Cell therapy with adipose tissue-derived human stem cells in the urinary bladder improves detrusor contractility and reduces voiding residue / A terapia celular com células-tronco humanas derivadas do tecido adiposo na bexiga urinária melhora a contratilidade do detrusor e reduz o resíduo miccional

Detrusor hypocontractility (DH) is a disease without a gold standard treatment in traditional medicine. Therefore, there is a need to develop innovative therapies. The present report presents the case of a patient with DH who was transplanted with 2 x 106 adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells twice and achieved significant improvements in their quality of life. The results showed that cell therapy reduced the voiding residue from 1,800 mL to 800 mL, the maximum cystometric capacity from 800 to 550 mL, and bladder compliance from 77 to 36.6 mL/cmH2O. Cell therapy also increased the maximum flow from 3 to 11 mL/s, the detrusor pressure from 08 to 35 cmH2O, the urine volume from 267 to 524 mL and the bladder contractility index (BCI) value from 23 to 90. The International Continence on Incontinence Questionnaire - Short Form score decreased from 17 to 8. Given the above, it is inferred that the transplantation of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells is an innovative and efficient therapeutic strategy for DH treatment and improves the quality of life of patients affected by this disease.

A Hipocontratilidade Detrusora (HD) é uma doença sem um tratamento padrão-ouro na medicina tradicional. Logo, há a necessidade de desenvolvimento de terapias inovadoras. O presente relato apresenta um caso de paciente com HD transplantado duas vezes com 2 x 106 células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo que obteve melhoras significativas em sua qualidade de vida. Os resultados demonstraram que a terapia celular reduziu o resíduo miccional de 1.800mL para 800mL; a Capacidade Cistométrica Máxima de 800 para 550mL; a complacência de 77 para 36,6mL/cmH2O. A terapia celular também aumentou o fluxo máximo de 3 para 11mL/s; a pressão detrusora de 08 para 35cmH2O; o volume urinado de 267 para 524mL e o índice de contratilidade vesical (BCI) de 23 para 90. O score do International Continence on Incontinence Questionare - Short Form passou de 17 para 8. Diante do exposto, infere-se que o transplante de células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas do tecido adiposo é uma estratégia terapêutica inovadora e eficiente para o tratamento da HD e para melhoria da qualidade de vida de pacientes acometidos por essa doença.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883)

Abstract Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Resumo Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais

Essential fatty acids in farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) from the Brazilian Amazon Area

The goal of this study was to determine the essential fatty acids of the total lipids of the fillet, head and orbital cavity tissue from farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fish from a Brazilian Amazon area. The tambaqui were acquired from different fish farms in the Roraima state, located at Western Brazilian Amazon. The meat, the head and the fatty tissue from orbital cavity were dissected for lipid extraction and analysis of fatty acids by gas chromatography. The fatty acids were quantified in mg g-1of total lipids using C23:0 as an internal standard. The nutritional quality of the lipids was determined by using the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, and also by the ratio between hypocholesterolemic / hypercholesterolemic fatty acids. The orbital cavity tissue had the higher concentration amount of linoleic and α-linolenic acid, whereas the fillet had higher docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration was: 1.28, 0.97, 1.71 mg g-1of total lipids, in the filet, in head, and in orbital cavity tissue,respectively. All essential fatty acids were detected in the three parts analyzed. The nutritional quality of the total lipids from the head and from the orbital cavity tissue was similar to the fillet.(AU)

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.

Abdominal ultrasound in amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) (Natterer, 1883) / Ultrassonografia abdominal em peixe boi amazônico (Trichechus inunguis (Natterer, 1883)

Morphophysiological species researches are fundamental, and diagnostic imaging is an excellent technique, already used in wild animals, with great application, not invasive and provide real-time information of each body. Amazonian manatees are on the list of endangered animals classified in the vulnerable category and knowledge of the normal pattern of ultrasound anatomy of organs and tissues is important for the maintenance and well-being of captive specimens contributing to reintroduction actions. The objective of the study was to standardize the examination technique and describe the ultrasound findings of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder and the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal region in Trichechus inunguis, in order to contribute with the anatomical and sonographic knowledge and assist in the diagnosis and prognosis diseases. The study used 18 animals to describe the normal sonographic anatomy in the abdominal cavity of the Amazonian manatee. During abdominal scan, it was possible to visualize the features of the liver, gallbladder, stomach, urinary bladder obtained satisfactory results in this study. Therefore, other structures were not primarily identified by the reduced time, lots of fat and gases in intestines of animals.(AU)

