The role of B3GNT3 as an oncogene in the growth, invasion and migration of esophageal cancer cells

Purpose: To investigate the role and mechanism of ß1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-3 gene (B3GNT3) in esophageal cancer (ESCA). Methods: The starBase database was used to evaluate the expression of B3GNT3. B3GNT3 function was measured using KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cell lines. The mRNA levels were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Cell counting kit-8, clone formation assay and transwell assay were used to detect the changes of proliferation, invasion and migration. Results: B3GNT3 expression was higher in ESCA tissues than in normal tissues. The overall survival rate of ESCA patients with high B3GNT3 expression was lower than that of ESCA patients with low B3GNT3 expression. In vitro functional experiments showed that the proliferation ability, migration and invasion ability of KYSE-30 and KYSE-410 cells with B3GNT3 interference were lower than those of the control, and the overexpression of B3GNT3 had the opposite effect. After silencing B3GNT3 expression in ESCC cell lines, the growth of both cell lines was inhibited and the invasiveness was decreased. Knockdown of B3GNT3 reduced the growth rate and Ki-67 expression level. Conclusion: B3GNT3, as an oncogene, may promote the growth, invasion and migration of ESCC cell.

Investigation of the histopathological level of Ki-67, caspase-3 expressions of the effects of hesperidin on wound healing in the rat esophagus

Purpose: The effects of hesperidin application on the wound caused by esophageal burns were investigated in this study. Methods: Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups: Control group: only 1 mL of 0.09% NaCl was administered i.p. for 28 days; Burn group: An alkaline esophageal burn model was created with 0.2 mL of 25% NaOH orally by gavage­1 mL of 0.09% NaCl was administered i.p. for 28 days; Burn+Hesperidin group: 1 mL of 50 mL/kg of hesperidin was given i.p. for 28 days to rats after burn injury. Blood samples were collected for biochemical analysis. Esophagus samples were processed for histochemical staining and immunohistochemistry. Results: Malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels were significantly increased in Burn group. Glutathione (GSH) content and histological scores of epithelialization, collagen formation, neovascularization was decreased. After hesperidin treatment, these values were significantly improved in the Burn+Hesperidin group. In the Burn group, epithelial cells and muscular layers were degenerated. Hesperidin treatment restored these pathologies in Burn+Hesperidin group. Ki-67 and caspase-3 expressions were mainly negative in control group; however, the expression was increased in the Burn group. In the Burn+Hesperidin group, Ki-67 and caspase-3 immune activities were reduced. Conclusion: Hesperidin dosage and application methods can be developed as an alternative treatment for burn healing and treatment.

Microplastic occurrence in fish species from the Iquitos region in Peru, western Amazonia / Ocurrencia de microplástico en especies de peces de la región de Iquitos, Amazonía occidental

The contamination of aquatic environments by microplastic has become a major threat to biodiversity. The presence of microplastic is documented in the aquatic fauna of the oceans, but, in the Amazon basin, reports on microplastic occurrence are few. The present study surveyed microplastic occurrence in fishes in an area of the Peruvian Amazon. We sampled 61 specimens of 15 commercial species from local markets in the city of Iquitos, Loreto Department. We detected a total of 2337 microplastic particles, 1096 in the gills and 1241 in the internal organs (esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, gonads, pancreas, swim bladder and heart). The prevalence of microplastic particles was 100% and the overall average abundance was of 38.3 particles per individual (17.9 particles per individual in gills and 20.3 particles per individual in internal organs). Most particles were found in carnivorous fish. There was no correlation of particle abundance with fish standard length and weight. These results provided evidence of the degree of microplastic contamination of the fish fauna in the region of Iquitos.(AU)

