A new approach to mark termites (Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar) Blattodea: Isoptera) for laboratory bioassays

Abstract Behavioral lab bioassays involving termites must be promptly performed to allow intended observations prior to death from dissecation, typical of these soft-bodied insects. To this end, topic markers have been proposed as an alternative to histological stains which, while not always toxic are inevitably lengthy to apply. Among recommended topic markers, gouache is easy to apply, dries out quickly, but it is known affect termites in the long run, being suitable only to short-term bioassays. Its alternative, colored glue, is also easy to apply, but it takes long to dry and it is too dense and heavy, being thus prone to affect termite walking patterns. Here we tested a mix of gouache and colored glue aiming to combine the qualities of both into a suitable topical marker for Cornitermes cumulans termites. Similar patterns of survival presented by marked and unmarked termites ruled out concerns about toxicity of this mixture. Such results were consistent across distinct group densities evidencing that the mixture does not interfere with, nor it is affected by, crowding effects. Because crowding regulates interindividual interactions and these underlie most behaviors, the mixture can be thought to be suitable to behavioral studies. We argue that this 1:2 glue:gouache mixture is an excellent alternative to mark termites for lab bioassays. Being atoxic, cheap, easy to apply, and non-invasive, this mixture may happen to be useful not only for termites but also in bioassaying other similarly soft-bodied insects.

Resumo Bioensaios comportamentais em laboratório com cupins devem ser realizados rapidamente a fim de garantir observações antes da morte por dissecação, típico desses insetos de corpo mole. Para este fim, marcadores tópicos têm sido propostos como uma alternativa para marcadores histológicos que, embora nem sempre tóxico, possuem uma aplicação demorada. Entre os marcadores tópicos recomendados, tinta guache é de fácil aplicação, rápida secagem, porém afeta os cupins em bioensaios longos, sendo adequado apenas para bioensaios curtos. Sua alternativa, cola colorida, também é de fácil aplicação mas leva muito tempo para secar e é muito denso e pesado, afetando os padrões de caminhamento dos cupins. No presente estudo, nós testamos uma mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida objetivando combinar as qualidades de ambos os marcadores tópicos em um marcador tópico adequado para Cornitermes cumulans. Padrões similares de sobrevivência entre cupins marcados e controle indicam a ausência de toxicidade na mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida. Tais resultados são consistentes em grupos de densidades distintas, o que comprova que a mistura não interfere, nem sofre efeitos de aglomeração. Uma vez que a aglomeração regula as interações inter-individuais e afetam a maioria dos comportamentos, a mistura pode ser adequada para estudos comportamentais. Nós argumentamos que a mistura de tinta guache e cola (1:2) é uma excelente alternativa como marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios em laboratório. Sendo atóxico, barato, fácil de aplicar e não invasivo, esta mistura pode ser útil não só para os cupins, mas também em bioensaios com outros insetos de corpo mole.

A new approach to mark termites (Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar) Blattodea: Isoptera) for laboratory bioassays / Uma nova abordagem de marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios de laboratório

Behavioral lab bioassays involving termites must be promptly performed to allow intended observations prior to death from dissecation, typical of these soft-bodied insects. To this end, topic markers have been proposed as an alternative to histological stains which, while not always toxic are inevitably lengthy to apply. Among recommended topic markers, gouache is easy to apply, dries out quickly, but it is known affect termites in the long run, being suitable only to short-term bioassays. Its alternative, colored glue, is also easy to apply, but it takes long to dry and it is too dense and heavy, being thus prone to affect termite walking patterns. Here we tested a mix of gouache and colored glue aiming to combine the qualities of both into a suitable topical marker for Cornitermes cumulans termites. Similar patterns of survival presented by marked and unmarked termites ruled out concerns about toxicity of this mixture. Such results were consistent across distinct group densities evidencing that the mixture does not interfere with, nor it is affected by, crowding effects. Because crowding regulates interindividual interactions and these underlie most behaviors, the mixture can be thought to be suitable to behavioral studies. We argue that this 1:2 glue:gouache mixture is an excellent alternative to mark termites for lab bioassays. Being atoxic, cheap, easy to apply, and non-invasive, this mixture may happen to be useful not only for termites but also in bioassaying other similarly soft-bodied insects.