Pesquisas morfofisiológicas em espécies selvagens são fundamentais, e o diagnóstico por imagem é uma excelente técnica, já usada e com grande aplicação, não invasiva e que fornece informações em tempo real de cada órgão. Peixes-boi-amazônico encontram-se na lista de animais ameaçados de extinção classificados na categoria vulnerável e o conhecimento do padrão normal da anatomia ultrassonográfica de órgãos e tecidos é importante para a manutenção e bem-estar de espécimes em cativeiro contribuindo para ações de reintrodução. O objetivo deste estudo foi padronizar a técnica de exame e descrever os achados ultrassonográficos do fígado, vesícula biliar, estômago, vesícula urinária e o tecido subcutâneo da região abdominal em Trichechus inunguis, de modo a contribuir com o conhecimento anátomo-sonográfico e auxiliar no diagnóstico e prognóstico de doenças. O estudo utilizou 18 animais para descrever a anatomia ultrassonográfica normal na cavidade abdominal de peixe-boi amazônico. Durante a varredura abdominal foi possível visualizar as características dos órgãos obtendo resultados satisfatórios neste estudo, concluindo ser uma técnica eficiente para avaliação de determinados órgãos abdominais em peixe-boi amazônico. Entretanto, outras estruturas não foram identificadas principalmente pelo tempo reduzido, muita gordura e gases nos intestinos dos animais.(AU)

Nutrient compositional variation and interrelationship in the muscle of wild and plastic-reared brachyuran

Edible brachyurans are recognized as a popular source of food due to their delicious taste and nutritional quality. This study investigated the nutrient compositional variation and interrelationship in the muscle of wild and plastic-reared Cardisoma armatum. The plastic-reared crab had 27.81 ± 2.29 g 100 g-1protein while crab from the wild contained 22.45 ± 2.65 g 100 g-1protein. The difference in protein content of plastic-reared and its counterpart from the mangrove swamp was not significantly different(p > 0.05). This is also true of other proximate composition except that wild crabs were slightly higher in both crude fat (2.68 ± 0.35 g 100 g-1) and carbohydrate (5.89 ± 3.05 g 100 g-1). Generally, the total energy contributed due to protein, carbohydrate and fat in the tissues of both wild and plastic-reared C. armatumare similar. In the wild crab, contents of calcium (16083.27 ± 2127.90 mg 100 g-1) and phosphorus (1191.42 ± 199.21) were relatively higher, while contents of magnesium (368.69 ± 111.05 mg 100 g-1), sodium (125.30 ± 11.18 mg 100 g-1) and potassium (87.36 ± 7.27 mg 100 g-1) were relatively higher inplastic-reared crabs. All significant mineral ratios in wild and plastic-reared C. amartumfall within acceptable range. The positive relationship in the nutritional quality indicates that changes in proximate composition are associated with changes in mineral contents of the crab tissue.(AU)

Carotenoids and retinoids in the gonad of broodstock pikeperch: accumulation during vitellogenesis and influence on egg quality in farmed pikeperch Sander lucioperca

Carotenoids are determinants of reproductive fitness and egg quality. Here we studied the accumulation of astaxanthin (AX), canthaxanthin (CA) zeaxanthin (ZX), lutein (LU), retinol (RX) and dehydroretinol (DR) during vitellogenesis comparing previtellogenic and vitellogenic pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) eggs (n = 5 each), as well as selected tissues (liver, fat and muscles) in first süawning females (1176-1450 g). Futhermore, we compared egg batches with high (88­99% hatching rate, n = 5) or low (40­67% hatching rate, n= 5) egg quality. Vitellogenic follicles revealed higher concentrations of DR, RX, ZX and LU compared to previtellogenic follicles. Neither CA nor AX was detectable. In parallel, DR and RX were mobilized in the liver. In adipose and muscle tissue, comparing previtellogenic and vitellogenic females, no significant differences in carotenoid/retinoid content were observed. In high quality egg batches, both DR and RX were increased. LU was lower in high quality than in low quality eggs. In a conclusion, the amount of retinoids seems suboptimal in low quality egg batches and increased DR and RX are desirable in pikeperch. Since hypervitaminosis of retinoids can be problematic though, supplementation of the food with carotenoids, which can serve as precursors for retinoids, has to be carried out carefully.(AU)

