Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

ABSTRACT: Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m3 ha-1 yr-1 in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Fast-growing forest management to regulate the balance between wood production and water supply

Increasingly, fast-growing forest plantations are able to support the wood supply but may simultaneously reduce water availability. The trade-off between wood production and water supply is more evident in areas with low water availability, high seasonal variation, or high water demand from local communities. The management regime adopted in forest plantations can either increase or reduce this trade-off. Thus, we assess herein the water and wood supply under different fast-growing forest plantation management regimes to understand how forest management practices can balance the provision of these services. The study was conducted at two catchments with a predominance of fast-growing forest plantations, namely, the mosaic management catchment (MMC) and the intensive management catchment (IMC). Rainfall and streamflow were monitored for three water years. Hydrological indexes were calculated to assess the hydrological regime of both catchments, and make inventories of the forest to assess forest growth rates. MMC had streamflow coefficients, baseflow index and baseflow stability higher than those of IMC. Mean annual wood increment was 32.73 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in MMC, with a mean age of 15 years, and 44.40 m³ ha-¹ yr-¹ in IMC at coppice in the second year. MMC hydrological indexes remained stable over the period studied, while in IMC the hydrological indexes were affected by climatic variations, mainly in drier years. MMC showed potential for supplying both water and wood. However, in IMC there was a trade-off between wood supply at the expense of the water supply. Thus, the intensity of fast-growing management can be adjusted to achieve a balance between water and wood supply on a catchment scale.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine

Abstract Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. A total of 11 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical samples from different medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine during 2017. In this study, resistance to fluoroquinolones and secretions of -lactamases were detected by phenotypic methods, while presence of -lactamase gene sequences and other virulence factors were detected by PCR technique. PCR product for gyrA, parC and parE genes were sequenced for further analyses. The phylogenetic analyses, population diversity indices and haplotypes determination were conducted using computer programs MEGA version 6, DnaSP 5.1001 and median-joining algorithm in the program Network 5, respectively. Results of this study showed that the MIC for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin had a range of 32-256 µg/ml. In addition, all isolates carried either exoT or exoT and exoY genes, different -lactamase genes and 82% of these isolates harbored class 1 integrons. Analyses of the gyrA, parC and parE sequences were found to be polymorphic, had high haplotype diversity (0.945-0.982), low nucleotide diversity (0.01225-0.02001) and number of haplotypes were 9 for each gyrA and parE genes and 10 haplotypes for parC gene. The founder haplotypes being Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27.3%) and Hap-6 (9.1%) for gyrA, parC and parE genes, respectively. Two of ParE haplotypes were detected as indel haplotypes. The Median-joining- (MJ) networks constructed from haplotypes of these genes showed a star-like expansion. The neutrality tests (Tajimas D test and Fus Fs test) for these genes showed negative values. Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa strains showed high MIC level for fluoroquinolones, -lactamase producers, carried type III secretion exotoxin-encoding genes, most of them had integrase I gene and had high level of mutations in QRDR regions in gyrA, parC and parE genes. All these factors may play an important role in the invasiveness of these strains and make them difficult to treat. Isolation of these strains from different medical centers, indicate the need for a strict application of infection control measures in Medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine that aim to reduce expense and damage caused by P. aeruginosa infections. Molecular analyses showed that Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa haplotypes are not genetically differentiated; however, more mutations may exist in these strains.

Resumo Fluoroquinolonas são agentes antimicrobianos importantes para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas. Um total de 11 bacilos isolados de P. aeruginosa foram coletados de diferentes amostras clínicas provenientes de diferentes centros médicos na Cisjordânia-Palestina durante o ano de 2017. Neste estudo, resistência a fluoroquinolonas e secreções de -lactamases foram detectadas por métodos fenotípicos, enquanto a presença de sequências do gene -lactamase e outros fatores de virulência foram detectados pela técnica de PCR (Proteína C-reativa). O produto de PCR para os genes gyrA, parC e parE foram sequenciados para análises posteriores. As análises filogenéticas, os índices de diversidade populacional e a determinação de haplótipos foram realizados utilizando os softwares MEGA versão 6, DnaSP 5.1001 e o algoritmo de junção de mediana do programa Network 5, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a MIC para ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina tinha um intervalo de 32-256 µg/ml. Além disso, todos os bacilos isolados carregavam genes exoT ou exoT e exoY, genes de -lactamase diferentes e 82% desses isolados continham integrons de classe 1. As análises das sequências gyrA, parC e parE foram consideradas polimórficas, com alta diversidade de haplótipos (0,945-0,982), baixa diversidade de nucleotídeos (0,01225-0,02001) e o número de haplótipos foi de 9 para cada gene de gyrA e parE e 10 haplótipos para o gene parC. Os haplótipos fundadores são Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27,3%) e Hap-6 (9,1%) para os genes gyrA, parC e parE, respectivamente. Dois dos haplótipos parE foram detectados como haplótipos InDel. As redes Median-joining (MJ) construídas a partir de haplótipos desses genes mostraram uma expansão semelhante à de uma estrela. Os testes de neutralidade (teste D de Tajima e teste Fs de Fu) para esses genes apresentaram valores negativos. As cepas palestinas de P. aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas mostraram alto nível de MIC para fluoroquinolonas, produtores de -lactamase, genes codificadores de exotoxina de secreção tipo III, a maioria deles tinha o gene integrase I e tinha alto nível de mutações nas regiões QRDR nos genes gyrA, parC e parE. Todos esses fatores podem desempenhar um papel importante na invasão dessas cepas e torná-las difíceis de tratar. O isolamento dessas cepas em diferentes centros médicos, indica a necessidade de uma aplicação estrita de medidas de controle de infecção em centros médicos da Cisjordânia-Palestina que visam reduzir despesas e danos causados por infecções por P. aeruginosa. As análises moleculares mostraram que os haplótipos de P. aeruginosa resistentes à fluoroquinolona palestina não são geneticamente diferenciados; no entanto, mais mutações podem existir nessas cepas.

