Gamma radiation and pasteurization on anthocyanin stability and antioxidant capacity of jussara pulp (Euterpe edulis) during storage / Efeito da radiação gama e pasteurização na estabilidade de antocianinas e na capacidade antioxidante da polpa jussara (Euterpe edulis) durante o armazenamento

ABSTRACT: The effects of gamma irradiation and pasteurization on the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity during storage of jussara pulp were investigated. Jussara pulp was divided into 6 portions: control (no treatment), irradiated pulp (2, 4, 6, 8 kGy) and pasteurized pulp (92 ºC/ 1 minute). Portions were stored at 4ºC for 60 days. The phenolic extract was prepared with a solution of methanol/water/formic acid. The following analyses were performed every 15 days: contents of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Ciocauteau, cyanidin-3-glycoside and cyanidin-3-rutiniside by HPLC and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH). Total phenolics and anthocyanins decreased with the increasing irradiation dose and storage time. Pasteurization did not affect the phenolic concentration immediately after processing. However, the contents of TPC and cyanidin-3-rutiniside were reduced during storage of the pasteurized pulp. No processed samples presented characteristics similar to the control at the end of storage.

RESUMO: Os efeitos da radiação gama e pasteurização na estabilidade das antocianinas e na capacidade antioxidante durante o armazenamento da polpa de jussara foram avaliados. A polpa de jussara foi dividida em diferentes tratamentos: controle (sem tratamento), polpa irradiada (2, 4, 6, 8 kGy) e pasteurizada polpa (92 ºC / 1 minuto). Os tratamentos foram armazenados a 4ºC por 60 dias. O extrato fenólico foi preparado com uma solução de metanol / água / ácido fórmico. As seguintes análises foram realizadas a cada 15 dias: teores de compostos fenólicos totais por Folin-Ciocauteau, cianidina 51 3-glicosídeo e cianidina-3-rutinisida por HPLC e capacidade antioxidante (ABTS e DPPH). Os fenólicos totais e as antocianinas diminuíram com o aumento da dose de irradiação e do tempo de armazenamento. A pasteurização não afetou a concentração fenólica imediatamente após o processamento. No entanto, os teores de TPC e cianidina-3-rutinisida foram reduzidos durante o armazenamento da polpa pasteurizada. Nenhuma amostra processada apresentou características semelhantes ao controle ao final do armazenamento.

Gamma radiation and pasteurization on anthocyanin stability and antioxidant capacity of jussara pulp (Euterpe edulis) during storage / Efeito da radiação gama e pasteurização na estabilidade de antocianinas e na capacidade antioxidante da polpa jussara (Euterpe edulis) durante o armazenamento

The effects of gamma irradiation and pasteurization on the stability of anthocyanins and antioxidant capacity during storage of jussara pulp were investigated. Jussara pulp was divided into 6 portions: control (no treatment), irradiated pulp (2, 4, 6, 8 kGy) and pasteurized pulp (92 ºC/ 1 minute). Portions were stored at 4ºC for 60 days. The phenolic extract was prepared with a solution of methanol/water/formic acid. The following analyses were performed every 15 days: contents of total phenolic compounds by Folin-Ciocauteau, cyanidin-3-glycoside and cyanidin-3-rutiniside by HPLC and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH). Total phenolics and anthocyanins decreased with the increasing irradiation dose and storage time. Pasteurization did not affect the phenolic concentration immediately after processing. However, the contents of TPC and cyanidin-3-rutiniside were reduced during storage of the pasteurized pulp. No processed samples presented characteristics similar to the control at the end of storage.

Os efeitos da radiação gama e pasteurização na estabilidade das antocianinas e na capacidade antioxidante durante o armazenamento da polpa de jussara foram avaliados. A polpa de jussara foi dividida em diferentes tratamentos: controle (sem tratamento), polpa irradiada (2, 4, 6, 8 kGy) e pasteurizada polpa (92 ºC / 1 minuto). Os tratamentos foram armazenados a 4ºC por 60 dias. O extrato fenólico foi preparado com uma solução de metanol / água / ácido fórmico. As seguintes análises foram realizadas a cada 15 dias: teores de compostos fenólicos totais por Folin-Ciocauteau, cianidina 51 3-glicosídeo e cianidina-3-rutinisida por HPLC e capacidade antioxidante (ABTS e DPPH). Os fenólicos totais e as antocianinas diminuíram com o aumento da dose de irradiação e do tempo de armazenamento. A pasteurização não afetou a concentração fenólica imediatamente após o processamento. No entanto, os teores de TPC e cianidina-3-rutinisida foram reduzidos durante o armazenamento da polpa pasteurizada. Nenhuma amostra processada apresentou características semelhantes ao controle ao final do armazenamento.