Tumor neuroendócrino em coração de cão / Neuroendocrine tumor involving the heart of a dog

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

Study on the Major Genes Related with Fat Deposition in Liver and Abdominal Fat of Different Breeds of Chicken

Fat deposition is higher in fast growing chickens than in slow growing chickens. The liver is the major organ for lipogenesis and fat deposition in chickens, although genetic background, age, and gender also influence fat deposition. In the present study, we aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying fat deposition in liver and abdominal fat. We determined the expression abundances of the key genes regulating fat metabolism in fast-growing (FG) broilers (Cobb) and slow-growing (SG) broilers (HS1) and found that ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c and PLIN1genes were expressed in the abdominal fat and liver tissues of FG and SG. ANOVA analysis showed that the breed, age, and tissue factors influenced the expressions of ACC, FAS, PGC-1α, PPARγ, SREBP-1c, and PLIN1 genes in the liver and abdominal fat of FG and SG. Also, the expressions of PPARγ and PLIN1 in the liver of SG were higher than that of FG. The results suggest that the differences in adipocyte development and adipose deposition between breeds are due to genetic factors.(AU)

Genome-Wide Association Study of Abdominal Fat in Wenshang Barred Chicken Based on the Slaf-Seq Technology

Chicken abdominal fat (AF) is an economically important trait, and many studies have been conducted on genetic selection for AF. However, previous studies have focused on detecting functional chromosome mutations or regions using gene chips. The present study used the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) technology to perform a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on purebred Wengshang Barred chicken. A total of 1,286,715 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected, and 175,211 SNPs were selected as candidate SNPs for genome-wide association analysis using TASSEL general linear models. Two SNPs markers reached genome-wide significance. Of these, rs7943847, rs127627362 were significantly associated with AF at 120 days. These SNPs are close to eight genes (SLC16A6, ARSG, WIPI1, PRKAR1A, FAM20A, ABCA8, ABCA9, CPQ,). These results would enrich the studies on AF and promote the use of Chinese chicken, especially the Wenshang Barred chicken.(AU)

Triiodothyronine does not influence in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells from young female rat / Triiodotironina não influencia na diferenciação condrogênica de células tronco do tecido adipose de ratas jovens

The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro action of triiodothyronine (T3) on the chondrogenic differentiation of adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) of female rats, with different time periods and doses. ASCs were extracted from female Wistar rats and were cultured in chondrogenic medium with and without the presence of T3. Five groups were established: 1) ASCs without T3; and 2,3,4,5) ASCs with 0.01, 1, 100 and 1,000 nM T3, respectively). After 7, 14 and 21 days, cell morphology, chondrogenic matrix formation, and expression of Sox9, aggrecan, collagen II, and collagen X were evaluated. The Student-Newman-Keuls test was used. ASCs showed CD54, CD73, and CD90 before chondrogenic differentiation. The hormone treatment did not alter chondrogenic matrix formation, Sox9 expression at 14 or 21 days, or expression of collagen II or collagen X at any time. However, the 0.01, 1, and 1000 nM T3 doses decreased Sox9 expression at 7 days. In conclusion, chondrogenic differentiation of ASCs of female rats is not influenced by T3.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi verificar o efeito in vitro da triiodotironina (T3) na diferenciação condrogênica de células tronco mesenquimais do tecido adiposo (CTM-TA) de ratas, durante vários períodos e em várias doses. CTM-TA foram coletadas de ratas Wistar e cultivadas em meio condrogênico com ou sem a presença de T3. Constitui-se cinco grupos: 1) CTM-TA sem T3; e 2,3,4,5) CTM-TA com T3 (0,01; 1; 100 e 1000 nM, respectivamente). Após sete, 14 e 21 dias, foram avaliados morfologia celular, formação de matriz condrogênica e expressão de Sox9, agrecano, colágeno II e colágeno X. Para as análises foi utilizado o teste de Student Newman Keuls. CTM-TA expressaram CD54, CD73 e CD90 antes da diferenciação condrogênica. O tratamento hormonal não alterou a formação de matriz condrogênica e a expressão de Sox9 aos 14 e 21 dias e expressão dos colágenos II e X em nenhum dos períodos avaliados. No entanto, as doses de 0,01; 1 e 1000 nM T3 diminuíram a expressão de Sox9 aos 7 dias. Conclui-se que a diferenciação condrogênica de CTM-TA de ratas não é influenciada pela T3.