Phenotypic and molecular characterization of fluoroquinolone resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Palestine / Caracterização fenotípica e molecular de isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas na Palestina

Fluoroquinolones are important antimicrobial agents for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections. A total of 11 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from different clinical samples from different medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine during 2017. In this study, resistance to fluoroquinolones and secretions of ß-lactamases were detected by phenotypic methods, while presence of ß-lactamase gene sequences and other virulence factors were detected by PCR technique. PCR product for gyrA, parC and parE genes were sequenced for further analyses. The phylogenetic analyses, population diversity indices and haplotypes determination were conducted using computer programs MEGA version 6, DnaSP 5.1001 and median-joining algorithm in the program Network 5, respectively. Results of this study showed that the MIC for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin had a range of 32-256 µg/ml. In addition, all isolates carried either exoT or exoT and exoY genes, different ß-lactamase genes and 82% of these isolates harbored class 1 integrons. Analyses of the gyrA, parC and parE sequences were found to be polymorphic, had high haplotype diversity (0.945-0.982), low nucleotide diversity (0.01225-0.02001) and number of haplotypes were 9 for each gyrA and parE genes and 10 haplotypes for parC gene. The founder haplotypes being Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27.3%) and Hap-6 (9.1%) for gyrA, parC and parE genes, respectively. Two of ParE haplotypes were detected as indel haplotypes. The Median-joining- (MJ) networks constructed from haplotypes of these genes showed a star-like expansion. The neutrality tests (Tajima's D test and Fu's Fs test) for these genes showed negative values. Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa strains showed high MIC level for fluoroquinolones, ß-lactamase producers, carried type III secretion exotoxin-encoding genes, most of them had integrase I gene and had high level of mutations in QRDR regions in gyrA, parC and parE genes. All these factors may play an important role in the invasiveness of these strains and make them difficult to treat. Isolation of these strains from different medical centers, indicate the need for a strict application of infection control measures in Medical centers in the North West Bank-Palestine that aim to reduce expense and damage caused by P. aeruginosa infections. Molecular analyses showed that Palestinian fluoroquinolone resistant P. aeruginosa haplotypes are not genetically differentiated; however, more mutations may exist in these strains.

Fluoroquinolonas são agentes antimicrobianos importantes para o tratamento de infecções por Pseudomonas. Um total de 11 bacilos isolados de P. aeruginosa foram coletados de diferentes amostras clínicas provenientes de diferentes centros médicos na Cisjordânia-Palestina durante o ano de 2017. Neste estudo, resistência a fluoroquinolonas e secreções de ß-lactamases foram detectadas por métodos fenotípicos, enquanto a presença de sequências do gene ß-lactamase e outros fatores de virulência foram detectados pela técnica de PCR (Proteína C-reativa). O produto de PCR para os genes gyrA, parC e parE foram sequenciados para análises posteriores. As análises filogenéticas, os índices de diversidade populacional e a determinação de haplótipos foram realizados utilizando os softwares MEGA versão 6, DnaSP 5.1001 e o algoritmo de junção de mediana do programa Network 5, respectivamente. Os resultados deste estudo mostraram que a MIC para ciprofloxacina e norfloxacina tinha um intervalo de 32-256 µg/ml. Além disso, todos os bacilos isolados carregavam genes exoT ou exoT e exoY, genes de ß-lactamase diferentes e 82% desses isolados continham integrons de classe 1. As análises das sequências gyrA, parC e parE foram consideradas polimórficas, com alta diversidade de haplótipos (0,945-0,982), baixa diversidade de nucleotídeos (0,01225-0,02001) e o número de haplótipos foi de 9 para cada gene de gyrA e parE e 10 haplótipos para o gene parC. Os haplótipos fundadores são Hap-1 (18%), Hap-2 (27,3%) e Hap-6 (9,1%) para os genes gyrA, parC e parE, respectivamente. Dois dos haplótipos parE foram detectados como haplótipos InDel. As redes Median-joining (MJ) construídas a partir de haplótipos desses genes mostraram uma expansão semelhante à de uma estrela. Os testes de neutralidade (teste D de Tajima e teste Fs de Fu) para esses genes apresentaram valores negativos. As cepas palestinas de P. aeruginosa resistentes a fluoroquinolonas mostraram alto nível de MIC para fluoroquinolonas, produtores de ß-lactamase, genes codificadores de exotoxina de secreção tipo III, a maioria deles tinha o gene integrase I e tinha alto nível de mutações nas regiões QRDR nos genes gyrA, parC e parE. Todos esses fatores podem desempenhar um papel importante na invasão dessas cepas e torná-las difíceis de tratar. O isolamento dessas cepas em diferentes centros médicos, indica a necessidade de uma aplicação estrita de medidas de controle de infecção em centros médicos da Cisjordânia-Palestina que visam reduzir despesas e danos causados por infecções por P. aeruginosa. As análises moleculares mostraram que os haplótipos de P. aeruginosa resistentes à fluoroquinolona palestina não são geneticamente diferenciados; no entanto, mais mutações podem existir nessas cepas.