La contaminación de ambientes acuáticos por microplásticos se ha convertido en una gran amenaza para la biodiversidad. La presencia de microplásticos está bien documentada en la fauna acuática de los océanos, pero en la cuenca del Amazonas hay pocos reportes de ocurrencia. En este trabajo se investigó la ocurrencia de partículas de microplásticos en peces de un área de la Amazonía peruana. Se obtuvieron 61 especímenes de 15 especies comerciales provenientes de los mercados locales de la ciudad de Iquitos. Se detectó un total de 2337 partículas de microplástico, 1096 en las branquias y 1241 en los órganos internos (esófago, estomago, intestinos, hígado, gónadas, páncreas, vejiga natatoria y corazón). La prevalencia de partículas de microplástico fue del 100% y la abundancia general de partículas de microplástico fue de 38.3 partículas por individuo (17.9 partículas por individuo en las branquias y 20.3 partículas por individuo en los órganos internos). La mayor cantidad de particulas fué encontrada en peces carnivoros. No hubo correlación entre la abundancia de las particulas y el tamaño estandar y peso de los peces. Estos resultados proporcionan evidencia de los niveles de contaminación por microplásticos en la fauna de peces amazónica en la región de Iquitos.(AU)

Vitamin A deficiency in peafowl with secondary visceral urate deposition

Clinical History: In a flock of approximately 180 peafowl, several were showing signs of a possible upper respiratory infection and had mouth gaping per the owner. They were also reported to be lethargic, to have excessive phlegm or mucus in the mouths, had trouble swallowing, and were losing weight. They were being treated with Baytril and Metronidazole with no improvement. Approximately eight had died. Five peafowl were submitted for necropsy and diagnostic work-up, including three peahens and two peacocks. Gross Findings: In all five peafowl, the oral cavity contained excess mucus. The oral, crop, and esophageal mucosa had disseminated, smooth, raised, round nodules with a central pore. The proximal esophagus was the most severely affected site. The nodules measured on average ~2 mm in diameter. Upon squeezing some of these nodules, pale tan, caseous material could be expressed. In all five peafowl, the heart was diffusely coated by abundant white, chalky, urate material. Similar though lesser amounts of urates partially coated the surface of the liver and other coelomic membranes. In one peahen, the ureters were multifocally distended and contained consolidated accumulations of tan to pale yellow, caseous material. The kidneys in this bird were pale. Follow-up questions: Morphologic diagnoses Cause Pathogenesis

Gastroesophageal foreign bodies in dogs - endoscopy and surgical removal

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

Gastroesophageal tube of the Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): histological description, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT and SS cells / Tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): descrição histológica, histoquímica e análise imunohistoquímica de células 5-HT e SS

The work aims were to describe the histological and histochemical structure of the gastroesophageal tube of Iguana iguana and verify the occurrence and distribution of immunoreactive serotonin (5-HT) and somatostatin (SS) cells. Fragments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of five iguanas were which underwent standard histological and immunohistochemistry technique. Immunoreactive cells for 5-HT and SS were quantified using the STEPanizer. The oesophagus has ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium with staining Alcian blue (AB) + and goblet cells highly reactive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS). In the cervical oesophagus, the numerical density of 5-HT cells per unit area (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) was 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 and celomatic oesophagus presented QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. The epithelium of the stomach is simple columnar, PAS and AB +. The cranial and middle regions of the stomach presented (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 and the caudal region, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. The SS cells were only observed in the caudal stomach, with numerical density (QA [SS cells]/µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9 In I. iguana, variation was observed in terms of the distribution of mucus secretions and the pattern of occurrence of serotonin and somatostatin-secreting enteroendocrine cells in the TGI, which possibly will result in an interspecific adaptive response.

Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever a estrutura histológica e histoquímica do tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana e verificar a ocorrência e distribuição de células serotonina (5-HT) e somatostatina (SS) imunorreativas. Fragmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de cinco iguanas foram submetidos à técnica histológica e imunohistoquímica padrão. As células imunorreativas para 5-HT e SS foram quantificadas usando o STEPanizer. O esôfago apresenta epitélio pseudoestratificado colunar ciliado Alcian blue (AB) positivo, com células caliciformes altamente reativas ao ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No esôfago cervical, a densidade numérica de células 5-HT por unidade de área (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) foi de 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 e o esôfago celomático apresentou QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. O epitélio do estômago é colunar simples, PAS e AB positivo. As regiões cranial e média do estômago apresentaram (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 e a região caudal, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. As células SS foram observadas apenas no estômago caudal, com densidade numérica (QA [células SS] / µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9. Em I. iguana, foi observada variações em termos da distribuição das secreções de muco e padrão de ocorrência das células enteroendócrinas secretoras de serotonina e somatostatina no TGI, o que possivelmente reflete uma resposta adaptativa interespecifica.

