Meningioma intracraniano em cão - tratamento com radioterapia / Intracranial meningioma in a dog - treatment with radiotherapy

Background: The most common primary brain neoplasm is meningioma. Dolichocephalic breeds are predisposed and there is no sexual predilection. Clinical signs depend on the location and size of the tumor and have a progressive course. Primary treatement includes surgery, radiotherapy or both. This study aimed to describe the treatment of a dog with suspected intracranial meningioma with definitive radiotherapy, which resulted in significant clinical improvement and prolonged survival. Case: A 9-year-old Shetland Shepherd bitch was diagnosed with a head tilt to the left side that progressed over a few weeks. She previously received corticosteroid therapy, which resulted a clinical improvement that worsened after treatment was discontinued. Computed tomography revealed an extra-axial brain mass in the caudal fossa, lateralized to the right, welldelimited, and measuring approximately 1.5 × 1.4 × 1.7 cm, suggestive of intracranial meningioma. The patient was treated with radiotherapy using Cobalt-60 equipment, with 18 daily fractions of 2.5 Gy at a total dose of 45 Gy using parallel and opposite technique fields. A new tomography performed 30 days after treatment showed a remission of 85% of the initial brain mass measuring approximately 0.9 × 1.0 × 0.5 cm, as well as complete resolution of the clinical signs initially presented. After 14 months, the patient presented with signs of lethargy and ataxia and was medicated with hydroxyurea at a dose of 50 mg/kg 3 times a week and corticosteroid therapy. However, the patient's neurological condition deteriorated, and she was subjected to reirradiation using the same protocol used previously, which resulted in clinical improvement and a 54% reduction in tumor volume on magnetic resonance. As a late side effect, only permanent alopecia in the irradiated region was observed. The patient died of disease 330 days after the second course of radiotherapy, with a total survival time of 1087 days. Discussion: Meningiomas are extra-axial neoplasms of the central nervous system that grow inside the dura mater. The literature shows that meningiomas are more common in dolichocephalic races with a mean age of 9 years, which supports our findings. Meningiomas most commonly affect the cortical thalamus and cerebellopontine region in dogs, which are normally associated with vestibular symptoms, as seen in this case. Diencephalic damage can result in vestibular signals since the thalamus functions as a relay station for vestibular afferent stimuli that are relayed to the cerebral cortex. In addition to the vestibular syndrome, common clinical signs associated with meningiomas in dogs include seizures, behavioral changes, and walking in circles, which are frequently misinterpreted due to tumor-induced side effects, such as cerebral edema, obstructive hydrocephalus, and cerebral hernia. Advanced imaging techniques should be used to diagnose intracranial neoplasms. In this case, computed tomography was critical for diagnosis and treatment planning. Meningioma treatment may comprise palliative measures, surgery, and radiotherapy. Radiotherapy as a single treatment can improve the quality of life with a decrease in clinical signs and a median survival time of approximately 250-536 days, as reported in the literature. Hydroxyurea can be a therapeutic option in inoperable cases and for patients with clinical limitations to undergo successive anesthesia during radiotherapy. Its most serious side effect is progressive myelosuppression. It can cause temporary partial tumor remission and improvement in clinical signs. As previously stated, radiotherapy can be an effective primary treatment option for treating intracranial meningiomas in dogs, with significant improvement in neurological clinical signs and mild side effects.

Craniosquise with meningocelis in newborn calf

Background: Cranioschisis is a malformation that occurs during embryological development and results in incomplete closure of the skull, leaving an opening through which the intracranial tissue can project. Meningocele consists of herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through the cranial defect. In cattle, this association usually manifested by the appearance of a floating saccular protrusion of variable size and volume in the frontal or parietal region of the cranium. This manuscript aims to report a case of cranioschisis associated with meningocele and neurological deficit in a newborn calf in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. Case: A 2-day-old crossbred female calf was diagnosed with cranioschisis associated with meningocele in the frontal region of the head. On initial clinical examination, an ovoid mass with floating appearance was observed, extending from the supraorbital curvature of the frontal bone to the end of the nasal bones following the midline. The patient had normal parameters for the species and age and a positive sucking reflex. Neurological examination showed permanent lateral decubitus position, spastic paresis of the thoracic limbs and opisthotonus. Complementary imaging studies, including xrays and ultrasonography, showed a failure in the frontal bone, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Despite the unfavorable prognosis, surgical reduction was chosen. After drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, excision of the meningeal sac was continuously performed, exposing the subarachnoid space, showing circular failure in the frontal bone with a diameter of 4.5 cm, making it possible to observe part of the right frontal lobe. We opted for occlusion of the bone defect by covering it with the dura mater. Absorbable 0 catgut suture was applied in a simple...(AU)

