Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species / Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

The aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capoteiro tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night period, however, it also occurs in the morning. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral and reproductive biology and pollinators of Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., neglected species

Studies on the Myrtaceae family are mainly distributed in floristic surveys, reproductive studies of plant communities or related to family taxonomy. Based on this, the objective of the present study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and, of floral visitors from Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg., a neglected species. Information was obtained on floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectary, and structures attractive to pollinators, characterization of pollinators, receptiveness of stigma and maturing of the androecium components, and characterization of the reproductive system. Sete-capote tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the daytime. Pollen grains was the main resource offered to pollinators. The flowers had mellow sweet odor, attracting mainly native bees and Apis melifera, which was characterized as effective pollinators. The species presents high reproductive efficiency and could be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.

Floral, reproductive and pollinators biology of Myrcianthes pungens (Berg) Legrand, neglected species

Studies related to floral biology are essential for the understanding of the ecological relations between different species, and the beginning of breeding programs. In this way, the aim of the study was to elucidate aspects of floral and reproductive biology and floral visitors of this species. Information about floral morphology and morphometry, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator attractive structures, characterization of floral visitors, receptivity of androcytic stigma and maturation, in vitro pollen storage and germination, and characterization of the reproductive system were obtained. The guabiju tree has hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurs mainly during the night, but also in the morning. Anthers are the main attractive structure to the pollinating insects, releasing fetid odor, attracting mainly flies and wasps characterized as occasional pollinators, and moths characterized as effective pollinators. For the germination of pollen, it is recommend using it without desiccation, collected in post-anthesis, and for the culture medium the use of 11% of sucrose and 7% of boric acid. Pollen presents recalcitrant behavior, so even when stored in refrigerator, freezer, liquid nitrogen and natural environment lose viability in less than 30 days. It presents high reproductive efficiency, and can be considered self-compatible; however, fertilization also occurs by cross-pollination.(AU)

Floral phenology, seed germination and hybrid plants of the Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida)

The Amerindian yam (Dioscorea trifida) is a food plant native to the Amazon region. Several local varieties are cultivated by traditional family farmers for consumption and local trade. However, socioeconomic processes may be causing species genetic erosion. Knowledge about species sexual reproduction is essential for its conservation and genetic improvement. The objective of this study was to observe the floral phenology, to assess the germination and dormancy of seeds, to conduct controlled pollinations and to select hybrid plants of D. trifida with agronomic potential. Seed dormancy was confirmed and was broken by after-ripening at 28 oC and 80% RH. We carried out controlled pollinations between local landraces and cultivated the resulting hybrid plants in the field. The new genotypes showed high phenotypic variability and tubers with new characteristics, which permitted the selection of genotypes with agronomic potential for further studies. The results contribute to the conservation of agrobiodiversity and genetic improvement for added value of Amazonian native food plants.(AU)

O cará (Dioscorea trifida) é uma planta alimentícia nativa da Amazônia. Diversas variedades locais são cultivadas por agricultores familiares para consumo e comercialização local. Porém, processos socioeconômicos podem estar causando a erosão genética da espécie. O conhecimento sobre a reprodução sexuada da espécie é essencial para sua conservação e melhoramento genético. O estudo teve como objetivos observar a fenologia floral, estudar a germinação e a quebra de dormência de sementes, testar a viabilidade de polinizações controladas e selecionar plantas híbridas de D. trifida com potencial agronômico. A dormência de sementes e a quebra da dormência após o armazenamento à 28 oC e 80% UR foram comprovadas. As plantas híbridas obtidas a partir das polinizações controladas foram cultivadas em condições de campo. Os novos genótipos apresentaram alta variabilidade fenotípica e tubérculos com novas características, permitindo a seleção de genótipos com potencial agronômico para futuros estudos. Os resultados contribuem para a conservação da agrobiodiversidade e o melhoramento genético para agregar valor a plantas alimentícias nativas da Amazônia.(AU)

Pollination efficiency on Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae): morphological and behavioural aspects of floral visitors