Gastroesophageal tube of the Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): histological description, histochemical and immunohistochemical analysis of 5-HT and SS cells / Tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana (Iguanidae): descrição histológica, histoquímica e análise imunohistoquímica de células 5-HT e SS

The work aims were to describe the histological and histochemical structure of the gastroesophageal tube of Iguana iguana and verify the occurrence and distribution of immunoreactive serotonin (5-HT) and somatostatin (SS) cells. Fragments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of five iguanas were which underwent standard histological and immunohistochemistry technique. Immunoreactive cells for 5-HT and SS were quantified using the STEPanizer. The oesophagus has ciliated columnar pseudostratified epithelium with staining Alcian blue (AB) + and goblet cells highly reactive to periodic acid Schiff (PAS). In the cervical oesophagus, the numerical density of 5-HT cells per unit area (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) was 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 and celomatic oesophagus presented QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. The epithelium of the stomach is simple columnar, PAS and AB +. The cranial and middle regions of the stomach presented (QA [5-HT cells]/µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 and the caudal region, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. The SS cells were only observed in the caudal stomach, with numerical density (QA [SS cells]/µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9 In I. iguana, variation was observed in terms of the distribution of mucus secretions and the pattern of occurrence of serotonin and somatostatin-secreting enteroendocrine cells in the TGI, which possibly will result in an interspecific adaptive response.(AU)

Os objetivos do trabalho foram descrever a estrutura histológica e histoquímica do tubo gastroesofágico da Iguana iguana e verificar a ocorrência e distribuição de células serotonina (5-HT) e somatostatina (SS) imunorreativas. Fragmentos do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) de cinco iguanas foram submetidos à técnica histológica e imunohistoquímica padrão. As células imunorreativas para 5-HT e SS foram quantificadas usando o STEPanizer. O esôfago apresenta epitélio pseudoestratificado colunar ciliado Alcian blue (AB) positivo, com células caliciformes altamente reativas ao ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No esôfago cervical, a densidade numérica de células 5-HT por unidade de área (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) foi de 4.6x10-2 ± 2.0 e o esôfago celomático apresentou QA = 4.0x10-2 ± 1.0. O epitélio do estômago é colunar simples, PAS e AB positivo. As regiões cranial e média do estômago apresentaram (QA [células 5-HT] / µm2) = 6.18x10-2 ± 3.2 e a região caudal, QA = 0.6x10-2 ± 0.2. As células SS foram observadas apenas no estômago caudal, com densidade numérica (QA [células SS] / µm2) = 1.4x10-2 ± 0.9. Em I. iguana, foi observada variações em termos da distribuição das secreções de muco e padrão de ocorrência das células enteroendócrinas secretoras de serotonina e somatostatina no TGI, o que possivelmente reflete uma resposta adaptativa interespecifica.(AU)

Massa esofágica em cárdia de um cão / Esophageal mass in cardia of a dog

O sistema digestório é responsável pela quebra dos alimentos em menores partes, a fim de gerar energia, crescimento e renovação celular. É constituído de um tubo digestivo formado por boca, esôfago, estômago, alças intestinais, reto e ânus; além dos órgãos anexos. O esôfago dá continuidade ao canal alimentar da faringe ao estômago. O câncer de esôfago, em cães e gatos, ocorre raramente, representando cerca de menos de 0,5% de todos os tumores nessas espécies. O maior fator de risco para os tumores esofágicos em cães está relacionado com as áreas endêmicas do nematódeo Spirocerca lupi, que parasita o cão. Diante do exposto, neste trabalho, relata-se o caso de um cão da raça Pit Bull, com dez meses de idade, que deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira com histórico de apatia, tosse, engasgo e alotriofagia. Foram solicitados exames de hemograma, bioquímica sérica, PCR, radiografia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia digestiva alta. Os exames hematológicos indicaram alterações sistêmicas e os exames de imagem apontaram alterações no trato gastrointestinal, sendo que o exame endoscópico apontou a presença de uma massa em região ventral da mucosa esofágica.