Craniosquise with meningocelis in newborn calf

Background: Cranioschisis is a malformation that occurs during embryological development and results in incomplete closure of the skull, leaving an opening through which the intracranial tissue can project. Meningocele consists of herniation of the meninges containing cerebrospinal fluid through the cranial defect. In cattle, this association usually manifested by the appearance of a floating saccular protrusion of variable size and volume in the frontal or parietal region of the cranium. This manuscript aims to report a case of cranioschisis associated with meningocele and neurological deficit in a newborn calf in the northwestern region of the state of Paraná. Case: A 2-day-old crossbred female calf was diagnosed with cranioschisis associated with meningocele in the frontal region of the head. On initial clinical examination, an ovoid mass with floating appearance was observed, extending from the supraorbital curvature of the frontal bone to the end of the nasal bones following the midline. The patient had normal parameters for the species and age and a positive sucking reflex. Neurological examination showed permanent lateral decubitus position, spastic paresis of the thoracic limbs and opisthotonus. Complementary imaging studies, including xrays and ultrasonography, showed a failure in the frontal bone, approximately 5 cm in diameter. Despite the unfavorable prognosis, surgical reduction was chosen. After drainage of the cerebrospinal fluid, excision of the meningeal sac was continuously performed, exposing the subarachnoid space, showing circular failure in the frontal bone with a diameter of 4.5 cm, making it possible to observe part of the right frontal lobe. We opted for occlusion of the bone defect by covering it with the dura mater. Absorbable 0 catgut suture was applied in a simple...

Meningocele e meningoencefalocele em leitões: aspectos patológicos e de imagem / Meningocele and meningoencephalocele in piglets: pathologic and imaging aspects

Background: Meningocele and meningoencephalocele are rare congenital deformities characterized by herniation of the meninges and of the meninges and brain tissue through a bone defect in the skull (cranioschisis), respectively. Descriptions of these malformations in pigs are scarce in the international literature and non-existent in Brazil, with only one case of cranioschisis with brain exposure (without protrusion of the meninges and covered by skin) reported to date. Here, we report a case of meningocele and another of meningoencephalocele in piglets in the state of Bahia and describe the main related anatomopathological and imaging characteristics (radiographic and ultrasonographic). Case: The congenital malformations occurred in newborn piglets from a farm located in the city of Catu, Bahia, Brazil, which presented with an evident large saccular area positioned dorsally to the head. The animals died 48 h after birth and were referred to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Bahia, for the studies and diagnostic conclusion. Postmortem ultrasound examinations showed that the region was filled with fluid and associated with a small brain protrusion in case 1 and a defect in the skull bone, which had its orifice dimensions estimated. Despite the superimposition of structures, the skull malformation was identified on radiographic examination (case 1) and measured on ultrasonographic examination (cases 1 and 2). During necropsy, the piglets presented with a marked marked bulge of saccular appearance under the skin in the frontal region. The saccular formation was floating, internally covered by dura mater and filled with reddish serous liquid (liquor). Discussion: The diagnoses of meningoencephalocele and...