Effect of monochrome light with different wavelengths on biochemical parameters of hens

Artificial light, as one of the environmental factors, plays a significant role in regulating the synthesis and secretion of hormones related to the coordination of parameters of life, growth, immunity, and reproductive functions of hens. The article aims to study the influence of monochrome light with different wavelengths on the biochemical parameters of hens` blood serum. Four groups of "Hy-Line W-36" crossbred hens were formed. Hens of the 1st group were kept using monochrome light with different wavelength lamps with a wavelength of ~ 460 nm, the 2nd group ~ 600 nm, the 3rd group ~ 630 nm, and the 4th group ~ 650 nm. It was found that the use of light with different wavelengths for keeping hens in cages of multilevel batteries affects hen' biochemical parameters, according to the research results. It was established that when using light with a wavelength of ~ 630 and ~ 650 nm, the indicators of clinical biochemistry of hens' blood serum were within the normal physiological values. Whereas, with the use of light with a wavelength of ~ 600 nm, an increase in the level of glucose, creatinine, total protein, total bilirubin, and phosphorus, a decrease in the ratio of calcium to phosphorus, in the activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase, were observed in the hens' blood serum. The use of light with a wavelength of ~ 460 nm was accompanied by a further increase in the level of glucose, creatinine, total protein, urea, total bilirubin, phosphorus, the activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and gamma-glutamyltransferase, a decrease in the ratio of calcium and phosphorus.

Antioxidant activity of gamma cobalt-60 irradiated chitosan and vitamin Ecombination to lead acetate-induced rats

The potential of chitosan as a blood lead chelator and an antioxidant had been proven, yet its ability was still not optimal. Chitosan had a relatively large molecular size, which reduced the effectivity of its distribution towards the tissues. Gamma Co-60 irradiation technique was presumably applicable to solve the issue. The antioxidant activity of chitosan could also be optimized by the addition of vitamin E. This study aimed to analyze the antioxidant activity of the combination of Gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan and vitamin E in lead acetate-induced rats. Twenty-four rats, which were distributed in six groups, were treated using the combination of gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan at a dose of 150 kGy and vitamin E 1000 IU. All groups, except for the naïve group, were induced with lead acetate. The positive control group was induced with only lead acetate, while treatment group 1 had an additional treatment of irradiated chitosan. The treatment groups 2-4 were treated using the combination of irradiated chitosan and vitamin E in increasing doses respectively for forty days. Blood serum was collected for measurement of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and Malondialdehyde (MDA). The results showed that the providedtreatment increased the enzymatic activity of SOD, CAT, and GPx, and reduced the MDA level in lead acetate-induced rats. However, as the vitamin E dosage was increased, it posed several side effects. It was concluded that the combination Gamma Co-60 irradiated chitosan and vitamin E increased the activity of various endogenous antioxidant enzymes and decreased lipid peroxidation, dependent on the amount of vitamin E.(AU)

Evaluation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of gamma irradiated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) / Avaliação de fitoquímicos e atividade antioxidante de quinoa gama irradiada (Chenopodium quinoa)

Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of quinoa flour was evaluated after subjected to gamma irradiation processes at dose 3 and 6 kGy. Both non-irradiated and irradiated quinoa samples were subjected to successive extractions in ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity after gamma irradiation treatment was investigated via Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and radical-scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Total phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed using FolinCiocalteu micro-method, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As well as, effect of irradiation treatment on saponin was also evaluated. Irradiation treatment showed slight differences in the saponin content after exposure to 3 and 6 kGy. Irradiation process enhanced both total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC), TPC were 34.52 and 30.92 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g compared to 26.25 mg GAE/100g in non-irradiated quinoa. TFC were 67.44 and 62.89 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/100g compared to 53.15 mg QE/100g. Irradiation dose 3 kGy significantly (p> 0.05) decreased the IC50 as DPPH-RSA and increased the FRAP.(AU)

Atividades fitoquímica e antioxidante da farinha de quinoa foram analisadas após submissão a processos de irradiação gama nas doses 3 e 6 kGy. As amostras de quinoa não irradiadas e irradiadas foram submetidas a extrações sucessivas em solvente etanol. A atividade antioxidante, após o tratamento com irradiação gama, foi investigada por meio do poder antioxidante redutor férrico (ARF) e da atividade de eliminação de radicais (AER) usando 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH). O conteúdo fenólico total e o teor de flavonoide foram analisados usando o método de Folin-Ciocalteu, método de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Além disso, o efeito do tratamento de irradiação na saponina também foi avaliado. O tratamento por irradiação não mostrou diferenças significativas no conteúdo de saponina após exposição a 3 e 6 kGy. O processo de irradiação aumentou o conteúdo fenólico total (CFT) e o teor total de flavonoides (TTF); o CFT foi de 34,52 e 30,92 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico (EAG) / 100 g em comparação com 26,25 mg de EAG / 100 g na quinoa não irradiada. Os TTF foram 67,44 e 62,89 mg de equivalentes de quercetina (EQ) / 100 g em comparação com 53,15 mg de EQ / 100 g. A dose de irradiação de 3 kGy diminuiu significativamente (p > 0,05) o IC50 como DPPH-AER e aumentou o ARF.(AU)

Evaluation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of gamma irradiated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Abstract Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of quinoa flour was evaluated after subjected to gamma irradiation processes at dose 3 and 6 kGy. Both non-irradiated and irradiated quinoa samples were subjected to successive extractions in ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity after gamma irradiation treatment was investigated via Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and radical-scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Total phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed using FolinCiocalteu micro-method, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As well as, effect of irradiation treatment on saponin was also evaluated. Irradiation treatment showed slight differences in the saponin content after exposure to 3 and 6 kGy. Irradiation process enhanced both total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC), TPC were 34.52 and 30.92 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g compared to 26.25 mg GAE/100g in non-irradiated quinoa. TFC were 67.44 and 62.89 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/100g compared to 53.15 mg QE/100g. Irradiation dose 3 kGy significantly (p> 0.05) decreased the IC50 as DPPH-RSA and increased the FRAP.