The digestive system is responsible for breaking food into smaller pieces to generate energy, growth, and cell renewal. It consists of a digestive tube formed by mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestinal loops, rectum, and anus, as well as attached organs. The esophagus continues the alimentary canal from the pharynx to the stomach. Esophageal cancer in dogs and cats is rare, accounting for less than 0.5% of all tumors in these species. The major risk factor for esophageal tumors in dogs is related to endemic areas of the nematode Spirocerca lupi that parasitizes the dog. This work presents the case of a 10-month-old Pit Bull dog that was admitted at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Mário Dias Teixeira with a history of apathy, cough, choking, and allotriophagia. Hemogram, serum biochemistry tests, PCR, radiography, ultrasonography, and upper digestive endoscopy were requested. The hematological exams indicated systemic alterations and the imaging exams presented alterations in the gastrointestinal tract, while the endoscopic exam showed the presence of a mass in the ventral region of the esophageal mucosa.

Técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un perro con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso / Balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a dog with esophageal stenosis: case report / Técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em cão com estenose esofágica: relato de caso

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

Anatomia e histologia do esôfago e vasos sanguíneos em Cães ­ Revisão de literatura / Anatomy and histology of the esophagus and blood vessels in dogs ­ Literature review

O sistema digestório é composto por órgãos de morfologia tubular, e glândulas associadas; tendo como principal função o processamento de alimentos e a absorção de nutrientes dos mesmos. Há um padrão estrutural comum entre órgãos tubulares deste sistema, o conhecimento desse padrão, facilita a compreensão das particularidades de cada órgão. Já os vasos sanguíneos são caracterizados e definidos por sua posição dentro do circuito vascular, pela estrutura individual, e mecanismos de controle da função vascular. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é aprofundar conhecimentos a respeito de anatomia e histologia do esôfago e vasos sanguíneos em cães.(AU)

The digestive system is composed of tubular morphology organs and associated glands; with the main function of food processing and nutrient absorption. There is a common structural pattern among tubular organs of this system, knowledge of this pattern facilitates the understanding of the particularities of each organ. Blood vessels are characterized and defined by their position within the vascular circuit, their individual structure, and the mechanisms that control vascular function. Thus, the objective of the present work is to deepen knowledge about the anatomy and histology of the esophagus and blood vessels.(AU)

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in cats

Background: Esophageal neoplasms are rarely reported in cats. The frequency rate is less than 0.5% and those neoplasms are usually malignant. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is an idiopathic epithelial neoplasm, invasive and metastatic that can induce partial or complete obstruction of the esophageal lumen. There is no breed or sex predisposition, and it is more common in cats over 8-years-old. Esophageal SCC is more frequent in the middle third of the esophagus. The prognosis is poor, as the cats are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage. This report aims to describe clinical, endoscopic, radiographic, and pathological features of two cases of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in cats. Cases: A 11-year-old neutered male cat presenting regurgitation, weight loss, anorexia and dyspnea was referred to veterinary internal medicine care. Simple and contrast-enhanced radiographic images of the cervical and thoracic regions showed an alveolar pattern in the cranial lung lobes and signs of esophageal lumen irregularity and dilatation in the mediastinum topography. The upper digestive endoscopy showed a dilated esophageal lumen, and an irregular mass was observed in the thoracic esophagus involving the entire esophageal circumference. Biopsy fragments were collected, and the histopathological result was compatible with squamous cell carcinoma. The second case was a 10-year-old neutered male cat presenting hyporexia, regurgitation, dyspnea, tachypnea, and abnormal breath sounds. The ultrasound of the chest showed 3 amorphous hypoechogenic and heterogeneous areas in the right and left hemithorax between parietal and visceral pleura. The cytological examination was compatible with a malignant epithelial tumor. The patient died 3 months after the onset of clinical signs. At gross exam, it was observed a friable, irregular, and ulcerated mass of 5.0 x 3.0 cm in the middle third of the esophagus...

