Remoção endoscópica de corpo estranho ventricular em gallus gallus domesticus da raça brahma: relato de caso / Endoscopic removal of a ventricular foreign body in a brahma gallus domesticus: case report / Extracción endoscópica de un cuerpo extraño ventricular en un brahma gallus domesticus: informe de un caso

Relatos de ingestão de corpos estranhos dos mais diferentes materiais são comuns em aves, especialmente nas mais jovens. Os corpos estranhos podem causar intoxicação (dependendo da composição do material) ou mesmo perfuração do canal alimentar ou obstrução gastrintestinal. Quando há suspeita de ingestão de corpos estranhos, exames de imagem como a radiologia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia são ferramentas valiosas para o diagnóstico. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de uma ave da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, raça Brahma, sete meses de idade, macho, pesando 4,3 Kg com quadro de sensibilidade na cavidade corporal e histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e prostração há cinco dias. As radiografias simples indicaram a presença de corpo estranho radiopaco (parafuso) alojado na região do ventrículo (moela). Após tratamento clínico com lavagens gástricas por cinco dias sem êxito, optou-se por realizar uma endoscopia digestiva alta sob anestesia geral com quetamina e isoflurano. O corpo estranho foi satisfatoriamente removido com pinça de alça de polipectomia e a ave apresentou rápida melhora clínica sem complicações. A endoscopia mostrou-se um procedimento pouco invasivo e eficaz para a resolução do presente caso. Os clínicos veterinários de aves devem considerar a possibilidade de usar a endoscopia como ferramenta para diagnóstico e resolução de corpos estranhos no canal alimentar das aves.(AU)

Reports of ingestion of foreign bodies from most different materials are common in birds, especially younger ones. Foreign bodies can cause intoxication (depending on the composition of the material) or even perforation of the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal obstruction. When foreign body ingestion is suspected, imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, and endoscopy are valuable diagnostic tools. The objective of this paper was to report a case of an avian of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, Brahma breed, seven months old, male, weighing 4.3 kg, with sensitivity in the body cavity, and a history of regurgitation, hyporexia, and prostration for five days. Plain radiographs indicated the presence of a radiopaque foreign body (screw) lodged in the ventricle region (gizzard). After clinical treatment with gastric lavages for five days without success, it was decided to perform an upper digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia with ketamine and isoflurane. The foreign body was satisfactorily removed with polypectomy loop forceps, and the bird showed rapid clinical improvement without complications. Endoscopy proved to be a minimally invasive and effective procedure for resolving the present case. Avian veterinary practitioners may consider using endoscopy to diagnose and resolve foreign bodies in the alimentary canal of birds.(AU)

Los informes de ingestión de cuerpos extraños de los más diferentes materiales son comunes en las aves, especialmente en las más jóvenes. Los cuerpos extraños pueden causar intoxicación (dependiendo de la composición del material) o incluso perforación del tubo digestivo u obstrucción gastrointestinal. Cuando se sospecha la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, las pruebas de imagen como la radiología, la ecografía y la endoscopia son valiosas herramientas diagnósticas. El objetivo fue reportar un caso de un ave de la especie Gallus gallus domesticus, raza Brahma, de siete meses de edad, macho, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con sensibilidad en la cavidad corporal y antecedentes de regurgitación, hiporexia y postración de cinco días de evolución. Las radiografías simples indicaron la presencia de un cuerpo extraño radiopaco (tornillo) alojado en la región del ventrículo (molleja). Tras tratamiento clínico con lavados gástricos durante cinco días sin éxito, se decide realizar endoscopia digestiva alta bajo anestesia general con ketamina e isoflurano. El cuerpo extraño se extrajo satisfactoriamente con pinzas de asa de polipectomía y el ave mostró una rápida mejoría clínica sin complicaciones. La endoscopia demostró ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo y efectivo para la resolución del presente caso. Los veterinarios aviares deberían considerar la posibilidad de utilizar la endoscopia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y resolución de cuerpos extraños en el tubo digestivo de las aves.(AU)

Gastroesophageal foreign bodies in dogs - endoscopy and surgical removal

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Alternative use of endocavitary probe to guide minimally invasive partial nephrectomy: is it reasonable?

