Temporal association between antibiotic use and resistance in Gram-negative bacteria / Associação temporal entre o uso de antibióticos e resistência em bactérias gram-negativas

Abstract The β-lactam/lactamase inhibitors (BLBLIs) combination drugs are considered an effective alternative to carbapenems. However, there is a growing concern that the increased use of BLBLIs may lead to increased resistance. This study determined the temporal association between the consumption of BLBLI and the antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria. In this retrospective study, electronic data on the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, including A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae from in-patients and susceptibility testing results were retrieved from the medical records of the clinical laboratory. A linear regression and cross-correlation analysis were performed on the acquired data. Increasing trends (p<0.05) in the consumption of BIBLI and carbapenem with a median use of 27.68 and 34.46 DDD/1000 PD per quarter were observed, respectively. A decreased trend (p=0.023) in the consumption of fluoroquinolones with a median use of 29.13 DDD/1000 PD per quarter was observed. The resistance rate of K. pneumoniae was synchronized with the BIBLI and carbapenem consumptions with a correlation coefficient of 0.893 (p=0.012) and 0.951 (p=0.016), respectively. The cross-correlation analysis against the consumption of BIBLI and meropenem resistant K. pneumoniae was peaked at 0-quarter lag (r=951, p=0.016). There was an increasing trend in the consumption of BLBLI and carbapenems. The increasing trend in the rates of resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, in line with the increasing consumption of BLBLI, suggests that BLBLI has to be used with caution and cannot be directly considered as a long-term alternative to carbapenems.

Resumo Os medicamentos combinados de β-lactâmicos / inibidores da lactamase (BLBLIs) são considerados uma alternativa eficaz aos carbapenêmicos. No entanto, existe uma preocupação crescente de que o aumento do uso de BLBLIs pode levar ao aumento da resistência. Este estudo determinou a associação temporal entre o consumo de BLBLI e a resistência antimicrobiana em bactérias gram-negativas. Neste estudo retrospectivo, os dados eletrônicos sobre as bactérias gram-negativas isoladas, incluindo A. baumannii, P. aeruginosa, E. coli e K. pneumoniae de pacientes internados e os resultados dos testes de suscetibilidade foram recuperados dos registros médicos do laboratório clínico. Uma regressão linear e análise de correlação cruzada foram realizadas nos dados adquiridos. Foram observadas tendências crescentes (p < 0,05) no consumo de BIBLI e carbapenem com uma mediana de uso de 27,68 e 34,46 DDD/1000 PD por trimestre, respectivamente. Foi observada uma tendência de diminuição (p = 0,023) no consumo de fluoroquinolonas com uma mediana de uso de 29,13 DDD/1000 PD por trimestre. A taxa de resistência de K. pneumoniae foi sincronizada com os consumos de BIBLI e carbapenem com coeficiente de correlação de 0,893 (p = 0,012) e 0,951 (p = 0,016), respectivamente. A análise de correlação cruzada contra o consumo de BIBLI e K. pneumoniae resistente ao meropenem atingiu o pico no intervalo de 0 quarto (r = 951, p = 0,016). Houve uma tendência de aumento no consumo de BLBLI e carbapenêmicos. A tendência crescente nas taxas de resistência a piperacilina/tazobactam, em linha com o consumo crescente de BLBLI, sugere que BLBLI deve ser usado com cautela e não pode ser considerado diretamente como alternativa de longo prazo aos carbapenêmicos.

Genistein and Daidzein effects on the physiological indices of Soybean Cyst Nematodes

ABSTRACT: Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a chief plantparasitic nematode of soybean. Application of synthetic chemical nematicides poses negative side effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. This study evaluated the effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes, individual morphology, reversal frequency, respiration, and body fluid leaking of secondstage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode. The results showed that body length of J2s decreased, while stylet and tail transparent area elongated. Additionally, after the treatment, the body became hollow and shrunken, the J2s stiffened, whereas the reversal frequency decreased dramatically after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, the body fluid leakage was intensified and respiration was inhibited. Oxygen consumption decreased by 86.7 % and 70.1 %, while, in contrast, electrical conductivity increased by 40.1 % and 36 % at 100 g mL1 of Genistein and Daidzein, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The smaller number of J2s in soybean roots, the slower development rate, and the abnormal sexual differentiation were found in greenhouse assay. Thus, Genistein and Daidzein, especially Genistein, have strong effects on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes. Moreover, the effects were time and dosagedependent.

Factors affecting the individual consumption level of milk and dairy products / Fatores que afetam o nível de consumo individual de leite e produtos lácteos

The quality and quantity of the demand for milk and dairy products are important indicators for the relevant sector stakeholders. This study aims to examine the amount and differences in individual milk and dairy products consumption, together with the factors affecting this consumption. The study was conducted through a survey on 221 consumers in Hatay, which is a multicultural and cosmopolitan city in Turkey. Monthly average consumptions of milk, cheese, yogurt, ayran/yogurt drink, butter, and milk equivalent products were determined to be 3.45 kg, 0.95 kg, 3.79 kg, 1.32 kg, 0.29 kg, and 30.55 kg, respectively. Consumption frequency was found to be "more than once a week" for milk and "every day" for dairy products. Statistically, men consume more ayran and butter than women (P < 0.05). There are significant differences among different income groups in terms of butter consumption, and among different education groups in terms of "milk and ayran" consumption (P < 0.05). Significant relationships in a positive direction were determined between height and education level and "ayran"; between weight and income level and "milk equivalent" (P < 0.01); between education and income level and "milk consumption" (P < 0.05). The socio-economic, demographic, and biological variables of the consumers should be carefully monitored in order to maintain and increase the demand for milk and dairy products, and marketing strategies should be created specifically to increase the breakfast habit.(AU)

A qualidade e a quantidade da demanda por leite e produtos lácteos são indicadores importantes para as partes interessadas relevantes do setor. Este estudo visa examinar a quantidade e as diferenças no consumo individual de leite e produtos lácteos, juntamente com os fatores que afetam esse consumo. O estudo foi realizado por meio de uma pesquisa com 221 consumidores em Hatay, cidade multicultural e cosmopolita da Turquia. Os consumos médios mensais de leite, queijo, iogurte, bebida ayran/iogurte, manteiga e produtos lácteos equivalentes foram determinados em 3.45 kg, 0.95 kg, 3.79 kg, 1.32 kg, 0.29 kg e 30.55 kg, respectivamente. A frequência de consumo encontrada foi "mais de uma vez por semana" para leite e "todos os dias" para produtos lácteos. Estatisticamente, os homens consomem mais ayran e manteiga do que as mulheres (P < 0.05). Existem diferenças significativas entre os diferentes grupos de renda quanto ao consumo de manteiga e entre os diferentes grupos de escolaridade quanto ao consumo de "leite e ayran" (P < 0.05). Relações significativas em uma direção positiva foram determinadas entre altura e escolaridade e "ayran"; entre peso e nível de renda e "equivalente a leite" (P < 0.01); entre escolaridade e nível de renda e "consumo de leite" (P < 0.05). As variáveis socioeconômicas, demográficas e biológicas dos consumidores devem ser cuidadosamente monitoradas para manter e aumentar a demanda por leite e derivados, e estratégias de marketing devem ser criadas especificamente para aumentar o hábito do café da manhã.(AU)