Bioensaios comportamentais em laboratório com cupins devem ser realizados rapidamente a fim de garantir observações antes da morte por dissecação, típico desses insetos de corpo mole. Para este fim, marcadores tópicos têm sido propostos como uma alternativa para marcadores histológicos que, embora nem sempre tóxico, possuem uma aplicação demorada. Entre os marcadores tópicos recomendados, tinta guache é de fácil aplicação, rápida secagem, porém afeta os cupins em bioensaios longos, sendo adequado apenas para bioensaios curtos. Sua alternativa, cola colorida, também é de fácil aplicação mas leva muito tempo para secar e é muito denso e pesado, afetando os padrões de caminhamento dos cupins. No presente estudo, nós testamos uma mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida objetivando combinar as qualidades de ambos os marcadores tópicos em um marcador tópico adequado para Cornitermes cumulans. Padrões similares de sobrevivência entre cupins marcados e controle indicam a ausência de toxicidade na mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida. Tais resultados são consistentes em grupos de densidades distintas, o que comprova que a mistura não interfere, nem sofre efeitos de aglomeração. Uma vez que a aglomeração regula as interações inter-individuais e afetam a maioria dos comportamentos, a mistura pode ser adequada para estudos comportamentais. Nós argumentamos que a mistura de tinta guache e cola (1:2) é uma excelente alternativa como marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios em laboratório. Sendo atóxico, barato, fácil de aplicar e não invasivo, esta mistura pode ser útil não só para os cupins, mas também em bioensaios com outros insetos de corpo mole.

A new approach to mark termites (Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar) Blattodea: Isoptera) for laboratory bioassays / Uma nova abordagem de marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios de laboratório

Abstract Behavioral lab bioassays involving termites must be promptly performed to allow intended observations prior to death from dissecation, typical of these soft-bodied insects. To this end, topic markers have been proposed as an alternative to histological stains which, while not always toxic are inevitably lengthy to apply. Among recommended topic markers, gouache is easy to apply, dries out quickly, but it is known affect termites in the long run, being suitable only to short-term bioassays. Its alternative, colored glue, is also easy to apply, but it takes long to dry and it is too dense and heavy, being thus prone to affect termite walking patterns. Here we tested a mix of gouache and colored glue aiming to combine the qualities of both into a suitable topical marker for Cornitermes cumulans termites. Similar patterns of survival presented by marked and unmarked termites ruled out concerns about toxicity of this mixture. Such results were consistent across distinct group densities evidencing that the mixture does not interfere with, nor it is affected by, crowding effects. Because crowding regulates interindividual interactions and these underlie most behaviors, the mixture can be thought to be suitable to behavioral studies. We argue that this 1:2 glue:gouache mixture is an excellent alternative to mark termites for lab bioassays. Being atoxic, cheap, easy to apply, and non-invasive, this mixture may happen to be useful not only for termites but also in bioassaying other similarly soft-bodied insects.

Resumo Bioensaios comportamentais em laboratório com cupins devem ser realizados rapidamente a fim de garantir observações antes da morte por dissecação, típico desses insetos de corpo mole. Para este fim, marcadores tópicos têm sido propostos como uma alternativa para marcadores histológicos que, embora nem sempre tóxico, possuem uma aplicação demorada. Entre os marcadores tópicos recomendados, tinta guache é de fácil aplicação, rápida secagem, porém afeta os cupins em bioensaios longos, sendo adequado apenas para bioensaios curtos. Sua alternativa, cola colorida, também é de fácil aplicação mas leva muito tempo para secar e é muito denso e pesado, afetando os padrões de caminhamento dos cupins. No presente estudo, nós testamos uma mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida objetivando combinar as qualidades de ambos os marcadores tópicos em um marcador tópico adequado para Cornitermes cumulans. Padrões similares de sobrevivência entre cupins marcados e controle indicam a ausência de toxicidade na mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida. Tais resultados são consistentes em grupos de densidades distintas, o que comprova que a mistura não interfere, nem sofre efeitos de aglomeração. Uma vez que a aglomeração regula as interações inter-individuais e afetam a maioria dos comportamentos, a mistura pode ser adequada para estudos comportamentais. Nós argumentamos que a mistura de tinta guache e cola (1:2) é uma excelente alternativa como marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios em laboratório. Sendo atóxico, barato, fácil de aplicar e não invasivo, esta mistura pode ser útil não só para os cupins, mas também em bioensaios com outros insetos de corpo mole.