Purpose: To describe the use of endocavitary ultrasound probe as an auxiliary tool when performing partial nephrectomy in cases of endophytic renal tumors, to standardize the method, and to report the preliminary results achieved with this technique. Methods: Fifteen patients diagnosed with completely endophytic underwent partial nephrectomy with the use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe. This article describes the technique involved in partial nephrectomy and details the preparation of the endocavitary ultrasound probe to ensure its safe use. Results: All the patients had a RENAL score between 8 and 11. The median time of warm ischemia was 26 and 18 minutes for laparoscopic or robot-assisted surgery, respectively. The median duration of surgery was 150 minutes, and the median console time was 145 minutes for the laparoscopic and robot-assisted surgery groups, respectively. The median estimate of blood loss was 200 mL. Only three patients in the laparoscopic group had focal positive surgical margins. There were no cases of infection at the site of probe entry. Conclusions: Intraoperative use of an endocavitary ultrasound probe for partial nephrectomy is possible and a safe alternative to the excision of endophytic tumors when neither robotic probes nor laparoscopic probes are available.

Técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un perro con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso / Balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a dog with esophageal stenosis: case report / Técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em cão com estenose esofágica: relato de caso

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

Avaliação andrológica no garanhão: ênfase no exame interno do sistema genital / Breeding soundness examination in stallions: emphasis on internal assessment of the genital system

A avaliação do sistema genital interno no garanhão é uma importante etapa do exame andrológico, mas ainda é negligenciada na clínica reprodutiva dessa espécie. A maioria das enfermidades que acometem as glândulas sexuais acessórias e a uretra são descritas na literatura como pouco frequentes e até mesmo raras, no entanto a falta de diagnóstico, em muitos casos, contribui para essa estatística. Dentre as enfermidades mais recorrentes se destacam a vesiculite seminal, obstrução de ampola e fistula uretral que podem levar a prejuízos na qualidade seminal e baixa fertilidade. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta revisão é abordar as principais ferramentas de avaliação dos órgãos genitais internos nos machos equinos, visando contribuir para o correto diagnóstico e tratamento das principais afecções que os acometem.(AU)

The evaluation of the internal genital system in stallions is an important step in the breeding soundness exam that is still neglected in the reproductive clinic of this species. Most diseases that affect the accessory sex glands and the urethra are described in the literature as infrequent and even rare, however the lack of diagnosis, in many cases, contributes to this statistic. Among the most recurrent diseases are seminal vesiculitis, plugged ampullae and urethral rent that can lead to decreased seminal quality and low fertility. Thus, the objective of this review is to highlight the main tools for evaluating the internal genitalia in stallions, aiming to contribute to the diagnosis and treatment of the main conditions that affect them.(AU)

Experimental model for controlled endoscopic subepithelial vocal fold injury in rats

Purpose: To present a detailed, reproducible, cost-efficient surgical model for controlled subepithelial endoscopic vocal fold injury in the rat model. Methods: Six male Sprague Dawley rats were enrolled in the experiment. The left vocal folds were used to carry out the injury model, and the right vocal fold served as control. After deep sedation, the rats were placed on a custom operating platform. The vocal fold injury by subepithelial stripping was carried out using custom-made microsurgical instruments under endoscopic guidance. Data were analyzed for procedural time and post-procedural pain. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) scan and histologic images were obtained to assess the length, area, and depth of injury to the vocal fold. Results: The mean procedural time was 112 s. The mean control vocal fold length was 0.96 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold injury length was 0.53 ± 0.04 mm. The mean vocal fold surface was 0.18 ± 0.01 mm2 with a mean lesion area of 0.05 ± 0.00 mm2. Mean vocal fold injury depth was 375.4 ± 42.8 µm. The lesion length to vocal fold length ratio was 0.55 ± 0.03, as well as lesion area to vocal fold surface area was 0.29 ± 0.02. Conclusions: Our described experimental vocal fold injury model in rats is found to be fast, safe, cost-efficient, and reproducible with a rapid learning curve.

