow developing a future road map for a decision support system based on 24 h monitoring of the ventilation systems in broiler houses.(AU)

Parametrization of the Davis Growth Model using data of crossbred Zebu cattle

The system of differential equations proposed by Oltjen et al. [1986, named Davis Growth Model (DGM)] to represent cattle growth has been parameterized with data from Bos taurus (British) and Bos indicus (Nellore) breeds. The DGM has been successfully used for simulation and decision support in the United States. However, the effect of about 30 years of genetic improvement and the use of different breeds may affect the model parameter values, which also may need to be re-estimated for crossbred animals. The aim of this study was to estimate parameter values and confidence intervals for the DGM with growth and body composition data from Zebu crossbred animals. Confidence intervals and asymptotic distribution were generated through nonparametric bootstrap with data from a field experiment conducted in Brazil. The parameters showed normal probability distribution for most scenarios. The rate constant for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis had a minimum increase of 156 % and the maximum of 389 %, compared to the original values and the maintenance requirement had a minimum increase of 126 % and maximum of 160 % compared to the original values. Lower limits of 95 % confidence intervals for the parameters related to maintenance and protein accretion rates were higher than the original estimates of the DGM, evidencing genetic differences of the Zebu crossbred animals in relation to the original DGM parameters.

Parametrization of the Davis Growth Model using data of crossbred Zebu cattle

The system of differential equations proposed by Oltjen et al. [1986, named Davis Growth Model (DGM)] to represent cattle growth has been parameterized with data from Bos taurus (British) and Bos indicus (Nellore) breeds. The DGM has been successfully used for simulation and decision support in the United States. However, the effect of about 30 years of genetic improvement and the use of different breeds may affect the model parameter values, which also may need to be re-estimated for crossbred animals. The aim of this study was to estimate parameter values and confidence intervals for the DGM with growth and body composition data from Zebu crossbred animals. Confidence intervals and asymptotic distribution were generated through nonparametric bootstrap with data from a field experiment conducted in Brazil. The parameters showed normal probability distribution for most scenarios. The rate constant for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis had a minimum increase of 156 % and the maximum of 389 %, compared to the original values and the maintenance requirement had a minimum increase of 126 % and maximum of 160 % compared to the original values. Lower limits of 95 % confidence intervals for the parameters related to maintenance and protein accretion rates were higher than the original estimates of the DGM, evidencing genetic differences of the Zebu crossbred animals in relation to the original DGM parameters.(AU)

A cost prediction model for machine operation in multi-field production systems

Capacity planning in agricultural field operations needs to give consideration to the operational system design which involves the selection and dimensioning of production components, such as machinery and equipment. Capacity planning models currently onstream are generally based on average norm data and not on specific farm data which may vary from year to year. In this paper a model is presented for predicting the cost of in-field and transport operations for multiple-field and multiple-crop production systems. A case study from a real production system is presented in order to demonstrate the models functionalities and its sensitivity to parameters known to be somewhat imprecise. It was shown that the proposed model can provide operation cost predictions for complex cropping systems where labor and machinery are shared between the various operations which can be individually formulated for each individual crop. By so doing, the model can be used as a decision support system at the strategic level of management of agricultural production systems and specifically for the mid-term design process of systems in terms of labor/machinery and crop selection conforming to the criterion of profitability.

A cost prediction model for machine operation in multi-field production systems

Capacity planning in agricultural field operations needs to give consideration to the operational system design which involves the selection and dimensioning of production components, such as machinery and equipment. Capacity planning models currently onstream are generally based on average norm data and not on specific farm data which may vary from year to year. In this paper a model is presented for predicting the cost of in-field and transport operations for multiple-field and multiple-crop production systems. A case study from a real production system is presented in order to demonstrate the models functionalities and its sensitivity to parameters known to be somewhat imprecise. It was shown that the proposed model can provide operation cost predictions for complex cropping systems where labor and machinery are shared between the various operations which can be individually formulated for each individual crop. By so doing, the model can be used as a decision support system at the strategic level of management of agricultural production systems and specifically for the mid-term design process of systems in terms of labor/machinery and crop selection conforming to the criterion of profitability.(AU)

Embedded system in Arduino platform with Fuzzy control to support the grain aeration decision / Sistema embarcado em plataforma Arduino, com controle Fuzzy para suporte a decisão de aeração de grãos