Meningocele e meningoencefalocele em leitões: aspectos patológicos e de imagem / Meningocele and meningoencephalocele in piglets: pathologic and imaging aspects

Background: Meningocele and meningoencephalocele are rare congenital deformities characterized by herniation of the meninges and of the meninges and brain tissue through a bone defect in the skull (cranioschisis), respectively. Descriptions of these malformations in pigs are scarce in the international literature and non-existent in Brazil, with only one case of cranioschisis with brain exposure (without protrusion of the meninges and covered by skin) reported to date. Here, we report a case of meningocele and another of meningoencephalocele in piglets in the state of Bahia and describe the main related anatomopathological and imaging characteristics (radiographic and ultrasonographic). Case: The congenital malformations occurred in newborn piglets from a farm located in the city of Catu, Bahia, Brazil, which presented with an evident large saccular area positioned dorsally to the head. The animals died 48 h after birth and were referred to the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Bahia, for the studies and diagnostic conclusion. Postmortem ultrasound examinations showed that the region was filled with fluid and associated with a small brain protrusion in case 1 and a defect in the skull bone, which had its orifice dimensions estimated. Despite the superimposition of structures, the skull malformation was identified on radiographic examination (case 1) and measured on ultrasonographic examination (cases 1 and 2). During necropsy, the piglets presented with a marked marked bulge of saccular appearance under the skin in the frontal region. The saccular formation was floating, internally covered by dura mater and filled with reddish serous liquid (liquor). Discussion: The diagnoses of meningoencephalocele and...(AU)

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Coristoma ósseo mesentérico em uma porca / Mesenteric osseous choristoma in a sow

Background: Osseous choristomas represent the production of osseous tissue in abnormal regions, such as subcutaneous, fibrous or perivascular tissues, skeletal muscle and skin. These structures have been found in humans, dogs (lungs and dura mater), horses (large intestines) and cattle (lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes). They were also found in the mesenteric region and thoracic cavity of sows and piglets. The aim of this paper was to describe the macro and microscopic lesions found in a sow which died suddenly by a rare mesenteric osseous choristoma. Case: A lactating sow, parity four, from the Swine Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, showed appetite loss, hyperthermia (41.5ºC) and sudden death. The animal was submitted to necropsy at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, UFRGS. On external examination, the sow showed conjunctival and perioral cyanosis, proximal colon region with a firm structure with approximately 3.0 cm length in mesenteric area. Moreover, the colon was ruptured and fibrin deposition and intestinal content in abdominal cavity were observed. Fragments of organs were collected in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology and colored with hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E). Histologically, it was found bone trabeculae with osteoid, periosteum, spaces with osteocids and endochondral ossification with bone marrow composed by adipose tissue and intense proliferation of conjunctive stroma. The mesenteric lymph nodes showed intense lymphoid hyperplasia with multifocal centrilobular necrosis. There was fibrin in serosa of colon, acute peri-spleen and acute fibrinopurulent perihepatitis. Discussion: Macroscopic and microscopic findings were consistent with mesenteric osseous choristoma. This condition is unusual in domestic animals, however it has been already described in pigs...

Coristoma ósseo mesentérico em uma porca / Mesenteric osseous choristoma in a sow

Background: Osseous choristomas represent the production of osseous tissue in abnormal regions, such as subcutaneous, fibrous or perivascular tissues, skeletal muscle and skin. These structures have been found in humans, dogs (lungs and dura mater), horses (large intestines) and cattle (lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes). They were also found in the mesenteric region and thoracic cavity of sows and piglets. The aim of this paper was to describe the macro and microscopic lesions found in a sow which died suddenly by a rare mesenteric osseous choristoma. Case: A lactating sow, parity four, from the Swine Department of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, showed appetite loss, hyperthermia (41.5ºC) and sudden death. The animal was submitted to necropsy at the Department of Veterinary Pathology, UFRGS. On external examination, the sow showed conjunctival and perioral cyanosis, proximal colon region with a firm structure with approximately 3.0 cm length in mesenteric area. Moreover, the colon was ruptured and fibrin deposition and intestinal content in abdominal cavity were observed. Fragments of organs were collected in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology and colored with hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E). Histologically, it was found bone trabeculae with osteoid, periosteum, spaces with osteocids and endochondral ossification with bone marrow composed by adipose tissue and intense proliferation of conjunctive stroma. The mesenteric lymph nodes showed intense lymphoid hyperplasia with multifocal centrilobular necrosis. There was fibrin in serosa of colon, acute peri-spleen and acute fibrinopurulent perihepatitis. Discussion: Macroscopic and microscopic findings were consistent with mesenteric osseous choristoma. This condition is unusual in domestic animals, however it has been already described in pigs...(AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Intracranial transitional meningioma in a cat / Meningioma transicional intracraniano em gato