ABSTRACT: Pollination depends on morphological and behavioural adjustments between visitors and plants. Some plant species as Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae) provide nectar and pollen to visitors and occur in anthropic areas, therefore becoming an important source of resources for the maintenance of native pollinating insects. However, what is the efficiency of each floral visitor species for the pollination of this plant species? What morphological and behavioural characteristics determine the pollinators? In this regard, this study evaluated the I. bahiensis flower and visitor morphology in a semi-arid area and the foraging behaviour of these floral visitors. Also, the efficiency rate of potential pollinators was quantified. Bees and butterflies visited the flowers of I. bahiensis, but the bees Melitoma spp., Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pseudaugochlora pandora (Smith, 1853) were the most frequent visitors. These species presented medium-sized and compatible with the floral tube width. In addition to the size, these bees presented behaviour that favoured the contact with the reproductive structures of the flower, as evidenced by the efficiency test of the flower visits. Although butterflies often collect nectar from the flowers, they do not present characteristics that could result in pollination. Hence, medium-sized bees played the role of efficient pollinator of I. bahiensis.

Pollination efficiency on Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae): morphological and behavioural aspects of floral visitors

Pollination depends on morphological and behavioural adjustments between visitors and plants. Some plant species as Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae) provide nectar and pollen to visitors and occur in anthropic areas, therefore becoming an important source of resources for the maintenance of native pollinating insects. However, what is the efficiency of each floral visitor species for the pollination of this plant species? What morphological and behavioural characteristics determine the pollinators? In this regard, this study evaluated the I. bahiensis flower and visitor morphology in a semi-arid area and the foraging behaviour of these floral visitors. Also, the efficiency rate of potential pollinators was quantified. Bees and butterflies visited the flowers of I. bahiensis, but the bees Melitoma spp., Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pseudaugochlora pandora (Smith, 1853) were the most frequent visitors. These species presented medium-sized and compatible with the floral tube width. In addition to the size, these bees presented behaviour that favoured the contact with the reproductive structures of the flower, as evidenced by the efficiency test of the flower visits. Although butterflies often collect nectar from the flowers, they do not present characteristics that could result in pollination. Hence, medium-sized bees played the role of efficient pollinator of I. bahiensis.(AU)

Pollination efficiency on Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae): morphological and behavioural aspects of floral visitors

Pollination depends on morphological and behavioural adjustments between visitors and plants. Some plant species as Ipomoea bahiensis (Convolvulaceae) provide nectar and pollen to visitors and occur in anthropic areas, therefore becoming an important source of resources for the maintenance of native pollinating insects. However, what is the efficiency of each floral visitor species for the pollination of this plant species? What morphological and behavioural characteristics determine the pollinators? In this regard, this study evaluated the I. bahiensis flower and visitor morphology in a semi-arid area and the foraging behaviour of these floral visitors. Also, the efficiency rate of potential pollinators was quantified. Bees and butterflies visited the flowers of I. bahiensis, but the bees Melitoma spp., Apis mellifera (Linnaeus, 1758), and Pseudaugochlora pandora (Smith, 1853) were the most frequent visitors. These species presented medium-sized and compatible with the floral tube width. In addition to the size, these bees presented behaviour that favoured the contact with the reproductive structures of the flower, as evidenced by the efficiency test of the flower visits. Although butterflies often collect nectar from the flowers, they do not present characteristics that could result in pollination. Hence, medium-sized bees played the role of efficient pollinator of I. bahiensis.

Meiotic index and palynology of Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae / Índice meiótico e palinologia de cerejeira-do-mato (Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae)

Meiotic index and palynology were assessed for Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae, a native species of southern Brazil that presents fruits with commercial potential and medicinal properties. For this purpose, floral buds were collected of different individuals from one population at Campo Erê, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and fixed for analysis. Anthers at different development stages were subjected to several techniques for analysis of meiocytes and pollen grains. The behavior of chromosomes in meiosis was normal, with cells in several phases of the cell cycle. Analysis of meiotic index allowed high cytological stability, with 95% of regular tetrads. The pollen grains were positive-starch and negative-lipid. The pollen viability was higher than 95% in all colorimetric tests. Pollen grains are monads, small, oblate, tricolporate, syncolpate with verrucate ornamentation of exine. The high meiotic stability, presence of reserve substances and pollen morphology evidenced in this study have important implications in the selection of potential genetic material for plant breeding, the understanding of pollinating mechanisms and the biosystematics of the genus.