Percepção a respeito do consumo de mel no estado de Roraima / Perception about honey consumption in the state of Roraima

Existem poucos estudos na região norte do Brasil a respeito do consumo de mel. Portanto nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a percepção da população quanto ao consumo de mel no Estado de Roraima. Foi elaborado e aplicado no ano de 2021, um questionário via online pelo site Survio, contendo 340 respondentes no total. Em relação ao perfil socioeducacional dos entrevistados, 43% (145/340) pertenciam à faixa etária de 21 - 30 anos, 65% (221/340) eram do sexo feminino e o ensino superior incompleto foi o nível de escolaridade com maior percentual de respondentes 39,4% (134/340). Quanto ao consumo constatou-se que 45% (153/340) dos entrevistados raramente consomem mel e quando questionado sobre os motivos que os levariam a deixar de consumir mel, o preço 35% (110/316) seguido de saúde 34% (107/316) foram os motivos com maiores números de respondentes. Para 77% (273/340) dos entrevistados o mel possui função de alimento. Com relação à propaganda, 75% (255/340) informaram que nunca viram propaganda de incentivo ao consumo de mel. A pesquisa demonstrou que o consumo de mel no Estado de Roraima apresenta baixa frequência, quando comparado com outros estados do país, como da região sul. Há a necessidade de incrementar melhorias nas ações de incentivo ao marketing, influenciando no aumento do consumo do mel, pois trata se de um importante produto de origem animal que deveria estar mais presente na mesa do consumidor, sempre considerando produtos de qualidade comprovada por meio dos serviços de inspeção, reduzindo riscos à saúde do consumidor.

There are few studies in the northern region of Brazil regarding honey consumption. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the perception of the population regarding the consumption of honey in the State of Roraima. An online questionnaire was prepared and applied in 2021 through the Survio website, containing 340 respondents in total. Regarding the socio-educational profile of the interviewees, 43% (145/340) belonged to the age group of 21 - 30 years, 65% (221/340) were female and incomplete higher education was the level of education with the highest percentage of respondents 39.4% (134/340). Regarding consumption, it was found that 45% (153/340) of respondents rarely consume honey and when asked about the reasons that would lead them to stop consuming honey, the price 35% (110/316) followed by health 34% (107 /316) were the reasons with the highest number of respondents. For 77% (273/340) of the interviewees, honey has a food function. Regarding advertising, 75% (255/340) reported that they had never seen advertising encouraging the consumption of honey. The research showed that the consumption of honey in the State of Roraima has a low frequency when compared to other states in the country, such as the southern region. There is a need to increase improvements in marketing incentive actions, influencing the increase in honey consumption, as it is an important product of animal origin that should be more present on the consumer's table, always considering products of proven quality through the inspection services, reducing risks to consumer health.

Genistein and Daidzein effects on the physiological indices of Soybean Cyst Nematodes

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a chief plant-parasitic nematode of soybean. Application of synthetic chemical nematicides poses negative side effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. This study evaluated the effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes, individual morphology, reversal frequency, respiration, and body fluid leaking of second-stage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode. The results showed that body length of J2s decreased, while stylet and tail transparent area elongated. Additionally, after the treatment, the body became hollow and shrunken, the J2s stiffened, whereas the reversal frequency decreased dramatically after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, the body fluid leakage was intensified and respiration was inhibited. Oxygen consumption decreased by 86.7 % and 70.1 %, while, in contrast, electrical conductivity increased by 40.1 % and 36 % at 100 μg mL−1 of Genistein and Daidzein, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The smaller number of J2s in soybean roots, the slower development rate, and the abnormal sexual differentiation were found in greenhouse assay. Thus, Genistein and Daidzein, especially Genistein, have strong effects on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes. Moreover, the effects were time and dosage-dependent.

Perfil do consumidor de leite de cabra e derivados / Consumer's profile of goat's mill and its derivates

O presente artigo teve como objetivo traçar o perfil do consumidor do leite de cabra e seus derivados, especialmente quanto à frequência e razão do consumo desses produtos. Foi realiada uma survey utilizando um questionário, com perguntas abertas e fechadas, enviado por meio eletrônico no sistema bola de neve. O questionário foi respondido por 372 pessoas, sendo 212 (57%) destas já consumiram algum derivado de leite caprino. A maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (68,5%) e idade até 24 anos (68,5%). A escolaridade variou de ensino fundamental à pós-graduação, sendo que o ensino superior incompleto ou completo e pós-graduação representam cerca de 80% dos respondentes e cerca de 54% possuem renda até 3 salários-mínimos. Queijos (>60%) e leite em pó (16%) são os produtos com maior e menor consumo, respectivamente, sendo a aquisição dos produtos é realizada, preferencialmente, em super e hipermercados. Entre os motivos para consumo dos produtos estão o sabor, curiosidade, ser saudável, possuir mais vitaminas, fatores nutricionais e funcionais, qualidade e indicação médica. O consumo diário de produtos de origem caprina ainda é baixo, sendo necessária a desmistificação quanto ao sabor destes produtos e a divulgação de suas características nutricionais.(AU)

This article aims to outline the consumer's profile of goat's milk and its derivatives, especially regarding the frequency and reason for the consumption of these products. A survey was carried out using a questionnaire, with open and closed questions, sent electronically in the snowball system. The questionnaire was answered by 372 people, 212 (57%) of whom have already consumed some goat's milk derivative. Most respondents were female (68.5%) and age (68.5%) up to 24 years old. Education ranged from elementary to post-graduate, with incomplete or complete higher education and post-graduate education accounting for about 80% of respondents and about 54% earning up to 3 minimum wages. Cheese (> 60%) and powdered milk (16%) are the products with the highest and lowest consumption, respectively, with the products being purchased, preferably, in super and hypermarkets. Among the reasons for consuming the products are the taste, curiosity, being healthy, having more vitamins, nutritional and functional factors, quality, and medical indication. The daily consumption of goat's products is still low, and it is necessary to demystify the flavor of these products and publicize their nutritional characteristics.(AU)

Susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias isoladas de leite caprino em Sergipe - Brasil / Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria isolated from goat milk in Sergipe - Brazil

Background: Bacterial resistance is a fundamental aspect of One Health, which is defined as the inseparable unity of animal, human, and environmental health. Epidemiological surveillance on the spread of bacterial resistance in animals and their derived products is essential given that meat, milk, and dairy products can carry resistant microorganisms that may reach humans through the food chain either by direct consumption or by handling the product. To eliminate the scarcity of information, it is necessary to characterize the epidemiological situation in terms of bacterial resistance in dairy production in northeastern Brazil. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the frequency and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from goat milk samples from some municipalities in the Brazilian state of Sergipe. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included 28 goat farms in 4 municipalities of the Semiarid region of the State of Sergipe in Northeastern Brazil, namely Canindé de São Francisco (n = 11), Nossa Senhora da Glória (n = 6), Poço Verde (n = 6), and Porto da Folha (n = 5). All lactating does of each herd (n = 263) aged >1 year were, sampled randomly by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Milk samples were collected from both teats, resulting in 526 samples in total. Bacterial culturing and isolation were performed, followed by antimicrobial susceptibility profile analysis to the following active principles: amoxicillin with and without clavulanic acid, amikacin, ampicillin with sulbactam, ciprofloxacin, cefalexin, cefalotin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin G, and tetracycline. A survey form was used to obtain zootechnical information for each farm. Data are described as absolute and relative frequencies. The significance assessment of the differences between herd characteristics and bacterial isolation was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test. Bacterial isolation occurred in 15.4% (81/526) of the samples from 23.2% (61/263) of the goats. Escherichia coli (45.9% = 28/61), Staphylococcus caprae (16.4% = 10/61) and Enterococcus faecalis (11.5% = 7/61), were the most frequently isolated species. Bacterial isolations were predominant in dairy herds with up to 50 animals, production of 20 to 50 L/day and in the municipality of Porto da Folha. In terms of antimicrobial susceptibility, most isolates demonstrated resistance to penicillin and amoxicillin (88.5%), followed by ceftriaxone (23%), ofloxacin (23%), tetracycline (23%), doxycycline (19.7%), chloramphenicol (11.5%), levofloxacin (11.5%), ampicillin/ sulbactam (8.2%), amikacin (6.6%), cephalothin (4.9%), cephalexin (3.3%) and gentamicin (3.3%). Approximately 20% of the isolates were multidrug resistant, especially E. coli (50%) and S. aureus (16.7%). Discussion: E. coli was the most frequently isolated species from the samples. It is considered an environmental pathogen, and its high frequency in different herds indicates poor milking hygiene. E. coli also stood out as the species presenting the most multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (50%), with strains resistant to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, quinolones, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. Coagulase-negative staphylococci are recognized as a public health problem as they are etiological agents of various diseases and can easily acquire antimicrobial resistance genes. Although it was not the most frequently isolated species, S. aureus was the species with the second-highest frequency of MDR strains. The presence of MDR species is relevant and indicates the need for urgent action to reduce the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance. Relevant steps must be taken jointly by professionals involved in human, animal, and environmental health.

Use of hydrogel in the irrigation management of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) seedlings: Biometrics and accumulation of organic and inorganic solutes / Uso do hidrogel no manejo da irrigação de mudas de pitaya branca (Hylocereus undatus): Biometria e acúmulo de solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos

The initial development of pitayas may be limited by a few factors, among them, water deficit. Agricultural hydrogels can be used as an alternative to enhance the retention and availability of water and nutrients in the soil. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of irrigation frequency and hydrogel doses on the development of white pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) seedlings to establish a time interval in days between irrigations that provides better seedling development and determine the hydrogel dose that provides a reduction of water consumption without damaging seedling development. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks in a 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, in which the treatments corresponded to 4 hydrogel doses (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/plant of Biogel Hidro Plus) incorporated into the substrate and four irrigation frequencies (1, 3, 5, and 7 days of interval). The biometric characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, and organic and inorganic solutes of the plants were evaluated after 120 days. The use of daily irrigation negatively influenced the growth and biomass accumulation of the aerial part of the seedlings and, consequently, provided the lowest values of cladodes of the pitaya seedlings. Pitaya seedlings had greater development when using an irrigation frequency of around 3 days. The application of 6 g/plant of hydrogel provided the highest averages for accumulation of dry biomass, photosynthetic pigments, and organic and inorganic solutes at irrigation levels of 3.6, 4, and about 3.8 days of intervals, respectively. Hydrogel incorporation allowed increasing the interval between irrigations by 1 day without damages to the seedling development.(AU)

O desenvolvimento inicial das pitayas pode ser limitado por alguns fatores, entre eles, a escassez de água. Os hidrogeis agrícolas podem ser usados como alternativa para aumentar a retenção e a disponibilidade de água e nutrientes no solo. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da frequência de irrigação e das doses de hidrogel no desenvolvimento de mudas de pitaya branca (Hylocereus undatus) para estabelecer um intervalo de tempo em dias entre as irrigações que proporcione melhor desenvolvimento das mudas e determinar a dose de hidrogel que proporcione uma redução de consumo de água sem prejudicar o desenvolvimento das mudas. O delineamento experimental consistiu em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 4 x 4, em que os tratamentos corresponderam a 4 doses de hidrogel (0, 2, 4 e 6 g/ planta de Biogel Hidro Plus) incorporados ao substrato e quatro frequências de irrigação (1, 3, 5 e 7 dias de intervalo). As características biométricas, pigmentos fotossintéticos e solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos das plantas foram avaliados após 120 dias. O uso da irrigação diária influenciou negativamente no crescimento e no acúmulo de biomassa da parte aérea das mudas e, consequentemente, proporcionou os menores valores de cladódios das mudas de pitaya. As mudas de pitaya tiveram maior desenvolvimento com a frequência de irrigação em torno de 3 dias. A aplicação de 6 g/planta de hidrogel proporcionou as maiores médias de acúmulo de biomassa seca, pigmentos fotossintéticos e solutos orgânicos e inorgânicos em níveis de irrigação de 3,6, 4 e cerca de 3,8 dias de intervalo, respectivamente. A incorporação do hidrogel permitiu aumentar o intervalo entre as irrigações em 1 dia sem prejuízo ao desenvolvimento das mudas.(AU)

Causes of death and organs condemnation at slaughter of sheep in a feedlot system in Southern Rio Grande do Sul / Causas de morte e condenação de órgãos no abate de ovinos em sistema de confinamento no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul

In Brazil the second largest sheep herd is in Rio Grande do Sul and in recent years the demand for meat consumption of this specie has increased. Intensive farming systems have made considerable progress in this region with the objective of increasing the production of sheep for slaughter and obtaining a uniform batch to ensure better quality of sheep meat to consumers. However, the agglomeration and stress that animals go through can lead to the occurrence of illnesses and economic loss to producers. The objectives of this paper were to determine the main causes of death that affected sheep in a feedlot system, to establish forms of control and prophylaxis of diagnosed illnesses, and to estimate the economic losses resulting from them. The objective was also to determine the causes of condemnation of organs or carcasses in the slaughterhouses that processed the sheep were sent, and to estimate the losses in this productive sector. For this, a follow-up work was carried out in an establishment located in the city of São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, from October 2020 to September 2021. The dead sheep at the feedlot were necropsied, and the diagnosis was made based on clinical signs, pathology, and bacteriology. The main diseases diagnosed were parasitic enteritis (15.4%), pneumonia (13%), and listeriosis (9.6%). In the slaughterhouse study, the lesions that led to the highest number of condemnations were hydatidosis (29.9%), renal congestion (26.2%), and renal ischemia (25.8%). The economic losses estimated for the death of sheep in 2021 was R$17,480.00, significantly lower than the approximate losses in 2019 and 2020 of R$50,000.00 and R$54,000.00, respectively. This highlights the importance of technical assistance to reduce these losses due to mortality in sheep raised in a feedlot system. It was also observed the kidneys of the sheep were the organs most frequently selected for condemnation. The economic value of the kidneys sold as disposed waste was eight time lower than that the value of kidneys suitable for consumption.

No Rio Grande do Sul está localizado o segundo maior rebanho de ovinos do Brasil e a demanda pelo consumo de carne desta espécie animal tem aumentado nos últimos anos. As criações em sistema intensivo têm tido um avanço considerável nesta região com o objetivo de aumentar a produção de ovinos para o abate e obter um lote uniforme, garantindo melhor qualidade da carne aos consumidores. Por outro lado, a aglomeração e o estresse que os animais passam pode levar a ocorrência de enfermidades e trazer prejuízos econômicos aos produtores. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram determinar as principais causas de morte que afetaram ovinos em um sistema intensivo de criação, estabelecer formas de controle e profilaxia das enfermidades diagnosticadas, bem como estimar as perdas econômicas delas decorrentes. Objetivou-se, também, determinar as causas de condenação de órgãos ou carcaças nos frigoríficos aos quais os ovinos eram enviados para o abate, para estimar as perdas neste setor produtivo. Para isso, foi realizado um trabalho de acompanhamento em um estabelecimento localizado no município de São Lourenço do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, no período de outubro de 2020 até setembro de 2021. Os ovinos mortos eram necropsiados e o diagnóstico realizado com base nos sinais clínicos, patologia e bacteriologia. As principais enfermidades diagnosticadas foram as parasitoses (15,4%) e as pneumonias (13%), seguidas de listeriose (9,6%). As lesões que levaram ao maior número de condenações foram hidatidose (29,9%), congestão renal (26,2%) e isquemia renal (25,8%). A estimativa de perdas econômicas no ano de 2021 foi de R$17.480,00, enquanto as perdas por morte de ovinos nos anos 2019 e 2020 foram de aproximadamente R$50.000,00 e R$54.000,00, respectivamente. Ficou evidenciada a importância da assistência técnica para a redução dessas perdas por mortalidade de ovinos criados em sistema intensivo. Observou-se, ainda, que os rins foram os órgãos mais frequentemente descartados para o consumo e que o valor de descarte como resíduo era oito vezes menor do que o valor dos rins aptos para o consumo.

Detection of Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in swine and detection of DNA of these protozoa in tissues and sausages / Soroprevalência de Sarcocystis spp. e Toxoplasma gondii em suínos e detecção do DNA desses protozoários em tecidos e embutidos

Abstract The seroprevalence of Sarcocystis spp. and Toxoplasma gondii was researched in swine raised in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Serum samples from 84 pigs from 31 farms were tested using indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for both agents. Additionally, 53 samples of pork sausages and tissues destined for human consumption, including: salami, sausage, black pudding, heart, tongue, brain, and rib muscle, were submitted to PCR to detect DNA for each agent. The frequency of anti-Sarcocystis spp. antibodies was 36.9% (31/84), with titers ranging from 32 to 1024, and 25% (21/84) for anti-T. gondii antibodies, with titers ranging from 64 to 2048. Sarcocystis spp. and T. gondii DNA were detected in 67.9% (36/53) and 13.2% (7/53) of samples, respectively. The presence of antibodies and the detection of DNA from Sarcocystis spp., and T. gondii suggests that the pigs were infected and may serve as an important reservoir for both parasites. The infection by these protozoa in the swine population is relevant to public health due to their zoonotic potential.

Resumo A soroprevalência de Sarcocystis spp. e Toxoplasma gondii foi pesquisada em suínos criados em Santa Maria, RS, Brasil. Amostras de soro de 84 suínos de 31 fazendas foram testadas pela reação deimunofluorescência indireta (IFA) para ambos os agentes. Adicionalmente, 53 amostras de embutidos suínos e tecidos cárneos destinados ao consumo humano, incluindo: salame, linguiça, morcela, coração, língua, cérebro e músculo da costela foram submetidas à PCR para detecção de DNA para cada agente. A frequência de anticorpos anti-Sarcocystis spp. foi de 36,9% (31/84), com títulos variando de 32 a 1.024; e 25% (21/84) para anticorpos anti-T. gondii, com títulos variando de 64 a 2048. A presença de DNA de Sarcocystis spp. e T. gondii foi detectada em 67,9% (36/53) e 13,2% (7/53) das amostras avaliadas, respectivamente. A detecção de anticorpos e DNA de Sarcocystis spp. e T. gondii sugere que os suínos foram infectados e podem servir como um importante reservatório de ambos os parasitas. A circulação desses agentes na população suína é relevante para a saúde pública devido ao seu potencial zoonótico.