Permanent tracheostomy in a horse: a case report / Traqueostomia permanente em equino: relato de caso

Problems related to the locomotor and gastrointestinal systems correspond to the highest percentage of clinical cases. However, diseases related to the respiratory system can result in low animal performance or even the animal's removal from athletic life. This paper aims to report a case of permanent tracheotomy in a horse. The animal was treated at the Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia Veterinary Hospital - HOVET, with respiratory noise and dyspnea claims. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the animal had been presenting respiratory difficulty for 20 days. On physical examination, respiratory noise and dyspnea were noted. Endoscopy was performed, from which a marked decrease in the arytenoid cartilage movement on the right and left sides was noted. It was possible to diagnose a stage IV case of bilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, combining clinical signs with endoscopy findings. Thus, the surgical treatment of permanent tracheostomy was chosen. After surgery, drug therapy using antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs was performed. In addition, a nº 6 metal tracheostomy cannula was inserted. After 36 days of hospitalization, the animal was discharged with regression of clinical signs.(AU)

Problemas relacionados aos sistemas locomotor e gastrointestinal correspondem ao maior percentual de casos clíni-cos. No entanto, doenças relacionadas ao sistema respiratório podem resultar em baixo desempenho do animal ou mesmo na retirada do animal da vida atlética. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de traqueotomia permanente em um cavalo. O animal foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário Jerônimo Dix-Huit Rosado Maia - HOVET, com queixas de ruído respiratório e dispneia. Na anamnese, o proprietário relatou que o animal apresentava dificuldade respiratória há 20 dias. Ao exame físico, notou-se ruído respiratório e dispneia. Foi realizada endoscopia, a partir da qual foi notada diminuição acentuada do movimento da cartilagem aritenoide nos lados direito e esquerdo. Foi possível diagnosticar um caso em estágio IV de hemiplegia laríngea bila-teral, combinando os sinais clínicos com os achados endoscópicos. Assim, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico da traqueostomia definitiva. Após a cirurgia, foi realizada terapia medicamentosa com antibióticos e anti-inflamatórios. Além disso, uma cânula de traqueostomia de metal nº 6 foi inserida. Após 36 dias de internação, o animal recebeu alta com regressão dos sinais clínicos.(AU)

Use of balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a canine patient with esophageal stenosis: case report / Uso da técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em um paciente canino com estenose esofágica: relato de caso / Uso de la técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un paciente canino con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Estenose esofágica adquirida: relato de caso / Esophageal stenosis acquired: case report / Estenosis esofágica adquirida: informe de un caso

Refluxos gastroesofágicos podem ocorrer por diversos fatores como fármacos anestésicos, pré-disposição de raça, ausência de jejum, idade e sexo. A exposição da mucosa esofágica ao conteúdo gástrico é a principal causa de esofagites, que, por sua vez, podem evoluir para uma estenose do órgão, formando uma faixa circular intraluminal, causando estreitamento e comprometendo o lúmen esofágico. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um caso de estenose esofágica decorrente de ovariohisterectomia, dando ênfase às possíveis causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia da enfermidade. A cadela relatada foi atendida no setor de Clínica Médica de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinário da UFVJM, Campus Unaí no dia 14 de novembro de 2019, aproximadamente um mês após receber o diagnóstico de estenose esofágica, obtido pelo histórico, sinais clínicos, achados radiográficos e, principalmente, por endoscopia esofágica. De acordo com dados da literatura, o animal apresentava diversos fatores que pré-dispõem ao refluxo gastroesofágico e, consequentemente, a estenose esofágica, como o histórico cirúrgico, idade e raça, dentre outros. Receitou-se tratamento clínico com antiácidos e inibidores da bomba de prótons para remissão clínica.

