Chemical and physical variability of traditional varieties of corn (Zea mays L) grown in the Juruá Valley, Acre, Brazil / Variabilidade nutricional e física de variedades tradicionais de milho (Zea mays L) cultivados no vale do Juruá, Acre, Brasil

The traditional varieties of maize grown by family farmers are a source of genetic variability and are essential for food security. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate, based on physical and chemical components, the behavior of the genetic variability of traditional maize cultivated on non-flooded and floodplain areas, in the Juruá region, state of Acre. The characteristics consisted of the determination of dry matter, mineral material, crude protein, ether extract, gross energy, neutral detergent fiber, starch and in vitro digestibility of dry matter, vitreousness and grain density. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, associated with multivariate analysis of principal components (PCA), with the aid of the R software. By means of the PCA, the varieties grown on non-flooded and floodplain areas formed 3 distinct groups, in which the vitreosity in the grains ranged from 73.7% to 79.46%, so that the reddish grain varieties had a greater presence of endosperm vitreous and higher density, with a strong and positive correlation between these variables. The yellow and orange-yellow grain varieties showed greater adherence to energy, starch and greater digestibility. Therefore, the traditional varieties cultivated on non-flooded and floodplain areas, present variations in relation to the physical and chemical analyses.

As variedades tradicionais de milho cultivados pelos agricultores familiares constituem-se em fonte de variabilidade genética e são fundamentais para segurança alimentar. Assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo, avaliar, com base em componentes físicos e químicos, o comportamento da variabilidade genética de milho tradicional cultivadas em terra firme e praia, na regional Vale do Juruá, estado do Acre. As características constaram da determinação de matéria seca, material mineral, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, energia bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, amido e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, vitreosidade e densidade dos grãos. Os dados foram analisados mediante estatística descritiva, associado à análise multivariada de componentes principais (PCA), com auxílio do software R. Por meio da PCA, as variedades cultivadas em terra firme e praia formaram 3 grupos distintos, na qual a vitreosidade nos grãos variou de 73,7% a 79,46%, de modo que, as variedades de grãos avermelhadas apresentaram maior presença de endosperma vítreo e maior densidade, havendo uma correlação forte e positiva entre essas variáveis. Já as variedades de grãos amarelas e amarelas-oranges apresentaram maior aderência a energia, amido e maior digestibilidade. Portanto, as variedades tradicionais cultivadas em terra firme e praia, apresentam variações em relação as análises físicas e químicas.

Morada Nova lambs' meat production potential description through morphometric evaluation / Descrição do potencial de produção de carne de cordeiros Morada Nova por meio da avaliação morfométrica

Morada Nova breed has a low effective herd, and its white variety is in risk of extinction. The selection of individuals based on breed standard without correlation with productive aptitude is predominant today. We believe that the best way to rescue this valuable genetic resource is to describe its productive potential for commercial use. Thus, this study described the meat production potential of Morada Nova lambs through morphological and zoometric data, performance and carcass characteristics. Twenty-four non-castrated male lambs from two genetic groups were used: Morada Nova red (MNR) and crossbreed Morada Nova (red x Morada Nova white-MNF1) distributed in a completely randomized design. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used. The yields of commercial cuts and the physicochemical characteristics and qualitative measurements of the carcass were similar between the genetic groups. Seven of the 28 characteristics of the carcass were greater in MNF1 lambs. The chest height, rump height and anamorphosis index showed to be important variables in the choice of MN lambs with meat production potential. Based on factor and hierarchical cluster analysis, the Morada Nova beef morphometric index (MNBMI) was created. Both of groups have high thoracic development, ability to produce meat, weight gain, feeding efficiency and breathing capacity, infusing greater rusticity and adaptability; however, the application and validation of the developed index showed superiority for meat production in the crossed lambs. Thus, the MNF1 lambs are a sustainable option for sheep production in drylands.