Pantanal's fish native meatballs has the nutritional values increased with the use of pequi in its recipe

The study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pequi increases the nutritional value of meatballs made with piranha and pacu fillets. Piranhas were obtained from the colony of fishermen; pacu with the fish farmer and the pequis were collected in nature. Fish were filleted and triturated, and the resulting masses were used to prepare 4 types of meatballs: piranha fillet with 2.0% pequi pulp, piranha fillet without pequi pulp, pacu fillet with with 2.0% pequi pulp, and pacu fillet without pequi pulp. After preparation, acceptance, purchase intention and frequency of consumption were evaluated with untrained tasters. Chemical composition parameters evaluated were crude protein, lipids, ash, moisture, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Results of acceptability for all formulations were similar. The chemical composition of piranha meatballs presented differences (p < 0.05) for lipids and carotenoids. Pacu meatballs showed no difference (p > 0.05) for moisture, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. The addition of pequi did not alter the organoleptic characteristics, however increased the nutritional values, therefore, it can add value to the product to be marketed and be more nutritionally attractive to the consumer.(AU)

Pantanals fish native meatballs has the nutritional values increased with the use of pequi in its recipe

The s tudy aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pequi increases the nutritional v alue of meatballs made with piranha and pacu fillets. Piranhas were obtained fro m the colony of fishermen; pacu with the fish farmer and the pequis were collected in nature. Fish were filleted and triturated, and the result ing masses were used to prepare 4 types of meatballs: piranha fillet with 2.0% pequi pulp, piranha fillet without pequi pulp, pacu fillet with w ith 2.0% pequi pulp, and pacu fillet without pequipulp. After preparation, accep tance, purchase intention and frequency of consumption were evaluated with untra ined tasters. Chemical composition parameters evaluated were crude protein, lipi ds, ash, moisture, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Results of acce ptability for all formulations were similar. The chemical composit ion of piranha meatballs presented differences (p<0.05) for lipids and carotenoi ds. Pacu meatballs showed no difference (p>0.05) for moisture, carotenoids,and a ntioxidant activity. The addition of pequi did not alter the organoleptic c haracteristics, however increased the nutritional values, therefore, it can add value to the product to be marketed and be more nutritionally attractive to the consumer.(AU)

Evaluation of vegetables grown in dry mountainous regions for soil transmitted helminths contamination / Avaliação de vegetais para contaminação por helmintos transmitida pelo solo em quatro distritos da divisão de Malakand: noroeste do Paquistão

Infection caused by geo-helminth parasites are called geohelminthiasis are one of the global health problems. Vegetables eaten raw is the principal source of transmission of geo-helminth parasites. Pakistani people believe that eating raw vegetables are a significant source to get important vitamins and minerals. Based on the high incidence of pathogenic parasites and cultivating different vegetable types in the study areas, we conducted this study to evaluate the geo-helminth contamination of raw vegetables in northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This is a descriptive study comprised, 1942 samples of 25 various types of vegetables. The samples were examined in physiological saline solution using sedimentation and centrifugation methods. The findings were analyzed by Graph-Pad version 5. P value less than 0.05 (95% CI) was considered significant. Results showed that 16.5% (n=322) of all vegetables were contaminated with one or more type of geo-helminth parasites. Garlic was the highest (35%) and cauliflower the lowest (4%) contaminated samples respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common geo helminth found followed by hook worm species while Trichuris trichura was the least in all the vegetable samples. Leafy vegetables were highly contaminated 25.3% than vegetables with root parts 21.2% and fruity 9.09%. More than half of the contaminated vegetables were contaminated with single species of geo-helminth (P<0.05) while less than half with multiple types of geo-helminth contamination. Ninety two vegetables samples were contaminated with 2 species of parasites (P<0.05) and 45 with 3 (P>0.05) species of geo-helminth parasites. Education level of vendors and means of display were not significantly associated while types of vegetable used were significantly associated with the prevalence of parasites. The findings of this study provide evidence that consumption of raw [...].(AU)

As infecções causadas por parasitas geo-helmínticos são chamados de geohelmintíases e são um dos problemas de saúde globais. Os vegetais comidos crus são a principal fonte de transmissão dos parasitas geo-helmínticos. O povo paquistanês acredita que comer vegetais crus é uma fonte significativa para obter vitaminas e minerais importantes. Com base na alta incidência de parasitas patogênicos e no cultivo de diferentes tipos de vegetais nas áreas de estudo, conduzimos este estudo para avaliar a contaminação por geo-helmintos de vegetais crus no noroeste de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo composto por 1942 amostras de 25 tipos diversos de vegetais. As amostras foram examinadas em solução salina fisiológica utilizando métodos de sedimentação e centrifugação. Os achados foram analisados pelo Graph-Pad versão 5. O valor de P menor que 0,05 (IC 95%) foi considerado significativo. Os resultados mostraram que 16,5% (n = 322) de todas as hortaliças estavam contaminadas com um ou mais tipos de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O alho foi a amostra mais contaminada (35%) e a couve-flor a menos (4%), respectivamente. Ascaris lumbricoides foi o geo-helmíntico mais comum encontrado, seguido por espécies de verme-anzol, enquanto Trichuris trichura foi o menos encontrado em todas as amostras de vegetais. Os vegetais folhosos foram altamente contaminados 25,3% do que os vegetais com partes de raiz 21,2% e frutados 9,09%. Mais da metade dos vegetais contaminados estavam contaminados com uma única espécie de geo-helmintos (P <0,05), enquanto menos da metade com vários tipos de contaminação com geo-helmintos. Noventa e duas amostras de vegetais estavam contaminadas com 2 espécies de parasitas (P <0,05) e 45 com 3 (P> 0,05) espécies de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O nível de escolaridade dos vendedores e os meios de exibição não [...].(AU)

Evaluation of vegetables grown in dry mountainous regions for soil transmitted helminths contamination / Avaliação de vegetais para contaminação por helmintos transmitida pelo solo em quatro distritos da divisão de Malakand: noroeste do Paquistão

Infection caused by geo-helminth parasites are called geohelminthiasis are one of the global health problems. Vegetables eaten raw is the principal source of transmission of geo-helminth parasites. Pakistani people believe that eating raw vegetables are a significant source to get important vitamins and minerals. Based on the high incidence of pathogenic parasites and cultivating different vegetable types in the study areas, we conducted this study to evaluate the geo-helminth contamination of raw vegetables in northwest Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. This is a descriptive study comprised, 1942 samples of 25 various types of vegetables. The samples were examined in physiological saline solution using sedimentation and centrifugation methods. The findings were analyzed by Graph-Pad version 5. P value less than 0.05 (95% CI) was considered significant. Results showed that 16.5% (n=322) of all vegetables were contaminated with one or more type of geo-helminth parasites. Garlic was the highest (35%) and cauliflower the lowest (4%) contaminated samples respectively. Ascaris lumbricoides was the most common geo helminth found followed by hook worm species while Trichuris trichura was the least in all the vegetable samples. Leafy vegetables were highly contaminated 25.3% than vegetables with root parts 21.2% and fruity 9.09%. More than half of the contaminated vegetables were contaminated with single species of geo-helminth (P0.05) species of geo-helminth parasites. Education level of vendors and means of display were not significantly associated while types of vegetable used were significantly associated with the prevalence of parasites. The findings of this study provide evidence that consumption of raw [...].