Background: Meningioma is a tumor that is usually attached to the dura mater. It typically arises from the meningothelial cell of the arachnoid or pia mater. Considered an extra-axial tumor of the central nervous system which can occur on any region of the meninges. The biological behavior tends to be benign and usually is not infiltrative allowing surgical indication, conferring to the patient a better prognosis. Geriatric patients are the most affected and there is no breed predisposition. This paper describes the clinical signs, pathological findings, and immunohistochemical features of a case of transitional meningioma in a cat. Case: A 14-year-old, neutered male mongrel cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic Hospital. The history was that the cat had anorexia and disorientation. On the day of admission, lethargy and blindness were observed. Full complete blood counts showed leukopenia and lymphopenia. The serum biochemistry tests were unspecific. Thoracic and skull radiographs and ultrasound examination revealed no abnormalities. The cat was hospitalized and the main treatment was based on antibiotics and corticosteroids. The cat tested negative for FIV and FeLV. Toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies were not detected using indirect fluorescent antibody test performed with a commercial kit. The clinical signs progressed to walking in circles, stumbling, wandering [...](AU)

Intracranial transitional meningioma in a cat / Meningioma transicional intracraniano em gato

Background: Meningioma is a tumor that is usually attached to the dura mater. It typically arises from the meningothelial cell of the arachnoid or pia mater. Considered an extra-axial tumor of the central nervous system which can occur on any region of the meninges. The biological behavior tends to be benign and usually is not infiltrative allowing surgical indication, conferring to the patient a better prognosis. Geriatric patients are the most affected and there is no breed predisposition. This paper describes the clinical signs, pathological findings, and immunohistochemical features of a case of transitional meningioma in a cat. Case: A 14-year-old, neutered male mongrel cat was referred to the Veterinary Clinic Hospital. The history was that the cat had anorexia and disorientation. On the day of admission, lethargy and blindness were observed. Full complete blood counts showed leukopenia and lymphopenia. The serum biochemistry tests were unspecific. Thoracic and skull radiographs and ultrasound examination revealed no abnormalities. The cat was hospitalized and the main treatment was based on antibiotics and corticosteroids. The cat tested negative for FIV and FeLV. Toxoplasma gondii serum antibodies were not detected using indirect fluorescent antibody test performed with a commercial kit. The clinical signs progressed to walking in circles, stumbling, wandering [...]

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória. (AU)

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative. (AU)

Anestesia epidural: revisão de literatura / Epidural anesthesia: literature review

A anestesia epidural e uma técnica de anestesia regional, onde é feita a deposição de anestésico ou analgésico ao redor da dura-máter e por difusão chega as raízes nervosas sensitivas e motoras dos nervos espinhais. Pode ser amplamente empregada já que é de fácil aplicação e baixo custo. Minimiza o efeito dos anestésicos gerais, quando associada a estas, por diminui a dose dos fármacos utilizadas e por proporcionar analgesia e relaxamento muscular trans e pós-operatória.

The epidural anesthesia and regional anesthesia technique, where you do the deposition of anesthetic or analgesic around the dura mater and broadcast reaches the sensory and motor nerve roots of the spinal nerves. It can be widely used since it is easy to apply and low cost. Minimizes the effect of general anesthetics, when associated to those for decreases the dose of drug used and for providing analgesia and muscle relaxation and trans postoperative.