A raça Morada Nova possui um baixo rebanho efetivo, e sua variedade branca está em risco de extinção. A seleção de indivíduos com base no padrão racial sem correlação com a aptidão produtiva é predominante até hoje. Acreditamos que a melhor forma de resgatar esse valioso recurso genético é descrever seu potencial produtivo para uso comercial. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever o potencial de produção de carne de cordeiros Morada Nova por meio de dados morfológicos e zoométricos, desempenho e características de carcaça. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos não castrados de dois grupos genéticos: Morada Nova Vermelho (MNV) e mestiços Morada Nova (vermelho x Morada Nova branco-MNF1) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Análises univariadas e multivariadas foram utilizadas. Os rendimentos dos cortes comerciais e as características físico-químicas e medidas qualitativas da carcaça foram semelhantes entre os grupos genéticos. Sete, das 28 características da carcaça, foram maiores nos cordeiros MNF1. A altura do peito, altura da garupa e índice de anamorfose mostraram-se variáveis ​​importantes na escolha de cordeiros MN com potencial de produção de carne. Com base na análise fatorial e hierárquica de agrupamento, foi elaborado o índice morfométrico da carne da raça Morada Nova (IMCMN). Ambos os grupos apresentam alto desenvolvimento torácico, capacidade de produção de carne, ganho de peso, eficiência alimentar e capacidade respiratória, infundindo maior rusticidade e adaptabilidade, porém, a aplicação e validação do índice desenvolvido mostrou superioridade para produção de carne nos cordeiros cruzados. Assim, os cordeiros MNF1 são uma opção sustentável para a produção ovina em terras áridas.

How does reproduction account for dairy farm sustainability?

Sustainability - the new hype of the 21st century has brought discomfort for the government and society. Sustainable agriculture is essential to face our most concerning challenges: climate change, food security, and the environmental footprint, all of which add to consumers' opinions and choices. Improvements in reproductive indexes can enhance animal production and efficiency, guaranteeing profit and sustainability. Estrus detection, artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), estrus synchronization (ES), and multiple ovulations are some strategies used to improve animal reproduction. This review highlights how reproductive strategies and genetic selection can contribute to sustainable ruminant production. Improved reproductive indices can reduce the number of nonproductive cows in the herd, reducing methane emissions and land use for production while preserving natural resources.(AU)

Biobanks, offspring fitness and the influence of developmental plasticity in conservation biology

Mitigation of the widely known threats to the world's biodiversity is difficult, despite the strategies and actions proposed by international agreements such as the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Nevertheless, many scientists devote their time and effort to finding and implementing various solutions to the problem. One potential way forward that is gaining popularity involves the establishment of biobank programs aimed at preserving and storing germplasm from threatened species, and then using it to support the future viability and health of threatened populations. This involves developing and using assisted reproductive technologies to achieve their goals. Despite considerable advances in the effectiveness of reproductive technologies, differences between the reproductive behavior and physiology of widely differing taxonomic groups mean that this approach cannot be applied with equal success to many species. Moreover, evidence that epigenetic influences and developmental plasticity, whereby it is now understood that embryonic development, and subsequent health in later life, can be affected by peri-conceptional environmental conditions, is raising the possibility that cryopreservation methods themselves may have to be reviewed and revised when planning the biobanks. Here, I describe the benefits and problems associated with germplasm biobanking across various species, but also offer some realistic assessments of current progress and applications.(AU)

Tumor neuroendócrino em coração de cão / Neuroendocrine tumor involving the heart of a dog