Uso racional de antibióticos para tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas / Rational use of antibiotics for treatment of urinary infection in sows

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram subdoses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes collective antimicrobial therapies via feed a routine. This, however, generates sub-doses unable to heal and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was a determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to a bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg), and submitted to a new urine collection 24h and 48h after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals, and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

Rational use of antibiotics for treatment of urinary infection in sows / Uso racional de antibióticos para tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes collective antimicrobial therapies via feed a routine. This, however, generates sub-doses unable to heal and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study, we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was a determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to a bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg), and submitted to a new urine collection 24h and 48h after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals, and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram subdoses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

Supplemental protease improves in vitro disappearance of dry matter and crude protein in feather meal and copra meal for pigs

The aim of the present study was to determine the effects of supplemental protease on in vitro disappearance of dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) in feed ingredients for pigs. The test ingredients were three sources of feather meal (FM 1, FM 2, and FM 3), meat and bone meal, soybean meal, corn dried distillers grains with solubles, copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal, wheat, and corn. In experiment 1, in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of DM and CP were determined to represent the digestion and absorption of the stomach and small intestine of pigs. In experiment 2, in vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of DM was determined to represent the digestion and absorption of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine of pigs. The control group had 99% of a test ingredient and 1% of wheat bran. Protease originating from Bacillus spp. was supplemented to the control diet at the expense of wheat bran to make a treatment group (100,000 U/kg of sample). Protease supplementation increased the IVID of DM in FM 1 (39.8 vs. 37.5%) and CM (45.0 vs. 42.2%). In the protease supplementation group, the IVID of CP also increased in FM 1 (48.0 vs. 43.8%) and CM (85.3 vs. 77.5%). The supplemental protease increased the IVTTD of DM in FM 1 (43.9 vs. 42.1%), FM 3 (55.6 vs. 52.7%), and meat and bone meal (85.9 vs. 84.3%). Therefore, nutrient utilization of FM and CM can be improved by supplemental protease originating from Bacillus spp. based on in vitro assays.(AU)

Particularidades na inseminação artificial em tempo fixo de bubalinos na Amazônia / Particularities in fixed-time artificial insemination of buffaloes in the Amazon

A Inseminação artificial em bubalinos na Amazônia completa 39 anos, a primeira ocorreu 1981, na ilha do Marajó. Entre 1976 a 1980 pesquisas se concentraram nas particularidades do comportamento sexual e das estratégias de colheita do sêmen e posteriormente na criopreservação. Aproximadamente 6.000 búfalas já foram inseminadas, na Amazônia, e ainda não, insemina-se mais de 0,87% do rebanho. Na inseminação convencional em detrimento da fraca expressão no cio, o uso do rufião é fundamental. Em criações extensivas a inseminação deve ser precedida de vacinações e esterilização uterina. O dispositivo intra-vaginal de progesterona de 2° e 3° usos e dose única, apresentaram bons resultados. Búfalas com ECC 3,0 a 3,75 é dispensável o uso do eCG. A hidrografia do rio Amazonas influencia na logística da IATF. Setembro a dezembro (época de vazante) consideramos a estação de reprodução favorável em criações na várzea. Em criações de terra firme a estação favorável ocorre entre os meses de janeiro a junho, (estação mais chuvosa). O protocolo mais usado é o Ovsynch, Ovsynch associado aprogesterona e o protocolo (-D30) primeira dose de vacina; no dia zero (D0); reforço vacinal e dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona, BE ou GnRH; (D9) PGF2α, eCG; (D11) GnRH e no dia doze (D12), IATF. Evitar estresse e traumas antes das inseminações, usar locais sombreado, água a vontade e liberação imediata após o serviço, evitar novilhas imaturas sexualmente, usar vacas multíparas mantendo ou ganhando o peso. A taxa de prenhes está entre 20 a 70% e a média em 52,6%.

Artificial insemination in buffaloes in the Amazon is 39 years old, the first occurred in 1981, on the island of Marajo. Between 1976 and 1980, research focused on the particularities of sexual behavior and semen collection strategies and later on cryopreservation. Approximately 6.000 buffaloes have already been inseminated in the Amazon, and not yet, more than 0.87% of the herd were inseminated. In conventional insemination to the at the expense of weak expression in heat, the use of the heat detector bull is essential. In extensive breeding, insemination should be preceded by vaccinations and uterine sterilization. The intra-vaginal progesterone deviceof 2nd and 3rd uses and single dose, showed good results. Buffaloes with ECC 3.0 to 3.75 the use of eCG is not necessary. The hydrography of the Amazon River influences the logistics of the IATF. September to December (dry river season) we consider the breeding season to be favorable for breeding in the creations in flooded area. In high land creations, the favorable season occurs between the months of January to June, (rainiest season). The most used protocol is Ovsynch, Ovsynch associated with progesterone and the protocol (-D30) first vaccine dose; on day zero (D0); vaccine booster and intravaginal progesterone, BE or GnRH device; (D9) PGF2α, eCG; (D11) GnRH and on the 12th (D12) IATF. Prevent stress and trauma before insemination, use shaded places, water at will and immediate release after the service avoid sexually immature heifers, use multíparas cows to maintain orgain weight. The pregnancy rate is between 20 and 70% and the average is 52.6%.