Resumo Atividades fitoquímica e antioxidante da farinha de quinoa foram analisadas após submissão a processos de irradiação gama nas doses 3 e 6 kGy. As amostras de quinoa não irradiadas e irradiadas foram submetidas a extrações sucessivas em solvente etanol. A atividade antioxidante, após o tratamento com irradiação gama, foi investigada por meio do poder antioxidante redutor férrico (ARF) e da atividade de eliminação de radicais (AER) usando 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH). O conteúdo fenólico total e o teor de flavonoide foram analisados usando o método de Folin-Ciocalteu, método de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Além disso, o efeito do tratamento de irradiação na saponina também foi avaliado. O tratamento por irradiação não mostrou diferenças significativas no conteúdo de saponina após exposição a 3 e 6 kGy. O processo de irradiação aumentou o conteúdo fenólico total (CFT) e o teor total de flavonoides (TTF); o CFT foi de 34,52 e 30,92 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico (EAG) / 100 g em comparação com 26,25 mg de EAG / 100 g na quinoa não irradiada. Os TTF foram 67,44 e 62,89 mg de equivalentes de quercetina (EQ) / 100 g em comparação com 53,15 mg de EQ / 100 g. A dose de irradiação de 3 kGy diminuiu significativamente (p > 0,05) o IC50 como DPPH-AER e aumentou o ARF.

Irradiação ionizante em pós-colheita de atemoia cultivar Thompson / Ionizing irradiation in postharvest in the atemoia cultivar Thompson

O estudo da irradiação ionizante com Cobalto 60 (60Co), neste experimento, teve por objetivo avaliar sua influência no aumento de vida de prateleira para atemoia cv. Thompson. As atemoias foram irradiadas com as seguintes doses de cobalto 60 (60Co): T0= Sem irradiação (controle), T1=0,2kGy, T2=0,4kGy, T3=0,6kGy, T4=0,8kGy, T5=1,0kGy e T6= 1,2kGy sendo posteriormente embaladas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido (2 frutas/bandeja) e selados com filmes de policloreto de vinila 0,020mm; exceção feita ao tratamento controle o qual não recebeu tratamento com irradiação; para cada tratamento houve três repetições com duas frutas por repetição. As frutas que receberam os tratamentos foram armazenadas em câmara fria nas condições de 15 ± 0,2ºC e 90 ± 2% de UR. Em todos os tratamentos, foram realizadas as análises de: perda de massa fresca, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, ácido ascórbico (AA), açúcares redutores, taxa respiratória. As análises de todos os tratamentos foram analisadas a cada três dias (0,3,6,9,12,15 e 18) dias de armazenamento. A irradiação foi realizada no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações CTR IPEN/CNEN SP, situado na cidade universitária USP (Universidade de São Paulo) no irradiador multipropósito do tipo compacto onde se utiliza o Raio Gama. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (D.I.C.), em esquema fatorial...

The study of ionizing irradiation with Cobalt 60 (60Co), in this experiment, aimed to evaluate its influence on the increase of shelf life for atemoia cv. Thompson. Atemias were irradiated with the following doses of cobalt 60 (60Co): T0 = No irradiation (control), T1 = 0.2kGy, T2 = 0.4kGy, T3 = 0.6kGy, T4 = 0.8kGy, T5 = 1 , 0kGy and T6 = 1,2kGy and subsequently packed in expanded polystyrene trays (2 fruits / tray) and sealed with 0.020mm polyvinyl chloride films; exception made to the control treatment which did not receive irradiation treatment; for each treatment there were three repetitions with two fruits per repetition. The fruits that received the treatments were stored in a cold chamber at 15 ± 0.2ºC and 90 ± 2% RH. In all treatments, the analyzes of: loss of fresh mass, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), pH, ascorbic acid (AA), reducing sugars, respiratory rate were performed. The analyzes of all treatments were analyzed every three days (0,3,6,9,12,15 and 18) days of storage. The irradiation was carried out at the Radiation Technology Center - CTR IPEN / CNEN - SP, located in the university city USP (University of São Paulo) in the compact multi-purpose radiator where the Gamma Ray is used. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (D.I.C.), in a factorial scheme (treatment x storage), composed of the treatments and seven storage...

