Clinical and therapeutic aspects of an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis / Aspectos clínicos e terapêuticos de um surto de tripanossomíase canina

Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma evansi can seriously affect both domestic and wild animals. This article reports on an outbreak of canine trypanosomiasis on a farm in the Pantanal region of Brazil. The farm had 38 dogs, 20 of which died before receiving veterinary care. The remaining 18 dogs were underwent anamnesisn, clinical examination, hematological and biochemical evaluations. Blood smears and PCR analysis were performed for the diagnosis. The treatment protocols used according to the clinical recovery or parasitological cure of the dogs, using diminazene diaceturate, isometamidium chloride or quinapyramine sulfate. Post-treatment parasitological evaluation was performed by the microhematocrit technique. 7/18 dogs were PCR positive for T. evansi (confirmed by sequencing). There was clinical findings, which were consistent with both the acute and chronic stages of the disease in dogs. The infected dogs all exhibited at least one clinical sign of the disease. The hematological findings were compatible with trypanosomiasis, highlighting the hypochromic microcytic anemia as the main outcome. No treatment protocol was fully effective and the prolonged use of diminazene diaceturate caused the death of an animal. The trypanosomiasis can cause high rates of morbidity and mortality in dogs and difficulty in establishment an effective and safe therapeutic protocol.(AU)

A tripanossomíase causada por Trypanosoma evansi pode acometer gravemente os animais domésticos e selvagens. Este artigo relata um surto de tripanossomíase canina em uma fazenda na região do Pantanal, Brasil. Na fazenda havia 38 cães, 20 dos quais morreram antes de receber cuidados veterinários. Os 18 cães restantes foram submetidos a anamnese, exame clínico, avaliação hematológica e bioquímica. Esfregaços de sangue e análise da PCR foram realizados para o diagnóstico. Os protocolos de tratamento foram utilizados de acordo com a recuperação clínica ou cura parasitológica dos cães, utilizando diaceturato de diminazeno, cloreto de isometamídio ou sulfato de quinapiramina. A avaliação parasitológica pós-tratamento foi realizada pela técnica de microhematócrito. 7/18 cães foram PCR positivos para T. evansi (confirmado por sequenciamento). Os achados clínicos encontrados, foram consistentes com os estágios agudo e crônico da doença em cães. Todos os cães infectados exibiram pelo menos um sinal clínico da doença. Os achados hematológicos foram compatíveis com a tripanossomíase, destacando a anemia microcítica hipocrômica como principal consequência. Nenhum protocolo de tratamento foi totalmente eficaz e o uso prolongado de diaceturato de diminazeno causou a morte de um animal. A tripanossomíase pode causar altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade em cães e dificultar o estabelecimento de um protocolo terapêutico eficaz e seguro.(AU)

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...]

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...](AU)

Assessing different chemoprophylactic protocols against bovine tick-borne diseases and their influence on the weight gain of calves / Avaliação de diferentes protocolos de quimioprofilaxia da tristeza parasitária bovina sobre o ganho de peso de novilhos

In the present study, 87 Aberdeen Angus calves were used to assess the effects of low dose, agent-specific drugs on weight gain after a babesiosis and anaplasmosis outbreak. All animals were weighed on weaning (day 34) and again on day zero, with a mean (on day zero) of 223.46 Kg and an average individual daily weight gain (ADG) of 0.258 Kg. The animals were then separated in three groups: G1 was composed of 37 calves with below average ADG; G2 was composed of 35 animals with below average ADG; and G3 was composed of 15 animals with above average ADG. On day zero animals in G1 were treated with 1.17 mg Kg-1 of diminazene diaceturate and 6.7 mg Kg-1 of oxytetracycline; those in G2 were treated with 1.2 mg Kg-1 of imidocarb dipropionate; and those in G3 were not treated. The animals were then monitored daily for the onset of disease, and on days 15 and 34 they were weighed and had their blood harvested. Animals in G1 had the better overall ADG (0.613 Kg day-1) (P 0.05), with no clinical cases during the experiment. The performance in G2 was moderate, not differing from either G1 or G3 (mean ADG = 0.528 Kg day-1), however, this group had two clinical cases of anaplasmosis during the experiment. Animals in G3 had the worst performance, considering ADG (0.343 Kg day-1). When total weight gain per animal is compared for the study period (35 days), those in G1 gained an average...(AU)