ESTUDO MACROSCÓPICO DO TELENCÉFALO, DA VASCULARIZAÇÃO DA BASE E SEIOS DA DURA-MÁTER EM Alouatta belzebul

Os primatas da espécie Alouatta belzebul, também conhecido como bugio, guariba e barbado são endêmicos do Brasil, de grande porte, movimentos lentos e locomoção quadrúpede. O conhecimento da morfologia desta espécie é escasso e, em alguns aspectos, como o encéfalo são inexistentes. O objetivo foi descrever a anatomia macroscópica do telencéfalo de Alouatta belzebul, assim como a vascularização da base do encéfalo, núcleos da base e os seios venosos da dura-máter. Estudaram-se 20 espécimes de Alouatta belzebul, onde os giros e sulcos encefálicos foram dissecados, os núcleos da base identificados e o sistema arterial e os seios venosos foram perfundidos com a injeção de látex corado. O telencéfalo do A. belzebul apresentou-se com características lisencefálicas, corroborando com várias outras espécies de primatas não humanos e diferindo de gêneros como Pan e Homo. Os núcleos da base estavam bastante evidentes e foram descritos o núcleo caudado, putâmen, globo pálido medial e globo pálido lateral, claustro e substância negra, que funcionalmente, estão relacionados com o comportamento motor da espécie. Na análise do índice de encefalização, observou-se que o Alouatta belzebul é filogeneticamente mais próximo de Sapajus e Macaca e mais distante de gêneros como Brachyteles e Callithrix, mostrando expressiva cognição e inteligência. Em relação à inclinação do sulco central, observou-se que em Alouatta belzebul a extremidade superior é posterior à extremidade inferior, dados que corroboram com o homem, babuínos e chimpanzés e revela um lobo frontal grande quando comparado Sapajus libidinosus, demonstrando o máximo de desenvolvimento cerebral nestes primatas. O círculo arterial do Alouatta belzebul é composto por dois sistemas vasculares: o vértebro-basilar e o sistema carotídeo, que se anastomosam para fechar o circuito arterial. Na porção caudal do círculo arterial encontram-se as artérias vertebrais e seus ramos: artéria espinal rostral e a cerebelar inferior caudal. A anastomose das artérias vertebrais dá origem à artéria basilar. Esta apresentou uma variação anatômica com a formação de uma dupla artéria basilar, denominada ilha arterial. Na dura-máter foram observados nove seios venosos: seio sagital dorsal, seio sagital ventral, seio transverso, seio reto, seio sigmoide, seio temporal, seio parietal, seio basilar e seio cavernoso, com semelhanças morfológicas na origem, trajeto e destino do fluxo sanguíneo para a veia jugular interna, auxiliando na função de drenagem venosa do encéfalo nesta espécie. Dos seios venosos observados, o seio cavernoso apresentou-se com uma importância clínica e cirúrgica considerável em Alouatta belzebul devido à sua disposição topográfica junto da artéria carótida interna e glândula hipófise, dados semelhantes aos descritos para Sapajus libidinosus, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Papio ursinus, Cercopithecus pygerithrus e Galago senegalensis. O estudo morfológico do telencéfalo, assim como os mecanismos de revestimento, irrigação arterial e drenagem dos seios venosos, gerou informações sobre a organização encefálica do primata Alouatta belzebul, que até então não haviam sido descritas e muitos desses dados geram subsídios para compreensão de outras áreas de investigações etológicas.

Primates of the species Alouatta belzebul, also known as howler monkeys, guariba and barbado are endemic to Brazil, of large size, slow movements and quadrupedal locomotion. The knowledge of the morphology of this species is scarce and, in some aspects, as the brain is non-existent. The objective was to describe the macroscopic anatomy of Alouatta belzebul's telencephalon, as well as the vascularization of the base of the brain, nuclei of the base and the venous sinuses of the dura mater. Twenty specimens of Alouatta belzebul were studied, where the brain gyres and grooves were dissected, the base nuclei were identified and the arterial system and venous sinuses were perfused with the injection of colored latex. The telencephalon of A. belzebul presented lysencephalic characteristics, corroborating with several other species of non-human primates and differing from genera such as Pan and Homo. The nuclei of the base were quite evident and the caudate nucleus, putamen, pale medial globe and pale lateral globe, cloister and black substance have been described, which are functionally related to the motor behavior of the species. In the analysis of the encephalization index, it was observed that the Alouatta belzebul is phylogenetically closer to Sapajus and Macaca and more distant from genera such as Brachyteles and Callithrix, showing expressive cognition and intelligence. Regarding the inclination of the central groove, it was observed that in Alouatta belzebul the upper extremity is posterior to the lower extremity, data that corroborate with man, baboons and chimpanzees and reveal a large frontal lobe when compared to Sapajus libidinosus, showing the maximum development in these primates. The arterial circle of the Alouatta belzebul consists of two vascular systems: the vertebro-basilar and the carotid system, which anastomose to close the arterial circuit. In the caudal portion of the arterial circle are the vertebral arteries and their branches: the rostral spinal artery and the caudal inferior cerebellar artery. Anastomosis of the vertebral arteries gives rise to the basilar artery. This presented an anatomical variation with the formation of a double basilar artery, called the arterial island. Nine venous sinuses were observed in the dura mater: dorsal sagittal sinus, ventral sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, straight sinus, sigmoid sinus, temporal sinus, parietal sinus, basilar sinus and cavernous sinus, with morphological similarities in the origin, path and destination of the flow blood to the internal jugular vein, helping in the venous drainage function of the brain in this species. Of the venous sinuses observed, the cavernous sinus was of considerable clinical and surgical importance in Alouatta belzebul due to its topographic arrangement next to the internal carotid artery and pituitary gland, data similar to those described for Sapajus libidinosus, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, Papio ursinus, Cercopithecus pygerithrus and Galago senegalensis. The morphological study of the telencephalon, as well as the mechanisms of lining, arterial irrigation and drainage of the venous sinuses, generated information about the brain organization of the primate Alouatta belzebul, which had not been previously described and many of these data generate subsidies for understanding other áreas ethological investigations.