Irradiação ionizante em pós-colheita de atemoia cultivar Thompson / Ionizing irradiation in postharvest in the atemoia cultivar Thompson

O estudo da irradiação ionizante com Cobalto 60 (60Co), neste experimento, teve por objetivo avaliar sua influência no aumento de vida de prateleira para atemoia cv. Thompson. As atemoias foram irradiadas com as seguintes doses de cobalto 60 (60Co): T0= Sem irradiação (controle), T1=0,2kGy, T2=0,4kGy, T3=0,6kGy, T4=0,8kGy, T5=1,0kGy e T6= 1,2kGy sendo posteriormente embaladas em bandejas de poliestireno expandido (2 frutas/bandeja) e selados com filmes de policloreto de vinila 0,020mm; exceção feita ao tratamento controle o qual não recebeu tratamento com irradiação; para cada tratamento houve três repetições com duas frutas por repetição. As frutas que receberam os tratamentos foram armazenadas em câmara fria nas condições de 15 ± 0,2ºC e 90 ± 2% de UR. Em todos os tratamentos, foram realizadas as análises de: perda de massa fresca, sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), pH, ácido ascórbico (AA), açúcares redutores, taxa respiratória. As análises de todos os tratamentos foram analisadas a cada três dias (0,3,6,9,12,15 e 18) dias de armazenamento. A irradiação foi realizada no Centro de Tecnologia das Radiações CTR IPEN/CNEN SP, situado na cidade universitária USP (Universidade de São Paulo) no irradiador multipropósito do tipo compacto onde se utiliza o Raio Gama. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (D.I.C.), em esquema fatorial...(AU)

The study of ionizing irradiation with Cobalt 60 (60Co), in this experiment, aimed to evaluate its influence on the increase of shelf life for atemoia cv. Thompson. Atemias were irradiated with the following doses of cobalt 60 (60Co): T0 = No irradiation (control), T1 = 0.2kGy, T2 = 0.4kGy, T3 = 0.6kGy, T4 = 0.8kGy, T5 = 1 , 0kGy and T6 = 1,2kGy and subsequently packed in expanded polystyrene trays (2 fruits / tray) and sealed with 0.020mm polyvinyl chloride films; exception made to the control treatment which did not receive irradiation treatment; for each treatment there were three repetitions with two fruits per repetition. The fruits that received the treatments were stored in a cold chamber at 15 ± 0.2ºC and 90 ± 2% RH. In all treatments, the analyzes of: loss of fresh mass, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (AT), pH, ascorbic acid (AA), reducing sugars, respiratory rate were performed. The analyzes of all treatments were analyzed every three days (0,3,6,9,12,15 and 18) days of storage. The irradiation was carried out at the Radiation Technology Center - CTR IPEN / CNEN - SP, located in the university city USP (University of São Paulo) in the compact multi-purpose radiator where the Gamma Ray is used. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (D.I.C.), in a factorial scheme (treatment x storage), composed of the treatments and seven storage...(AU)

Midgut cells alteration in gamma-irradiated beetles (Blaps polycresta, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) / Alteração das células do intestino médio em besouros irradiados com radiação gama (Blaps polycresta, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

This study was conducted to examine the effect of gamma radiation on biological specimens. Thus, our concept is to clarify that exposure to accumulated dose of 0.2 Gy gamma rays (0.66 rad/Sec. dose rate) from Cs137 source induces cellular perturbations in the midgut epithelium of the F1 progeny of Blaps polycresta, therefore affecting nutrition and growth. Beetles were reared in laboratory conditions and the newly emerged adults were irradiated with the aforementioned dose. Histological and ultrastructure anomalies of midgut cells (digestive and regenerative cells) were observed by 72 h after radiation exposure to ensure that the cells will not return to control state. Retardation in the development of the F1 progeny was also noticed and beetles died through two weeks. In the light of these observations, biological tissue act as an indicator to the continuous exposure to environmental radiation.(AU)

Este estudo foi conduzido para examinar o efeito da radiação gama em espécimes biológicos. Assim, nosso conceito é esclarecer que a exposição à dose acumulada de raios gama de 0,2 Gy (0,66 rad / seg. Dose) da fonte Cs137 induz perturbações celulares no epitélio do intestino médio da progênie F1 de Polycresta blaps, afetando a nutrição e crescimento. Besouros foram criados em condições de laboratório, e os adultos recém-emergidos foram irradiados com a dose acima mencionada. Anomalias histológicas e ultraestruturais das células do intestino médio (células digestivas e regenerativas) foram observadas 72 horas após a exposição à radiação, para garantir que as células não retornariam ao estado de controle. Retardo no desenvolvimento da progênie F1 também foi notado, e besouros morreram por duas semanas. À luz dessas observações, os tecidos biológicos atuam como um indicador para a exposição contínua à radiação ambiental.(AU)

Midgut cells alteration in gamma-irradiated beetles (Blaps polycresta, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effect of gamma radiation on biological specimens. Thus, our concept is to clarify that exposure to accumulated dose of 0.2 Gy gamma rays (0.66 rad/Sec. dose rate) from Cs137 source induces cellular perturbations in the midgut epithelium of the F1 progeny of Blaps polycresta, therefore affecting nutrition and growth. Beetles were reared in laboratory conditions and the newly emerged adults were irradiated with the aforementioned dose. Histological and ultrastructure anomalies of midgut cells (digestive and regenerative cells) were observed by 72 h after radiation exposure to ensure that the cells will not return to control state. Retardation in the development of the F1 progeny was also noticed and beetles died through two weeks. In the light of these observations, biological tissue act as an indicator to the continuous exposure to environmental radiation.