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors are epithelial tumors with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation. Ectopic thyroid carcinoma develops in the ectopic thyroid parenchyma, in the anterior mediastinum, being an important differential diagnosis of paraganglioma, although occurring less frequently than the same. The cells invade the mediastinal fat reaching the adventitia of the aorta. There is a possibility of metastatic formations in the lung, kidneys, and pancreas. A supporting treatment was provided. The present study proposes the exposition and description of a case of neuroendocrine tumor in the heart, considering the rarity of the involvement of this tumor in the canine species. Case: A 9-year-old American Bulldog male canine was treated at home in the city of Rio de Janeiro. On clinical examination, dyspnea, edema of the hind limbs and an increase in abdominal volume were observed. With the suspicion of congestive heart failure, mainly on the right, cardiac exams were requested. Because it was an aggressive animal, sedation was performed with a combination of tiletamine and zolazepam. During cardiac auscultation, the presence of S4 was noticed, characterizing a gallop rhythm. No alterations were observed on the electrocardiographic examination. The echocardiogram showed a tumor mass in the atrium and dilation of the venous return vessels. The tumor enveloped 80% of the atrium of a 9-year-old male American Bulldog. The abdominocentesis procedure was performed to drain abdominal free fluid. Furosemide, enalapril and digoxin were prescribed as a treatment. Three months after the start of treatment, the animal presented intense dyspnea that culminated in the death of the patient, who later had the body sent for necropsy and subsequent tissue collection for histopathological analysis. Based on the immunohistochemical markers chromogranin and synaptophysin, the work here presented describes a case of a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma involving a dog's heart. Discussion: Brachycephalic dogs, such as Boxers, Bulldogs and Boston Terriers, are predisposed to the development of paragangliomas. The genetic predisposition is related to hyperplasia of the carotid bodies generated by chronic hypoxia, resulting from obstructive processes in the airways. As the reported dog is an American Bulldog, the possibility of the tumor in question was reinforced. Paragangliomas are more frequent in males from nine to thirteen years of age, commonly associated with other endocrine neoplasms. It is also an important marker present in paragangliomas. In contrast to the literature, the report points to a neuroendocrine tumor suggestive of paraganglioma, without eliminating the possibility of an ectopic thyroid tumor, because although TTF-1 appears in most thyroid tumors, not all of them are present, although it is very suggestive. Treatment in question, attributed to the control of right congestive heart failure, although with little effect, denotes that the obstructive process of the return pathway, even with the use of drugs that prevent congestion, did not delay the evolution of the disease. However, it is observed that the treatment resources for these tumors, whether by surgical or chemotherapy option, also have few answers. The lack of literature on ectopic thyroid tumors influences the diagnosis of paraganglioma. Thus, clinical and complementary findings, mainly along with immunohistochemistry, were essential in the diagnosis of neuroendocrine tumor. After 3 months of the start of the treatment, the animal died.

Genetic diversity of Syagrus cearensis Noblick in natural populations: implications for conservation of genetic resources

The growing extractive activity in forest areas, the inefficient use of management practices combined with the intensification of socioeconomic activities, are the main factors in the loss of biodiversity. In order to reduce environmental impacts, genetic characterization of populations allows to infer about their real situation. Thus, the present study aimed to perform an analysis of the genetic diversity of populations of Syagrus cearensis using ISSR markers. Populations AQU (Aquicultura), MTB (Mata do Bebo) and MOD (Mata Olho d´água) were sampled, totaling 53 individuals. ISSR markers generated a total of 61 loci. The AQU population had the highest polymorphism index (71%), followed by MTB (57%) and MOD (53%). AQU showed the highest index of genetic diversity, compared to the MTB and MOD populations. There was a high and significant genetic differentiation between populations. Bayesian analysis identified the existence of two groups (K = 2). The genetic bottleneck test was significant for the AQU and MOD populations, according to the SMM model. Thus, the populations of genetic diversity index close to the averages found for tropical species with a similar life history. The presence of a genetic bottleneck was detected in populations. The AQU population presented low sharing of genotypes with the others and should be prioritized in conservation activities.(AU)

Molecular diversity and ecogeographic distribution of Algerian wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris)

Olive is one of the most important crops in the Mediterranean Basin, because of the olive oil economic value and its role in characterization of the rural landscape. The strong influence of climatic changes on the modern agriculture and the availability of a large source of genetic variability pose as crucial future challenges. Therefore, safeguarding olive genetic resources becomes fundamental, not only in cultivated forms in ex situ collections, but also in terms of wild trees in their natural habitat. In this study, 174 samples of oleaster collected in different parts of Algeria were analyzed by 16 nuclear Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs). The analysis showed a huge genetic variability in the oleaster, and the STRUCTURE and Principal Coordinate Analyses (PCoA) highlighted clusterization of genotypes according to their geographic origin and bioclimatic conditions. Genotypes adapted to harsh climatic conditions were identified, which could be useful to enrich the panel of olive genotypes for breeding purposes and preserve genetic diversity of this species from erosion risks.(AU)