Particularidades na inseminação artificial em tempo fixo de bubalinos na Amazônia / Particularities in fixed-time artificial insemination of buffaloes in the Amazon

A Inseminação artificial em bubalinos na Amazônia completa 39 anos, a primeira ocorreu 1981, na ilha do Marajó. Entre 1976 a 1980 pesquisas se concentraram nas particularidades do comportamento sexual e das estratégias de colheita do sêmen e posteriormente na criopreservação. Aproximadamente 6.000 búfalas já foram inseminadas, na Amazônia, e ainda não, insemina-se mais de 0,87% do rebanho. Na inseminação convencional em detrimento da fraca expressão no cio, o uso do rufião é fundamental. Em criações extensivas a inseminação deve ser precedida de vacinações e esterilização uterina. O dispositivo intra-vaginal de progesterona de 2° e 3° usos e dose única, apresentaram bons resultados. Búfalas com ECC 3,0 a 3,75 é dispensável o uso do eCG. A hidrografia do rio Amazonas influencia na logística da IATF. Setembro a dezembro (época de vazante) consideramos a estação de reprodução favorável em criações na várzea. Em criações de terra firme a estação favorável ocorre entre os meses de janeiro a junho, (estação mais chuvosa). O protocolo mais usado é o Ovsynch, Ovsynch associado aprogesterona e o protocolo (-D30) primeira dose de vacina; no dia zero (D0); reforço vacinal e dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona, BE ou GnRH; (D9) PGF2α, eCG; (D11) GnRH e no dia doze (D12), IATF. Evitar estresse e traumas antes das inseminações, usar locais sombreado, água a vontade e liberação imediata após o serviço, evitar novilhas imaturas sexualmente, usar vacas multíparas mantendo ou ganhando o peso. A taxa de prenhes está entre 20 a 70% e a média em 52,6%.(AU)

Artificial insemination in buffaloes in the Amazon is 39 years old, the first occurred in 1981, on the island of Marajo. Between 1976 and 1980, research focused on the particularities of sexual behavior and semen collection strategies and later on cryopreservation. Approximately 6.000 buffaloes have already been inseminated in the Amazon, and not yet, more than 0.87% of the herd were inseminated. In conventional insemination to the at the expense of weak expression in heat, the use of the heat detector bull is essential. In extensive breeding, insemination should be preceded by vaccinations and uterine sterilization. The intra-vaginal progesterone deviceof 2nd and 3rd uses and single dose, showed good results. Buffaloes with ECC 3.0 to 3.75 the use of eCG is not necessary. The hydrography of the Amazon River influences the logistics of the IATF. September to December (dry river season) we consider the breeding season to be favorable for breeding in the creations in flooded area. In high land creations, the favorable season occurs between the months of January to June, (rainiest season). The most used protocol is Ovsynch, Ovsynch associated with progesterone and the protocol (-D30) first vaccine dose; on day zero (D0); vaccine booster and intravaginal progesterone, BE or GnRH device; (D9) PGF2α, eCG; (D11) GnRH and on the 12th (D12) IATF. Prevent stress and trauma before insemination, use shaded places, water at will and immediate release after the service avoid sexually immature heifers, use multíparas cows to maintain orgain weight. The pregnancy rate is between 20 and 70% and the average is 52.6%.(AU)

Economic losses due to the occurrence of cysticercosis in cattle from cities located in Minas Gerais, Brazil / Perdas econômicas devido à ocorrência de cisticercose em bovinos procedentes de municípios localizados em Minas Gerais, Brasil

Cysticercosis represents an important public health problem that can cause significant economic losses to the beef industry. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence rate of cysticercosis in cattle and estimate the economic losses to producers associated with this parasitic disease. Data were collected from the official sanitary inspection service of a slaughterhouse located in the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, southeast Brazil, from 2009 to 2016. A total of 358,383 cattle from 46 cities in Minas Gerais, Brazil, were slaughtered, of which 4,243 were infected with cysticercosis (1.18%). A total of 5,194 cysticerci were detected in these carcasses, of which 4,548 (87.56%) were alive and 646 (12.44%) were calcified. Most of the cysticerci were located in the masseter and pterygoid masticatory muscles (72.41%). As to the classification of cysticercosis according to the degree of infection of organs and/or parts affected, mild infection was the most frequently observed (92.36%). Rural producers had a total of R$ 1,755,204.20 (US$ 537,526.80) of economic losses due to bovine cysticercosis during the time span of eight years covered by this retrospective study. The importance of the sanitary inspection of meat in the control of this major zoonotic diseases is emphasized.(AU)

A cisticercose representa um importante problema de saúde pública que pode causar prejuízos econômicos impactantes para a cadeia da carne bovina. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar a frequência da ocorrência de cisticercose em bovinos e as perdas econômicas aos produtores. Foram coletados dados do serviço de inspeção sanitária oficial de um abatedouro frigorífico de Uberlândia, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, no período de 2009 a 2016. Foram abatidos 358.383 bovinos, provenientes de 46 municípios de Minas Gerais, sendo que destes, 4.243 estavam infectados com cisticercose (1,18%). Foram detectados um total de 5.194 cisticercos, sendo 4.548 (87,56%) vivos e 646 (12,44%) calcificados. A maioria dos cisticercos estava localizada nos músculos mastigatórios masseteres e pterigóides (72,41%). Quanto à classificação da cisticercose, de acordo com o grau de infecção dos órgãos e/ou partes, a infecção discreta foi a que mais ocorreu (92,36%). Verificou-se que os produtores rurais tiveram um total de R$ 1.755.204,20 (US$ 537.526,80) de perdas econômicas durante o período analisado de oito anos devido à ocorrência de cisticercose no rebanho bovino. Destacou-se a importância da inspeção sanitária de carnes, no controle desta importante zoonose.(AU)