O índice meiótico e a palinologia foram realizados para a cerejeira-do-mato (Eugenia involucrata DC- Myrtaceae), uma espécie nativa do sul do Brasil que apresenta frutos que podem ser destinados à agroindústria, além de potencial biotecnológico devido às suas propriedades medicinais. Botões florais oriundos de diferentes indivíduos de uma população localizada no município de Campo Erê, Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram coletados e fixados. Anteras em distintos estágios de desenvolvimento foram submetidas a diferentes técnicas para a obtenção de células meióticas e grãos de pólen. As células meióticas, em diferentes estágios do ciclo celular, apresentaram um comportamento cromossômico normal. Os indivíduos analisados apresentaram índices meióticos superiores a 95%, indicando estabilidade citológica. Os grãos de pólen apresentaram-se amido-positivos e lipídeo negativos e percentuais de viabilidade polínica superiores a 95% em todos os testes colorimétricos. A espécie apresenta grãos caracterizados como mônades, pequenos, oblatos, tricolporados, sincolpados e ornamentação verrucada. A alta estabilidade meiótica, a presença de substâncias de reserva e a morfologia polínica evidenciadas no presente estudo possuem importantes implicações para a escolha de materiais genéticos potenciais para o melhoramento genético, para o entendimento de mecanismos de polinização na biossistemática do gênero.

Meiotic index and palynology of Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae / Índice meiótico e palinologia de cerejeira-do-mato (Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae)

Meiotic index and palynology were assessed for Eugenia involucrata DC-Myrtaceae, a native species of southern Brazil that presents fruits with commercial potential and medicinal properties. For this purpose, floral buds were collected of different individuals from one population at Campo Erê, Santa Catarina, Brazil, and fixed for analysis. Anthers at different development stages were subjected to several techniques for analysis of meiocytes and pollen grains. The behavior of chromosomes in meiosis was normal, with cells in several phases of the cell cycle. Analysis of meiotic index allowed high cytological stability, with 95% of regular tetrads. The pollen grains were positive-starch and negative-lipid. The pollen viability was higher than 95% in all colorimetric tests. Pollen grains are monads, small, oblate, tricolporate, syncolpate with verrucate ornamentation of exine. The high meiotic stability, presence of reserve substances and pollen morphology evidenced in this study have important implications in the selection of potential genetic material for plant breeding, the understanding of pollinating mechanisms and the biosystematics of the genus.(AU)

O índice meiótico e a palinologia foram realizados para a cerejeira-do-mato (Eugenia involucrata DC- Myrtaceae), uma espécie nativa do sul do Brasil que apresenta frutos que podem ser destinados à agroindústria, além de potencial biotecnológico devido às suas propriedades medicinais. Botões florais oriundos de diferentes indivíduos de uma população localizada no município de Campo Erê, Santa Catarina, Brasil, foram coletados e fixados. Anteras em distintos estágios de desenvolvimento foram submetidas a diferentes técnicas para a obtenção de células meióticas e grãos de pólen. As células meióticas, em diferentes estágios do ciclo celular, apresentaram um comportamento cromossômico normal. Os indivíduos analisados apresentaram índices meióticos superiores a 95%, indicando estabilidade citológica. Os grãos de pólen apresentaram-se amido-positivos e lipídeo negativos e percentuais de viabilidade polínica superiores a 95% em todos os testes colorimétricos. A espécie apresenta grãos caracterizados como mônades, pequenos, oblatos, tricolporados, sincolpados e ornamentação verrucada. A alta estabilidade meiótica, a presença de substâncias de reserva e a morfologia polínica evidenciadas no presente estudo possuem importantes implicações para a escolha de materiais genéticos potenciais para o melhoramento genético, para o entendimento de mecanismos de polinização na biossistemática do gênero.(AU)

Phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) in subtropical riparian forest in southern Brazil / Fenologia de Guarea macrophylla Vahl (Meliaceae) em mata ciliar subtropical no sul do Brasil

Climate is one of the main factors that affect plant behavior. The phenology of Guarea macrophylla Vahl, which is a small tree used for reforestation of degraded areas, was monitored for 18 months in a riparian forest at the Schmidt Stream, Campo Bom, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. Vegetative (leaf fall and leaf flushing) and reproductive events were observed, with the latter divided into flowering (flower buds and anthesis) and fruiting (unripe, ripening and ripe fruit). Phenological events were related to temperature, photoperiod and precipitation and their seasonality was verified by circular statistical analysis. Vegetative phenophases were continuous; they were not related to climate factors and presented low intensity, emphasizing the perennial aspect of the species. Flowering occurred during spring and summer. Both flower buds and anthesis were related to temperature and photoperiod. Fruiting was constant and went through all stages of development. Unripe fruits developed during the months with the lowest photoperiod and ripen more intensely in winter, on colder days. Ripe fruit became available for dispersal in spring, in times of longer photoperiod and higher temperatures. Except for leaf fall, all other phenological events showed seasonality in their manifestation. The one-month difference between the onsets of the flowering phases observed in this study indicated that local climate changes induced the early occurrence of this phenophase.(AU)