As infecções causadas por parasitas geo-helmínticos são chamados de geohelmintíases e são um dos problemas de saúde globais. Os vegetais comidos crus são a principal fonte de transmissão dos parasitas geo-helmínticos. O povo paquistanês acredita que comer vegetais crus é uma fonte significativa para obter vitaminas e minerais importantes. Com base na alta incidência de parasitas patogênicos e no cultivo de diferentes tipos de vegetais nas áreas de estudo, conduzimos este estudo para avaliar a contaminação por geo-helmintos de vegetais crus no noroeste de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo composto por 1942 amostras de 25 tipos diversos de vegetais. As amostras foram examinadas em solução salina fisiológica utilizando métodos de sedimentação e centrifugação. Os achados foram analisados pelo Graph-Pad versão 5. O valor de P menor que 0,05 (IC 95%) foi considerado significativo. Os resultados mostraram que 16,5% (n = 322) de todas as hortaliças estavam contaminadas com um ou mais tipos de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O alho foi a amostra mais contaminada (35%) e a couve-flor a menos (4%), respectivamente. Ascaris lumbricoides foi o geo-helmíntico mais comum encontrado, seguido por espécies de verme-anzol, enquanto Trichuris trichura foi o menos encontrado em todas as amostras de vegetais. Os vegetais folhosos foram altamente contaminados 25,3% do que os vegetais com partes de raiz 21,2% e frutados 9,09%. Mais da metade dos vegetais contaminados estavam contaminados com uma única espécie de geo-helmintos (P 0,05) espécies de parasitas geo-helmínticos. O nível de escolaridade dos vendedores e os meios de exibição não [...].

Toxic pneumopathy by Trema micrantha in sheep in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil / Pneumopatia tóxica por Trema micrantha em ovinos no Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Poisoning by Trema micrantha commonly causes hepatocellular necrosis in cattle, sheep, and goats and edema and cerebral hemorrhage in horses. This plant can cause toxic pneumopathy in sheep, and there is only one report of the natural form and one of the experimental form in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. This study aimed to report an outbreak of the respiratory form of natural poisoning by T. micrantha in sheep. Six sheep developed clinical respiratory signs after consumption of the plant and four of them died and two recovered after treatment with dexamethasone. The sheep presented tachypnea, noisy breathing, edema of the face, eyelids, and vulva, and subcutaneous emphysema on the face and neck. Necropsy (Sheep 2, 3, and 4) showed uncollapsed, heavy, diffuse red lungs with evident costal impressions and a moderate amount of serosanguineous fluid flowed at section. The liver had a moderate diffuse evident lobular pattern. The histopathology of the lungs of the three necropsied sheep showed congestion and edema with the formation of hyaline membranes within accentuated diffuse alveoli, in addition to thickening of the alveolar septa due to mild to moderate diffuse type II pneumocyte hyperplasia and also mild to moderate diffuse infiltrate of macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and neutrophils in the lumen of alveoli, bronchi, and bronchioles. Sheep 3 also showed type II pneumocytes with enlarged and hyperchromatic nuclei, sometimes binucleated with evident nucleoli, and, in some regions, the pneumocytes were desquamated to the alveolar lumen forming small syncytia and mild multifocal hyperplasia in the bronchial epithelium. The anti-cytokeratin IHC evaluation showed marked diffuse intracytoplasmic staining in hyperplastic type II pneumocytes in the bronchiolar epithelium of the three evaluated sheep. The liver of the three sheep had mild multifocal centrilobular necrosis. It seems to be the second report of spontaneous poisoning by T. micrantha in sheep developing lung lesions described in Brazil and the first in the State of Santa Catarina.

A intoxicação por Trema micrantha, comumente causa em bovinos, ovinos e caprinos necrose hepatocelular e, edema e hemorragia cerebral em equinos. Essa planta em ovinos pode causar pneumopatia tóxica, existindo descrição apenas de um relato da forma natural e um da forma experimental no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar, um surto, da forma respiratória de intoxicação natural por T. micranta em ovinos. Seis ovinos desenvolveram sinais clínicos respiratórios após o consumo da planta e destes quatro morreram e dois após o tratamento com dexametasona se recuperaram. Os ovinos apresentaram taquipneia, respiração ruidosa, edema de face, pálpebras, vulva e enfisema subcutâneo na face e pescoço. Na necropsia (Ovinos 2, 3 e 4) observou-se pulmões não colabados, pesados, vermelhos difusos com impressões costais evidentes e ao corte fluindo moderada quantidade de líquido serosanguinolento. O fígado apresentava padrão lobular evidente difuso moderado. Na histopatologia, em pulmões dos três ovinos necropsiados havia congestão e edema com formação de membranas hialinas no interior de alvéolos difusos acentuados, além de espessamento dos septos alveolares devido a hiperplasia de pneumócitos tipo II difuso discreta à moderada, havia ainda, infiltrado de macrófagos, linfócitos, plasmócitos e neutrófilos difuso discreto a moderado no lúmen de alvéolo, brônquios e bronquíolos. No Ovino 3, observou-se ainda pneumócitos tipo II com núcleos aumentados e hipercromáticos, por vezes binucleados com nucléolos evidentes, e em algumas regiões estes pneumócitos estavam descamados para a luz alveolar formando pequenos sincícios e no epitélio de brônquios havia hiperplasia multifocal discreta. A avaliação IHQ anti-citoqueratina demonstrou marcação intracitoplasmática difusa acentuada em pneumócitos tipo II hiperplásicos no epitélio bronquiolar dos três ovinos avaliados. No fígado dos três ovinos havia necrose centrolobular multifocal discreta. Este parece ser o segundo relato da intoxicação espontânea por T. micrantha em ovinos desenvolvendo lesões pulmonares, descrito no Brasil e o primeiro no estado de Santa Catarina.