HOMING DE CÉLULAS ESTROMAIS MESENQUIMAIS MULTIPOTENTES CANINAS APÓS TRANSPLANTE PELA VIA EPIDURAL EM MODELO EXPERIMENTAL DE LESÃO RAQUIMEDULAR AGUDA EM COELHOS

As células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (MSC) têm sido apresentadas pela comunidade científica como uma alternativa promissora no tratamento de doenças inflamatórias, traumáticas, vasculares e degenerativas do sistema nervoso central devido a suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, imunomoduladoras e neuroregenerativas. Um dos fatores que podem afetar a eficácia da terapia celular é a via de transplante utilizada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o homing de MSCs derivadas do tecido adiposo caninas (AdMSCs) transplantadas pela via epidural em modelo experimental de lesão raquimedular aguda em coelhos. A lesão raquimedular foi induzida experimentalmente em 8 coelhos por compressão do segmento medular T10, imediatamente após os animais foram submetidos ao transplante de AdMSCs caninas marcadas com nanocristais (Qtracker 655) pela via epidural entre os espaços L7-S1. Sete dias após o transplante, o homing das AdMSCs caninas foi avaliado na medula espinhal, encéfalo, fígado, rins, baço e pulmão por meio de detecção de fluorescência em imageador in vivo. Os segmentos medulares L7-S1 e local de lesão foram analisados em microscopia confocal para a presença de AdMSCs marcadas. Constatou-se a presença de AdMSCs caninas em local de lesão na medula espinhal e segmento L7-S1, houve marcação em encéfalo, pulmão, fígado e rins, não houve marcação em baço. A presença de AdMSCs na medula espinhal comprova a capacidade destas células passarem pela dura mater e atingirem o local de lesão. O transplante epidural é viável e minimamente invasivo, sendo um bom candidato para o uso em terapia celular no contexto de doenças neurológicas.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) have been presented by the scientific community as a promising alternative in the treatment of inflammatory, traumatic, vascular and degenerative diseases of the central nervous system due to their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and neuroregenerative properties. One of the aspects that can affect the effectiveness of the stem cell therapy is the transplantation route used. The aim of this study was to evaluate the homing of canine adipose derived MSCs (AdMSCs) transplanted via epidural injection in an experimental model of acute spinal cord injury in rabbits. New Zealand rabbits (n=8) were subjected to the spinal cord injury induced by compression of the 10th thoracic segment. Immediatily after the surgical procedure, the animals were submitted to the transplantation of marked AdMSCs with Qtracker 655 through epidural injection between the L7-S1 spaces. Seven days after the transplant, the brain, spinal cord, lungs, kidney, spleen and liver were collected and evaluated by fluorescence imaging. The spinal cord segments L7-S1 and thoracic injury site were evaluated by confocal microscopy to identify the presence of marked canine AdMSCs. Results shows that AdMSCs migrate to thoracic spinal cord segment, lungs, brain, liver and kidneys, no fluorescence was observed in spleen. The presence of canine AdMSCs in spinal cord indicates the capacity of these cells to overcome the dura mater and reach the injury site. The epidural delivery is feasible and minimally invasive and might be a good candidate for cell transplantation in the context of neurological diseases.