O clima é um dos principais fatores que condicionam o comportamento das plantas. A fenologia de Guarea macrophylla Vahl, arvoreta utilizada no reflorestamento de áreas degradadas, foi acompanhada durante 18 meses, em mata ciliar do arroio Schmidt, Campo Bom, RS, Brasil. Foram observados os eventos vegetativos (queda foliar e brotamento) e reprodutivos, separados em floração (botão floral e antese) e frutificação (frutos imaturos, maturando e maduros). Os eventos fenológicos foram relacionados à temperatura, ao fotoperíodo e à precipitação e a sua sazonalidade foi verificada por meio da análise estatística circular. As fenofases vegetativas foram contínuas, não se relacionaram com os fatores climáticos e apresentaram baixa intensidade, ressaltando a característica perene da espécie. A floração ocorreu durante a primavera e o verão e tanto botão floral quanto antese relacionaram-se com temperatura e fotoperíodo. A frutificação foi constante e passou por todos os estádios de desenvolvimento. Os frutos imaturos desenvolveram-se em meses com o menor fotoperíodo e maturaram mais intensamente no inverno, em dias de menor temperatura. Os frutos maduros tornaram-se disponíveis para os dispersores na primavera, em períodos com maior fotoperíodo e temperatura. Com exceção da queda foliar, todos os outros eventos fenológicos apresentaram sazonalidade em sua manifestação. O adiantamento de um mês entre as florações observadas no presente estudo indicou que as alterações climáticas locais de temperatura induziram a ocorrência antecipada dessa fenofase.(AU)

Reproductive biology of endemic Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) and updating of its current geographic distribution as the basis for its conservation in the Brazilian Cerrado / Biologia reprodutiva da endêmica Solanum melissarum Bohs (Solanaceae) e atualização da distribuição geográfica atual, como base para a sua conservação no Cerrado Brasileiro

The genus Solanum (family Solanaceae) includes more than 1400 species and has buzz-pollinated flowers with poricidal anthers. The present study aimed to describe the distribution, breeding system and pollination mechanism of Solanum melissarum, a species endemic to Brazil. The study of breeding system was conducted in an urban forest fragment in Jataí, GO. Distribution data were gathered from floristic surveys and digital plant databases. The floral morphology and the pollination mechanism were studied on through field observations and preserved flowers. The breeding system was determined through hand pollination treatments. The species has a distribution only in the Brazilian Atlantic forest coastal, and this study provides the first records of S. melissarum for the state of Goiás. The pendulous flowers have poricidal anthers close to the stigma, with membranous thecae joined by a connective bearing osmophores that attract males of Euglossa cordata bees. As they collect fragrances, the bees press the thecae and pollen is released through a bellows mechanism. Based on the hand-pollination treatments, this species is self-incompatible. Isolated forest fragments may not include enough pollinators to ensure the pollination of plants with specialized systems. However, they are essential for the conservation of species with interesting phytogeographic patterns, such as the vicariance observed in S. melissarum, and for the conservation of regional diversity.(AU)

O gênero Solanum (família Solanaceae) inclui mais de 1400 espécies e apresenta polinização vibrátil e flores com anteras poricidas. O estudo tem o objetivo de descrever a distribuição, sistema reprodutivo e o mecanismo de polinização de Solanum melissarum, uma espécie endêmica do Brasil. O estudo da biologia reprodutiva foi conduzido em um fragmento florestal urbano em Jataí, GO. As informações de distribuição foram obtidas através de trabalhos florísticos e de banco de dados digitais de plantas. A morfologia floral e o mecanismo de polinização foram estudados através de observações diretas em campo e em flores preservadas. O sistema reprodutivo foi determinado a partir de tratamentos de polinização manual. A espécie apresentava distribuição somente na Mata Atlântica litorânea brasileira, e este estudo demonstrou o primeiro registro de S. melissarum para o estado de Goiás. As flores são pendentes e com anteras poricidas próximas ao estigma, com tecas membranosas envoltas por um conectivo giboso com osmóforos que atraem machos da abelha Euglossa cordata. Na coleta de fragrâncias, as abelhas pressionam as tecas e o polén é liberado por um mecanismo de fole. Baseado nos tratamentos de polinização manual, a espécie é autoincompatível. Fragmentos florestais isolados podem não incluir polinizadores suficientes para garantir a polinização das plantas com sistemas especializados, no entanto, eles são essenciais para a conservação de espécies com padrões fitogeográficos interessantes, como o vicariância observada em S. melissarum, e também para a conservação da diversidade regional.(AU)