Impact of thermal stress on placental function and fetal physiology

In ruminants, prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures negatively affects placental development and function. The pursuing limitations in placental oxygen and nutrient supply between the mother and fetus slow fetal growth lowering birth weights and postnatal performance. The pregnant ewe is a long-standing animal model for the study of maternalfetal interactions and is susceptible to naturally occurring heat stress, which causes fetal growth restriction. In the pregnant ewe, studies show that the fetus adapts to hyperthermia-induced placental insufficiency to preserve placental transport capacity of oxygen and nutrients. These adaptive responses are at the expense of normal fetal development and growth. Enlarged transplacental gradient for oxygen and glucose facilitates diffusion across the placenta, but develops by lowering fetal blood oxygen and glucose concentrations. Fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia slow growth and alter their metabolic and endocrine profiles. Deficits in amino acids transport across the placenta are present but are overcome by reduced fetal clearance rates, likely due to fetal hypoxemia or endocrine responses to hypoxic stress. Here, we provide an overview of the performance limitations observed in ruminants exposed to heat stress during pregnancy, but we focus our presentation on the sheep fetus in pregnancies complicated by hyperthermia-induced placental insufficiency. We define the characteristics of placental dysfunction observed in the fetus of heat stressed ewes during pregnancy and present developmental adaptations in organogenesis, metabolism, and endocrinology that are proposed to establish maladaptive situations reaching far beyond the perinatal period.

Impact of thermal stress on placental function and fetal physiology

In ruminants, prolonged exposure to high ambient temperatures negatively affects placental development and function. The pursuing limitations in placental oxygen and nutrient supply between the mother and fetus slow fetal growth lowering birth weights and postnatal performance. The pregnant ewe is a long-standing animal model for the study of maternalfetal interactions and is susceptible to naturally occurring heat stress, which causes fetal growth restriction. In the pregnant ewe, studies show that the fetus adapts to hyperthermia-induced placental insufficiency to preserve placental transport capacity of oxygen and nutrients. These adaptive responses are at the expense of normal fetal development and growth. Enlarged transplacental gradient for oxygen and glucose facilitates diffusion across the placenta, but develops by lowering fetal blood oxygen and glucose concentrations. Fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia slow growth and alter their metabolic and endocrine profiles. Deficits in amino acids transport across the placenta are present but are overcome by reduced fetal clearance rates, likely due to fetal hypoxemia or endocrine responses to hypoxic stress. Here, we provide an overview of the performance limitations observed in ruminants exposed to heat stress during pregnancy, but we focus our presentation on the sheep fetus in pregnancies complicated by hyperthermia-induced placental insufficiency. We define the characteristics of placental dysfunction observed in the fetus of heat stressed ewes during pregnancy and present developmental adaptations in organogenesis, metabolism, and endocrinology that are proposed to establish maladaptive situations reaching far beyond the perinatal period.(AU)

Bottlenecks in the migration routes of Amazonian manatees and the threat of hydroelectric dams / Gargalos na rota migratória do peixe-boi amazônico e a ameaça das barragens hidrelétricas

In a particular region within western Amazonia, Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) live in a floodplain environment that becomes inhospitable for them during the annual low-water season. To flee from it, they undergo a dangerous migration to a refuge while water levels are dropping fast. Our aim was to better understand the role of depth variation in this migratory process. We analyzed the sole tracking data on wild manatees (n=10 males), 30 years of Landsat images, a 14-year hydrograph and a 3-D bathymetric model. Migratory routes contained shallower segments, here called 'migratory bottlenecks', which dried out at the end of most lowering-water seasons, blocking the passage to the refuge. Manatees began migrating just in time to traverse the bottlenecks furthest away, suggesting they fine-tuned their departure so as to maximize time within the foraging home range without compromising safety. They apparently achieved this by estimating depth at the bottlenecks. Moreover, a bottleneck was created in >15 years, illustrating the environment's dynamism and the challenge this imposes upon manatees. Our results are probably generalizable to most of the species' range. We contend manatees possess an updatable cognitive map of their environment and are behaviorally plastic. Current dam-building plans, if implemented, would create more bottlenecks and make flooding less predictable, increasing manatee mortality from unsuccessful migrations. It would also partition the species into small populations, each prone to short-term extinction. The natural outcome would be the second species-level collapse. Economic growth should not come at the expense of the extinction of the iconic manatee.(AU)

Em uma região particular da Amazônia ocidental, peixes-boi amazônicos (Trichechus inunguis) vivem em um ambiente que se torna inóspito para eles durante a água-baixa anual. Para fugir dele, realizam uma migração perigosa para o refúgio enquanto o nível da água desce rapidamente. Nosso objetivo foi compreender melhor o papel da variação da profundidade neste processo migratório. Analisamos os únicos dados de rastreamento de peixes-boi selvagens (n=10 machos), 30 anos de imagens Landsat, 14 anos de hidrógrafa e um modelo batimétrico 3-D. As rotas migratórias possuíam trechos mais rasos, denominados gargalos migratórios, que secaram no final da maioria das vazantes, bloqueando o acesso ao refúgio. Os peixes-boi começaram a migração em tempo justo para atravessar os gargalos mais distantes, sugerindo que a sintonizaram para maximizar o período se alimentando sem comprometer a segurança. Para tal, parecem ter estimado a profundidade nos gargalos. Adicionalmente, um gargalo foi criado em 15 anos, ilustrando o dinamismo do ambiente e o desafio que isto impõe aos peixes-boi. Esses resultados provavelmente valem para boa parte da área de distribuição da espécie. Argumentamos que peixes-boi possuem um mapa cognitivo atualizável do ambiente e são comportamentalmente plásticos. Os planos de construção de barragens hidrelétricas, se concretizados, criariam mais gargalos e regimes de inundação menos previsíveis, dificultando a migração e consequentemente aumentando a mortalidade de peixes-boi. Também particionariam a espécie em populações pequenas, vulneráveis à extinção no curto-prazo. O desfecho seria o segundo colapso da espécie. O crescimento econômico não deve vir às custas da extinção do icônico peixe-boi.(AU)