Aeration is currently the most commonly used technique to improve the drying and storage of grain, depending on temperature and water content of the grain, as of the temperature and relative humidity of the outside air. In order to monitor temperature and humidity of the grain mass, it is possible to have a network of sensors in the cells of both internal and external storage. Use of artificial intelligence through Fuzzy theory, has been used since the 60s and enables their application on various forms. Thus, it is observed that the aeration of grain in function of representing a system of controlled environment can be studied in relation to the application of this theory. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to present an embedded Fuzzy control system based on the mathematical model of CRUZ et al. (2002) and applied to the Arduino platform, for decision support in aeration of grain. For this, an embedded Arduino system was developed, which received the environmental values of temperature and humidity to then be processed in a Fuzzy controller and return the output as a recommendation to control the aeration process rationally. Comparing the results obtained from the graph presented by LASSERAN (1981) it was observed that the system is effective.(AU)

A aeração é a técnica mais utilizada para melhorar a secagem e as condições de armazenamento de grãos, dependendo da temperatura e teor de água do grão, e da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar externo. O controle da aeração depende do monitoramento da temperatura e da umidade da massa de grãos, podendo-se utilizar uma rede de sensores nas células de armazenamento tanto interna como externamente. A utilização de inteligência artificial pela aplicação da teoria Fuzzy vem sendo utilizada desde a década de 60 e pode ser usada em diversos meios. Assim, observa-se que a aeração de grãos, por ser um sistema de ambiência controlada, pode ser objeto de estudo na aplicação dessa teoria. Diante disso, objetiva-se com este trabalho apresentar um sistema embarcado de controle Fuzzy, baseado no modelo matemático de CRUZ et al. (2002) e aplicados em plataforma Arduino, para suporte a decisão na aeração de grãos. Para tanto, foi desenvolvido um sistema embarcado em Arduino, o qual recebe os valores ambientais: temperatura e umidade para então processar em um controlador Fuzzy e retornar como saída uma recomendação de aeração para controlar o processo de forma racional. Comparando-se os resultados obtidos com o gráfico apresentado por LASSERAN (1981), observasse que o sistema é eficaz.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS FAZENDAS LEITEIRAS BRASILEIRAS QUANTO USO, ADOÇÃO E PERCEPÇÃO DE TECNOLOGIAS DE PRECISÃO E ADOÇÃO DE SISTEMAS DE ORDENHA ROBOTIZADA

O objetivo deste estudo foi: 1º caracterizar as propriedades leiteiras brasileiras com base no uso da tecnologia; 2º realizar levantamento em fazendas leiteiras que adotam sistema de ordenha robotizada. Duas pesquisas foram desenvolvidas e distribuídas via Google Forms, no período de julho de 2018 a março de 2021. No primeiro questionário foram investigados fatores como disposição para investir em tecnologias de precisão, adoção de sistemas de sensores, perfil do agricultor, características da fazenda e índices de produção. O segundo questionário contemplou questões relacionadas às mudanças no gerenciamento do trabalho de ordenha, produção de leite, qualidade do leite, saúde e bem-estar animal. A partir do primeiro questionário foram investigadas 378 fazendas leiteiras. As tecnologias mais adotadas pelos produtores foram sistemas automáticos de detecção de peso e fluxo de leite (31,7%), porta de separação da sala de ordenha (14,5%), sistemas de sensores para detecção de mastite (8,4%), medidor de atividade da vaca (7,1%) e temperatura corporal (7,9%). Os produtores indicaram "suporte técnico disponível" (média; ²) (4,55; 0,80) como o critério de decisão mais importante envolvido na adoção da tecnologia, seguido de "retorno do investimento" (4,48; 0,80), "facilidade de uso" (4,39; 0,88), "custo de investimento inicial" (4,36; 0,81) e "compatibilidade com software de gerenciamento de fazenda" (4,2; 1,02). Os fatores mais importantes que impediram o investimento em tecnologias de laticínios de precisão foram a necessidade de investimento em outros setores da fazenda (36%), incerteza do retorno do investimento (24%) e falta de integração com outros sistemas e softwares de gerenciamento (11%). Os agricultores indicaram que as tecnologias mais úteis foram os sistemas automáticos de detecção de peso e fluxo de leite (média; ²) (4,05; 1,66); sistemas de sensores para detecção de mastite (4,00; 1,57); sistemas de alimentação automática (3,50; 2,05); medidor de atividade da vaca (3,45; 1,95) e analisadores de leite em linha (3,45; 1,95). Preocupações relacionadas à integração de dados, retorno do investimento e facilidade de uso das tecnologias são semelhantes a fazendas leiteiras localizadas em outros países. O aumento do suporte técnico disponível para a tecnologia de detecção pode ter um impacto positivo na adoção da tecnologia. Através do segundo questionário foram identificadas 88 fazendas leiteiras com robô e 31 respondentes compuseram a estrutura de amostragem do estudo. As fazendas foram caracterizadas como propriedades familiares com até 50 ha (93%), com galpões tipo Freestall (55%), layout com fluxo livre (71%) e exploravam pincipalmente animais da raça Holandês (80,6%). O tamanho médio do rebanho foi de 114 vacas, com média de 2,2 robôs por fazenda. A média de produção de leite foi de 3613 Kg/dia e a média de ordenhas/vaca/dia foi de 2,9. Em média, houve redução de 1 empregado (não familiar) no quadro geral de funcionários, após a transição do sistema convencional para o sistema com robô. A média de ordenhas com falha ou incompleta foi de 4,9/dia e em média 10 vacas/fazenda não iam espontaneamente ao robô. O tempo dedicado às atividades relacionadas à ordenha diminuiu (66%) com adesão a sistema com robô. A maior parte dos proprietários das fazendas recomendaria a ordenha a outros produtores e consideram a adoção ao sistema uma estratégia de sucesso