Genetic and symbiotic characterization of rhizobia nodulating legumes in a mining area in southeast Brazil

ABSTRACT: Identification and selection of nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains for inoculation into native leguminous tree species can assist in the recovery of degraded areas. Additionally, native strains from these areas are genetic resources adapted to these conditions and are thus suitable for selection. The aim of this study was to symbiotically and genetically characterize 18 bacterial strains from the Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium genera isolated from Machaerium nyctitans, Platypodium elegans, and Ormosia arborea grown in a nursery in an iron mining area. Three experiments were conducted under axenic conditions in a greenhouse. The nodulation capacity of the strains was evaluated by the number (NN) and dry matter (NDM) of nodules. Symbiotic efficiency was evaluated based on the following parameters: SPAD index (SPAD), shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM), and total dry matter (TDM) of the plants, relative efficiency (RE), shoot nitrogen content (SNC), and total nitrogen content in the plant (TNC). The atpD and gyrB housekeeping genes and the nifH gene were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis, and the nodC and nodD symbiotic genes of the strains were amplified. Out of the 18 strains, 16 were authenticated by nodulation capacity in the species of origin. The SPAD variable allowed for the detection of differences between treatments before the SDM. Additionally, the SPAD index showed correlation with TNC, and the strain Bradyrhizobium sp., UFLA01-839, which may represent a new species, was outstanding in Machaerium nyctitans. The nifH, nodD, and nodC genes were detected in UFLA01-839.

Genetic evaluation and selection of cocoa tree clones / Avaliação genética e seleção de clones de cacaueiro

The cultivation of cocoa is of great socio-economic importance worldwide. Cocoa beans are the essential raw material for chocolate production. The variability of cacao studied presents only a small fraction of the existing genetic diversity, mainly in the Amazon region. Furthermore, just a small part of this variability has been exploited in cocoa breeding. Thus, the present study processed the genetic evaluation and selection of cocoa clones, based on morpho-agronomical traits. For this, we evaluated 145 clones, during 37 harvests from, four consecutive years. The following traits were evaluated: total number of fruits collected (TNFC), total number of healthy fruits (TNHF), weight of wet seeds from healthy fruits (WWSHF), average weight of wet seeds per healthy fruit (AWWSHF), weight of dry seeds from healthy fruit (WDSHF), average weight of dry seeds per healthy fruit (AWDSHF), percentage of fruits with witches' broom disease (PFWB), percentage of fruits with borer (PFBR), percentage of fruits with germinated seeds (PFGS), number of branches with witches' broom disease (NBWB), and number of inflorescence with witches' broom disease (NIWB). Significant differences (P < 0.05) among the clones were observed for all traits, which reveal an expressive variability and possibility of gains with selection. The highest significant correlations (P < 0.05) occurred between traits TNFC and TNHF (0.94), TNHF and AWWSHF (0.86), and TNHF and AWDSHF (0.86). Based on the selection index, the clones POUND 12 and CAB 12, 228, 253, 257, 258, and 422 were the most suitable for selection.