Production and leaf plasticity of rose plants sprayed with paclobutrazol and daminozide / Produção e plasticidade anatômica foliar de roseiras pulverizadas com paclobutrazol e daminozide

The aim of this work was to evaluate morphological and anatomical alterations in leaves of Yellow Terrazza® and Red White Terrazza® pot roses sprayed with paclobutrazol (0, 40, 60, 80 mg L-1) and daminozide (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 mg L-1). The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using a factorial treatment design (cultivars x growth retardant doses) with five replications and experimental units arranged in randomized blocks. Cv. Yellow Terrazza ® presented higher plants, greater floral diameter and leaf area than cv. Red White Terrazza ®. Plant height, leaf area, and flower diameter decreased linearly with paclobutrazol and daminozide doses. In addition, paclobutrazol and daminozide applications changed leaf tissue proportions by increasing the thickness of leaf blade, mesophyll, palisade parenchyma, and spongy parenchyma but did not influence the thickness of leaf epidermis.

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar características fitotécnicas e alterações anatômicas quantitativas nas folhas de duas cultivares de roseira (Yellow Terrazza® e Red White Terrazza®), cultivadas em vaso em função da pulverização foliar de doses de paclobutrazol (0, 40, 60, 80 mg L-1) em um experimento e doses de daminozide (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 mg L-1) em outro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido e os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial (cultivares x doses dos retardantes), em delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. A cultivar Yellow Terrazza® apresentou plantas com maior altura, diâmetro floral e área foliar que a Red White Terrazza®. O aumento da dose dos retardantes nas duas cultivares reduziu altura e área foliar, promoveu mudanças na proporção dos tecidos, aumentou a espessura da lâmina foliar, mesofilo e dos parênquimas paliçádico e lacunoso. Os retardantes não influenciaram a espessura das epidermes das cultivares. O tecido parenquimático das cultivares apresenta plasticidade com aplicação dos retardantes.

Production and leaf plasticity of rose plants sprayed with paclobutrazol and daminozide / Produção e plasticidade anatômica foliar de roseiras pulverizadas com paclobutrazol e daminozide

The aim of this work was to evaluate morphological and anatomical alterations in leaves of Yellow Terrazza® and Red White Terrazza® pot roses sprayed with paclobutrazol (0, 40, 60, 80 mg L-1) and daminozide (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 mg L-1). The experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions using a factorial treatment design (cultivars x growth retardant doses) with five replications and experimental units arranged in randomized blocks. Cv. Yellow Terrazza ® presented higher plants, greater floral diameter and leaf area than cv. Red White Terrazza ®. Plant height, leaf area, and flower diameter decreased linearly with paclobutrazol and daminozide doses. In addition, paclobutrazol and daminozide applications changed leaf tissue proportions by increasing the thickness of leaf blade, mesophyll, palisade parenchyma, and spongy parenchyma but did not influence the thickness of leaf epidermis.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar características fitotécnicas e alterações anatômicas quantitativas nas folhas de duas cultivares de roseira (Yellow Terrazza® e Red White Terrazza®), cultivadas em vaso em função da pulverização foliar de doses de paclobutrazol (0, 40, 60, 80 mg L-1) em um experimento e doses de daminozide (0, 2000, 4000, 6000, 8000 mg L-1) em outro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em ambiente protegido e os tratamentos dispostos em esquema fatorial (cultivares x doses dos retardantes), em delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. A cultivar Yellow Terrazza® apresentou plantas com maior altura, diâmetro floral e área foliar que a Red White Terrazza®. O aumento da dose dos retardantes nas duas cultivares reduziu altura e área foliar, promoveu mudanças na proporção dos tecidos, aumentou a espessura da lâmina foliar, mesofilo e dos parênquimas paliçádico e lacunoso. Os retardantes não influenciaram a espessura das epidermes das cultivares. O tecido parenquimático das cultivares apresenta plasticidade com aplicação dos retardantes.(AU)