Resumo Este estudo foi conduzido para examinar o efeito da radiação gama em espécimes biológicos. Assim, nosso conceito é esclarecer que a exposição à dose acumulada de raios gama de 0,2 Gy (0,66 rad / seg. Dose) da fonte Cs137 induz perturbações celulares no epitélio do intestino médio da progênie F1 de Polycresta blaps, afetando a nutrição e crescimento. Besouros foram criados em condições de laboratório, e os adultos recém-emergidos foram irradiados com a dose acima mencionada. Anomalias histológicas e ultraestruturais das células do intestino médio (células digestivas e regenerativas) foram observadas 72 horas após a exposição à radiação, para garantir que as células não retornariam ao estado de controle. Retardo no desenvolvimento da progênie F1 também foi notado, e besouros morreram por duas semanas. À luz dessas observações, os tecidos biológicos atuam como um indicador para a exposição contínua à radiação ambiental.

Influence of low-level laser irradiation on osteocalcin protein and gene expression in bone tissue1

Purpose: To evaluate osteocalcin gene and protein expression in vitro and in an in vivo model of ostectomy. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were assigned into two groups A (n=10, laser) and B (n=10, control). Ostectomy was performed in the femur diaphysis; the twenty fragments removed, composed in vitro groups named as in vivo (A and B) and cultivated in CO2 atmosphere for thirteen days. Low-level laser irradiation was performed in groups A (in vivo and in vitro) by an GaAlAs device (λ=808 nm, dose of 2J/cm2, power of 200mW, power density of 0.2W/cm2, total energy of 1.25J, spot diameter of 0.02mm) for 5 seconds, at one point, daily. It was performed immunocytochemistry assays in vivo and in vitro groups. In vitro groups were also submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression by quantitative PCR. Statistical analysis was realized with p<0.05. Results: Immunocytochemistry scores showed no significant differences between control and laser groups either in vivo and in vitro. Gene expression also showed no statistical differences. Conclusion: Low-level laser irradiation did not alter osteocalcin protein and gene expression in vivo and in vitro in the studied period but it may have been expressed them in an earlier period.(AU)

Multivariate selection of optimal genotypes within mutant populations of bean / Seleção multivariada entre e dentro de populações mutantes de feijão

Induction of mutation is a strategy widely used in plant breeding programs, providing the creation of genetic variability for many characteristics of agronomic importance. The aim of this study was to select promising genotypes within mutant populations of agronomically promising beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in the agricultural year 2009/10 and 2010/11, in Lages, SC. Forty mutant bean populations derived from 60Co gamma irradiation at doses of 100 and 200 Grays were evaluated. The genotypes subjected to induced mutation were Pérola, Iapar_81, IPR Uirapuru and IPR Chopim. This study used a randomized block design, with three replicates. Multivariate analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis were performed to explore the hypotheses. Multivariate contrasts between the mutant populations and their original populations were conducted to test the hypotheses. Multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effect of mutant populations according to crop year. Variability was also detected within the mutant population. These results show the efficiency of the mutagen in creating variability. The PMP_100 and PMC_200 mutant populations were selected due to showing a promising performance for the characteristics stem diameter, thousand-grain mass and grain yield. Within the selected mutant populations was detected genetic variability that can contribute to effective selection. The PMP_100 and PMC_200 populations must be conducted and further selected plant-by-plant to obtain promising genotypes.

A indução de mutação é estratégia amplamente utilizada nos programas de melhoramento de plantas, e proporciona a criação de variabilidade genética para muitos caracteres de importância agronômica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi selecionar entre e dentro de populações mutantes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) promissoras agronomicamente, nos anos agrícolas 2009/10 e 2010/11, em Lages, SC. Foram avaliadas 40 populações mutantes derivadas de radiação gama de 60Co, nas doses de 100 e 200 Grays. Os genótipos submetidos à mutação induzida foram Pérola, Iapar_81, IPR Uirapuru e IPR Chopim. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foi efetuada análise de variância multivariada e análise discriminante canônica para a exploração das hipóteses. Contrastes multivariados entre as populações mutantes e suas populações originais foram efetuados para testar as hipóteses. A análise de variância multivariada revelou efeito significativo das populações mutantes aninhado aos anos agrícolas. Foi detectada, também, variabilidade dentro das populações mutantes. Estes resultados evidenciam a eficiência do agente mutagênico na criação de variabilidade genética. As populações mutantes selecionadas foram PMP_100 e PMC_200 por apresentarem desempenho promissor em relação aos caracteres diâmetro do caule, massa de mil grãos e rendimentos de grãos. Dentro das populações mutantes selecionadas foi detectada variabilidade genética que pode contribuir para seleção efetiva. As populações PMP_100 e PMC_200 devem ser conduzidas e ainda selecionadas, planta a planta, para obtenção de genótipos promissores.