Lipid profile of subcutaneous fat, growth performance, and carcass characteristics of gilts fed with diets supplemented with ractopamine, organic chromium or subjected to energetic feed restriction / Perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea, desempenho e características de carcaça de fêmeas suínas alimentadas com dietas suplementadas com ractopamina, cromo orgânico ou submetidas à restrição energética

This study identified the effects of dietary supplementation with ractopamine, chromium picolinate, chromium yeast, or an energetic feed restriction on the growth performance and lipid profile of subcutaneous fat, in late finishing gilts. Twenty genetically similar gilts with initial body weight of 105.35 ± 4.77 kg and a final body weight of 131.37 ± 5.58 kg were distributed in a completely randomized block design with five treatments (control; ractopamine: 20 ppm; chromium picolinate: 0.48 ppm; chromium yeast: 0.80 ppm; and energetic feed restriction: -150 kcal kg-¹ of metabolizable energy), with four replicates of one animal each. The experimental diets were isonutritives, except for the metabolizable energy level of the diet fed to the group subjected to energy restriction. There were no effects on the growth performance and carcass characteristics. Ractopamine and organic chromium (picolinate and yeast) supplementation increased the concentration of total polyunsaturated fatty acid. The proportion of α-linolenic fatty acids were higher when the diets were supplemented with ractopamine or chromium yeast. The energy restriction increased the n-6:n-3 ratio and reduced α-linolenic acid concentration. Therefore, ractopamine, chromium picolinate, chromium yeast supplementation, and energetic feed restriction did not affect the growth performance or carcass characteristics but altered the lipid profile of subcutaneous fat in finishing gilts. Ractopamine and organic chromium supplementation increased PUFA in the fat of finishing female pigs.

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de identificar os efeitos da suplementação com ractopamina, cromo picolinato, cromo levedura, ou da restrição alimentar energética, sobre o desempenho e o perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura subcutânea de fêmeas suínas em fase final de terminação. Foram utilizadas 20 fêmeas suínas, geneticamente similares, com peso inicial de 105,35 ± 4,77 kg e peso final de 131,37 ± 5,58 kg, distribuídas em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em cinco tratamentos (controle; ractopamina: 20 ppm; picolinato de cromo: 0,48 ppm; cromo levedura: 0,80 ppm; e restrição energética: -150 kcal kg-¹ de energia metabolizável) com quatro repetições de um animal cada. As dietas experimentais foram isonutritivas, exceto para o nível de energia metabolizável da dieta fornecida ao grupo submetido à restrição energética. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça. As suplementações com ractopamina e cromo orgânico (picolinato ou levedura) aumentaram a concentração de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados. A proporção do ácido α-linolênico foi maior com a inclusão da ractopamina ou do cromo levedura na dieta. A restrição energética aumentou a proporção n-6:n-3 e reduziu a concentração do ácido α-linolênico. As suplementações com ractopamina, picolinato de cromo, cromo levedura, ou restrição alimentar energética, não influenciaram o desempenho e as características de carcaça, mas alteraram o perfil lipídico da gordura subcutânea de fêmeas suínas. As suplementações com ractopamina e cromo orgânico aumentaram a proporção de AGPI.