A new approach to mark termites (Cornitermes cumulans (Kollar) Blattodea: Isoptera) for laboratory bioassays / Uma nova abordagem de marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios de laboratório

Behavioral lab bioassays involving termites must be promptly performed to allow intended observations prior to death from dissecation, typical of these soft-bodied insects. To this end, topic markers have been proposed as an alternative to histological stains which, while not always toxic are inevitably lengthy to apply. Among recommended topic markers, gouache is easy to apply, dries out quickly, but it is known affect termites in the long run, being suitable only to short-term bioassays. Its alternative, colored glue, is also easy to apply, but it takes long to dry and it is too dense and heavy, being thus prone to affect termite walking patterns. Here we tested a mix of gouache and colored glue aiming to combine the qualities of both into a suitable topical marker for Cornitermes cumulans termites. Similar patterns of survival presented by marked and unmarked termites ruled out concerns about toxicity of this mixture. Such results were consistent across distinct group densities evidencing that the mixture does not interfere with, nor it is affected by, crowding effects. Because crowding regulates interindividual interactions and these underlie most behaviors, the mixture can be thought to be suitable to behavioral studies. We argue that this 1:2 glue:gouache mixture is an excellent alternative to mark termites for lab bioassays. Being atoxic, cheap, easy to apply, and non-invasive, this mixture may happen to be useful not only for termites but also in bioassaying other similarly soft-bodied insects.(AU)

Bioensaios comportamentais em laboratório com cupins devem ser realizados rapidamente a fim de garantir observações antes da morte por dissecação, típico desses insetos de corpo mole. Para este fim, marcadores tópicos têm sido propostos como uma alternativa para marcadores histológicos que, embora nem sempre tóxico, possuem uma aplicação demorada. Entre os marcadores tópicos recomendados, tinta guache é de fácil aplicação, rápida secagem, porém afeta os cupins em bioensaios longos, sendo adequado apenas para bioensaios curtos. Sua alternativa, cola colorida, também é de fácil aplicação mas leva muito tempo para secar e é muito denso e pesado, afetando os padrões de caminhamento dos cupins. No presente estudo, nós testamos uma mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida objetivando combinar as qualidades de ambos os marcadores tópicos em um marcador tópico adequado para Cornitermes cumulans. Padrões similares de sobrevivência entre cupins marcados e controle indicam a ausência de toxicidade na mistura de tinta guache e cola colorida. Tais resultados são consistentes em grupos de densidades distintas, o que comprova que a mistura não interfere, nem sofre efeitos de aglomeração. Uma vez que a aglomeração regula as interações inter-individuais e afetam a maioria dos comportamentos, a mistura pode ser adequada para estudos comportamentais. Nós argumentamos que a mistura de tinta guache e cola (1:2) é uma excelente alternativa como marcador tópico em cupins para bioensaios em laboratório. Sendo atóxico, barato, fácil de aplicar e não invasivo, esta mistura pode ser útil não só para os cupins, mas também em bioensaios com outros insetos de corpo mole.(AU)

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Atividade residual e carência irregular do ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) no desenvolvimento inicial da soja / Residual activity and irregular depletion of dichlorophenoxyactic acid (2, 4-d) in the early development of soybean / Actividad residual y carencia irregular del ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) en el desarrollo inicial de la soja

O 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) é amplamente utilizado no controle seletivo, pós-emergência, de plantas de folha estreita, como trigo, milho, arroz, entre outras. Contudo seu uso indiscriminado pode ocasionar problemas no desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os danos causados pelo uso inadequado do 2,4-D no desenvolvimento inicial da soja (Glycine max). Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de cinco períodos de carência: um, quatro, oito, 12 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja e duas doses de aplicação: a dose recomendada e a dose duplicada (L/ha), consistindo em um esquema fatorial 5x2 com três repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas por 44 dias, e em seguida coletadas e analisadas quanto à taxa de germinação (%), número de rebrota, índice de clorofila, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea (cm), massa seca e fresca (g). A dose duplicada revelou maior efeito sobre todas as variáveis analisadas, reduzindo em 20% a porcentagem de emergência. O índice de clorofila decresceu quando comparados o menor período de carência (um dia) e o maior (15 dias), e na dose duplicada. A massa seca também foi superior na dose recomendada, assim como o comprimento da raiz e da parte aérea. Os períodos de carência de um, quatro e oito dias foram os que mais influenciaram o crescimento da raiz.(AU)