Bottlenecks in the migration routes of Amazonian manatees and the threat of hydroelectric dams / Gargalos na rota migratória do peixe-boi amazônico e a ameaça das barragens hidrelétricas

In a particular region within western Amazonia, Amazonian manatees (Trichechus inunguis) live in a floodplain environment that becomes inhospitable for them during the annual low-water season. To flee from it, they undergo a dangerous migration to a refuge while water levels are dropping fast. Our aim was to better understand the role of depth variation in this migratory process. We analyzed the sole tracking data on wild manatees (n=10 males), 30 years of Landsat images, a 14-year hydrograph and a 3-D bathymetric model. Migratory routes contained shallower segments, here called 'migratory bottlenecks', which dried out at the end of most lowering-water seasons, blocking the passage to the refuge. Manatees began migrating just in time to traverse the bottlenecks furthest away, suggesting they fine-tuned their departure so as to maximize time within the foraging home range without compromising safety. They apparently achieved this by estimating depth at the bottlenecks. Moreover, a bottleneck was created in >15 years, illustrating the environment's dynamism and the challenge this imposes upon manatees. Our results are probably generalizable to most of the species' range. We contend manatees possess an updatable cognitive map of their environment and are behaviorally plastic. Current dam-building plans, if implemented, would create more bottlenecks and make flooding less predictable, increasing manatee mortality from unsuccessful migrations. It would also partition the species into small populations, each prone to short-term extinction. The natural outcome would be the second species-level collapse. Economic growth should not come at the expense of the extinction of the iconic manatee.

Em uma região particular da Amazônia ocidental, peixes-boi amazônicos (Trichechus inunguis) vivem em um ambiente que se torna inóspito para eles durante a água-baixa anual. Para fugir dele, realizam uma migração perigosa para o refúgio enquanto o nível da água desce rapidamente. Nosso objetivo foi compreender melhor o papel da variação da profundidade neste processo migratório. Analisamos os únicos dados de rastreamento de peixes-boi selvagens (n=10 machos), 30 anos de imagens Landsat, 14 anos de hidrógrafa e um modelo batimétrico 3-D. As rotas migratórias possuíam trechos mais rasos, denominados gargalos migratórios, que secaram no final da maioria das vazantes, bloqueando o acesso ao refúgio. Os peixes-boi começaram a migração em tempo justo para atravessar os gargalos mais distantes, sugerindo que a sintonizaram para maximizar o período se alimentando sem comprometer a segurança. Para tal, parecem ter estimado a profundidade nos gargalos. Adicionalmente, um gargalo foi criado em 15 anos, ilustrando o dinamismo do ambiente e o desafio que isto impõe aos peixes-boi. Esses resultados provavelmente valem para boa parte da área de distribuição da espécie. Argumentamos que peixes-boi possuem um mapa cognitivo atualizável do ambiente e são comportamentalmente plásticos. Os planos de construção de barragens hidrelétricas, se concretizados, criariam mais gargalos e regimes de inundação menos previsíveis, dificultando a migração e consequentemente aumentando a mortalidade de peixes-boi. Também particionariam a espécie em populações pequenas, vulneráveis à extinção no curto-prazo. O desfecho seria o segundo colapso da espécie. O crescimento econômico não deve vir às custas da extinção do icônico peixe-boi.

Population and development in the Amazon: A longitudinal study of migrant settlers in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon / Población y desarrollo en la Amazonia: Un estudio longitudinal de colonos migrantes en la Amazonía norte del Ecuador

RESUMEN Este artículo describe cambios para una generación de migrantes en la Amazonía norte del Ecuador (ANE). Nosotros realizamos una encuesta en el 2014 de un subgrupo de fincas que encuestamos en 1990 y 1999. Observamos cambios demográficos, del uso de la tierra, de la cubierta forestal, y de las condiciones de vida de este grupo. Encontramos que la fecundidad está disminuyendo y que el uso de planificación familiar está aumentando. La migración fuera de las fincas continúa, la mayoría a destinos en la ANE. Más fincas tienen los derechos de su tierra y las familias tienen más bienes. Desde 1999 ha habido conversión en las fincas de bosques a pasto. Las fincas son fuentes importantes de sustento de vida, pero las ciudades en crecimiento están creando otras oportunidades económicas. Nuestros resultados demuestran cambios significativos demográficos, económicos, del uso de la tierra, y de las condiciones de vida durante el periodo 1990-2014. Nuestro artículo provee información útil para líderes que quieran avanzar metas económicas y ambientales para promover el desarrollo sostenible y proteger la biodiversidad.(AU)