Ultrastructural study of the esophagus and stomach of Arapaima gigas (Schinz 1822), juvenile paiche, created excavated tank

Paiche (Arapaima gigas) belongs to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, Class Actinopterygii, Order Osteoglossiformes, Family Arapaimidae, Genus Arapaima, and its origin may date to the Jurassic period. The species has natural habitat in the Amazonian rivers, found mainly in marginal lakes, being considered an important fishing resource, with high market value and high demand for meat and leather in both Brazilian and international trade. This study aims to report the morphology of the esophagus and stomach by light microscopy and scanning electronics microscopy. The esophagus was presented as muscular, short, tubular and fan-shaped in the cranial portion, also presenting deep longitudinal folds, and the entire mucosa is covered by mucus secretory cells with distinct morphological characteristics. Pirarurcu's stomach has a J-shape divided into three regions: cardiac with a lighter aspect, fundus portion with few folds in the mucosa, and pyloric with deeper folds, also presenting gastroliths in fundus and pyloric portions. Both microscopy studies highlighted three glandular regions, composed by mucoid columnar epithelial cells, gastric crypts with different shapes and sizes depending on each portion, in which the different shapes of the mucosal folds in each region of the stomach were evident, and digitiform microsaliences were found in the cardiac region, and micro-orifices and desmosome in the fundus region. Also, fundus and pyloric portions produce more mucus than the cardiac. Then morphology found was consistent with the eating habits and management of distinct characteristics of the digestive tract.(AU)

Use of balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a canine patient with esophageal stenosis: case report / Uso da técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em um paciente canino com estenose esofágica: relato de caso / Uso de la técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un paciente canino con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Digestive system of Anourosorex squamipes - appearance and morphological features

Background: Anourosorex squamipes have a wide range of feeding habits, which is a kind of omnivorous animal. As an indispensable part of organisms, the differentiation degree of digestive system indicates the evolution degree of species. The higher the evolution degree of animals, the higher the differentiation of digestive system. At present, the research on Anourosorex squamipes digestive system mainly focuses on its feeding habits and mainly depends on the direct observation of gastric contents with the naked eye, but the research on the morphology of digestive system has not been reported. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty adult Anourosorex squamipes were selected to investigate the characteristics of the appearance, including the contour parameters (body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length, tail length), digestive system parameters (length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight) and morphological structure of the small intestine by histological methods. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length and tail length between males and females in Anourosorex squamipes, and no significant differences were observed in parameters of digestive system in length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight. There were no significant differences in villus height, muscular layer thickness and villus height/recess depth (V/C) between males and females, but only ileal crypt depth decreased significantly in males. Discussion: Animal morphological characteristics are closely related to their life habits, unique organs and lifestyles ensure that they thrive on earth. In our study, we found that unique characters are found by observing the appearance of Anourosorex squamipes, the snout is blunt and short, the eyes are degenerated, and the tail is very short and covered with scales, which may be related to its feeding habits, the living environment-long-term nocturnal life in underground with minimal exposure to sunlight, and the unique tail can reduce the friction between tail and soil during the movement. There are certain differences in the appearance parameters of male and female Anourosorex squamipes, but are not significant. The esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver and other parameters of Anourosorex squamipes have little difference between males and females, indicating that Anourosorex squamipes don't have obvious distinctions between males and females in food intake. However, the liver weight of male Anourosorex squamipes is larger than female, indicating that the physiological metabolic capacity of male is larger than female. It is speculated that this may be related to the difference in the amount of activity between males and females in daily life. Males are more active and require more energy, but their digestion and absorption abilities are weaker than females. Therefore, the male Anourosorex squamipes needs more food to provide energy to meet the daily physiological metabolism, and the larger stomach capacity provides the essential conditions for the male to store more food. In addition, we found that the crypt depth of male Anourosorex squamipes is generally greater than that of females, especially in the ileal crypt depth, indicating that the female's cell maturation rate is greater than that of the male. It is speculated that the female has a greater demand for nutrient absorption and better digestion and absorption of food, because females need to give birth to offspring and require greater nutrition.

Impact of recreational fishing on seagull (Larus dominicanus) rescued on the coast of the São Paulo state: case report / Impacto da pesca recreativa em gaivota (Larus dominicanus) resgatada no litoral do estado de São Paulo: relato de caso