Effects of systemic inflammation due to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury upon lean or obese visceral adipose tissue

Purpose: To evaluate how the induction of liver damage by ischemia and reperfusion affects the adipose tissue of lean and obese mice. Methods: Lean and diet-induced obese mice were subjected to liver ischemia (30 min) followed by 6 h of reperfusion. The vascular stromal fraction of visceral adipose tissue was analyzed by cytometry, and gene expression was evaluated by an Array assay and by RT-qPCR. Intestinal permeability was assessed by oral administration of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and endotoxemia by serum endotoxin measurements using a limulus amebocyte lysate assay. Results: It was found that, after liver ischemia and reperfusion, there is an infiltration of neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes, as well as an increase in the gene expression that encode cytokines, chemokines and their receptors in the visceral adipose tissue of lean mice. This inflammatory response was associated with the presence of endotoxemia in lean mice. However, these changes were not observed in the visceral adipose tissue of obese mice. Conclusions: Liver ischemia and reperfusion induce an acute inflammatory response in adipose tissue of lean mice characterized by an intense chemokine induction and leukocyte infiltration; however, inflammatory alterations are already present at baseline in the obese adipose tissue and liver ischemia and reperfusion do not injure further.

Cell culture and variations in the comet assay do not affect the genomic integrity of adipose-derived stem cells

The application of quality control tests, such as the comet assay, are essential when adipose-derived stem cells are cultured for therapeutic purposes. However, the steps involved in the development of this assay should be investigated, in order to reduce their influence on genomic damage in cells. The study aimed to evaluate if the cell culture process causes DNA damage, and if variations in the lysis time and pH of the electrophoresis buffer interfere in the genotoxicity results. Four different comet assay protocols were evaluated, and the effects of lysis time and pH conditions of the electrophoresis buffer solution were stated as follows: 2 hours and pH 12; 24 hours and pH 12; 2 hours and pH ≥ 13 and 24 hours and pH ≥ 13. The tail moment was analyzed, and results indicated that at the time cells were detached from the flasks, there was little damage to the DNA in the adipose-derived stem cells, which was confirmed by evaluation of the expression of mRNA genes involved in damage and repair processes of genetic material. Also, the tail moment values ​​did not show significant differences among the four evaluated protocols (p < 0.05), with no indication of damage when compared to the positive control (p < 0.05). Thus, any of the tested protocols can be applied in genotoxicity tests with adipose-derived stem cells, without causing damage to them.(AU)

Mecanismos inflamatórios da obesidade: o que sabemos em gatos? / Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity: what is known in cats?

O objetivo deste trabalho foifornecer uma visão geral dos mecanismos inflamatórios envolvidos no processo da obesidade, com enfoque nas respostas imunes pró-inflamatórias e no papel das adipocinas nas reações inflamatórias, em humanos e animais, bem como a correlação com a espécie felina. A obesidade é considerada uma doença endócrina cada vez mais prevalente na espécie felina, causada por uma desordem nutricional de balanço energético negativo. É definida como um acúmulo excessivo de tecido adiposo que afeta negativamente a saúde do animal e está associada à diminuição da expectativa de vida, sendo que as causas que a desencadeiam são multifatoriais, sendo atreladas a diversos fatores genéticos e ambientais. O tecido adiposo é um órgão endócrino que participa ativamente do metabolismo energético e concentra fatores hormonais que são secretados pelos adipócitos, os quais modulam o metabolismo e exercem capacidade de envolver diretamente as respostas imunes inatas e adaptativas por meio da atividade dos principais tipos celulares, incluindo adipócitos e macrófagos responsáveis pela ativação e liberação de citocinas que afetam a função fisiológica normal, influenciando no desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica. A produção alterada de adipocinas na obesidade tem sido envolvida na fisiopatologia de diversos grupos de doenças e tem sido relatada sua possível contribuição para o desenvolvimento de resistência insulínica e diabetes mellitus. Apesar do incompleto compreendimento dos fatores desencadeantes da inflamação no tecido adiposo de gatos, sugere-se que estejam envolvidos aspectos associados à disfunção mitocondrial, hipóxia ou, ainda, que estejam associados fatores intrínsecos do adipócito.