Multivariate selection of optimal genotypes within mutant populations of bean / Seleção multivariada entre e dentro de populações mutantes de feijão

Induction of mutation is a strategy widely used in plant breeding programs, providing the creation of genetic variability for many characteristics of agronomic importance. The aim of this study was to select promising genotypes within mutant populations of agronomically promising beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), in the agricultural year 2009/10 and 2010/11, in Lages, SC. Forty mutant bean populations derived from 60Co gamma irradiation at doses of 100 and 200 Grays were evaluated. The genotypes subjected to induced mutation were Pérola, Iapar_81, IPR Uirapuru and IPR Chopim. This study used a randomized block design, with three replicates. Multivariate analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis were performed to explore the hypotheses. Multivariate contrasts between the mutant populations and their original populations were conducted to test the hypotheses. Multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effect of mutant populations according to crop year. Variability was also detected within the mutant population. These results show the efficiency of the mutagen in creating variability. The PMP_100 and PMC_200 mutant populations were selected due to showing a promising performance for the characteristics stem diameter, thousand-grain mass and grain yield. Within the selected mutant populations was detected genetic variability that can contribute to effective selection. The PMP_100 and PMC_200 populations must be conducted and further selected plant-by-plant to obtain promising genotypes.(AU)

A indução de mutação é estratégia amplamente utilizada nos programas de melhoramento de plantas, e proporciona a criação de variabilidade genética para muitos caracteres de importância agronômica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi selecionar entre e dentro de populações mutantes de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) promissoras agronomicamente, nos anos agrícolas 2009/10 e 2010/11, em Lages, SC. Foram avaliadas 40 populações mutantes derivadas de radiação gama de 60Co, nas doses de 100 e 200 Grays. Os genótipos submetidos à mutação induzida foram Pérola, Iapar_81, IPR Uirapuru e IPR Chopim. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Foi efetuada análise de variância multivariada e análise discriminante canônica para a exploração das hipóteses. Contrastes multivariados entre as populações mutantes e suas populações originais foram efetuados para testar as hipóteses. A análise de variância multivariada revelou efeito significativo das populações mutantes aninhado aos anos agrícolas. Foi detectada, também, variabilidade dentro das populações mutantes. Estes resultados evidenciam a eficiência do agente mutagênico na criação de variabilidade genética. As populações mutantes selecionadas foram PMP_100 e PMC_200 por apresentarem desempenho promissor em relação aos caracteres diâmetro do caule, massa de mil grãos e rendimentos de grãos. Dentro das populações mutantes selecionadas foi detectada variabilidade genética que pode contribuir para seleção efetiva. As populações PMP_100 e PMC_200 devem ser conduzidas e ainda selecionadas, planta a planta, para obtenção de genótipos promissores.(AU)

Evaluation of phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of gamma irradiated quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa)

Abstract Phytochemical and antioxidant activity of quinoa flour was evaluated after subjected to gamma irradiation processes at dose 3 and 6 kGy. Both non-irradiated and irradiated quinoa samples were subjected to successive extractions in ethanol solvent. The antioxidant activity after gamma irradiation treatment was investigated via Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and radical-scavenging activity (RSA) using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH).Total phenolic and flavonoid content were analyzed using FolinCiocalteu micro-method, aluminium chloride (AlCl3) method and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). As well as, effect of irradiation treatment on saponin was also evaluated. Irradiation treatment showed slight differences in the saponin content after exposure to 3 and 6 kGy. Irradiation process enhanced both total phenolic content (TPC) and Total flavonoid content (TFC), TPC were 34.52 and 30.92 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g compared to 26.25 mg GAE/100g in non-irradiated quinoa. TFC were 67.44 and 62.89 mg Quercetin Equivalents (QE)/100g compared to 53.15 mg QE/100g. Irradiation dose 3 kGy significantly (p> 0.05) decreased the IC50 as DPPH-RSA and increased the FRAP.

Resumo Atividades fitoquímica e antioxidante da farinha de quinoa foram analisadas após submissão a processos de irradiação gama nas doses 3 e 6 kGy. As amostras de quinoa não irradiadas e irradiadas foram submetidas a extrações sucessivas em solvente etanol. A atividade antioxidante, após o tratamento com irradiação gama, foi investigada por meio do poder antioxidante redutor férrico (ARF) e da atividade de eliminação de radicais (AER) usando 2,2-difenil-1-picril-hidrazil (DPPH). O conteúdo fenólico total e o teor de flavonoide foram analisados usando o método de Folin-Ciocalteu, método de cloreto de alumínio (AlCl3) e cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). Além disso, o efeito do tratamento de irradiação na saponina também foi avaliado. O tratamento por irradiação não mostrou diferenças significativas no conteúdo de saponina após exposição a 3 e 6 kGy. O processo de irradiação aumentou o conteúdo fenólico total (CFT) e o teor total de flavonoides (TTF); o CFT foi de 34,52 e 30,92 mg de equivalente de ácido gálico (EAG) / 100 g em comparação com 26,25 mg de EAG / 100 g na quinoa não irradiada. Os TTF foram 67,44 e 62,89 mg de equivalentes de quercetina (EQ) / 100 g em comparação com 53,15 mg de EQ / 100 g. A dose de irradiação de 3 kGy diminuiu significativamente (p > 0,05) o IC50 como DPPH-AER e aumentou o ARF.