The objective of this study was: 1st to characterize Brazilian dairy farms based on the use of technology; 2nd to carry out a survey in dairy farms that adopt a robotic milking system. Two surveys were developed and distributed via Google Forms, from July 2018 to March 2021. In the first questionnaire, factors such as willingness to invest in precision technologies, adoption of sensor systems, farmer profile, farm characteristics and production indices. The second questionnaire included questions related to changes in the management of milking work, milk production, milk quality, health and animal welfare. The most frequent technologies adopted by producers were automatic weight and milk flow detection systems (31.7%), milking parlor separation gate (14.5%), sensor systems to detect mastitis (8.4%), cow activity meter (7.1%), and body temperature (7.9%). Producers indicated "available technical support" (mean; ²) (4.55; 0.80) as the most important decision criterion involved in adopting technology, followed by "return on investment - ROI" (4.48; 0.80), "user-friendliness" (4.39; 0.88), "upfront investment cost" (4.36; 0.81), and "compatibility with farm management software (4.2; 1,02). The most important factors precluding investment in precision dairy technologies were the need for investment in other sectors of the farm (36%), uncertainty of ROI (24%), and lack of integration with other farm systems and software (11%). Farmers indicated that the most useful technologies were automatic weight and milk flow detection systems (mean; ²) (4.05; 1.66); sensor systems for mastitis detection (4.00; 1.57); automatic feeding systems (3.50; 2.05); cow activity meter (3.45; 1.95), and in-line milk analyzers (3.45; 1.95). Overall, the concerns related to data integration, ROI and user-friendliness of technologies are similar to those of dairy farms located in other countries. Increasing available technical support for sensing technology can have a positive impact on technology adoption. Through the second questionnaire, 88 dairy farms with robots were identified and 31 respondents made up the sample structure of the study. Farms were characterized as family properties of up to 50 ha (93%), with Freestall sheds (55%), free-flowing layout (71%) and mostly exploited Holstein animals (80.6%). The average herd size was 114 cows, with an average of 2.2 robots per farm. The average milk production was 3613 kg/day and the average milking/cow/day was 2.9. On mean, there was a reduction of 1 employee (non-family) in the overall picture, after the transition from the conventional system to the robotic system. The average of failed or incomplete milking was 4.9/day and on average 10 cows/farm did not spontaneously go to the robot. The time dedicated to milking-related activities decreased (66%) with adherence to a robotic system. Most farm owners would recommend milking to other producers and would consider adopting the system a successful strategy.

A CO-DESIGN METHODOLOGY TO RECONNECT CROP AND LIVESTOCK IN AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS: FARM COACHING, SERIOUS GAMES AND ADVISORY ROLES ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE IDEAS