The seagull (Larus dominicanus) commonly can be observed near human fishing activities, as this species feeds on discards from fishing. This common interaction between a seabird and human fishing activity (both commercial and recreational), provides an easy source of food, but is not without risk for the birds. We report here clinical, radiographic and anatomopathological findings of an esophageal perforation caused by fishing gear in a specimen of Larus dominicanus found alive on a beach in the state of São Paulo which illustrated a harmful effect of stemming from recreational fishing. Clinical examination revealed a nylon thread in the oral cavity with the presence of caseous suggestive of ingestion of lost fishing gear, paralysis of the pelvic limbs and a decrease in the pain reflex associated with sternal decubitus, suggestive of food intoxication. Necroscopic examination revealed two hooks, one in the caudal portion of the esophagus with esophageal and pulmonary perforation, and the other in the muscular stomach. These injuries would have been expected to lead to the death of the bird. These anatomopathological findings confirmed the seriousness of the injuries. This reinforces the importance of studies focused on the interaction of recreational fishing artifacts (hooks, lines) with coastal birds on the Brazilian coast, in order to develop a preventative strategy.(AU)

A gaivota (Larus dominicanus) está intimamente relacionada às atividades pesqueiras, uma vez que possui hábitos generalistas e se alimenta dos descartes provenientes da pesca. Este processo de interação entre aves marinhas e a pesca apre-senta efeitos positivos e negativos, porém, suas relações ecológicas ainda não são bem compreendidas. No presente trabalho, objetivou-se relatar achados clínicos, radiográficos e anatomopatológicos de uma perfuração esofágica ocasionada por petrecho de pesca em um espécime de Larus dominicanus no litoral do estado de São Paulo e levantar a problemática da pesca recrea-tiva na região. Ao exame clínico, observou-se presença de fio de náilon em cavidade oral com presença de cáseo sugestivo de ingestão de petrecho de pesca, paresia de membros pélvicos e diminuição de reflexo doloroso associado a decúbito esternal, sugerindo um quadro de intoxicação alimentar. O exame necroscópico revelou a presença de dois anzóis, um em porção cau-dal do esôfago com perfuração esofágica e pulmonar, e outro em ventrículo. Os achados anatomopatológicos comprovaram a gravidade das lesões causadas pela interação com a pesca recreativa, o que reforça a importância de estudos referentes à intera-ção de artefatos pesqueiros (anzóis, linhas) com aves costeiras do litoral brasileiro, atualmente escassos na literatura científica.(AU)

Linfoma mediastinal em gato com vírus da leucemia felina / Mediastinal lymphoma in a cat with feline leukemia virus

Background: Mediastinal lymphoma occurs at a high incidence in cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). It is a malignant lymphocytic neoplasm that may trigger clinical signs such as dyspnea, apathy, regurgitation, and weight loss. The objective of this work is to report a case of mediastinal lymphoma associated with FeLV in a cat, and describe the clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects that can help the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Case: A 3-year-old male neutered cat weighing 4.6 kg, positive for FeLV, and with a history of dyspnea and hyporexia was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The only alteration found at the clinical examination was a muffled sound during lung auscultation. Radiographs of the thorax revealed the presence of pleural effusion; after drainage of the fluid, a mass located in the mediastinal area became radiographically observable. An analysis of the effusion fluid showed high cellularity characterized by a markedly pleomorphic population of individual round cells consistent with lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, round nucleus, condensed chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed, along with medium and large lymphocytes. The medium and large lymphocytes were characterized by a variably increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and a scant to moderate cytoplasm exhibiting moderate to intense basophilia and, occasionally, vacuoles. The nuclei were round, idented, or irregular; most of them were located eccentrically and contained coarse to finely granular chromatin. Nucleoli varied from single to multiple, round to angular, and central to peripheral and prominent. Macronucleoli and marked anisonucleosis were also observed, as well as binucleated cells and rare multinucleated cells. The conclusion was that it was a case of neoplastic effusion caused by a lymphoma. After an appointment with an oncologist, a chemotherapy protocol was established. The treatment of choice was CHOP, a combination of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg orally), doxorubicin (1 mg/kg intravenously), vincristine (0.5 mg/m2 intravenously), and prednisolone with a regressive dose starting at 2 mg/kg. The patient underwent 4 rounds of chemotherapy, and received a maintenance treatment thereafter. The patient's condition remained stable for 390 days without relevant clinical or hematological alterations. Discussion: The diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma was established by associating clinical finings, laboratory exams, and radiographic findings. Exams of utmost importance to reach this diagnosis were the thoracic radiography, which revealed the presence of a mass in the thorax, and the cytopathological analysis of the effusion fluid, as round cell neoplasms are easily dissociated. Young cats are the group most affected by FeLV, and mediastinal lymphoma is considered the most prevalent type of lymphoma in this species. The most common clinical sign is dyspnea; however, other signs such as apathy, weight loss, regurgitation (due to pressure on the esophagus), and Horner's syndrome (owing to pressure on the thoracic sympathetic innervation) may also occur. This disease is treated with chemotherapy, with CHOP frequently used as the chemotherapeutic protocol. The good therapeutic response for a longer time than the average estimated by studies on the prognostic of this disease indicates that a correct diagnosis along with an assertive approach and the cooperation of the tutor are essential in cases of mediastinal lymphoma.