No presente estudo foram utilizados novilhos da raça Aberdeen Angus remanescentes de um de surto de babesiose e anaplasmose, expostos a infestações por carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. No dia zero, o lote de 87 novilhos pesando em média 223,46 Kg, apresentava GMD de peso vivo de 0,258 Kg por dia nos últimos 34 dias. O lote foi dividido em 3 grupos: G1, 37 novilhos com GMD abaixo da média; G2, 35 novilhos com GMD abaixo da média; G3, 15 novilhos com GMD acima da média geral do lote. Os novilhos do G1 foram submetidos à quimioprofilaxia com uso de 1,17 mg Kg-1 de diaceturato de diminazeno e 6,7 mg Kg-1 de oxitetraciclina. Os novilhos do G2 foram submetidos à quimioprofilaxia com o uso de 1,2 mg Kg-1 de dipropionato de imidocarb. Os animais do G3 não foram medicados. O G1 obteve o melhor desempenho de ganho de peso no período (0,613 Kg dia-1) (P 0,05) e não apresentou nenhum caso clínico da doença durante o experimento. O protocolo quimioprofilático do G2 teve desempenho mediano, sem diferença dos demais grupos (0,528 Kg dia-1) e o G3 teve o pior desempenho (0,343 Kg dia-1), porém ocorreram 2 quadros clínicos de anaplasmose no final do experimento no G2. Na comparação do desempenho no ganho de peso total por animal no período, o G3 (Controle) obteve 11,667 Kg, O G2 obteve 17,957 Kg e o G1 obteve 20,851 Kg. O protocolo quimioprofilático a base de diaceturato de...(AU)

TÉCNICAS SOROLÓGICAS E MOLECULARES NA AVALIAÇÃO DA EFETIVIDADE DO TRATAMENTO CONTRA Trypanosoma vivax EM CAPRINOS EXPERIMENTALMENTE INFECTADOS

Trypanosoma vivax é hemoparasita que infecta ruminantes e causa grandes perdas econômicas na pecuária, reduzindo os índices produtivos e reprodutivos dos animais. A principal alteração causada pelo parasita é anemia, podendo em alguns casos levar a sinais clínicos neurológicos e eventualmente levar o animal ao óbito. Os sinais clínicos são inespecíficos, fato que dificulta seu diagnóstico. O correto diagnóstico e tratamento são fundamentais para o efetivo controle da doença. Desta forma, o presente trabalho objetivou utilizar a LAMP, cPCR, RIFI e ELISA como ferramentas diagnósticas para verificar a cura parasitológica e soronegativação de caprinos experimentalmente infectados por T. vivax após o tratamento com o diaceturato de diminazeno (DM) ou cloridrato de isometamidium (ISM), além de avaliar as alterações histopatológicas do encéfalo para esclarecer melhor os mecanismos que levam a manifestações neurológicas. No presente trabalho detectamos anemia nos animais experimentalmente infectados por T. vivax e o parasita apresentou resistência a ambos os medicamentos, a qual foi comprovada por métodos sorológicos e moleculares. Também foram detectadas alterações na celularidade do neurópilo de animais infectados, o que pode resultar em danos aos neurônios e no desenvolvimento dos sinais clínicos neurológicos nos animais cronicamente infectados. Concluímos que o isolado testado no experimento foi resistente aos quimioterápicos testados, sendo a melhor forma de diagnóstico a associação dos métodos sorológicos e moleculares, e que T. vivax causa alteração da celularidade do neurópilo