Gastroesophageal reflux may occur during anesthesia due to various factors such as anesthetic drugs, race disposition, absence of fasting, age and gender. Exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric contents is the main cause of esophagitis, which in turn may develop into esophageal stricture, forming an intraluminal circular band, causing narrowing and compromising the esophageal lumen. The objective of this work is to describe a case of esophageal stricture resulting from an ovariohysterectomy, emphasizing the possible causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. The bitch of this report was attended of the group of Small Animals Medical Clinic II of UFVJM-Campus Unaí together with the teacher responsible for the discipline attended the reported animal on November 14, 2019, approximately one month of receiving diagnosis of esophageal etricture, obtained through history, signs radiographic findings and mainly by esophageal endoscopy. According to data from the literature, the animal had several factors that predispose to gastroesophageal reflux and consequently sophageal stricture, such as surgical history, age, race and others. Clinical treatment with antacids and proton pump inhibitors was prescribed for clinical remission.

Los reflujos gastroesofágicos pueden producirse durante la anestesia debido a varios factores como los fármacos anestésicos, la predisposición de la raza, la ausencia de ayuno, la edad y el sexo. La exposición de la mucosa esofágica al contenido gástrico es la principal causa de la esofagitis, que a su vez puede evolucionar hacia una estenosis esofágica, formando una banda circular intraluminal, provocando un estrechamiento y comprometiendo la luz esofágica.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir un caso de estenosis esofágica resultante de una ovariohisterectomía, destacando las posibles causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis de la enfermedad. La perra relatada fue atendida en el sector de Clínica Médica de Animales de Compañía del Hospital Veterinario de la UFVJM, Campus Unaí junto con el profesor responsable del sujeto el 14 de noviembre de 2019, aproximadamente un mes después de recibir el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica, obtenido a través de la historia, los signos clínicos, los hallazgos radiográficos y principalmente por la endoscopia esofágica.De acuerdo con los datos de la literatura, el animal presentaba varios factores que predisponen al reflujo gastroesofágico y consecuentemente a la estenosis esofágica, como los antecedentes quirúrgicos, la edad, la raza entre otros. Se prescribió un tratamiento clínico con antiácidos e inhibidores de la bomba de protones para la remisión clínica.

Massa esofágica em cárdia de um cão / Esophageal mass in cardia of a dog

O sistema digestório é responsável pela quebra dos alimentos em menores partes, a fim de gerar energia, crescimento e renovação celular. É constituído de um tubo digestivo formado por boca, esôfago, estômago, alças intestinais, reto e ânus; além dos órgãos anexos. O esôfago dá continuidade ao canal alimentar da faringe ao estômago. O câncer de esôfago, em cães e gatos, ocorre raramente, representando cerca de menos de 0,5% de todos os tumores nessas espécies. O maior fator de risco para os tumores esofágicos em cães está relacionado com as áreas endêmicas do nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, que parasita o cão. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull, com dez meses de idade, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira com histórico de apatia, tosse, engasgo e alotriofagia. Foram solicitados exames de hemograma, bioquímica sérica, PCR, radiografia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia digestiva alta. Os exames hematológicos indicaram alterações sistêmicas e os exames de imagem apontaram alterações no trato gastrointestinal, sendo que o exame endoscópico apontou a presença de uma massa em região ventral da mucosa esofágica.

The digestive system is responsible for breaking food into smaller pieces to generate energy, growth, and cell renewal. It consists of a digestive tube formed by mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinal loops, rectum, and anus, as well as attached organs. The esophagus continues the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer in dogs and cats is rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all tumors in these species. The major risk factor for esophageal tumors in dogs is related to endemic areas of the nematode Spirocerca lupi that parasitizes the dog. This work presents the case of a 10-month-old Pit Bull dog that was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira with a history of apathy, cough, choking, and allotriophagia. Hemogram, serum biochemistry tests, PCR, radiography, ultrasonography, and upper digestive endoscopy were requested. The hematological exams indicated systemic alterations and the imaging exams presented alterations in the gastrointestinal tract, while the endoscopic exam showed the presence of a mass in the ventral region of the esophageal mucosa.