Artéria subclávia direita aberrante em cão - aspectos clínicos e de imagem / Aberrant right subclavian artery in a dog - clinical and imaging aspects

Background: Aberrant right subclavian artery is only rarely observed in veterinary medicine. Some animals may present postprandial regurgitation and progressive weight loss, which is considered an incidental finding unrelated to clinical alterations. Advanced imaging techniques such as thoracic CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast angiography are used for the accurate detection of lesions, anatomical changes and specific information about vascular rings. This paper describes the clinical changes, imaging exams and therapeutic approach in a female dog with megaesophagus induced by an aberrant right subclavian artery. Case: A 2-month-old female bull terrier, weighing 1.6 kg, with a history of regurgitation immediately or a few minutes after a meal, diarrhea, polyphagia, progressive emaciation and apathy for 45 days, was treated at a University Veterinary Hospital. The dog's physical examination revealed 7% dehydration and body condition score 1 (scale 1 to 5), but no cardiac or pulmonary alterations upon auscultation. The hematological analysis and renal and hepatic serum enzymes were within the normal range for the species. In view of the presumptive clinical diagnosis of vascular anomaly, suggested by the contrast X-ray examination, a chest tomography was performed, which revealed altered aortic arch shape and contours, and a posterior aneurysm in the area of abnormal connection of the right subclavian artery. The patient was released with a prescription for conservative dietary management for megaesophagus. Within two weeks, the patient returned with a report of a good response to the prescribed therapy, absence of vomiting and diarrhea, and an increase in body weight. Surgical correction was recommended, but has not been performed so far, but conservative treatment for megaesophagus was continued. No further episodes of regurgitation were identified during the nine-month follow-up period. Discussion: In the case reported here, the right subclavian artery is considered anatomically atypical because it arises directly from the aortic arch. This vascular anomaly passes on to the right pectoral limb, dorsal to the esophagus, contracting it in its dorsal aspect. It tends to affect purebred dogs, occurring more frequently in Irish setters, German shepherds and Labrador retrievers, although it has been described in other breeds such as the bull terrier documented here and mixed breed dogs. Vascular ring anomalies may not cause clinical changes in animals and represent only incidental findings, or they may lead to gastrointestinal changes resulting from esophageal stricture, contributing to megaesophagus and clinical signs of esophageal obstruction, especially in recently weaned puppies. Such alterations were observed in this case, with the dog presenting regurgitation, immediately or a few minutes after a meal, megaesophagus, diarrhea and progressive weight loss. A CT scan was performed to confirm the type and location of the vascular anomaly and diagnostic accuracy, as recommended in the literature. Dietary therapy is one of the approaches adopted for patients presenting with regurgitation resulting from megaesophagus secondary to vascular anomalies. The dog in this report responded well to the medical therapy; nevertheless, the treatment of choice to correct the esophageal obstruction caused by this anomaly is surgical sectioning of the aberrant vessel by right intercostal thoracotomy, given that the degree of esophageal dilation and dysfunction tends to increase over time. However, at this time, the animal's owner decided to suspend the recommended surgical procedure.

Obstrução esofágica torácica por corpo estranho em cão: relato de caso

Corpos estranhos (CE) esofágicos são objetos inanimados que podem causar obstrução total ou parcial do lúmen esofágico, comumente causam disfagia, regurgitação e vômito. A casuísta de obstrução por CE esofágico é elevada na clínica de pequenos animais. O tratamento constitui na remoção do CE e correção de possíveis alterações secundárias. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi relatar um caso de obstrução por CE em porção de esôfago torácico, tendo como fim aprofundar conhecimentos a respeito de obstrução esofágica de forma geral, desde as manifestações clínicas, achados aos exames complementares, diagnóstico e terapêutica.