Trypanosoma vivax is a hemoparasite that infects ruminants and causes huge economic losses in livestock, reducing animals productive and reproductive indexes. The main alteration caused by this parasite is anemia and may eventually lead animal to death. The clinical signs are nonspecific which explains the correct diagnosis difficult. Correct diagnosis and treatment are essential for the effective control of this disease. Thus, the goals of this present work was use tools diagnostics molecular (LAMP and PCR) and serological (ELISA and IFAT) to verify the parasitological cure and seronegativation of goats experimentally infected with T. vivax after treatment with diminazene diaceturate (DM) or isometamidium hydrochloride (ISM), besides assess histological alterations in ruminants brains to elucidate the mechanism that cause neurologic disorders. In our study we detected anemia and, parasitic resistance to both drugs in animals experimentally infected with T. vivax, which was confirmed by serologic and molecular methods. Additionally, we detected alterations in neuropyl cells of infected animals, which may cause injuries in neuron and consequently neurologic signs in chronic infected animals. Therefore, we conclude that the tested T. vivax isolate was resistant to both drugs, being the best way of diagnosis is the association of serologic and molecular methods and T. vivax cause alterations in neuropyl cells.

Prevalence and chemotherapy of babesiosis among Lohi sheep in the Livestock Experiment Station, Qadirabad, Pakistan, and environs

A total of 310 blood smears were collected from sheep of the Livestock Experiment Station, Qadirabad, Sahiwal district, Pakistan, and surrounding areas. The samples were examined microscopically and 30 (9.67 percent) were positive for babesiosis. The animals were divided into two groups (A and B) for chemotherapy. Group A sheep were treated with diminazene diaceturate while group B animals received imidocarb dipropionate. Drug efficacy was determined by negative blood smear examination. Diminazene diaceturate effectiveness against babesiosis was 80 percent while that of imidocarb dipropionate was 100 percent. Hematological studies revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values for Babesia-positive animals compared to healthy controls.(AU)

Prevalence and chemotherapy of babesiosis among Lohi sheep in the Livestock Experiment Station, Qadirabad, Pakistan, and environs

A total of 310 blood smears were collected from sheep of the Livestock Experiment Station, Qadirabad, Sahiwal district, Pakistan, and surrounding areas. The samples were examined microscopically and 30 (9.67%) were positive for babesiosis. The animals were divided into two groups (A and B) for chemotherapy. Group A sheep were treated with diminazene diaceturate while group B animals received imidocarb dipropionate. Drug efficacy was determined by negative blood smear examination. Diminazene diaceturate effectiveness against babesiosis was 80% while that of imidocarb dipropionate was 100%. Hematological studies revealed a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentrations and hematocrit values for Babesia-positive animals compared to healthy controls.(AU)

Técnica alternativa para prevenção da neuropatia isquiática por injeção intramuscular em cães / Alternative technique for preventing sciatic neuropathy by intramuscular injection in dogs / Técnica alternativa para prevenir la neuropatía ciática por inyección intramuscular en perros

As lesões no nervo isquiático podem decorrer de injeções intramusculares (IM) pelo contato com fármacos. Objetivou-se comparar a técnica convencional com uma nova alternativa de aplicação de IM com capacidade de prevenir essas lesões. Cadáveres frescos da espécie canina foram divididos em grupos: G1: 20 kg (n = 10). Na região crural caudal foi aplicado diaceturato de diminazeno associado com azul de metileno. No membro pélvico direito (MPD) dos animais a agulha foi introduzida perpendicularmente entre os músculos semitendinoso e semimembranoso, no membro pélvico esquerdo (MPE), introduziu-se a agulha no ventre do músculo semitendinoso com angulação de 70°. A região foi dissecada, verificando-se em 100% dos MPE o não acometimento do nervo, enquanto no MPD houve acometimento em 81% dos cães. O método convencional de injeções IM pode provocar lesões e pode ser substituído pelo novo método proposto neste trabalho.