This study aimed to provide an overview of the inflammatory mechanisms involved in the obesity process focusing on pro-inflammatory immune responses and the role of adipokines in inflammatory reactionsm in animals and humans, as well as the correlation with the feline specie. Obesity is considered an increasingly prevalent endocrine disease in feline species, caused by a nutritional disorder with negative energy balance. It is defined as an excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that negatively affects the animal's health and is associated with a decrease in life expectancy and as triggering causes are multifactorial, being linked to several genetic and environmental factors. Adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that actively participates in energy metabolism and concentrates hormonal factors that are secreted by adipocytes, which modulate metabolism and exert the ability to directly involve innate and adaptive immune responses through the activity of the main cell types, including adipocytes and macrophages responsible for the activation and release of cytokines that affect normal physiological function, influencing the development of chronic inflammation. The altered production of adipokines in obesity has been implicated in the pathophysiology of several groups of diseases and their possible contribution to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus. Despite the incomplete understanding of the triggering factors of inflammation in the adipose tissue of cats, it is suggested that aspects associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, hypoxia, or even intrinsic factors of the adipocyte are involved.

Evaluation of Mangalarga Marchador foal development in the first year of life / Avaliação do desenvolvimento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador em seu primeiro ano de vida

The purpose of this study was to examine the development pattern of Mangalarga-Marchador foals by determination of muscle development and deposition of adipose tissue associated with the evaluation of blood-based biomarkers. Thus, 72 Mangalarga Marchador foals (ages ranged from 1-12 mo) were randomly selected and divided into 12 age groups (n=6 per group), evaluated monthly. The thickness of the Longissimus dorsi (LD) and rump fat (RF) were determined through an ultrasound performed on each foal's left side. Such parameters were used to calculate the percentage of body fat (BF), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM). Morphometric measurements were taken on the foal's right side using a tape measure and a hypsometer. Blood samples were collected for determinations of total proteins, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea, creatinine, and glucose. Morphometric measurements, the thickness of the LD and RF, weight, BF, FM, and FFM showed differences between age groups (P<0.001). Muscle development and fat deposition in subcutaneous tissue were greater between six and 12 months and average weight gain and FFM were proportionally greater between one and six months. We concluded that morphometric measurements increase steadily and linearly during the first 12 months of life, indicating that it is feasible to use the linear regression formula. Moreover, significant differences between age and biochemical biomarkers may be attributed to nutritional and digestive physiology adaptations during these periods.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi examinar o padrão de desenvolvimento de potros Mangalarga Marchador através da determinação do desenvolvimento muscular e da deposição de tecido adiposo associado com avaliação de biomarcadores sanguíneos. Assim, 72 potros Mangalarga Marchador (idades entre 1 e 12 meses) foram selecionados ao acaso e divididos em 12 grupos etários (n=6/grupo), avaliados mensalmente. A espessura do Longissimus dorsi (LD) e da cobertura de gordura da garupa (RF) foi determinada através de ultrassonografia realizada do lado esquerdo de cada animal, tais parâmetros foram usados para calcular percentagem de gordura corporal (BF), massa de gordura (FM) e massa livre de gordura (FFM). Mensurações morfométricas foram obtidas do lado direito de cada potro, usando fita métrica e hipômetro. Amostras sanguíneas foram obtidas para determinações de proteínas totais, albumina, triglicérides, colesterol, uréia, creatinina e glicose. Medidas morfométricas, espessura de LD e RF, peso corporal, BF, FM e FFM mostraram diferenças entre os grupos etários (P<0,001). O desenvolvimento muscular e a deposição de gordura no tecido subcutâneo foram maiores entre 6 e 12 meses e a média de ganho de peso e de FFM foi proporcionalmente maior entre entre 1 e 6 meses . Foi possível concluir que as medidas morfométricas aumentam de forma constante e linear nos primeiros 12 meses de vida, indicando que é factível usar fórmulas de regressão linear. Ainda, diferenças significativas entre idade e biomarcadores bioquímicos podem ser atribuídos às adaptações nutricionais e digestivas durante esses períodos.(AU)