Esophageal foreign bodies (FB) are inanimate objects that can cause total or partial obstruction of the esophageal lumen, commonly causing dysphagia, regurgitation and vomiting. The number of esophageal FB obstruction is high in the small animal clinic. Treatment consists of removing the FB and correcting secondary changes. Thus, the objective of the present study was to report a case of obstruction by a FB in a group of thoracic esophagus, with the purpose of deepening the knowledge about esophageal obstruction in general, from clinical manifestations, findings to complementary exams, diagnosis and technical.

Lesions caused by anisakid and capillariid in Cairina moschata raised on Marajó island, state of Pará, Brazil / [Lesões por anisakideos e capillariideos em Cairina moschata criados na Ilha de Marajó, estado do Pará, Brasil]

The Muscovy duck is a commercially important bird on the island of Marajó usually raised in a peculiar system that includes supplying fish viscera to the birds under semi-extensive farming conditions. This enables a risk of contamination and losses in the production of these birds, resulting from injuries caused by helminth infections, especially nematodes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the histopathological changes caused by nematodes of the genera: Eucoleus, Anisakis and Contracaecum. Thirty-three ducks with lesions in the esophagus and ventricle were analyzed. Histopathological exams showed a mild inflammatory infiltrate in the submucosa of the esophagus caused by the fixation of E. contortus and third stage larvae of Anisakis sp., and we recorded third stage larvae of Contracaecum sp. parasitizing the ventricle, this being the first record of this parasite in ducks in Brazil.(AU)

O pato doméstico é uma ave amplamente comercializada na Ilha de Marajó, com um peculiar manejo que inclui a oferta de vísceras de peixes aos animais em criações semiextensivas, propiciando, assim, risco de contaminação e perdas na produção dessas aves decorrentes de lesões oriundas de infecções por helmintos, especialmente os nematódeos. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar as alterações histopatológicas causadas por nematódeos dos gêneros: Eucoleus, Anisakis e Contracaecum. Foram analisados 33 patos, e três exemplares apresentaram lesões no esôfago e no ventrículo. Exames histopatológicos demonstraram discreto infiltrado inflamatório na submucosa do esôfago ocasionado pela fixação de E. contortus e larvas de terceiro estágio de Anisakis sp., bem como foram registradas larvas de terceiro estágio de Contracaecum sp. parasitando o ventrículo, sendo esse o primeiro registro desse parasito em patos no Brasil.(AU)

Intussuscepção gastroesofágica em canino / Gastroesophageal intussusception in canine

Background: Gastroesophageal intussusception is characterized by the invagination of the stomach into the esophagus,with or without the involvementof adjacent organs such as the spleen, pancreas, and omentum. In dogs, this condition hasno breed or sex predisposition. As it is an infrequent disease in routine veterinary medical practice, this study reports acase of gastroesophageal intussusception in a dog necropsied at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural Universityof Pernambuco (HOVET - UFRPE), Recife, Brazil.Case: The body of a 12-year-old black mixed breed male dog was sent to the Pathology Department (Necropsy Sectorof the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco - UFRPE) for a necropsy. The animal had a previous 4-year history ofrecurrent emesis and limb weakness, primarily in the anterior limbs, that worsened in the previous months and progressedto death. No previous treatments were reported by the owner. On external examination, the animal had a low body score(cachectic), forelimb joints with great flexibility, congested oral and ocular mucous membranes, enophthalmos, and increased volume in the perianal region. At the opening of the thoracic cavity, the final third of the esophagus was dilatedand gastroesophageal intussusception, edema, and pulmonary congestion were noted. In the abdominal cavity, there washepatic and renal congestion and large intestine and rectal ampoule dilation, with a large amount of solid and retainedfeces (fecaloma), perianal hernia, and testicular neoformation. These findings were consistent with those observed in deathcaused by cardiorespiratory failure secondary to gastroesophageal intussusception.Discussion: The pathophysiology of gastroesophageal intussusception is still not elucidated and is probably multifactorial.This condition causes reverse gastric peristalsis associated with a sudden and sustained increase in abdominal...