Taeniasis-cysticercosis complex in the agrarian reform rural settlements, Brazil / Complexo teníase-cisticercose em assentamentos da reforma agrária, Brasil

Thousands of families live in agrarian reform rural settlements, these existing in Brazil since the 1980s. Factors such as agglomerations of families living in the same environment and the production of domestic animals can promote the transmission and maintenance of zoonosis in these areas. The epidemiology and geographic distribution of zoonotic diseases in settlement communities need to be highlighted. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex in the agrarian reform rural settlements in the state of Minas Gerais. A total of 497 family farming properties, distributed in 52 settlements, were randomly selected and sampled. Biological samples of humans, cattle and pigs were collected and processed. Survey questionnaires were applied in each family farming property to collect data on animal production as well as sanitary, hygienic and social conditions of each family. Human fecal samples were analyzed for detection of teniasis infection, while animal blood samples were collected and subjected to serological testing to detect the cysticercosis infection. A total of three (0.35%) positive cases of human teniasis were identified, 64 (4.2%) of bovine cysticercosis and 17 (3.3%) of swine cysticercosis. Prevalence per family farming unit was 0.6% (3/497) of taeniasis through fecal test, 5.8% (17/294) for swine cysticercosis and 11.1% (52/469) for bovine cysticercosis. The spatial profile for human teniasis and swine cysticercosis were clustered in two different regions, while bovine cysticercosis showed a dispersed geographical distribution. Two risk factors were associated with the occurrence of bovine cysticercosis: stream as source of water (p=0.009) and the environment as destination of sewage (p=0.031), while burning of garbage was shown to be a significant protective factor (p<0.001). Risk factor for swine cysticercosis was associated with the presence of free range pigs (p=0.008) and the environment as the destination of sewage (p≤0.024). The low number of positive human taeniasis did not allow statistical analysis. These zoonotic diseases represent a significant risk to public health because of their occurrence in livestock which are produced for both beef consumption and for commercialization. Significant endemic areas in the state of Minas Gerais have been determined in this study, and these discoverments suggest the importance of further investment in public health education about teniasis-cysticercosis transmission, the improvement of sanitary facilities for the settlements such as source and treatment of water and adequate destination of sewage. Integrated actions between the human, animal and environmental health sectors, at local and regional levels are needed, aiming at the adoption of effective public policies for the control and eradication of the teniasis-cysticercosis complex where the disease occurs.

Milhares de famílias vivem nos assentamentos da reforma agrária, criados no Brasil desde a década de 1980. Fatores como aglomerações de famílias convivendo no mesmo ambiente de produção de animais domésticos podem favorecer a transmissão e manutenção de zoonoses nessas áreas. A epidemiologia e distribuição geográfica das doenças zoonóticas nas comunidades assentadas precisam ser destacadas. Neste sentido, o presente estudo objetivou investigar a prevalência, fatores de risco e distribuição espacial do complexo teníase-cisticercose nos assentamentos rurais da reforma agrária no estado de Minas Gerais. Um total de 497 propriedades da agricultura familiar, distribuídas em 52 assentamentos, foram selecionadas e amostradas aleatoriamente. Amostras biológicas de humanos, bovinos e suínos foram coletadas e processadas. Questionários epidemiológicos foram aplicados em cada propriedade para a coleta de dados sobre a produção animal, condições sanitárias, higiênicas e sociais de cada família. Amostras fecais humanas foram analisadas para detecção de infecção por teníase, e amostras de sangue de animais foram coletadas e submetidas a testes sorológicos para detecção de infecção por cisticercose. Foram encontrados três (0,35%) casos positivos para teníase humana, 64 (4,2%) para cisticercose bovina e 17 (3,3%) para cisticercose suína. A prevalência por unidade de agricultura familiar foi de 0,6% (3/497) para teníase por exame fecal, 5,8% (17/294) para cisticercose suína e 11,1% (52/469) para cisticercose bovina. O perfil espacial da teníase humana e da cisticercose suína agrupou-se em duas regiões distintas, enquanto a cisticercose bovina apresentou distribuição geográfica dispersa. Dois fatores de risco estiveram associados à ocorrência de cisticercose bovina: riacho como fonte de água (p=0,009) e meio ambiente como destino de esgoto (p=0,031), enquanto a queima de lixo mostrou-se um fator de proteção significativo (p<0,001). O fator de risco para cisticercose suína foi associado à presença de suínos caipira (p=0,008) e ao meio ambiente como destino do esgoto (p≤0,024). Estas doenças zoonóticas representam um risco significativo para a saúde pública devido à sua ocorrência em rebanhos que são produzidos tanto para consumo de carne quanto para comercialização. Neste estudo os assentamentos analisados se configuram em áreas endêmicas no estado de Minas Gerais, e esses achados sugerem a importância de maiores investimentos na educação em saúde pública, melhoria das instalações sanitárias dos assentamentos como fonte e tratamento de água e destinação adequada de esgoto. São necessárias ações integradas entre os setores de saúde humana, animal e ambiental, em âmbito local e regional, visando a adoção de políticas públicas efetivas de controle e erradicação do complexo teníase-cisticercose onde estiver presente.

Genistein and Daidzein effects on the physiological indices of Soybean Cyst Nematodes

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is a chief plant–parasitic nematode of soybean. Application of synthetic chemical nematicides poses negative side effects to human health and the environment. Therefore, the search for a safe and effective approach is more relevant. This study evaluated the effects of Genistein and Daidzein on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes, individual morphology, reversal frequency, respiration, and body fluid leaking of second–stage juveniles (J2s) of soybean cyst nematode. The results showed that body length of J2s decreased, while stylet and tail transparent area elongated. Additionally, after the treatment, the body became hollow and shrunken, the J2s stiffened, whereas the reversal frequency decreased dramatically after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, the body fluid leakage was intensified and respiration was inhibited. Oxygen consumption decreased by 86.7 % and 70.1 %, while, in contrast, electrical conductivity increased by 40.1 % and 36 % at 100 μg mL–¹ of Genistein and Daidzein, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The smaller number of J2s in soybean roots, the slower development rate, and the abnormal sexual differentiation were found in greenhouse assay. Thus, Genistein and Daidzein, especially Genistein, have strong effects on the physiological index of soybean cyst nematodes. Moreover, the effects were time and dosage–dependent.

Natural diet of Macrobrachium brasiliense (Crustacea, Decapoda) in a Cerrado stream

ABSTRACT Knowledge about the diet of a given species is essential to provide information on the growth and maintenance of populations in a natural environment. Macrobrachium brasiliense (Heller, 1862) is a species of freshwater prawn widely distributed in Brazil, being frequent in aquatic environments inserted in the Cerrado biome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the natural diet of a population of M. brasiliense, comparing the consumed food items according to sex, seasonality and body size of individuals. Monthly collections were carried out between September 2018 and August 2019. The individuals collected had their sex identified and the length of the cephalothorax measured. Stomach content was assessed based on the degree of repletion, the method of points and the frequency of occurrence. There was a high frequency of plant material in the stomach contents and a smaller but significant frequency of aquatic insects. There were no significant differences regarding the diet of males and females and between the dry and rainy seasons. It was observed an increase in total insect consumption with the increase in size of males and females of M. brasiliense. A diet preference for Trichoptera was recorded in both sampling periods for males and females. The results obtained confirm an omnivorous diet for the species and suggest that the composition and proportion of items may vary depending on the size of the individuals and the availability of the items in the environment.