Diallel mixed-model analysis of papaya fruit deformities / Análise dialélica via modelos mistos das deformidades em frutos de mamoeiro

Changes in the shape of fruits from hermaphrodite flowers due to floral anomalies are quite common. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of the general and specific combining ability on the proportions of normal and deformed (carpelloid and pentandric) papaya fruits in hermaphrodite plants using mixed models. The JS12-N, Waimanalo and Golden parents showed the potential to decrease the number of deformed fruits. In contrast, the Maradol x JS12-N, Maradol x Waimanalo, Maradol x Golden, JS12-N x JS12-4, JS12-N x Sekati, JS12-N x Waimanalo, Waimanalo x JS12-N, Waimanalo x JS12-4, Waimanalo x Golden, Waimanalo x Sunrise Solo 72/12, Golden x Maradol, Golden x JS12-N, Golden x Sekati, Golden x Waimanalo and São Mateus x JS12-N hybrids have the potential to increase the number of marketable fruits while decreasing the number of carpelloid and pentandric fruits.

Alterações na forma dos frutos originários de flores hermafroditas são bastante comuns. Estas alterações são provocadas por anomalias florais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter via modelos mistos estimativas de capacidade geral e específica de combinação para proporção de frutos de mamoeiro normais e com deformidades: carpeloidia e pentandria, em plantas hermafroditas. Os genitores JS12-N, Waimanalo e Golden apresentam potencial para redução de frutos com deformidades. Os híbridos Maradol x JS12-N, Maradol x Waimanalo, Maradol x Golden, JS 12-N x JS12-4, JS 12-N x Sekati, JS 12-N x Waimanalo, Waimanalo x JS12-N, Waimanalo x JS12-4, Waimanalo x Golden, Waimanalo x Sunrise Solo 72/12, Golden x Maradol, Golden x JS12-N, Golden x Sekati, Golden x Waimanalo e São Mateus x JS12-N apresentaram potencial para aumento do número de frutos comerciais e redução de frutos carpelóides e pentândricos.

Diallel mixed-model analysis of papaya fruit deformities / Análise dialélica via modelos mistos das deformidades em frutos de mamoeiro

Changes in the shape of fruits from hermaphrodite flowers due to floral anomalies are quite common. The aim of this study was to estimate the effects of the general and specific combining ability on the proportions of normal and deformed (carpelloid and pentandric) papaya fruits in hermaphrodite plants using mixed models. The JS12-N, Waimanalo and Golden parents showed the potential to decrease the number of deformed fruits. In contrast, the Maradol x JS12-N, Maradol x Waimanalo, Maradol x Golden, JS12-N x JS12-4, JS12-N x Sekati, JS12-N x Waimanalo, Waimanalo x JS12-N, Waimanalo x JS12-4, Waimanalo x Golden, Waimanalo x Sunrise Solo 72/12, Golden x Maradol, Golden x JS12-N, Golden x Sekati, Golden x Waimanalo and São Mateus x JS12-N hybrids have the potential to increase the number of marketable fruits while decreasing the number of carpelloid and pentandric fruits.(AU)

Alterações na forma dos frutos originários de flores hermafroditas são bastante comuns. Estas alterações são provocadas por anomalias florais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo obter via modelos mistos estimativas de capacidade geral e específica de combinação para proporção de frutos de mamoeiro normais e com deformidades: carpeloidia e pentandria, em plantas hermafroditas. Os genitores JS12-N, Waimanalo e Golden apresentam potencial para redução de frutos com deformidades. Os híbridos Maradol x JS12-N, Maradol x Waimanalo, Maradol x Golden, JS 12-N x JS12-4, JS 12-N x Sekati, JS 12-N x Waimanalo, Waimanalo x JS12-N, Waimanalo x JS12-4, Waimanalo x Golden, Waimanalo x Sunrise Solo 72/12, Golden x Maradol, Golden x JS12-N, Golden x Sekati, Golden x Waimanalo e São Mateus x JS12-N apresentaram potencial para aumento do número de frutos comerciais e redução de frutos carpelóides e pentândricos.(AU)

Influence of vernalization and bulb size on the production of lily cut flowers and lily bulbs / Vernalização e tamanho do bulbo na produção de flores e de bulbos de lírio de corte