Gamma radiation treatment applied to microbial decontamination of products derived from eggs collected from the retail market in São Paulo / Tratamento por radiação gama aplicado na descontaminação microbiana de produtos derivados de ovos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo

The quality of products derived from eggs depends on the quality of the raw material source and the industrial production. The contamination by fungi and bacteria can occur after exposure of the product in the retail market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 60 samples of derivated egg products and evaluate the effects of gamma radiation of cobalt-60, using the dose of 5 and 10 kGy, for decontamination of products collected in the retail market in the São Paulo city. The bacterial count was performed by the most probable number (MPN) and the fungal counts by serial dilution after plating surface. It was observed a decrease in the humidity and water activity (Aw) values of irradiated whole egg powder and white egg powder samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant change in the pH of the same samples irradiated with 5 and 10 kGy (p>0.05). In the powdered yolk the values of pH and Aw presented a significant difference (p<0.05), but no significant difference in the humidity values of 5 and 10 kGy irradiated samples (p>0.05). Effective microbial sterilization of all products occurred at the dose of 10 kGy.(AU)

A qualidade dos produtos derivados de ovos depende da qualidade da matéria-prima e da produção industrial. A contaminação por fungos e bactérias pode ocorrer após a exposição do produto no mercado varejista. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 60 amostras de derivados de ovos e avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama de cobalto-60, utilizando-se as doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para descontaminação dos produtos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo. A contagem bacteriana foi realizada pelo número mais provável (MPN), e as contagens fúngicas por diluição seriada em plaqueamento de superfície. Foi observada uma diminuição dos valores da umidade e da atividade de água (Aa) das amostras irradiadas de ovo integral em pó e clara em pó (p<0,05), mas sem alteração significativa do pH nas mesmas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). Em gema em pó, observou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) nos valores de pH e Aa, mas não houve mudança expressiva nos valores de umidade nas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). A esterilização microbiana eficaz de todos os produtos ocorreu com a dose de 10 kGy.(AU)

Gamma radiation treatment applied to microbial decontamination of products derived from eggs collected from the retail market in São Paulo / Tratamento por radiação gama aplicado na descontaminação microbiana de produtos derivados de ovos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo

The quality of products derived from eggs depends on the quality of the raw material source and the industrial production. The contamination by fungi and bacteria can occur after exposure of the product in the retail market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 60 samples of derivated egg products and evaluate the effects of gamma radiation of cobalt-60, using the dose of 5 and 10 kGy, for decontamination of products collected in the retail market in the São Paulo city. The bacterial count was performed by the most probable number (MPN) and the fungal counts by serial dilution after plating surface. It was observed a decrease in the humidity and water activity (Aw) values of irradiated whole egg powder and white egg powder samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant change in the pH of the same samples irradiated with 5 and 10 kGy (p>0.05). In the powdered yolk the values of pH and Aw presented a significant difference (p<0.05), but no significant difference in the humidity values of 5 and 10 kGy irradiated samples (p>0.05). Effective microbial sterilization of all products occurred at the dose of 10 kGy.(AU)

A qualidade dos produtos derivados de ovos depende da qualidade da matéria-prima e da produção industrial. A contaminação por fungos e bactérias pode ocorrer após a exposição do produto no mercado varejista. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 60 amostras de derivados de ovos e avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama de cobalto-60, utilizando-se as doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para descontaminação dos produtos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo. A contagem bacteriana foi realizada pelo número mais provável (MPN), e as contagens fúngicas por diluição seriada em plaqueamento de superfície. Foi observada uma diminuição dos valores da umidade e da atividade de água (Aa) das amostras irradiadas de ovo integral em pó e clara em pó (p<0,05), mas sem alteração significativa do pH nas mesmas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). Em gema em pó, observou-se diferença significativa (p<0,05) nos valores de pH e Aa, mas não houve mudança expressiva nos valores de umidade nas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). A esterilização microbiana eficaz de todos os produtos ocorreu com a dose de 10 kGy.(AU)

Midgut cells alteration in gamma-irradiated beetles (Blaps polycresta, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

Abstract This study was conducted to examine the effect of gamma radiation on biological specimens. Thus, our concept is to clarify that exposure to accumulated dose of 0.2 Gy gamma rays (0.66 rad/Sec. dose rate) from Cs137 source induces cellular perturbations in the midgut epithelium of the F1 progeny of Blaps polycresta, therefore affecting nutrition and growth. Beetles were reared in laboratory conditions and the newly emerged adults were irradiated with the aforementioned dose. Histological and ultrastructure anomalies of midgut cells (digestive and regenerative cells) were observed by 72 h after radiation exposure to ensure that the cells will not return to control state. Retardation in the development of the F1 progeny was also noticed and beetles died through two weeks. In the light of these observations, biological tissue act as an indicator to the continuous exposure to environmental radiation.

Resumo Este estudo foi conduzido para examinar o efeito da radiação gama em espécimes biológicos. Assim, nosso conceito é esclarecer que a exposição à dose acumulada de raios gama de 0,2 Gy (0,66 rad / seg. Dose) da fonte Cs137 induz perturbações celulares no epitélio do intestino médio da progênie F1 de Polycresta blaps, afetando a nutrição e crescimento. Besouros foram criados em condições de laboratório, e os adultos recém-emergidos foram irradiados com a dose acima mencionada. Anomalias histológicas e ultraestruturais das células do intestino médio (células digestivas e regenerativas) foram observadas 72 horas após a exposição à radiação, para garantir que as células não retornariam ao estado de controle. Retardo no desenvolvimento da progênie F1 também foi notado, e besouros morreram por duas semanas. À luz dessas observações, os tecidos biológicos atuam como um indicador para a exposição contínua à radiação ambiental.