RESUMO O conhecimento acerca da dieta de uma determinada espécie é essencial para fornecer informações sobre o crescimento e manutenção das populações em ambiente natural. Macrobrachium brasiliense (Heller, 1862) é uma espécie de camarão de água doce com ampla distribuição no Brasil, ocorrendo frequentemente em ambientes aquáticos inseridos no bioma Cerrado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dieta natural de uma população de M. brasiliense, comparando os itens alimentares consumidos em função do sexo, sazonalidade e tamanho corporal dos indivíduos. Foram realizadas coletas mensais entre setembro de 2018 a agosto de 2019. Os indivíduos coletados tiveram seu sexo identificado e o comprimento do cefalotórax mensurado. O conteúdo estomacal foi avaliado a partir do grau de repleção, método de pontos e de frequência de ocorrência. Verificou-se elevada frequência de detrito vegetal no conteúdo estomacal e uma frequência menor de insetos aquáticos, porém significativa. Não houve diferenças significativas quanto à dieta de machos e fêmeas e entre as estações seca e chuvosa. Foi observado um aumento do consumo total de insetos com aumento de tamanho de machos e fêmeas de M. brasiliense. Uma preferência de dieta por Trichoptera foi registrada em ambos os períodos de amostragem para machos e fêmeas.Os resultados obtidos confirmam uma dieta onívora para a espécie e sugerem que a composição e a proporção de itens podem variar em função do tamanho dos indivíduos e da disponibilidade dos itens no ambiente.

Birds of prey pellet analysis: morphometry and consumption interval of captive Accipitridae species / Análise de pelotas de aves de rapina: morfometria e intervalo de consumoem espécies da família Accipitridae em cativeiro

Pellet production is a typical characteristic of the digestive physiology of birds of prey. Alimentary pellets consist of non-digested parts of prey, such as fur, feathers, bones, and parts of insects, that are regurgitated. Obtained dietary samples, such as regurgitated pellets, can noninvasively contribute to the knowledge of the anatomical alimentary channel and the digestive efficiency of birds of prey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pellet morphometry and meal-to-pellet interval (MPI) of the Accipitridae family subjected to two experimental diets. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris, and Geranoaetus albicaudatus were subjected to (1) mice and (2) quail pre-treating diets. Both diets were individually weighed and provided by removing excess feathers, skin, and some viscera. After consumption, the MPI was noted and, immediately after collection, the pellets were carefully weighed on a precision balance and morphometric measurements were taken using a caliper. Pellet weight, length, width, height, and volume were higher when raptors consumed mice. Differences in morphometric characteristics were found between species. Heterospizias meridionalis presented the highest values for the morphometric parameters evaluated. Consumption of mice increased the frequency of regurgitation and the number and weight of pellets egested, indicating that by providing this type of food, we can underestimate the consumption by birds if we do not consider nutritional losses by the pellets when calculating diets. Pellet assessment and MPI are important tools for monitoring the health and nutritional aspects of birds of prey.

A produção de pelotas é uma característica típica da fisiologia digestiva de aves de rapina. As pelotas alimentares consistem em partes não digestíveis de presas como peles, penas, ossos e partes de insetos que são expelidos. A obtenção de amostras como as pelotas podem colaborar de forma não invasiva com o conhecimento da anatomia do canal alimentar e eficiência digestiva de rapinantes. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a morfometria e o intervalo entre consumo e egestão de pelotas (ICP) em indivíduos da família Accipitridae. Heterospizias meridionalis, Rupornis magnirostris e Geranoaetus albicaudatus foram submetidos a dietas pré processadas com(1) camundongos e (2) codornas. Ambas as dietas foram individualmente pesadas e fornecidas após a remoção do excesso de penas, pele e algumas vísceras. Após o consumo, o ICP foi calculado e imediatamente após a coleta as pelotas foram pesadas e avaliadas quanto a medidas morfométricas com a ajuda de um paquímetro. O peso, comprimento, largura, altura e volume das pelotas foram maiores quando as aves consumiram ratos. Diferenças morfométricas foram encontradas entre as espécies. Heterospizias meridionalis apresentaram os valores mais altos para os parâmetros morfométricos avaliados. O consumo de camundongos aumentou a frequência de egestão, o número e o peso das pelotas, indicando que, ao fornecer este tipo de alimento, podemos subestimar o consumo pelas aves se não considerarmos as perdas nutricionais pelas pelotas ao calcular as dietas. A avaliação de pelotas e ICP são ferramentas importantes para monitorar os aspectos sanitários e nutricionais em rapinantes.

Cross-sectional survey for Toxoplasma gondii infection in humans in Fernando de Noronha island, Brazil / Estudo transversal da infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em humanos da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Brasil

Abstract Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, is zoonotic disease and is one of the most important foodborne parasitic diseases globally. The prevalence in humans is highly variable, being influenced by cultural habits, socioeconomic, and environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of T. gondii infection in humans on the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco State, Brazil, and to identify the risk factors associated with this infection. The seroprevalence of immunoglobulin G anti-T. gondii antibodies was 50.4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45.2%-55.7%). Factors associated with the infection were consumption of well water or rainwater (odds ratio [OR]: 2.43, p=0.020) and consumption of game meat (OR: 1.80, p=0.026). This is the first study to provide epidemiological information of T. gondii infection among the residents of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, revealing a considerable antibody seroprevalence in this population. This study provides information for the adoption of prevention and control measures in island environments.

Resumo A toxoplasmose, causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, é uma zoonose e uma das doenças parasitárias transmitidas por alimentos mais importantes em todo o mundo. A prevalência em humanos é altamente variável, sendo influenciada por hábitos culturais, condições socioeconômicas e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência de infecção por T. gondii em humanos, no arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brasil, e identificar os fatores de risco associados a essa infecção nesse contexto insular. A soroprevalência de anticorpos IgG anti-T. gondii nos ilhéus foi de 50,4% (172/341, 95% CI: 45,2%-55,7%). Os fatores associados à infecção encontrados foram o consumo de água do poço ou de água da chuva (Odds ratio [OR]: 2,43, p=0,020) e consumo de carne de caça (OR: 1,80, p=0,026). Este é o primeiro estudo a fornecer informações epidemiológicas da infecção por T. gondii entre os moradores da Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, revelando uma considerável soroprevalência de anticorpos nessa população. Este estudo fornece informações para subsidiar a adoção de medidas de prevenção e controle em ambientes insulares.