Exposure of bulbs to cold, a physiological phenomenon called vernalization, and bulb size are important factors in the production of lily bulbs and flowers. This study aimed to verify the influence of vernalization of bulbs on flowering cut lily plants, as well as the impact of size and shape of harvest on the production and quality of flowers and bulbs. In turn, the way the stems of the plants used for cut-flower production are cropped is of higher importance for the production of new flower bulbs. In this sense, the experiment was conducted in Viçosa, MG, in a greenhouse in a randomized block design, in split splot scheme with three replications, in which the vernalization periods (25, 35 and 45 days at 4 ± 1 C) constituted the plots; bulb sizes (diameters of 3.2-3.8 cm; 2.5-3.2 cm 1.9- and 2.5 cm), subplots and ways to harvest (full harvest of the stem at the required length for the commercial harvest of the flower, commercial stem harvest at the commercial length, maintaining 10cm of stem in the soil; removal of the floral buds as soon as their appearance is observed and harvest at the end of the season), the sub subplots. The bulbs were planted in beds, with 15 x 20 cm spacing. It was evaluated the number of plants that flowered and the number of flowers, the length and the diameter of the floral buds, fresh and dry weights, diameter and plant height as well as number, perimeter and amount of fresh and dry bulbs.There was a decrease in the plant height with the increase of the vernalization period and a reduction ofthe diameter of the planted bulbs, as well as of the number and the fresh and dry weights of the producedbuds. The production of flowers and buds in number, size and weight was directly proportional to thesize of the planted bulbs, while the form of harvest with removal of flower buds increased the number,the perimeter and the fresh and dry weights of the buds...

A exposição dos bulbos ao frio, fenômeno fisiológico denominado vernalização, e o tamanho do bulbo são importantes na produção de flores de lírio. Por sua vez, a forma de colheita das hastes das plantas utilizadas para corte de flor é preponderante na produção de bulbos filhos. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da vernalização dos bulbos em plantas de lírio em flor, bem como o impacto do tamanho e forma da colheita na produção e qualidade de flores e bulbos. O experimento foi conduzido em Viçosa, MG casa de vegetação, em blocos casualizados, com parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três repetições, em que os períodos de vernalização (25, 35 e 45 dias, a 4± 1? C) constituíram as parcelas; os tamanhos de bulbo (diâmetros de 3,2- 3,8 cm; 2,5-3,2 cm e 1,9- 2,5 cm), as subparcelas e as formas de colheita (colheita total da haste no ponto de colheita comercial da flor; colheita da haste no ponto comercial, mantendo 10 cm da haste no solo; retirada do botão floral assim que seu surgimento foi observado e colheita no fim do ciclo vegetativo), as sub subparcelas. Os bulbos foram plantados em canteiros, em espaçamento de 15 x 20 cm. Foram avaliados o número de plantas que floresceram e número de flores, comprimento e diâmetro do botão floral, massas fresca e seca, diâmetro e altura da planta e número, perímetro e massa fresca e seca de bulbos. Houve decréscimo na altura da planta como aumento do período de vernalização e redução do diâmetro do bulbo plantado, assim como do númeroe da massa seca e fresca dos bulbos produzidos. Já, a produção de flores e bulbos, em número, tamanhoe peso, foi diretamente proporcional ao tamanho do bulbo plantado, enquanto a forma de colheita, comretirada do botão floral aumentou o número, o perímetro e as massas frescas e secas dos bulbos. Bulboscom diâmetro entre 3,2 - 3,8 cm, armazenados por 25 dias em câmara fria possibilitam maior produçãode flores e a maior altura da haste, fatores que favorecem o aumento do...

Influence of vernalization and bulb size on the production of lily cut flowers and lily bulbs / Vernalização e tamanho do bulbo na produção de flores e de bulbos de lírio de corte