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used in the selective, post-emergence control of narrow-leaf plants such as wheat, corn, and rice, among others. However, its uncontrolled use can cause problems in the development of the crop. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the damage caused by the inadequate use of 2,4-D in the early development of soybean (Glycine max). The treatments consisted of a combination of five grace periods: 1, 4, 8, 12 and 15 days before sowing; and two application doses: the recommended dose and a duplicate dose (L/ha), consisting of a factorial matrix of 5x2, with three replicates. The plants were cultivated for 44 days, then collected and analyzed for germination rate (%), regrowth number, chlorophyll index, root and shoot length (cm), dry and fresh mass (g). The duplicate dose showed a greater effect on all analyzed variables, reducing the emergency percentage by 20%. The chlorophyll index decreased when compared to the shortest (1 day) and longest (15 days) grace periods, and in the duplicate dose. Dry mass was also higher when using the recommended dose, as well as the root and shoot length. Grace periods of 1, 4 and 8 days were the ones that were most influenced the root growth.(AU)

El 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) es ampliamente utilizado en el control selectivo, pos emergencia, de plantas de hoja estrecha, como trigo, maíz, arroz, entre otras. Sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado puede ocasionar problemas en el desarrollo de la cultura. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los daños causados por el uso inadecuado del 2,4-D en el desarrollo inicial de la soja (Glycine max). Los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco períodos de carencia: 1, 4, 8, 12 y 15 días antes de la siembra de la soja y dos dosis de aplicación: la dosis recomendada y la dosis duplicada (L/ha), consistente en un esquema factorial 5x2 con tres repeticiones. Las plantas fueron cultivadas por 44 días, y luego recolectadas y analizadas en cuanto a la tasa de germinación (%), número de rebrote, índice de clorofila, longitud de raíz y parte aérea (cm), masa seca y fresca (g). La dosis duplicada reveló un mayor efecto sobre todas las variables analizadas, reduciendo en un 20% el porcentaje de emergencia. El índice de clorofila disminuyó cuando se comparó el menor período de carencia (1 día) y el mayor (15 días), y en la dosis duplicada. La masa seca también fue superior en la dosis recomendada, así como la longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea. Los períodos de carencia de 1, 4 y 8 días fueron los que más influenciaron el crecimiento de la raíz.(AU)

Atividade residual e carência irregular do ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) no desenvolvimento inicial da soja / Residual activity and irregular depletion of dichlorophenoxyactic acid (2, 4-d) in the early development of soybean / Actividad residual y carencia irregular del ácido diclorofenoxiacético (2, 4-d) en el desarrollo inicial de la soja

O 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) é amplamente utilizado no controle seletivo, pós-emergência, de plantas de folha estreita, como trigo, milho, arroz, entre outras. Contudo seu uso indiscriminado pode ocasionar problemas no desenvolvimento da cultura. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os danos causados pelo uso inadequado do 2,4-D no desenvolvimento inicial da soja (Glycine max). Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de cinco períodos de carência: um, quatro, oito, 12 e 15 dias antes da semeadura da soja e duas doses de aplicação: a dose recomendada e a dose duplicada (L/ha), consistindo em um esquema fatorial 5x2 com três repetições. As plantas foram cultivadas por 44 dias, e em seguida coletadas e analisadas quanto à taxa de germinação (%), número de rebrota, índice de clorofila, comprimento de raiz e parte aérea (cm), massa seca e fresca (g). A dose duplicada revelou maior efeito sobre todas as variáveis analisadas, reduzindo em 20% a porcentagem de emergência. O índice de clorofila decresceu quando comparados o menor período de carência (um dia) e o maior (15 dias), e na dose duplicada. A massa seca também foi superior na dose recomendada, assim como o comprimento da raiz e da parte aérea. Os períodos de carência de um, quatro e oito dias foram os que mais influenciaram o crescimento da raiz.

Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is widely used in the selective, post-emergence control of narrow-leaf plants such as wheat, corn, and rice, among others. However, its uncontrolled use can cause problems in the development of the crop. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the damage caused by the inadequate use of 2,4-D in the early development of soybean (Glycine max). The treatments consisted of a combination of five grace periods: 1, 4, 8, 12 and 15 days before sowing; and two application doses: the recommended dose and a duplicate dose (L/ha), consisting of a factorial matrix of 5x2, with three replicates. The plants were cultivated for 44 days, then collected and analyzed for germination rate (%), regrowth number, chlorophyll index, root and shoot length (cm), dry and fresh mass (g). The duplicate dose showed a greater effect on all analyzed variables, reducing the emergency percentage by 20%. The chlorophyll index decreased when compared to the shortest (1 day) and longest (15 days) grace periods, and in the duplicate dose. Dry mass was also higher when using the recommended dose, as well as the root and shoot length. Grace periods of 1, 4 and 8 days were the ones that were most influenced the root growth.

El 2,4-D (ácido diclorofenoxiacético) es ampliamente utilizado en el control selectivo, pos emergencia, de plantas de hoja estrecha, como trigo, maíz, arroz, entre otras. Sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado puede ocasionar problemas en el desarrollo de la cultura. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los daños causados por el uso inadecuado del 2,4-D en el desarrollo inicial de la soja (Glycine max). Los tratamientos consistieron en la combinación de cinco períodos de carencia: 1, 4, 8, 12 y 15 días antes de la siembra de la soja y dos dosis de aplicación: la dosis recomendada y la dosis duplicada (L/ha), consistente en un esquema factorial 5x2 con tres repeticiones. Las plantas fueron cultivadas por 44 días, y luego recolectadas y analizadas en cuanto a la tasa de germinación (%), número de rebrote, índice de clorofila, longitud de raíz y parte aérea (cm), masa seca y fresca (g). La dosis duplicada reveló un mayor efecto sobre todas las variables analizadas, reduciendo en un 20% el porcentaje de emergencia. El índice de clorofila disminuyó cuando se comparó el menor período de carencia (1 día) y el mayor (15 días), y en la dosis duplicada. La masa seca también fue superior en la dosis recomendada, así como la longitud de la raíz y de la parte aérea. Los períodos de carencia de 1, 4 y 8 días fueron los que más influenciaron el crecimiento de la raíz.

Estudo morfológico do olho e anexos em macaco-prego (Sapajus sp.)

As pesquisas biomédicas do bulbo do olho em espécies símias e de laboratório têm sido modelos experimentais para o entendimento morfofuncional da visão e compreensão de doenças genéticas que podem afetar o olho humano. Baseados neste contexto, objetivou-se por meio deste estudo descrever a anatomia e histologia a partir da avaliação morfológica e morfométrica do bulbo do olho e seus anexos na espécie Sapajus sp. O presente estudo foi subdividido em duas etapas. Na primeira foi consignado um animal vivo para a avaliação por tomografia computadorizada da órbita, olho e seus anexos fez-se uma análise comparativa com uma das cabeças usadas no estudo anatomo-histológico, na segunda etapa valeu-se de três cabeças de macacos-prego para o estudo anatômico e histológico. Todo o objeto dessa pesquisa foi cedido pelo Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres (CETAS/IBAMA Salvador). A metodologia empregada para análise das cabeças foi a dissecação topográfica, seguida da exenteração do olho e anexos para descrição anatômica. Para a análise histológica, o material foi fixado em formol a 10% neutro, processado pela técnica rotineira de inclusão em parafina e corado pela hematoxilina e eosina e histoquímicas: azul de toluidina, tricrômico de masson, e hematoxilina férrica; a leitura foi realizada em microscópio óptico convencional. Todas as etapas foram documentadas com câmera fotográfica. A avaliação por tomografia computadorizada tanto do animal vivo quanto da cabeça formolizada não revelou diferenças na identificação das estruturas do sistema visual, como os ossos da órbita, os músculos extrínsecos do olho, córnea, esclera, a glândula lacrimal, esta avaliação foi um importante auxílio para a localização e dissecação adequada dessa estrutura. A avaliação anatômica e histológica da órbita, olhos e anexos revelou bastante similaridades e discretas diferenças entre o macaco-prego e o ser humano, como uma órbita de aspecto mais arredondado, ausência do forame supra-orbitário, incisura frontal, pouca exposição da esclera com leve pigmentação dessa área exposta e acentuada pigmentação na junção esclerocorneana em relação a do ser humano. A hematoxilina férrica destacou as estriações transversais dos músculos extrínsecos do olho e as bandas A e I. O tricrômico de masson evidenciou nas pálpebras as glândulas de Meibômio, na córnea o epitélio e a membrana de Bowman, na coroide os melanócitos e a membrana de Bruch, na retina os cones e bastonetes e no nervo óptico a lâmina crivosa dos feixes de fibras nervosas. O azul de toluidina destacou na córnea as membranas de Bowman e Descemet, e o endotélio, na coroide os melanócitos e na retina as camadas nucleares e o epitélio pigmentar retinal. A espécie Sapajus sp. mostrou-se um importante modelo experimental para as pesquisas na área de oftalmologia devido à alta similaridade das suas estruturas anatômicas e histológicas com a espécie humana.