Ultrasound and endoscopic findings in dogs with lymphangiectasia / [Conclusões ultrassonográfica e endoscópica em cães com linfangiectasia ]

Lymphangiectasia is a heterogenous inflammatory bowel disease characterized by lymphatic vessel dilation, chronic diarrhea and protein loss such as serum albumin and globulin. The most common cause of lymphangiectasia is considered to be the congenital malformation of the lymphatics. The study was conducted between 2012-2015 on 76 dogs suffering from intestinal disorders and manifesting digestive symptoms such as diarrhea or weight loss. In order to assess the origin of disorder, physical examination, biochemistry profile, ultrasound and endoscopic examinations were performed. Ultrasound examination tried to assess the changes of intestines' echogenicity, changes in wall thickness, wall layering and presence of striations or / and speckles (hyperechoic structures along intestinal mucosal layer). Endoscopic examination findings included dilated lacteals (59.2%) and erythema (21.1%). Although increased friability was observed in 33 dogs, it was not considered in the study due to limitations represented by the evaluation of the endoscopic images only. The study proved that an extremely significant statistical correlation exists between the presence of speckles and dilated lacteals in dogs with lymphangiectasia (P<0.05). Up to now, there is no other study to make an association between the white spots observed in ultrasound examination and dilated lacteals revealed after endoscopy in dogs with intestinal lymphangiectasia.(AU)

A linfangiectasia é uma doença inflamatória intestinal heterogênea, caracterizada por dilatação dos vasos linfáticos, diarreia crônica e perda de proteínas, como albumina sérica e globulina. A causa mais comum de linfangiectasia é considerada a malformação congênita dos linfáticos. O presente estudo foi realizado entre 2012 e 2015, em 76 cães que sofrem de distúrbios intestinais e manifestam sintomas digestivos, como diarreia ou perda de peso. Para avaliar a origem do distúrbio, foram realizados exame físico, perfil bioquímico, ultrassonográfico e endoscópico. O exame ultrassonográfico tentou avaliar as alterações da ecogenicidade do intestino, as alterações na espessura da parede, a estratificação e a presença de estrias e / ou de manchas (estruturas hiperecoicas ao longo da camada mucosa intestinal). Os resultados do exame endoscópico incluíram lacteais dilatadas (59,2%) e eritema (21,1%). Embora tenha sido observada maior friabilidade em 33 cães, ela não foi considerada no estudo devido às limitações representadas pela avaliação apenas das imagens endoscópicas. O estudo demonstrou que existe uma correlação estatística extremamente significativa entre a presença de manchas e lacteais dilatadas em cães com linfangiectasia (P <0,05). Até o momento, não há outro estudo para associar as manchas brancas observadas no exame ultrassonográfico e lacteais dilatadas reveladas após endoscopia em cães com linfangiectasia intestinal.(AU)

Salpingopharyngeus fistula by means of videosurgery to treat horse bilateral gutural pouch chronic empyema – a case study / Fístula salpingofaríngea por videocirurgia para tratamento de empiema crônico de bolsa gutural bilateral em equino – relato de caso

The aim of this paper is to report the Salpingopharyngeus fistula technique by means of videosurgery through a natural orifice (NOTES) in order to treat bilateral empyema. A mare was seen at the Large Animal Sector of UFPR, with a history of bilateral purulent nasal discharge associated with dysphagia lasting for ninety days. The animal was submitted to endoscopy, showing a moderate amount of purulent secretion in both guttural pouches. With no improvement on the clinical treatment, we opted for surgical treatment by endoscopy through Salpingopharyngeus fistula made with the aid of a device containing an electrical scalpel developed to perform this technique. It consisted of making an incision in the pharyngeal recess in order to access the guttural pouches and subsequently drain the purulent content. The patient was discharged at the same day and returned to work 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment for cases of guttural pouch empyema is indicated when the clinical resolution has not been effective, and the minimally invasive technique is indicated due to the reduction of risks and the easiness of postoperative management. Until this moment, there are no reports of the salpingopharyngeal fistula technique through video surgery for the treatment of guttural pouch empyema, which has proved to be efficient for the treatment of the disease.