O fenômeno mundial de especialização dos sistemas de produção levou a uma separação das lavouras e da pecuária em nível espacial. Consequentemente, efeitos colaterais têm sido relatados, como perda de biodiversidade, poluição da água e do ar e redução da qualidade do solo. Reconectar lavouras e pecuária seria uma ótima opção para limitar esses impactos e favorecer a agricultura sustentável, e, desta forma, reverter essa tendência de especialização. Os Sistema Integrados de Produção Agropecuária (SIPA) são sistemas complexos, desafiadores e diversos, cujos benefícios potenciais são alcançados apenas se as lavouras e os animais forem devidamente reintegrados. O planejamento espaço-temporal requer uma abordagem sistêmica, considerando o contexto solo-clima e às motivações dos agricultores. O objetivo deste estudo foi desenvolver uma metodologia para co-design de cenários para reintegrar de forma sustentável as lavouras e a pecuária em nível de fazenda. Após ter revisado as ferramentas existentes para redesenhar os sistemas lavourapecuária no nível da fazenda (Capítulo I), proponho primeiro, descrever os processos de construção de uma metodologia para aumentar a conscientização dos agricultores e partes interessadas sobre o interesse do SIPA para aspectos econômicos e ambientais e entender o acoplamento espaço-temporal como um forte componente de sua eficiência (iniciativa Farm Coaching (Capítulo II). Farm Coaching foi bemsucedido em modificar o modus operandi dos agricultores, consequentemente promovendo uma abordagem de co-design para ICLS implementação. No capítulo III, desenvolvi um serious game para fomentar a percepção das partes interessadas sobre a concepção de SIPA, simular processos de decisão e as consequências das estratégias escolhidas. As sessões de jogo serviram como uma plataforma de troca de conhecimento, permitindo aos jogadores compreender a lógica das decisões do SIPA e seus impactos no desempenho global da fazenda. No capítulo IV, analisei como os conselheiros perceberam seu papel na condução de transições em direção a SIPA sustentáveis e exploraram as ferramentas que desenvolveram ou não tinham, examinando as experiências brasileira e francesa. Em conclusão, eu encorajo a expansão da metodologia e ferramentas desenvolvidas, uma vez que a combinação de ferramentas técnicas parecia relevante para projetar SIPA. Combinar a abordagem técnica ao apoio psicológico como Farm Coaching em transições sustentáveis pode ser personalizado em outros contextos agrícolas. Finalmente, as entrevistas revelaram barreiras e alavancas do SIPA em nível de campo. Nesse sentido, há uma enorme necessidade adaptar a formação de consultores de forma a melhor considerar os desafios e especificidades em SIPA em termos de conhecimento, habilidades e ferramentas. Esta tese é o primeiro passo para a concepção e implementação eficaz do SIPA na fazenda. Por fim, os próximos passos desta pesquisa serão apresentados no capítulo V desta tese.

The worldwide phenomenon of production systems specialization has led to a separation of crops and livestock at the spatial level. Consequently, side-effects have been reported, such as loss of biodiversity, water and air pollution, and soil quality depletion. Reconnecting crops and livestock are a great option to limit these impacts and favors agricultural sustainability, thus reversing the specialization trend. Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS) are complex, challenging, and diverse systems, in which potential benefits are achieved only if crops and livestock are properly recoupled. Such space-time design requires a systemic approach, considering soilclimatic contexts and farmer motivations. The objective of this study was to develop a methodology to co-design scenarios to sustainably recouple crops and livestock at the farm level. After having reviewed the existing tools to reconceive crop-livestock systems at the farm level (Chapter I), I propose first to, describe the building processes of a methodology to raise awareness of farmers and stakeholders on the interest of ICLS for economic and environmental aspects and II) understand the space-time coupling as a strong component of their efficiency (Farm Coaching initiative (Chapter II). Farm Coaching was successful in modifying the modus operandi of the farmers, consequently promoting a co-design approach toward ICLS implementation. In Chapter III, a game to foster stakeholders perception of ICLS designing was developed, simulating the decision processes and the consequences of strategies chosen. The game sessions also served as a platform for exchanging knowledge, allowing players to understand the logic of ICLS decisions and their impacts on the farm's global performance. In Chapter IV it was analyzed how field advisors and project managers perceived their role in driving transitions toward a sustainable ICLS and reviewed the tools they developed and what was lacking to encourage transitions, in both Brazilian and French farms. In conclusion, I encourage out-scaling the methodology and tools developed, combining relevant technical tools to ICLS design. Combining technical approach to psychological support as Farm Coaching under sustainable transitions could be customized in other agricultural contexts. Finally, the interviews revealed barriers and levers of the ICLS on the field level. In this sense, there is a huge need to adapt advisor training to better consider challenges and specificities in ICLS in terms of knowledge, skills, and tools. This study is the first step towards designing and effectively implementing ICLS at the farm level. Next steps of this research will be presented in Chapter V.