O cultivo do cacau tem grande importância socioeconômica mundial. Os amêndoas de cacau são a matéria-prima essencial para a produção de chocolate. A variabilidade do cacaueiro avaliada representa apenas uma pequena fração da diversidade genética existente, principalmente na região amazônica. Além disso, apenas uma pequena parte dessa variabilidade foi explorada no melhoramento de cacau. Dessa forma, o presente estudo teve como objetivo realizar a avaliação genética e seleção de clones de cacau, com base em características morfo-agronômicas. Para isso, foram avaliados 145 clones, durante 37 colheitas, em quatro anos consecutivos. As seguintes características de frutos e sementes foram avaliadas: número total de frutos colhidos (NTFC), número total de frutos sadios (NTFS), peso de sementes úmidas dos frutos sadios (PSUFS), peso médio de sementes úmidas dos frutos sadios (PMSUFS), peso de sementes secas dos frutos sadios (PSSFS), peso médio de sementes secas dos frutos sadios (PMSSFS), porcentagem de frutos com vassoura-de-bruxa (PFVB), porcentagem de frutos com broca (PFBR), porcentagem de frutos com sementes germinadas (PFSG), número de ramos com vassoura-de-bruxa (NRVB) e número de almofadas florais com vassoura-de-bruxa (NAFVB). Diferenças significativas (P < 0,05) entre os clones foram observadas para todas as características, o que revela uma expressiva variabilidade e possibilidade de ganhos com a seleção. As maiores correlações significativas (P < 0,05) ocorreram entre os caracteres NTFC e NTFS (0,94), NTFS e PMSUFS (0,86) e, NTFS e PMSSFS (0,86). Com base no índice de seleção, os clones POUND 12 e CAB 12, 228, 253, 257, 258 e 422 foram considerados os mais adequados para a seleção.

Morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes

Abstract Summer apples are one of the most important plant community in Artvin province located Northeastern part of Turkey. In present study 22 local apple genotypes were characterized by phenological, morphological, biochemical and sensory properties. Harvest date was the main phenological data. Morphological measurements included fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit ground color, fruit over color, fruit over color coverage and fruit firmness, respectively. Sensory measurements were as juiciness and aroma and biochemical characteristics included organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Genotypes exhibited variable harvest dates ranging from 11 July to 13 August and cv. Summered harvested 30 July 2017. The majority of genotypes were harvested before cv. Summered. Fruit weight were also quite variable among genotypes which found to be between 89 g and 132 g, and most of the genotypes had bigger fruits than cv. Summered. Pink, red, yellow and green fruit skin color was evident and main fruit shape were determined as round, conic and oblate among genotypes. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 and ART08-22 had distinct bigger fruits and ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 and ART08-17 had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study showed significant differences for most of the phenological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics. Thus, the phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes were distinguishable and these results suggest that phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical differences of the summer apple genotypes can be attributed to differences in genetic background of genotypes which placed different groups by PCoA analysis.

Resumo As maçãs cultivadas no verão são uma das culturas vegetais mais importantes da província de Artvin, localizada no nordeste da Turquia. No presente estudo, 22 genótipos locais de maçã foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais. As características analisadas foram peso do fruto, data da colheita, forma do fruto, coloração da casca, firmeza do fruto, suculência, aroma, teor de ácidos orgânicos e de sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, teor fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os genótipos exibiram datas de colheita que variaram de 11 de julho a 13 de agosto, e a cultivar de verão foi colhida em 30 de julho 2017. A maioria dos genótipos foi colhida antes da cultivar de verão. O peso dos frutos também foi bastante variável entre os genótipos, apresentando entre 89 e 132 g, e a maioria dos genótipos apresentou frutos maiores que a cultivar de verão. As colorações rosa, vermelho, amarelo e verde da casca dos frutos foram as mais evidentes, e a forma principal dos frutos foi determinada como redonda, cônica e oblata entre os genótipos. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 e ART08-22 apresentaram frutos maiores distintos, e ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 e ART08-17 apresentaram maior conteúdo fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os resultados do estudo mostraram diferenças significativas para a maioria das características morfológicas, sensoriais e bioquímicas. Assim, essas características dos genótipos da maçã cultivadas no verão foram distintos, e esses resultados podem ser atribuídos a diferenças no contexto genético dos genótipos.