ABSTRACT This paper examines changes over time for a full generation of migrant settlers in the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon (NEA). Data were collected from a 2014 household survey covering a subsample of households surveyed previously in 1990 and 1999. We observed changes in demographic behavior, land use, forest cover, and living conditions. As the frontier develops, human fertility is continuing to decline with contraceptive prevalence rising. Meanwhile, out-migration from colonist households, largely to destinations within the region, persists. More households have secure land tenure than in 1999, and are better off as measured by possession of assets. There is continued growth in pasture, largely at the expense of forest. Farms still serve as an important livelihood source for families, though growing cities in the NEA are creating more non-agricultural economic opportunities. Our findings provide a snapshot of demographic, economic, land use, and livelihood changes occurring in the NEA during the past quarter century, providing useful information for policymakers seeking to balance economic and environmental goals in order to promote sustainable development as well as protect biodiversity.(AU)

Uso Racional de antibióticos para o tratamento de infecção urinária em porcas

O caráter endêmico das infecções urinárias (IU) em porcas faz com que seja rotina o uso de terapias antimicrobianas coletivas via ração, as quais geram sub-doses que não promovem a cura e contribuem para a seleção de bactérias resistentes aos antibióticos. O uso de terapia individual é o procedimento mais adequado a ser realizado nos animais com IU. Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar a ocorrência de IU em matrizes alojadas na região Oeste do Paraná e a eficácia e custo-benefício do tratamento individual. Foram selecionadas 353 fêmeas, de cinco rebanhos distintos, submetidas à coleta de urina no terço final da gestação pelo método de micção espontânea. As amostras foram analisadas física e quimicamente com o uso de tiras reagentes, sendo que a presença de nitrito foi determinante de positividade para IU. Os animais com IU tiveram a urina submetida a avaliação bacteriológica, foram tratados com medicação parenteral (marbofloxacina - dose única - 8 mg/kg) e submetidos a nova coleta de urina 24h, 48h e sete dias após a primeira. IU foi observada em 4,53% das fêmeas avaliadas (16/353). Escherichia coli e Stretococcus sp. foram os agentes isolados com maior frequência. Sete dias após o uso da marbofloxacina 87,5% (14/16) dos animais foram negativos para IU, o que demonstra a eficácia do controle parenteral da IU. O diagnóstico associado à terapia individual em detrimento da medicação coletiva apresentou custo-benefício altamente vantajoso, possibilitou reduzir drasticamente o número de animais medicados e apresentou eficiência no controle da IU. Desta forma se conclui que é possível fazer uso racional de antibióticos mediante o tratamento apenas de porcas comprovadamente positivas para IU. Isto reduz o número de animais medicados desnecessariamente e reduz o custo em função do uso de antimicrobianos apenas em animais enfermos.

The endemic character of urinary infections (UI) in sows makes it routine the use of collective antimicrobial therapies via feed, which generate sub-doses that do not promote healing and contribute to the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The use of individual therapy is the most appropriate procedure to be performed on animals with UI. With this study we aimed to evaluate the occurrence of UI in sows housed in the western region of Paraná and the efficacy and cost-benefit of individual treatment. A total of 353 females were selected from five different herds, submitted to urine collection in the final third of pregnancy by spontaneous urination method. The samples were analyzed physically and chemically with the use of reagent strips, and the presence of nitrite was determinant for positivity for UI. The animals with UI had urine submitted to bacteriological evaluation, were treated with parenteral medication (marbofloxacin - single dose - 8 mg/kg) and submitted to a new urine collection 24h, 48h and seven days after the first. UI was observed in 4.53% of the females evaluated (16/353). Escherichia coli and Stretococcus sp. were the most frequently isolated agents. Seven days after the use of marbofloxacin 87.5% (14/16) of the animals were negative for UI, which demonstrates the efficacy of UI parenteral control. The diagnosis associated with individual therapy at the expense of collective medication was highly cost-effective, made it possible to drastically reduce the number of medicated animals and was efficient in controlling UI. Thus, it is concluded that it is possible to make rational use of antibiotics by treating only sows that are proven to be positive for UI. This reduces the number of unnecessarily medicated animals and reduces the cost due to the use of antimicrobials only in sick animals.

Duração do efeito imunoestimulante da Glucana pós administração em Pacu

O cenário atual da aquicultura mundial é muito promissor, e o Brasil tem grande vantagem nessa atividade de produção, pois conta com grandes áreas de água salgada e água doce, além do aumento de tecnologias destinada a alcançar a melhor produtividade. Entre as espécies produzidas, está o pacu, com representatividade e potencial entre os peixes nativos, pelo seu valor comercial na aquicultura e na pesca esportiva. Porém, o aumento da produção se dá às custas de manejos intensos que causam estresse nos animais, e podem desenvolver distúrbios fisiológicos, que geram susceptibilidade a doenças e consequente perda para os produtores. Como alternativa de prevenção, está o uso de -glucana, um imunoestimulante presente na parede celular de bactérias, fungos, plantas e algas, que pode melhorar as respostas imunes inatas dos peixes. Neste contexto, o presente estudo avaliou o tempo de atuação de -glucana em pacus, depois de 15 dias de alimentação com ração suplementada com 0,1% do imunoestimulante, e 15 dias após a suspensão da alimentação suplementada, após inoculação dos peixes com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), por meio de indicadores da resposta de estresse (concentração de cortisol e glicose plasmática) e do sistema imune inato (atividade respiratória de leucócitos, a atividade hemolítica do sistema complemento e concentração de lisozima). A -glucana não afetou o peso dos peixes, após o período de oferta, e também não alterou os indicadores de estresse e da imunidade inata no desafio realizado com LPS na concentração utilizada (500 µg kg-1 de LPS de E. Coli).