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea por videocirurgia através de orifício natural (NOTES) para tratamento de empiema bilateral. Uma égua foi atendida no Setor de Grandes Animais da UFPR, com histórico de secreção nasal purulenta bilateral associado a disfagia há noventa dias. O animal foi submetido à endoscopia, evidenciando moderada quantidade de secreção purulenta em ambas as bolsas guturais. Sem apresentar melhora com o tratamento clínico, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico por endoscopia através da realização de uma fístula salpingofaríngea feita com o auxílio de um dispositivo contendo eletrobisturi, desenvolvido para a realização desta técnica; que consistiu na realização de uma incisão no recesso faríngeo, para o acesso das bolsas guturais e posterior drenagem do conteúdo purulento. O paciente recebeu alta médica no mesmo dia e retornou ao trabalho 30 dias após o procedimento. O tratamento cirúrgico para os casos de empiema de bolsa gutural é indicado quando a resolução clínica não foi efetiva, sendo a técnica minimamente invasiva indicada devido à redução de riscos e à facilidade do manejo pós-operatório. Até o momento, não há relatos da técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea através de videocirurgia para o tratamento de empiema de bolsa gutural, a qual mostrou-se eficiente para o tratamento da enfermidade.

Salpingopharyngeus fistula by means of videosurgery to treat horse bilateral gutural pouch chronic empyema a case study / Fístula salpingofaríngea por videocirurgia para tratamento de empiema crônico de bolsa gutural bilateral em equino relato de caso

The aim of this paper is to report the Salpingopharyngeus fistula technique by means of videosurgery through a natural orifice (NOTES) in order to treat bilateral empyema. A mare was seen at the Large Animal Sector of UFPR, with a history of bilateral purulent nasal discharge associated with dysphagia lasting for ninety days. The animal was submitted to endoscopy, showing a moderate amount of purulent secretion in both guttural pouches. With no improvement on the clinical treatment, we opted for surgical treatment by endoscopy through Salpingopharyngeus fistula made with the aid of a device containing an electrical scalpel developed to perform this technique. It consisted of making an incision in the pharyngeal recess in order to access the guttural pouches and subsequently drain the purulent content. The patient was discharged at the same day and returned to work 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment for cases of guttural pouch empyema is indicated when the clinical resolution has not been effective, and the minimally invasive technique is indicated due to the reduction of risks and the easiness of postoperative management. Until this moment, there are no reports of the salpingopharyngeal fistula technique through video surgery for the treatment of guttural pouch empyema, which has proved to be efficient for the treatment of the disease.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar a técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea por videocirurgia através de orifício natural (NOTES) para tratamento de empiema bilateral. Uma égua foi atendida no Setor de Grandes Animais da UFPR, com histórico de secreção nasal purulenta bilateral associado a disfagia há noventa dias. O animal foi submetido à endoscopia, evidenciando moderada quantidade de secreção purulenta em ambas as bolsas guturais. Sem apresentar melhora com o tratamento clínico, optou-se pelo tratamento cirúrgico por endoscopia através da realização de uma fístula salpingofaríngea feita com o auxílio de um dispositivo contendo eletrobisturi, desenvolvido para a realização desta técnica; que consistiu na realização de uma incisão no recesso faríngeo, para o acesso das bolsas guturais e posterior drenagem do conteúdo purulento. O paciente recebeu alta médica no mesmo dia e retornou ao trabalho 30 dias após o procedimento. O tratamento cirúrgico para os casos de empiema de bolsa gutural é indicado quando a resolução clínica não foi efetiva, sendo a técnica minimamente invasiva indicada devido à redução de riscos e à facilidade do manejo pós-operatório. Até o momento, não há relatos da técnica de fístula salpingofaríngea através de videocirurgia para o tratamento de empiema de bolsa gutural, a qual mostrou-se eficiente para o tratamento da enfermidade.(AU)

Comparison of the internal thoracic artery flow dissected by video endoscopy or conventional technique

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the blood flow in the internal thoracic artery when dissected endoscopically in a conventional manner, in addition to develop a reliable experimental training model for the surgical team. Methods: Paired experimental study. Ten pigs were operated and had both internal thoracic arteries dissected, the right with a conventional technique and the left by video endoscopy. The main outcomes to be studied were flow, length, and time of dissection of each vessel. Results: Blood flow measurements were performed with mean heart rate of 100 ± 16 bpm and mean arterial pressure of 89.7 ± 13 mm Hg. The mean blood flow of endoscopic dissection of the internal thoracic artery was 170.2 ± 66.3 mL/min and by direct view was 180.8 ± 70.5 (p = 0.26). Thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the flows, showing no inferiority between the methods. Conclusions: The minimally invasive dissection of the internal thoracic artery was shown to be not inferior to the dissection by open technique in relation to the blood flow in the present experimental model. In addition, the model that we replicated was shown to be adequate for the development of the learning curve and improvement of the endoscopic abilities.

