Pelleting of diet for weaning pigs of different initial weights / Peletização da dieta para leitões recém-desmamados com diferentes pesos iniciais

Physical form effect of the pre-starter diet supplied during the post-weaning period from 21 to 41 days of age on diet digestibility and animal performance in terms of zootechnical performances of light-weight (5.82kg) and heavy-weight weaning piglets (6.32kg) was evaluated, as well as the residual effects of the treatments until slaughter. Forty-eight female pigs at 21 days of age were evaluated. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial scheme (meal/pelleted diet vs. light-weight/heavy-weight piglets), with six replicates for the nursery phase and 12 replicates for the growingfinishing phases. Animals received the experimental diet from 21 to 41 days of age. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, setting the significance in 5%. Feeding with the pelleted diet resulted in a 39% greater daily weight gain and a 28% greater feed conversion rate for piglets from weaning to 40 days of age. Pelleting also resulted in a decrease in feed wastage during the first week after weaning (9.15% for meal diet vs. 1.68% for pelleted diet) and; consequently, the results showed an increase in feed consumption. Digestible energy of the pelleted diet (3,626kcal kg-1) was greater than that of the meal diet (3,424kcal kg-1). The physical form improved the performance of weaning pigs and thedigestibility of the pre-starter diet, but there wasnt residual effect of the physical form and the weight of a piglet at weaning on live weight at slaughter.(AU)

Avaliou-se o impacto da forma física da dieta pré-inicial em leitões leves (5,82kg) e pesados (6,32kg) no período pós-desmame sobre o desempenho zootécnico e digestibilidade da dieta, bem como o efeito residual dos tratamentos até o abate. Foram utilizados 48 leitões fêmeas com 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2x2 (farelada/peletizada vs. leitões leves/pesados), com seis repetições na fase de creche e 12 repetições na fase de crescimento e terminação. Os leitões receberam as dietas experimentais dos 21 aos 40 dias de idade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que a peletização melhorou em 39% o ganho de peso diário e 28% a conversão alimentar do desmame aos 40 dias de idade. Ao considerar a redução de desperdício da ração peletizada (9,15 vs. 1,68%) na primeira semana pós-desmame, a peletização da dieta proporcionou aumento do consumo de ração. Ao avaliar a digestibilidade da dieta, observou-se que a energia digestível aumentou de 3.424kcal kg-1 na forma farelada para 3.626kcal kg-1 na forma peletizada. A forma física da dieta proporcionou efeitos positivos sobre o peso vivo dos leitões desmamados e energia digestível da dieta. Porém, não foi observado efeito residual da forma física ou peso ao desmame sobre o peso vivo ao abate.(AU)

Feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity of Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

We analyzed the feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity period of the anuran species Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864), endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest biome. The only previous studies on this species focused on the systematics and new altitudinal records. This study was conducted in a large forest remnant located in the municipalities of Guapimirim and Cachoeiras de Macacu. We captured frogs through visual encounter surveys and recorded the frequency of microhabitat types used by them, and the time of capture. Diet was analyzed in terms of number, volume and frequency of occurrence of items. Individuals of C. brasiliensis occurred in association with fast-moving rocky portions of clear freshwater rivers, indicating a rheophilic habit, and were active mainly at night. Such as most anuran species, the diet of Cycloramphus brasiliensis was mainly based on arthropods, and included Blattodea, Formicidae, and Coleoptera as most important prey items.

Feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity of Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

We analyzed the feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity period of the anuran species Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864), endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest biome. The only previous studies on this species focused on the systematics and new altitudinal records. This study was conducted in a large forest remnant located in the municipalities of Guapimirim and Cachoeiras de Macacu. We captured frogs through visual encounter surveys and recorded the frequency of microhabitat types used by them, and the time of capture. Diet was analyzed in terms of number, volume and frequency of occurrence of items. Individuals of C. brasiliensis occurred in association with fast-moving rocky portions of clear freshwater rivers, indicating a rheophilic habit, and were active mainly at night. Such as most anuran species, the diet of Cycloramphus brasiliensis was mainly based on arthropods, and included Blattodea, Formicidae, and Coleoptera as most important prey items.

Feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity of Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Anura: Cycloramphidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest, Brazil

We analyzed the feeding habits, microhabitat use, and daily activity period of the anuran species Cycloramphus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1864), endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest biome. The only previous studies on this species focused on the systematics and new altitudinal records. This study was conducted in a large forest remnant located in the municipalities of Guapimirim and Cachoeiras de Macacu. We captured frogs through visual encounter surveys and recorded the frequency of microhabitat types used by them, and the time of capture. Diet was analyzed in terms of number, volume and frequency of occurrence of items. Individuals of C. brasiliensis occurred in association with fast-moving rocky portions of clear freshwater rivers, indicating a rheophilic habit, and were active mainly at night. Such as most anuran species, the diet of Cycloramphus brasiliensis was mainly based on arthropods, and included Blattodea, Formicidae, and Coleoptera as most important prey items.

Avaliação microbiológica de condimentos comercializados em feira livre / Microbiological evaluation of condiments sold in market

Condimentos ou especiarias são amplamente usados no processamento de alimentos em todo o mundo devido suas propriedades organolépticas. Segundo a Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, condimentos ou temperos são produtos constituídos de uma ou diversas substâncias sápidas, de origem natural, com ou sem valor nutritivo, empregado nos alimentos com o fim de modificar ou exaltar o seu sabor. Na cidade de Palmas-TO é muito comum o comércio deste tipo de alimento nas feiras espalhadas por todo o município. No entanto, se esse tipo de alimento não for cultivado, colhido, processado e principalmente, comercializado em condições higienicossanitárias satisfatórias ao ponto de reduzir a contaminação rnicrobiológica ao máximo, podem ser causadores de DVA's (doenças veiculadas por alimentos). Sabendo que um alimento seguro é aquele que não oferece riscos à saúde do consumidor, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar microbiologicamente amostras de condimentos obtidos em feira livre da cidade de Palmas-TO. Foram coletadas amostras de alecrim, orégano, colorau, alho, pimenta do reino, coentro, cominho, açafrão, sálvia, manjericão, manjerona e cebolinha. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à contagem de bolores e leveduras, pesquisa de coliformes totais, termotolerantes e Escherichia coli e pesquisa de Estafilococos coagulase positiva. O máximo valor encontrado para coliformes totais foi de >2400 NMP. g' obtido na amostra de coentro. O coentro, colorau e manjericão estavam com quantidades de coliformes termotolerantes superiores ao permitido pela legislação (5xl02 NMP. g'), sendo que no alho e orégano foi constatada ausência destes. Uma amostra de manjerona analisada apresentou Escherichia coli. Este condimento foi também o que apresentou o maior valor para bolores e leveduras dentre todas as amostras pesquisadas. (AU)

Condiments and spices are widely used in food processing around the world due to its sensory atributes. According to the National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA) condiments or spices are products made of one or several tasty natural substances, with or without nutritional importance used in. food in order to change or improve taste. In the city of Palmas, in Tocantins, it is very common to find this type of food in the market. However, if such food is not grown, harvested, processed and mainly sold in hygiene conditions that allow reduce of microbial contamination, it may cause foodborne illnesses. Knowing that safe food is the one that doesn't put consumer health at risk, this study is aimed at analyzing microbiological samples of the condiments taken in the markets of Palmas in Tocantins. Samples were collected from rosemary, oregano, paprika, garlic black pepper, coriander; cumin, saffron, salvia, basil, marjoram and chive. The samples were analyzed according to Yeast and Molds Counts, Total Coliforms, Escherichia coli and Coagulase positive Staphylococcus sp. The maximum value found for total coliforms was >2400NMPg-' obtained in a coriander samples. The coriander; paprika and basil had amounts of fecal coliform above those allowed by law (5xl0²NMPg-' ), while there were none in garlic and oregano showed. A sample of marjoram showed Escherichia coli. This condiment was also presented the highest value for yeasts and molds of all samples. (AU)