Biomedical research of ocular bulb using simian and laboratory animal species has been considered as experimental models for morphofunctional understanding and comprehension of genetic disorders that affect human eye. This study aimed to describe anatomy and histology of eye bulb and its adnexes by morphologic and morphometric evaluation on Sapajus sp. Present study was subdivided in two parts. First, computed tomography was used to evaluate eyes, orbit and annexes of an alive animal. Then, a comparative analysis was made using a sample from necropsy. After, three capuchin monkeys were used for anatomo-histological study. All animals were gived up by Screening Center for Wild Animals (CETAS/IBAMA Salvador). Methodology used for analysis was topographic dissection, followed by eyes exenteration for anatomical description. Histological fragments fixated in buffered formalin 10% were stained with hematoxylin-eosin, toluidine blue, Massons trichrome, Alcian Blue and ferric hematoxylin, and examined using a light microscope. All steps were recorded by photrographic camera. CT evaluation showed no differences between living animal and fixated head on identification of visual system structures, as orbit bones, extrinsic eye muscles, cornea, sclera and lacrima gland. This technique contributed for localizing structures, allowing adequate dissecation. Anatomical and histological evaluation showed several similarities and slight differences between capuchin monkey and human, as more rounded orbit, absense of supraorbital foramen, frontal notch, little pigmented sclera exposed and marked pigmentation of sclerocorneal junction in relation to human. Ferric hematoxylin highlighted transversal striations from extrinsic eye muscles, as well as A and I bands. Massons trichrome evidenced meibomian glands at eyelid, corneal epithelium and Bowmans membrane, melanocytes and Brunchs membrane at choroid, retinal rods and cones and, in optic nerve, lamina cribosa of nerve fibers. Toluidine blue staining highlighted Bowmans and Descemet membranes and endothelium on cornea, melanocytes on choroide, nuclear layers of retina and retinal pigmented epithelium. Sapajus sp is an important experimental model for research on ophtalmology, because of great similarities on anatomical and histological structures in relation to human.

Glândula mamária do mocó (Kerodon rupestris -Wied Neuwied, 1820): aspectos morfológicos / Mammary gland of the rock cavy (Kerodon rupestris - Wied Neuwied, 1820): morphologic aspects

Procurando colaborar com a exploração zootécnica racional dos mocós(Kerodon rupestris) foi descrita a morfologia da glândula mamária destes roedores, que por sua vez podem tornar-se uma fonte de alimento para população nordestina. Foram utilizados cinco animais cedidos pelo Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS) da pela Escola Superior de Agricultura de Mossoró (ESAM) registrado junto ao IBAMA como criadouro científico sob o número 12.492- 0004. As glândulas mamárias foram retiradas através de dissecação e foram fotografadas. Cada animal apresentou duas glândulas mamárias localizadas na região inguinal. Histologicamente a glândula mamária era composta por uma grande quantidade de lóbulos, repletos de glândulas túbulos-alveolares com epitélio simples cúbico. Na papila mamária fibras musculares apresentaram-se dispostas de modo circular, o que possivelmente auxilia na contração para excreção do leite.(AU)

In attempt to collaborate with the rational zootecnic exploration of the Rock Cavy (Kerodon rupestris), the morphology of the mammary gland from these rodends was described, so that it can become a food source for north eastern population. Were used five animals yieldedby the Center of Multiplication of Animals Savage (CEMAS), createdby the Superior School of Agriculture of Mossoró (ESAM) registered in IBAMA as scientific breeding with number 12,492- 0004. The mammary glands were remove through dissecation and were photographed. Each animal presented two mammary glands in the base of the insertion of the pelvic members in the abdominal region. Histologicaly the mammary gland is composed of a great amount of lobes, replete of alveolar tubs glands with cubical simple epithelium.Its mammary papilla showed an amount of muscular staple fibres incircular way that assists it in the contraction for excrement of milk.(AU)