Challenges of nanotechnology in cosmetic permeation with caffeine

Abstract The evolution of beauty market and personal care is constant in Brazil as well in the rest of the world. Technological advances have brought up nanotechnology to the cosmetological field, employing active principles at atoms enveloped by vesicles, in order to take the active principle precisely to the target tissue to optimize the results achieved because of the considerable ease to cross skin barriers. Manufacturing of nanotechnology cosmetics is confronted with low absorption capacity. One of the many active principle found in cosmetic industry is caffeine, a pseudoalkaloid from the xanthine group used as a stimulant with the mechanism of the lipolytic action. This active is widely used in a esthetics and cosmetics field in treatments involving dysfunctions such as localized fat and fibroedema geloid. To work out perfectly, the principle active need to interact and create a set of factors that includes lipolysis intensification. The caffeine encapsulation in gel-based nanocosmetics has the purpose of taking this active up to the adipocyte, the target cell, for mentioned dysfunctions treatment. Thus, we aim to present a review of how has been, the use of caffeine in the production of cosmetics.

Resumo A evolução do mercado de beleza e cuidados pessoais é constante no Brasil e no resto do mundo. Os avanços tecnológicos trouxeram a nanotecnologia para o campo cosmetológico, empregando princípios ativos em átomos envolvidos por vesículas, a fim de levar o princípio ativo precisamente ao tecido alvo para otimizar os resultados alcançados devido à considerável facilidade de atravessar barreiras cutâneas. A fabricação de cosméticos nanotecnológicos é confrontada com baixa capacidade de absorção. Um dos muitos princípios ativos encontrados na indústria cosmética é a cafeína, um pseudoalocalóide do grupo xantina usado como estimulante no mecanismo da ação lipolítica. Este ativo é amplamente utilizado no campo da estética e dos cosméticos em tratamentos que envolvem disfunções, como gordura localizada e fibroedema gelóide. Para funcionar perfeitamente, o princípio ativo precisa interagir e criar um conjunto de fatores que inclui a intensificação da lipólise. O encapsulamento de cafeína em nanocosméticos à base de gel tem o objetivo de levar esse ativo até o adipócito, a célula alvo, para o tratamento de disfunções mencionado. Assim, objetivamos apresentar uma revisão de como tem sido o uso de cafeína na produção de cosméticos.

Oleander (Nerium oleander) intoxication in a bison

Clinical History: Two 18-month-old female bison and a heifer died suddenly in the same ranch. The three animals were submitted for postmortem examination and diagnostic workup. The changes of one of the bison are presented here. Necropsy Findings: The carcass was in fair nutritional condition, with small amount of fat reserves, but still well fleshed, and in mild state of post-mortem decomposition. There was a small amount of clotted dark-red blood in the nostrils and anus. The heart presented extensive sub-endocardial hemorrhages in all four chambers. These lesions were most pronounced in both ventricles where they extended deep into the underlying myocardium (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The mucosa of the abomasum was diffusely and mildly congested, and the mucosa of the small and large intestine was diffusely and severely congested (Fig. 3). There was a moderate amount of red fluid in the lumen of the small intestine, cecum, and colon. Both lungs had a few, small, well delineated, deep, firm, multifocal dark-red areas in all pulmonary lobes, but lung tissue samples floated when placed into formalin. Follow-up questions: Microscopic description Morphologic diagnosis Most likely etiology(AU)

Rodent models in placental research. Implications for fetal origins of adult disease

Rodent models in rats, mice, and guinea pigs have been extremely helpful to gain insight into pregnancy physiology and pathologies-related. Moreover, they have allowed understanding the mechanism that links an adverse intrauterine environment with the origin of adult disease. In this regard, the effects of diverse maternal conditions, such as undernutrition, obesity, hypoxia, and hyperandrogenism on placental function and its long-term consequences for the offspring, have been widely analyzed through rodents models involving dietary manipulations, modifications in environmental oxygen, surgical and pharmacological procedures that reduce uteroplacental blood flow and administrations of exogenous testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mimicking maternal androgen excess. Both in human and in rodent models, these interventions induce modifications of placental morphology, transport of glucose, amino acid, and fatty acids, steroid synthesis, and signaling pathways control placental function. These changes are associated with the increase of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. For its part, offspring exhibit alterations in organs involved in metabolic control such as the hypothalamus, adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle, and pancreas altering the intake and preferences for certain foods, the metabolism of glucose and lipid, and hormonal function leading to fat accumulation, insulin resistance, fatty liver, dyslipidemia, and elevated glucose levels. Therefore, the present review discusses the evidence emerging from rodent models that relate maternal nutrition, hypoxia, and androgen exposure to the maternal mechanisms that lead to fetal programming and their metabolic consequences in postnatal life.(AU)