Sporadic multicentric lymphoma in a Nelore calf

A case of sporadic multicentric lymphoma in a Nelore calf is reported. Anatomic presentation, age of affected animal, and cytology done on fine needle aspiration biopsy from lymph node supported a presumptive clinical diagnosis. At necropsy there were multiple cream or white soft to firm masses of varying sizes, affecting lymph nodes, kidneys, myocardium, liver, retrobulbar tissues, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and dura mater; with a mitotic index of 90%. A tentative classification of the neoplasm as lymphoblastic lymphoma was made based on immunohistochemistry.

Sporadic multicentric lymphoma in a Nelore calf

A case of sporadic multicentric lymphoma in a Nelore calf is reported. Anatomic presentation, age of affected animal, and cytology done on fine needle aspiration biopsy from lymph node supported a presumptive clinical diagnosis. At necropsy there were multiple cream or white soft to firm masses of varying sizes, affecting lymph nodes, kidneys, myocardium, liver, retrobulbar tissues, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, and dura mater; with a mitotic index of 90%. A tentative classification of the neoplasm as lymphoblastic lymphoma was made based on immunohistochemistry.(AU)

APLICAÇÃO DA MEMBRANA DE BIOCELULOSE EMBEBIDA EM CIPROFLOXACINA NA CERATOPLASTIA LAMELAR

Avaliaram-se os sinais clínicos oculares da ceratoplastia lamelar, utilizando-se a membrana de biocelulose (MB) embebida em ciprofloxacina em duas espessuras, no tratamento de úlceras de córneas profundas e/ou perfuradas, em cães e gatos, com ceratite ulcerativa com sequestro de córnea. A celulose possui aplicações importantes na engenharia de tecidos, como a reparação e cicatrização de feridas. Os principais exemplos são as aplicações que incluem engenharia de vasos sanguíneos, tecido neural, osso, cartilagem, fígado e tecido adiposo, reconstrução da uretra e dura-máter, reparação de tecido conjuntivo e defeitos cardíacos congênitos, construção de barreiras protetoras e aplicações oftalmológicas, principalmente construção de contato lentes. Os animais foram divididos igualmente em dois grupos, onde um (GHE) recebeu a membrana hidratada espessa e outro recebeu (G-HD) hidratada delgada. Previamente ao emprego da MB, as mesmas foram recortadas em discos de 3-4mm e adaptadas ao leito das úlceras, utilizando-se sutura não perfurante total, em pontos simples isolados. Instituiram-se, por terapia pós-operatória, colírios à base de ciprofloxacina, diclofenaco sódico, atropina, lubrificante ocular e colar do tipo elizabetano. As causas das úlceras foram, também, tratadas. Avaliaram-se os sinais clínicos oculares no pós-operatório aos 3, 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias. A MB e os pontos de suturas foram removidos ao trigésimo dia. Sinais clínicos como blefarospasmo, presença de secreção ocular, hiperemia conjuntival e vascularização corneal estiveram presentes em ambos os grupos até o 15º dia de pós-operatório reduzindo, gradualmente, ao longo do tempo. Não foram observados sinais de rejeição da membrana nos períodos avaliados. Portanto a MB favoreceu a epitelização corneal, sendo uma alternativa terapêutica para lesões corneais infectadas ou não. No entanto, a MB induz a uma maior angiogênese nos casos de perfuração, com consequente ceratite pigmentar intra e perilesional.