Lesions to the ischiatic nerve can occur following intramuscular injections (IM) due to contact with various substances. Our objective was to compare the conventional technique with a new IM application technique capable of avoiding these lesions. Fresh canine cadavers were divided into groups: G1: 20 kg (n = 10). An association of diminazene diaceturate and methylene blue was injected in the caudal crural region. In the right pelvic limb of the dogs, the needle was introduced perpendicularly between the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles, and in the left pelvic limb, the needle was introduced in the body of the semitendinosus muscle with a 70° angulation. The area was then dissected. In 100% of the left pelvic limbs, the nerve was not affected, while in the right pelvic limb, the nerve was affected in 81% of the dogs. The conventional method of IM injection can cause injury and can be substituted by the new technique described.

Las lesiones en el nervio isquiático pueden estar ocasionadas por inyecciones intramusculares y el contacto de fármacos con el mismo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la técnica convencional de aplicación intramuscular con una técnica alternativa capaz de prevenir esas lesiones. Se utilizaron cadáveres frescos de perros, que fueron divididos en grupos: G1: 20 kg (n = 10). Fue aplicado diminazene con azul de metileno en la región de la crura caudal. En el miembro posterior derecho (MPD) de todos los animales se introdujo una aguja en forma perpendicular a los músculos semitendinoso y semimembranoso. En el miembro posterior izquierdo (MPI) se introdujo una aguja en ángulo de 70° en el vientre del músculo semitendinoso. La región fue posteriormente disecada, y pudo verificarse que no hubo ningún tipo de lesión en el 100% de los perros donde se aplicó la inyección en el MPI, en tanto que en el MPD hubo algún grado de lesión en el 81% de los animales. El método convencional de inyección intramuscular puede provocar lesiones, pudiendo ser substituído por este nuevo método propuesto en el presente trabajo.

Técnica alternativa para prevenção da neuropatia isquiática por injeção intramuscular em cães / Alternative technique for preventing sciatic neuropathy by intramuscular injection in dogs / Técnica alternativa para prevenir la neuropatía ciática por inyección intramuscular en perros

As lesões no nervo isquiático podem decorrer de injeções intramusculares (IM) pelo contato com fármacos. Objetivou-se comparar a técnica convencional com uma nova alternativa de aplicação de IM com capacidade de prevenir essas lesões. Cadáveres frescos da espécie canina foram divididos em grupos: G1: < 10 kg (n = 10); G2: 10 kg < animais < 20 kg (n = 10); G3: > 20 kg (n = 10). Na região crural caudal foi aplicado diaceturato de diminazeno associado com azul de metileno. No membro pélvico direito (MPD) dos animais a agulha foi introduzida perpendicularmente entre os músculos semitendinoso e semimembranoso, no membro pélvico esquerdo (MPE), introduziu-se a agulha no ventre do músculo semitendinoso com angulação de 70°. A região foi dissecada, verificando-se em 100% dos MPE o não acometimento do nervo, enquanto no MPD houve acometimento em 81% dos cães. O método convencional de injeções IM pode provocar lesões e pode ser substituído pelo novo método proposto neste trabalho.(AU)

Lesions to the ischiatic nerve can occur following intramuscular injections (IM) due to contact with various substances. Our objective was to compare the conventional technique with a new IM application technique capable of avoiding these lesions. Fresh canine cadavers were divided into groups: G1: < 10 kg (n = 10); G2: 10 kg < dogs < 20 kg (n = 10); G3: > 20 kg (n = 10). An association of diminazene diaceturate and methylene blue was injected in the caudal crural region. In the right pelvic limb of the dogs, the needle was introduced perpendicularly between the semitendinosus and semimembranosus muscles, and in the left pelvic limb, the needle was introduced in the body of the semitendinosus muscle with a 70° angulation. The area was then dissected. In 100% of the left pelvic limbs, the nerve was not affected, while in the right pelvic limb, the nerve was affected in 81% of the dogs. The conventional method of IM injection can cause injury and can be substituted by the new technique described.(AU)