Exposure of bulbs to cold, a physiological phenomenon called vernalization, and bulb size are important factors in the production of lily bulbs and flowers. This study aimed to verify the influence of vernalization of bulbs on flowering cut lily plants, as well as the impact of size and shape of harvest on the production and quality of flowers and bulbs. In turn, the way the stems of the plants used for cut-flower production are cropped is of higher importance for the production of new flower bulbs. In this sense, the experiment was conducted in Viçosa, MG, in a greenhouse in a randomized block design, in split splot scheme with three replications, in which the vernalization periods (25, 35 and 45 days at 4 ± 1 C) constituted the plots; bulb sizes (diameters of 3.2-3.8 cm; 2.5-3.2 cm 1.9- and 2.5 cm), subplots and ways to harvest (full harvest of the stem at the required length for the commercial harvest of the flower, commercial stem harvest at the commercial length, maintaining 10cm of stem in the soil; removal of the floral buds as soon as their appearance is observed and harvest at the end of the season), the sub subplots. The bulbs were planted in beds, with 15 x 20 cm spacing. It was evaluated the number of plants that flowered and the number of flowers, the length and the diameter of the floral buds, fresh and dry weights, diameter and plant height as well as number, perimeter and amount of fresh and dry bulbs.There was a decrease in the plant height with the increase of the vernalization period and a reduction ofthe diameter of the planted bulbs, as well as of the number and the fresh and dry weights of the producedbuds. The production of flowers and buds in number, size and weight was directly proportional to thesize of the planted bulbs, while the form of harvest with removal of flower buds increased the number,the perimeter and the fresh and dry weights of the buds...(AU)

A exposição dos bulbos ao frio, fenômeno fisiológico denominado vernalização, e o tamanho do bulbo são importantes na produção de flores de lírio. Por sua vez, a forma de colheita das hastes das plantas utilizadas para corte de flor é preponderante na produção de bulbos filhos. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência da vernalização dos bulbos em plantas de lírio em flor, bem como o impacto do tamanho e forma da colheita na produção e qualidade de flores e bulbos. O experimento foi conduzido em Viçosa, MG casa de vegetação, em blocos casualizados, com parcelas sub-subdivididas, com três repetições, em que os períodos de vernalização (25, 35 e 45 dias, a 4± 1? C) constituíram as parcelas; os tamanhos de bulbo (diâmetros de 3,2- 3,8 cm; 2,5-3,2 cm e 1,9- 2,5 cm), as subparcelas e as formas de colheita (colheita total da haste no ponto de colheita comercial da flor; colheita da haste no ponto comercial, mantendo 10 cm da haste no solo; retirada do botão floral assim que seu surgimento foi observado e colheita no fim do ciclo vegetativo), as sub subparcelas. Os bulbos foram plantados em canteiros, em espaçamento de 15 x 20 cm. Foram avaliados o número de plantas que floresceram e número de flores, comprimento e diâmetro do botão floral, massas fresca e seca, diâmetro e altura da planta e número, perímetro e massa fresca e seca de bulbos. Houve decréscimo na altura da planta como aumento do período de vernalização e redução do diâmetro do bulbo plantado, assim como do númeroe da massa seca e fresca dos bulbos produzidos. Já, a produção de flores e bulbos, em número, tamanhoe peso, foi diretamente proporcional ao tamanho do bulbo plantado, enquanto a forma de colheita, comretirada do botão floral aumentou o número, o perímetro e as massas frescas e secas dos bulbos. Bulboscom diâmetro entre 3,2 - 3,8 cm, armazenados por 25 dias em câmara fria possibilitam maior produçãode flores e a maior altura da haste, fatores que favorecem o aumento do...(AU)

The efficiency of bees in pollinating ephemeral flowers of Jacquemontia bracteosa (Convolvulaceae)

ABSTRACT The family Convolvulaceae is widely distributed in tropical regions, mainly in open areas. Convolvulaceae flowers are characterized mainly by being beautiful and ephemeral, attracting many flower visitors that belong to different taxonomic groups. This work aimed to investigate the interactions between insects and flowers of Jacquemontia bracteosa (Convolvulaceae), focusing on the pollination efficiency, in an area in the Brazilian semiarid. From November 2011 to October 2012, floral biology of J. bracteosa was investigated as well as the flower visit frequency, behavior, and morphology of floral visitors. The flowers of J. bracteosa are white, showy and open early in the morning, lasting less than 12 hours, with fruiting occurring both by selfing and outcrossing fecundation. A total of 337 specimens insects were collected on J. bracteosa flowers during the field observations. The Neotropical bee, Ancyloscelis apiformis, was considered the most efficient pollinator of J. bracteosa. This bee showed appropriate behavior, high frequency (64% of the total sample), and was constant on the flowers. Furthermore, they arrived soon when the flowers began to open and presented 90% of efficiency in tests of flower pollination of J. bracteosa. Other native bee species also visited the flowers of J. bracteosa and may be considered potential pollinators because they presented behavior and morphology compatible with the flowers. This study suggests that maintenance of weeds or ruderal plants, especially those that also have ornamental potential in anthropic area, may be an option for the preservation of local native pollinators, which are threatened by environmental degradation.