Clinical ocular signs of lamellar keratoplasty were evaluated using a two-thickness ciprofloxacin-embedded biocellulose membrane (MB) in the treatment of deep and / or perforated corneal ulcers in dogs and cats with sequestered ulcerative keratitis. of cornea. Cellulose has important applications in tissue engineering, such as wound repair and healing. Top examples are applications that include blood vessel engineering, neural tissue, bone, cartilage, liver and adipose tissue, urethral and dura mater reconstruction, connective tissue repair and congenital heart defects, protective barrier construction and ophthalmic applications, mainly construction of contact lenses. The animals were divided equally into two groups, where one (G-HE) received the thick hydrated membrane and the other received thin hydrated (G-HD). Prior to the use of MB, they were cut in 3-4mm discs and adapted to the ulcer bed, using total nonperforating suture, in isolated single stitches. Postoperative therapy was followed by eye drops based on ciprofloxacin, diclofenac sodium, atropine, eye lubricant and Elizabethan collar. The causes of ulcers were also treated. Postoperative ocular clinical signs were evaluated at 3, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days. MB and suture stitches were removed on day 30. Clinical signs such as blepharospasm, presence of ocular discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, and corneal vascularization were present in both groups until the 15th postoperative day, gradually decreasing over time. No signs of membrane rejection were observed in the evaluated periods. Therefore, MB favored corneal epithelialization, being a therapeutic alternative for infected or uninfected corneal lesions. However, MB induces greater angiogenesis in perforation cases, with consequent intra and perilesional pigmentary keratitis.

Anatomia do cone medular aplicada à via epidural de administração de fármacos em macacos-prego ( Sapajus libidinosus )

Abstract: This study aimed to describe the topography of the conus of capuchin monkey (Sapajus libidinosus) to provide support for anesthetic procedures, as well as examinations of myelography and CSF collection, among other procedures using the epidural route. Eight animals were dissected, six males and two females, of different ages. The skin was countered for removal of the dorsal musculature for exposure of the entire spine and identification of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae. To establish the end of the spinal cord and to measure the length of the conus medullaris, we opened the lumbosacral spinal canal through side section of the vertebral arches. The dura mater was sectioned to visualize the conus and to observe the topographical relation with the vertebrae. All animals showed five lumbar vertebrae and three sacral vertebrae. The vertebrae were in general very closed with the spinous processes well developed and directed cranially. The conus of capuchin monkeys was located between the L2 and L5 vertebrae, with the base mostly in the L3 vertebra, and the peak in L4. The body length (interarcual space occiptoatlântico until sacrocaudal interarcual space) ranged from 22.9 to 31.8cm, with a mean of 27.44±3.1cm while the medullary cone length ranged from 1.70 to 3.51cm, with a mean of 2.47±0.57cm. There was no correlation between body size and length of the medullary cone (r=0.212). It is concluded that despite the variations in length and positioning of the medullary cone, its height does not exceed the lumbosacral joint, making safe access to the epidural space in this way.

Resumo: Com este estudo objetivou-se descrever a topografia do cone medular do macaco-prego (Sapajus libidinosus) a fim de fornecer suporte para que a realização de procedimentos anestésicos, bem como exames de mielografia e coleta de líquor, dentre outros procedimentos que utilizam a via epidural. Para tanto foram dissecados oito animais, sendo seis machos e duas fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias. Rebateu-se a pele para retirada da musculatura da região dorsal, exposição de toda a coluna vertebral e identificação das vértebras lombares e sacrais. Para estabelecer o final da medula espinhal e medir o comprimento do cone medular, foi aberto todo o canal vertebral lombossacro, seccionando-se lateralmente os arcos vertebrais. Em seguida a duramáter foi seccionada para visualização do cone medular e observação da relação topográfica deste com as vértebras. Todos os animais apresentaram cinco vértebras lombares e três vértebras sacrais. As vértebras se apresentaram, de forma geral, muito próximas e com os processos espinhosos bem desenvolvidos e direcionados em sentido cranial. O cone medular dos macacos-prego situou-se entre as vértebras L2 e L5, com a base localizando-se com maior frequência na altura da vértebra L3, enquanto o ápice em L4. O comprimento corporal (espaço interarcual occiptoatlântico até o espaço interarcual sacrocaudal) variou de 22,9 a 31,8cm, com média de 27,44 ±3,1cm enquanto que comprimento do cone medular variou de 1,70 a 3,51cm, com média de 2,47 ±0,57cm. Não houve correlação entre o tamanho do corpo e o comprimento do cone medular (r = 0,212). Conclui-se que apesar das variações do comprimento e posicionamento do cone medular, o seu ápice não ultrapassa a articulação lombossacral, tornando seguro o acesso ao espaço epidural por esta via.