Development and validation of a simulator for teaching minimally invasive thoracic surgery in Brazil

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop and validate a chest cavity simulator for teaching video-assited thoracic surgery (VATS). Methods The first phase of the study consisted of developing a chest cavity simulator. A quasi-experimental study was performed in the second phase, and 25 surgeons and residents participated in a three-stage pulmonary suture experiment. The videos were recorded and timed. Generalized linear regression models for repeated measures were used to analyze the outcome change over time. Results The chest cavity simulator consists of a console simulating the left hemithorax. Among the participants, 96% rated the design, visual aspect, positioning ergonomics, and triangulation of the portals as very good or excellent (face validity). There was a decrease in suturing time in step 1 from 435.7 ± 105 to 355.6 ± 76.8 seconds compared to step 3 (p = 0.001). The evaluation of the simulation effectiveness and performance (content validity) was rated as very good or excellent by 96% ofparticipants. The most experienced surgeon showed significant reduction in procedure time (p = 0.021) (construct validity). Conclusions The thoracic cavity simulator is realistic, showing content and construct validity, and can be used in VATS training. The simulation model allowed skill gain in the endoscopic suture.

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series / Associação de achados de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo de cães: série de 54 casos

Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.(AU)

A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.(AU)

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series / Associação de achados de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo de cães: série de 54 casos

Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohen's Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.(AU)

A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.(AU)

Association of colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the canine large intestine and ileum abnormalities: 54 cases series

ABSTRACT: Colonoscopy is a minimally invasive technique used to assess the large intestine through direct inspection of the intestinal mucosa. When associated with histopathological examination of fragments collected from the intestine, the definitive diagnosis can be obtained. This retrospective study evaluated colonoscopy and histopathological exams of the large intestine and ileum of dogs with gastrointestinal disorders admitted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) and the Veterinary Hospital São Francisco de Assis to determine the frequency of injuries, their distribution in the intestinal segments, and the relationship of the findings observed in these two analyzes. The colonoscopy and histopathological findings of the case series were described using absolute and relative frequencies, as well as nature and intensity classification of the findings. Cohens Kappa coefficient was obtained to assess the concordance of nature and intensity classifications between colonoscopy and histopathology, and its 95% confidence interval constructed. The analyses were performed using the Software SAS University Edition. It was observed a moderate agreement between the classification of the nature of the findings by endoscopy and histopathology (Kappa coefficient = 0.39, CI = 0.20-0.59). This can also be observed when assessing the frequency of similar diagnoses between the methods, since only 39 (72.22%) were consistent, i.e., 15 (22.78%) diagnoses differed depending on the nature of the finding, which could have a great influence on the final diagnosis if histopathology was disregarded. For the intensity of the injuries, little agreement was observed between the methods (Kappa coefficient = 0.1243, C = -0.05-0.30). This was even more evident in the frequency of similar diagnoses in terms of intensity, of which 20 (37.04%) were similar and 34 (62.96%) were different. Inflammatory affections are the most frequently observed alterations in the large intestine and ileum of dogs. The most common finding that reveals inflammatory changes is the lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate. As for the proliferative and neoplastic lesions, adenomatous polyps and lymphoma were common. The most affected sites of the large intestine were the descending colon and the rectum. Findings such as edema and reddening of the mucosa were frequent by macroscopy. Although the changes observed by colonoscopy and histopathology may not be similar, these techniques are complementary, which makes biopsies mandatory for a diagnostic conclusion.