Reproductive diseases in captive Agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina)

Abstract Reproductive diseases have been well documented in domestic livestock such as sheep, goat, cattle and pigs. However, there is very little information on these diseases in the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). The agouti is used for its meat in South America and the Caribbean. More recently, intensive farming of this animal is being practiced in the Neotropics. There is dearth of information on dystocia and vaginal prolapses in the agouti. This document reports on three cases of reproductive diseases in captive reared agoutis in Trinidad and Tobago. The first case was a female agouti weighing approximately 3 kg that was in the last stage of pregnancy, which was found dead in its cage. The vulva of the mother had the protruding hind-limbs of the fetus. Necroscopic evaluation of carcass revealed little fat tissue and the mother had two fetuses in the right horn of the uterus. Each fetus weighed approximately 200 g. The fetuses were well formed with fur, teeth and eyes. The placenta was attached to each fetus. The pathological findings suggested that dystocia resulted from secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death of the adult female agouti. The second case was that of an adult female agouti weighing 2.5 kg. This female had given birth to an offspring three weeks prior and was observed to have had a vaginal prolapse. Surgery was performed and the prolapsed vagina was placed back into the pelvic cavity. Further to this intervention, the vagina prolapsed twice. Subsequent to the re-insertion of the vaginal tissue the agouti was euthanized. The third case was also that of a dystocia. However, the fetuses weighed 235 g and 165 g respectively and were in normal presentation, posture and positioning. The fetus however was unable to pass via the vagina and was trapped in the pelvic cavity. This caused secondary uterine inertia which was the cause of death. The causes of reproductive diseases in these cases are unknown but the feeding management and space allowance given to the agouti in late gestation may be contributing factors.

Resumo As doenças reprodutivas têm sido bem documentadas em rebanhos domésticos, como ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e suínos. Porém, há muito pouca informação sobre essas doenças na cutia (Dasyprocta leporina). A cutia é usada como carne na América do Sul e no Caribe. Mais recentemente, a criação intensiva desse animal está sendo praticada na região neotropical., Há escassez de informações sobre distocia e prolapsos vaginais na cutia. Este documento relata três casos de doenças reprodutivas em cutias criadas em cativeiro em Trinidad e Tobago. O primeiro caso foi de uma cutia de aproximadamente 3 kg que estava na última fase de gestação, encontrada morta em sua gaiola. A vulva da mãe tinha as patas traseiras salientes do feto. A avaliação necroscópica da carcaça revelou pouco tecido adiposo e a mãe tinha dois fetos no corno direito do útero. Cada feto pesava aproximadamente 200 g. Os fetos eram bem formados com pelos, dentes e olhos. A placenta foi presa a cada feto. Os achados patológicos sugeriram que a distocia resultou de inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte da cutia adulta. O segundo caso foi o de uma cutia adulta pesando 2,5 kg. Essa fêmea deu à luz uma cria três semanas antes e foi observado que tinha prolapso vaginal., A cirurgia foi realizada e a vagina prolapsada foi colocada de volta na cavidade pélvica. Após essa intervenção, a vagina prolapsou duas vezes. Após a reinserção do tecido vaginal, a cutia foi eutanasiada. O terceiro caso também foi de distocia. No entanto, os fetos pesavam 235 g e 165 g e estavam em apresentação, postura e posicionamento normais. O feto, entretanto, não conseguiu passar pela vagina e ficou preso na cavidade pélvica. Isso causou inércia uterina secundária, que foi a causa da morte. As causas das doenças reprodutivas nesses casos são desconhecidas, mas o manejo da alimentação e o espaço concedido à cutia no final da gestação podem ser fatores contribuintes.