Las lesiones en el nervio isquiático pueden estar ocasionadas por inyecciones intramusculares y el contacto de fármacos con el mismo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue comparar la técnica convencional de aplicación intramuscular con una técnica alternativa capaz de prevenir esas lesiones. Se utilizaron cadáveres frescos de perros, que fueron divididos en grupos: G1: < 10 kg (n = 10); G2: 10 kg < animales < 20 kg (n = 10); G3: > 20 kg (n = 10). Fue aplicado diminazene con azul de metileno en la región de la crura caudal. En el miembro posterior derecho (MPD) de todos los animales se introdujo una aguja en forma perpendicular a los músculos semitendinoso y semimembranoso. En el miembro posterior izquierdo (MPI) se introdujo una aguja en ángulo de 70° en el vientre del músculo semitendinoso. La región fue posteriormente disecada, y pudo verificarse que no hubo ningún tipo de lesión en el 100% de los perros donde se aplicó la inyección en el MPI, en tanto que en el MPD hubo algún grado de lesión en el 81% de los animales. El método convencional de inyección intramuscular puede provocar lesiones, pudiendo ser substituído por este nuevo método propuesto en el presente trabajo.(AU)

Assessing different chemoprophylactic protocols against bovine tick-borne diseases and their influence on the weight gain of calves / Avaliação de diferentes protocolos de quimioprofilaxia da tristeza parasitária bovina sobre o ganho de peso de novilhos

In the present study, 87 Aberdeen Angus calves were used to assess the effects of low dose, agent-specific drugs on weight gain after a babesiosis and anaplasmosis outbreak. All animals were weighed on weaning (day 34) and again on day zero, with a mean (on day zero) of 223.46 Kg and an average individual daily weight gain (ADG) of 0.258 Kg. The animals were then separated in three groups: G1 was composed of 37 calves with below average ADG; G2 was composed of 35 animals with below average ADG; and G3 was composed of 15 animals with above average ADG. On day zero animals in G1 were treated with 1.17 mg Kg-1 of diminazene diaceturate and 6.7 mg Kg-1 of oxytetracycline; those in G2 were treated with 1.2 mg Kg-1 of imidocarb dipropionate; and those in G3 were not treated. The animals were then monitored daily for the onset of disease, and on days 15 and 34 they were weighed and had their blood harvested. Animals in G1 had the better overall ADG (0.613 Kg day-1) (P 0.05), with no clinical cases during the experiment. The performance in G2 was moderate, not differing from either G1 or G3 (mean ADG = 0.528 Kg day-1), however, this group had two clinical cases of anaplasmosis during the experiment. Animals in G3 had the worst performance, considering ADG (0.343 Kg day-1). When total weight gain per animal is compared for the study period (35 days), those in G1 gained an average...

No presente estudo foram utilizados novilhos da raça Aberdeen Angus remanescentes de um de surto de babesiose e anaplasmose, expostos a infestações por carrapatos Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. No dia zero, o lote de 87 novilhos pesando em média 223,46 Kg, apresentava GMD de peso vivo de 0,258 Kg por dia nos últimos 34 dias. O lote foi dividido em 3 grupos: G1, 37 novilhos com GMD abaixo da média; G2, 35 novilhos com GMD abaixo da média; G3, 15 novilhos com GMD acima da média geral do lote. Os novilhos do G1 foram submetidos à quimioprofilaxia com uso de 1,17 mg Kg-1 de diaceturato de diminazeno e 6,7 mg Kg-1 de oxitetraciclina. Os novilhos do G2 foram submetidos à quimioprofilaxia com o uso de 1,2 mg Kg-1 de dipropionato de imidocarb. Os animais do G3 não foram medicados. O G1 obteve o melhor desempenho de ganho de peso no período (0,613 Kg dia-1) (P 0,05) e não apresentou nenhum caso clínico da doença durante o experimento. O protocolo quimioprofilático do G2 teve desempenho mediano, sem diferença dos demais grupos (0,528 Kg dia-1) e o G3 teve o pior desempenho (0,343 Kg dia-1), porém ocorreram 2 quadros clínicos de anaplasmose no final do experimento no G2. Na comparação do desempenho no ganho de peso total por animal no período, o G3 (Controle) obteve 11,667 Kg, O G2 obteve 17,957 Kg e o G1 obteve 20,851 Kg. O protocolo quimioprofilático a base de diaceturato de...