Detection of differentially methylated regions of irradiated fig tree selections

Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) breeding programs using conventional methods, such as directed crosses, to obtain new cultivars, are unworkable in many countries, including Brazil. Consequently, genetic breeding through mutagenesis has emerged as an important line of research that can improve this crop, and be a significant source of information about this species and assist in the implementation of propagation projects and appropriate management. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of epigenetic variability attributable to DNA methylation in irradiated fig selections when compared both to each other and to the main commercial cultivar, Roxo-de-Valinhos, which had previously used methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) and DNA sequencing to detect the position of polymorphic regions, analyzable by bioinformatic tools. The sequencing of DNA, isolated from the differentially methylated sites, makes it possible to observe different patterns of methylation by sequencing the treated DNA with sodium bisulfite in the coding regions of regulatory genes active in the development, and fruit ripening stages. Furthermore, they have been found in the mitochondrial DNA of treatments which regulate the supply of energy in Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) form in plants. Closely related to their development, they justify the different phenotypes found in both fruit and plant growth that have suffered stress due to exposure to gamma radiation. Thus, future studies on gene expression in treatments have emerged as an extremely important strategy for understanding these complex regulatory systems, which may lead to the identification of genes of agricultural interest for the fig tree crop, and allow for manipulation and subsequent propagation of improved crops for commercial purposes.

Detection of differentially methylated regions of irradiated fig tree selections

Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) breeding programs using conventional methods, such as directed crosses, to obtain new cultivars, are unworkable in many countries, including Brazil. Consequently, genetic breeding through mutagenesis has emerged as an important line of research that can improve this crop, and be a significant source of information about this species and assist in the implementation of propagation projects and appropriate management. The aim of this study was to verify the existence of epigenetic variability attributable to DNA methylation in irradiated fig selections when compared both to each other and to the main commercial cultivar, Roxo-de-Valinhos, which had previously used methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) and DNA sequencing to detect the position of polymorphic regions, analyzable by bioinformatic tools. The sequencing of DNA, isolated from the differentially methylated sites, makes it possible to observe different patterns of methylation by sequencing the treated DNA with sodium bisulfite in the coding regions of regulatory genes active in the development, and fruit ripening stages. Furthermore, they have been found in the mitochondrial DNA of treatments which regulate the supply of energy in Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) form in plants. Closely related to their development, they justify the different phenotypes found in both fruit and plant growth that have suffered stress due to exposure to gamma radiation. Thus, future studies on gene expression in treatments have emerged as an extremely important strategy for understanding these complex regulatory systems, which may lead to the identification of genes of agricultural interest for the fig tree crop, and allow for manipulation and subsequent propagation of improved crops for commercial purposes.(AU)

Gamma radiation treatment applied to microbial decontamination of products derived from eggs collected from the retail market in São Paulo

ABSTRACT The quality of products derived from eggs depends on the quality of the raw material source and the industrial production. The contamination by fungi and bacteria can occur after exposure of the product in the retail market. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of 60 samples of derivated egg products and evaluate the effects of gamma radiation of cobalt-60, using the dose of 5 and 10 kGy, for decontamination of products collected in the retail market in the São Paulo city. The bacterial count was performed by the most probable number (MPN) and the fungal counts by serial dilution after plating surface. It was observed a decrease in the humidity and water activity (Aw) values of irradiated whole egg powder and white egg powder samples (p 0.05), but there was no significant change in the pH of the same samples irradiated with 5 and 10 kGy (p>0.05). In the powdered yolk the values of pH and Aw presented a significant difference (p 0.05), but no significant difference in the humidity values of 5 and 10 kGy irradiated samples (p>0.05). Effective microbial sterilization of all products occurred at the dose of 10 kGy.

RESUMO A qualidade dos produtos derivados de ovos depende da qualidade da matéria-prima e da produção industrial. A contaminação por fungos e bactérias pode ocorrer após a exposição do produto no mercado varejista. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de 60 amostras de derivados de ovos e avaliar os efeitos da radiação gama de cobalto-60, utilizando-se as doses de 5 e 10 kGy, para descontaminação dos produtos coletados no mercado varejista da cidade de São Paulo. A contagem bacteriana foi realizada pelo número mais provável (MPN), e as contagens fúngicas por diluição seriada em plaqueamento de superfície. Foi observada uma diminuição dos valores da umidade e da atividade de água (Aa) das amostras irradiadas de ovo integral em pó e clara em pó (p 0,05), mas sem alteração significativa do pH nas mesmas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). Em gema em pó, observou-se diferença significativa (p 0,05) nos valores de pH e Aa, mas não houve mudança expressiva nos valores de umidade nas amostras irradiadas com 5 e 10 kGy (p>0,05). A esterilização microbiana eficaz de todos os produtos ocorreu com a dose de 10 kGy.