Morfologia e biometria das glândulas vesiculares e bulbouretrais de ovinos castrados e não castrados da raça Santa Inês

Neste trabalho foram utilizados 14 ovinos machos adultos, seis castrados e oito não castrados da raça Santa Inês com o peso médio de 32 kg. Foi realizado estudo macroscópico (topográfico e biométrico) e microscópico (histológico) das glândulas vesiculares e bulbouretrais com o objetivo de averiguar o comportamento dessas glândulas nos animais castrados e não castrados. Para o estudo macroscópico realizou-se a descrição destas duas glândulas, e avaliou-se a biometria após a dissecação e mensuração do peso, comprimento, altura e a largura das respectivas glândulas. Para a histologia foram obtidos fragmentos das respectivas glândulas os quais foram recortados, obteu-se cortes histológicos de cinco micrômetros sendo diafanizados em benzol e processados para inclusão do material em paraplast e corados com Hematoxilina-eosina e fotodocumentados em fotomicroscópio Olympus BX 50. Morfologicamente pode-se documentar que toda a sua topografia apresentou semelhança à espécie bovina, e na biometria evidenciouse medidas macroscópicas menores (p<0,05) das glândulas de ovinos castrados em relação aos não castrados, exceto para o peso vivo dos animais e peso relativo das glândulas vesiculares (p>0,05). Histologicamente verificou-se que a glândula vesicular é um tubo enrolado sobre si mesmo seccionado em diferentes posições. Separando-o há uma delgada camada de tecido conjuntivo frouxo. A mucosa é pregueada e o epitélio é prismático simples com células altas ricas. A lâmina própria possui fibras elásticas e está envolta por uma camada muscular lisa, constituída por duas lâminas: uma interna, de fibras circulares e outra externa, de fibras longitudinais. A camada adventícia é constituída por tecido conjuntivo frouxo. Os ductos excretores principais estão revestidos por epitélio prismático biestratificado...

In this project, 14 adult male sheep were used. six of them were castrated and eight non-castrated, and they were all Santa Ines breed, weighing 32kg in average. A macroscopic (topographic and biometric) and microscopic (histologic) study of the vesicular and bulbourethral glands was carried out with the aim of investigating the behavior of these glands in the castrated and non-castrated animals. For the macroscopic study, the description of these two glands was carried out, and the biometry after the dissecation, and weight, length, height and width measurement of the respective glands was evaluated. For the histology, fragments of these glands were obtained and cut. The obtained histological cuts of five micrometers were diaphanized in benzol and processed for the inclusion of the material in paraplast and stained with Hematoxylin and eosin and photo documented in photomicroscope Olympus BX 50. Morphologically, all its topography can be documented presenting similarity to the bovine species, and in the biometry it has evidenced smaller macroscopic measurements (p<0,05) comparing the glands of the castrated ovines and the non-castrated ones, except for the live weight of the animals and relative weight of the vesicular glands (p>0,05). Histologically, it has been verified that the vesicular gland is a tube coiled round itself sectioned at different positions. There is a thin layer of loose connective tissue separating it. The mucosa is wrinkled and the simple prismatic epithelium is composed of high cells that are rich. The blade itself has elastic fibers and is wrapped by a layer of smooth muscle, composed by two blades: an internal one, composed of circular fibers and an external one, composed of longitudinal fibers. The tunica adventitia is composed by loose connective tissue. The main excretory ducts are covered by bistratified prismatic epithelium...

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Systematization of the Wirsung duct and of the Santorini duct / Contribuição ao estudo das vias excretoras do pâncreas em Equus asinus. Sistematização do dueto principal (de Wirsung) e do dueto acessório (de Santorini)

The A. studies, by dissecation, the pancreatic duct system in 30 asinines adults (15 males and 15 females); the results obtained show that the Wirsung duct the main one results from the union of the collectors of the right and left lobes, and receives, as well (ts its roots, varied number of affluents. A secondary system is composed by the Santorini duct; this one opens, by its central extremity, directly in the Wirsung duct (53.3%), in the duct of the right lobe (23.3%) or in the duct of the left lobe (23.3%).Anastomosis were seen comunicanting, some times (16.7%), diversescollectors of the pancreatic duct system