The current scenario of world aquaculture is very promising, and Brazil has a great advantage in this production activity, as it has large areas of salt water and fresh water, in addition to the increase in technologies aimed at achieving better productivity. Among the species produced is the pacu, with representation and potential among native fish, due to its commercial value in aquaculture and sport fishing. However, the increase in production comes at the expense of intense handling that causes stress to the animals, and can develop physiological disorders, which generate susceptibility to diseases and consequent loss for producers. As an alternative for prevention, there is the use of -glucan, an immunostimulant present in the cell wall of bacteria, fungi, plants and algae, which can improve the innate immune responses of fish. In this context, the present study evaluated the time of action of -glucan in pacus, after 15 days of feeding with feed supplemented with 0.1% of the immunostimulant, and 15 days after suspension of the supplemented feed, after inoculation of fish with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), through indicators of the stress response (concentration of cortisol and plasma glucose) and the innate immune system (respiratory activity of leukocytes, hemolytic activity of the complement system and lysozyme concentration). The -glucan did not affect the fish weight after the offer period, nor did it alter the stress and innate immunity indicators in the challenge performed with LPS at the concentration used (500 µg kg-1 LPS from E. Coli). Although the concentration of LPS used did not affect the animal's innate immune response, it changed the glucose profile, indicating that the procedure acted as a stressor.

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.

Movement anatomy of the gluteal region and thigh of the giant anteater Myrmecophaga tridactyla (Myrmecophagidae: Pilosa) / Anatomia do movimento da região glútea e coxa de Myrmecophaga tridactyla tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophagidae: pilosa)

Locomotion reveals the displacement and behavior manner of the species in their daily needs. According to different needs of the several species, different locomotor patterns are adopted. The shapes and attachment points of muscles are important determinants of the movements performed and consequently, the locomotion and motion patterns of living beings. It was aimed to associate anatomical, kinesiology and biomechanics aspects of the gluteal region and thigh of the giant anteater to its moving characteristics and locomotor habits. It was used three specimens of Myrmecophaga tridactyla, settled in formaldehyde aqueous solution at 10% and subsequently, dissected using usual techniques in gross anatomy. The morphological characteristics of the gluteal region and thigh that influence the patterns of movement and locomotion of animals, were analyzed and discussed in light of literature. All muscles of the gluteal region and thigh of giant anteater show parallel arrangement of the muscular fibers, being flat or fusiform. These muscles are formed in the joint which the interpotent type biolever act. These morphological characteristics indicate a greater predominance of amplitude and movement speed at the expense of strength. On the other hand, features such as osteometric index and the observation of giant anteater motion indicate the opposite, what reflects this animal lack of expertise in locomotor habits and shows the need of future realization of more detailed studies in this subject.(AU)

A locomoção revela o modo de deslocamento e comportamento das espécies nas suas necessidades diárias. De acordo com as diferentes necessidades das diversas espécies, diferentes padrões locomotores são adotados. As formas e pontos de fixação dos músculos são importantes determinantes dos movimentos realizados e, por conseguinte, dos padrões de locomoção e movimentação dos seres vivos. Objetivou-se associar aspectos anatômicos, cinesiológicos e biomecânicos da região glútea e coxa do tamanduá bandeira às suas características de movimentação e hábitos locomotores. Utilizaram-se três espécimes de Myrmecophaga tridactyla, fixados em solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10% e posteriormente, dissecados usando as técnicas usuais em anatomia macroscópica. As características morfológicas da região glútea e coxa que influenciam os padrões de movimento e locomoção dos animais foram analisadas e discutidas à luz da literatura. Todos os músculos da região glútea e coxa do tamanduá bandeira apresentam disposição paralela das fibras musculares, sendo planos ou fusiformes. Esses músculos formam nas articulações sobre as quais agem bioalavancas do tipo interpotente. Essas características morfológicas indicam maior predominância de amplitude e velocidade de movimento em detrimento da força. Por outro lado, características como os índices osteométricos e a observação da movimentação do tamanduá bandeira indicam o oposto, o que reflete a falta de especialização desse animal quanto aos hábitos locomotores e sinaliza a necessidade da realização futura de estudos mais detalhados a esse respeito.(AU)

Bovine meat and bone meal as an economically viable alternative in quail feeding in the final phase

Bovine meat and bone meal (MBM) has been used as a low-cost protein source in corn- and soybean meal-based poultry diets. However, to date, no studies investigating the effect of the dietary inclusion of MBM on the performance of Japanese quails and on egg production costs were found in literature. In this study, 600 Japanese quails in lay were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design consisting of six treatments (replacement levels of soybean meal by MBM:0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) with five replicates of 20 birds each to investigate if MBM is a viable alternative to maintain or to improve the live and economic performances of these birds. Treatments consisted of a control diet, based on corn and soybean meal, with no inclusion of MBM, and diets formulated with increasing levels (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5%) of MBM inclusion at the expense of soybean meal. The studied parameters were evaluated in four periods of 28 days each. Live performance parameters (egg weight, g; average egg production, %; egg weight, g; feed intake, g; feed conversion ratio per egg mass, kg/kg and per dozen eggs, dz/kg; and livability, %); egg quality parameters (proportion of egg components, yolk, albumen, eggshell %; egg specific weight, g/cm3); and economic parameter (bio-economic nutritional index) were determined. Only egg weight, egg specific weight, and eggshell percentage were affected (p < 0.05) by the treatments. Our results show that inclusion of bovine meat and bone meal can be added to the diet of Japanese quails in lay, causing no performance losses and promoting feed cost savings up to 5.24%.(AU)