RESUMO: A colonoscopia é uma técnica pouco invasiva utilizada para avaliação do intestino grosso por meio de inspeção direta da mucosa intestinal. Quando associada ao exame histopatológico, com a coleta de fragmentos do intestino, o diagnóstico definitivo pode ser obtido. O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi associar os achados de exames de colonoscopia e histopatologia do intestino grosso e íleo em 54 cães com distúrbios gastrointestinais dos Hospitais Veterinários da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) e São Francisco de Assis. Na colonoscopia, as alterações mais frequentemente observadas foram edema, friabilidade e avermelhamento de mucosa. Quanto à distribuição de lesões por segmento intestinal, houve maior incidência de alterações inflamatórias, das quais foram as mais frequentes, com o infiltrado linfoplasmocitário sendo o mais comum em todos segmentos analisados (i.e. reto, cólon, ceco e íleo). O cólon ascendente e o reto foram os locais de alterações mais frequentes na colonoscopia e na histopatologia. Os pólipos hiperplásicos e o linfoma foram as lesões proliferativas de ocorrência mais comum. Houve baixa concordância entre as classificações por natureza e intensidade dos achados na colonoscopia e histopatologia. Assim, não foi possível associar alterações descritas nos exames histopatológicos quanto à natureza e intensidade das lesões utilizando a colonoscopia, o que leva à conclusão de que é essencial a realização de biópsias em todos os exames para conclusão diagnóstica.

Histeropexia com aplicação de "toggles" para tratamento de piometra em mini horse / Pyometra treatment by histeropexy with toggles aplication in mini horse

Background: Brazil is an important horse breeder that creates about three million jobs and movements about R$16,15 billions per year. Although, it is important to the horse breeding industry success that the animals reproductive performance be kept. The mare pregnancy loss causes abundant forfeitures to horse breeders, furthermore, the chronic pyometra is one of that causes. The chronic pyometra is an uncommon mare condition, clinical treatments are often ineffective, under those circumstances the hysterectomy, ovariohysterectomy and uteropexy are recommended. This report proposes to describe the chronic pyometra surgical treatments with the uteropexy technique in mini horses that do not respond to the clinical treatment. Case: A 14-year-old mini breed horse mare weighing 117 kg was sent to Veterinarian Hospital (HV) of the Paraná Federal University (UFPR), presenting dystocia background and intrauterine purulent secretion. The clinical treatment had been conducted, but not well succeeded. An hysteroscopy was conducted with a cervix rupture monitoring, uterine mucosa edematiated and crispy, presenting liquid and a high amount of purulent secretion in the uterus horn and body. The biopsy identified uteropexy. The post-surgical complications were minimums and 30 days after the procedure the laparoscopy was repeated with uterine healing monitoring, without adherences and the uterus were at horizontal position. The hysteroscopy was conducted where a small amount of purulent secretion was perceived. Ten days after the second laparoscopy the patient was discharged. Two years after the procedure, the animal responsible informed that there was not a relapse. Discussion: the mare pyometra occurrence is uncommon and emerges by nature protection false mechanisms. Any change or flaw in one of these protection mechanics barriers, may result in a reproductive change due to uterine infection, resulting in reduction of mare reproductive capacity. Probably this reports patients developed pyometra due to the cervix lesion it's presented made easier the uterus external microorganisms entrance, that predisposes an chronic uterine infection. As many authors report, the chronic pyometra clinical treatment is not always successful, also observed in the case reported, indicating then surgical treatment. There are many pyometra surgical treatments indications as: Wedge resection technique in case of cervix adherence, uteropexy technique, ovary-hysterectomy technique or hysterectomy. The ovary-hysterectomy and the hysterectomy was not conducted for being considered highly invasive. This case choice procedure was the uteropexy, which corresponds to fixing the broad ligament of the uterus to the abdominal wall, repositioning it horizontally, to obtain a better drainage and motility, since this is your anatomic position. In the report, the surgical technique was conducted satisfactorily, certifying the uterine elevation by laparoscopy in the postoperative and also by the responsible report, that the animal does not relapse in two years. The postoperative complications were not alarming, considering that it ceased 24h after the procedure. The conclusions present in this treatment show that the hysteropexy conducted by videosurgery with toggles application developed the necessary uterine elevation to the liquid drainage, that allows the mare to execute the uterine cleaning by the physiological form.(AU)