Examina-se, mediante dissecção, o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 30 asininos adultos (15 machos e 15 fêmeas); os resultados obtidos mostram como vias mais importantes o dueto principal (de Wirsung), que resulta da união do dueto do lobo direito e do dueto do lobo esquerdo, o dueto acessório (de Santorini) e outros numerosos coletores que a eles vão ter.O dueto acessório (de Santorini), liga-se, por sua extremidade proximal,ao dueto principal (de Wirsung) (53,3%), ao dueto do lobo direito (23,3%) e ao dueto do lobo esquerdo (23,3%). Vias anastomóticas foram vistas, algumas vezes (16,7%) interligando diferentes duetos do sistema excretor da glândula.

Systematization of the Wirsung duct and of the Santorini duct / Contribuição ao estudo das vias excretoras do pâncreas em Equus asinus. Sistematização do dueto principal (de Wirsung) e do dueto acessório (de Santorini)

The A. studies, by dissecation, the pancreatic duct system in 30 asinines adults (15 males and 15 females); the results obtained show that the Wirsung duct the main one results from the union of the collectors of the right and left lobes, and receives, as well (ts its roots, varied number of affluents. A secondary system is composed by the Santorini duct; this one opens, by its central extremity, directly in the Wirsung duct (53.3%), in the duct of the right lobe (23.3%) or in the duct of the left lobe (23.3%).Anastomosis were seen comunicanting, some times (16.7%), diversescollectors of the pancreatic duct system

Examina-se, mediante dissecção, o sistema excretor do pâncreas de 30 asininos adultos (15 machos e 15 fêmeas); os resultados obtidos mostram como vias mais importantes o dueto principal (de Wirsung), que resulta da união do dueto do lobo direito e do dueto do lobo esquerdo, o dueto acessório (de Santorini) e outros numerosos coletores que a eles vão ter.O dueto acessório (de Santorini), liga-se, por sua extremidade proximal,ao dueto principal (de Wirsung) (53,3%), ao dueto do lobo direito (23,3%) e ao dueto do lobo esquerdo (23,3%). Vias anastomóticas foram vistas, algumas vezes (16,7%) interligando diferentes duetos do sistema excretor da glândula.

Contribution to the study of the extrahepatic and intrahepatic. bile duds in cats. Sistematization of the ramus principalis dexter and the ductus choledocus / Contribuição ao estudo das vias biliferas intra e extra-hepáticas no Felis domestica. Sistematização do ramus principalis dexter e do ductus choledocus

It was studied, by dissecation the systematization of the ramus principalis dexter and the ductus choledocus in 50 cats. The system of the ramus principalis dexter is composed, mainly, by the ramus lateralis lobi dextri, ramus processi caudati, ramus medialis lobi dextri, ramus processi papillaris, ramus lobi quadrati and ductus eysticus. The ductus choledocus is integrated by the ramus principalis dexter and ramus principalis sinister (68.0%), by the ductus hepaticus and ductus cysticus (22.0%), by the ramus principalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister and ductus cysticus (6.0%), by the ramus principalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister and ramus medialis lobi dextri (2.0% ), by the ductus hepaticus and ramus lobi quadrati (2.0%).

A sistematização do ramus principalis do dexter e do ductus choledocus, motivo desta pesquisa, foi estudada em 50 fígados de gatos. Baseados na dissecção destes órgãos podemos informar que o ductus choledocus resulta:  a) em 3 peças (68.0%), da fusão do ramus principalis dexter e ramus principais Sinistre;  b) em 11 casos (22,0%), da reunião do ductus hepaticus ao ductus cysticus;  c) em 3 preparações (6,0%), da tríplice confluência do ramus p rincipalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister e ductus cysticus;  d) em 1 dissecção (2,0%), da tríplice convergência do ramus principalis dexter, ramus principalis sinister e ramus medialis lobi dextri;  e) em 1 fígado (2.0%), da junção do ductus hepaticus e ramus lobi quadrati. No que tange ao sistema do ramus principais dexter, conforme verificamos, mostra-se constituído pela associação dos seguintes duetos conspícuos: ramus lateralis lobi dextri, ramus processi caudati, ramus medialis lobi dextri, ramus processi papillaris,ramus lobi quadrati e ductus cysticus.