Sugar content variation in elephant grass germplasm / Variação do teor de açúcar em germoplasma de capim-elefante

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to estimate sugar content variation (°Brix) in 95 accessions from the elephant grass germplasm active bank of Embrapa Dairy Cattle research center, located in Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil. The accessions with the highest sugar content were identified, and the effect of plant age on sugar concentration was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design with two replications. Sugar content analysis occurred twice during the growth-cycle (at 70 and 100 days) along two points of the stem, one 30 cm from the base and the other at the midpoint. The analysis of variance considered the split plot model, with accessions as main plots and plant age as subplots. The means were compared using the Scott Knott test. While there was sugar content variation between accessions, increased plant age had no significant effect on the sugar content. However, some accessions did have a significant increase or decrease in sugar content as they aged. The highest and lowest mean sugar content was 6.96% (in the accession BAG80) and 4.03% (in the accession BAG13) °Brix, respectively.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a variação do teor de açúcar (°Brix) existente entre 95 acessos do banco ativo de germoplasma de capim-elefante da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado no campo experimental de Coronel Pacheco. Foram identificados os acessos com maior teor de açúcar, bem como avaliado o efeito da idade da planta sobre a variação da concentração de açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições, 95 genótipos, duas idades de planta, 70 e 100 dias de crescimento, e análise do teor de açúcar em duas secções amostradas à 30 cm da base e na metade do colmo. A análise de variância considerou modelo de parcela subdividida no tempo, sendo os acessos, as parcelas e a idade da planta as subparcelas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott. Observou-se variação no teor de açúcar entre os acessos, porém não foi observado efeito significativo no teor de açúcar devido ao aumento da idade da planta. Entretanto, alguns acessos apresentaram interação significativa com aumento ou redução do teor de açúcar em decorrência do aumento da idade da planta. O acesso de maior média de teor de açúcares entre as duas idades foi BAG80, com 6,96%, e o de menor foi BAG13, com 4,03%.

Genetic and symbiotic characterization of rhizobia nodulating legumes in a mining area in southeast Brazil

Identification and selection of nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains for inoculation into native leguminous tree species can assist in the recovery of degraded areas. Additionally, native strains from these areas are genetic resources adapted to these conditions and are thus suitable for selection. The aim of this study was to symbiotically and genetically characterize 18 bacterial strains from the Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium genera isolated from Machaerium nyctitans, Platypodium elegans, and Ormosia arborea grown in a nursery in an iron mining area. Three experiments were conducted under axenic conditions in a greenhouse. The nodulation capacity of the strains was evaluated by the number (NN) and dry matter (NDM) of nodules. Symbiotic efficiency was evaluated based on the following parameters: SPAD index (SPAD), shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM), and total dry matter (TDM) of the plants, relative efficiency (RE), shoot nitrogen content (SNC), and total nitrogen content in the plant (TNC). The atpD and gyrB housekeeping genes and the nifH gene were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis, and the nodC and nodD symbiotic genes of the strains were amplified. Out of the 18 strains, 16 were authenticated by nodulation capacity in the species of origin. The SPAD variable allowed for the detection of differences between treatments before the SDM. Additionally, the SPAD index showed correlation with TNC, and the strain Bradyrhizobium sp., UFLA01-839, which may represent a new species, was outstanding in Machaerium nyctitans. The nifH, nodD, and nodC genes were detected in UFLA01-839.

Genetic and symbiotic characterization of rhizobia nodulating legumes in a mining area in southeast Brazil

Identification and selection of nitrogen-fixing bacterial strains for inoculation into native leguminous tree species can assist in the recovery of degraded areas. Additionally, native strains from these areas are genetic resources adapted to these conditions and are thus suitable for selection. The aim of this study was to symbiotically and genetically characterize 18 bacterial strains from the Rhizobium and Bradyrhizobium genera isolated from Machaerium nyctitans, Platypodium elegans, and Ormosia arborea grown in a nursery in an iron mining area. Three experiments were conducted under axenic conditions in a greenhouse. The nodulation capacity of the strains was evaluated by the number (NN) and dry matter (NDM) of nodules. Symbiotic efficiency was evaluated based on the following parameters: SPAD index (SPAD), shoot dry matter (SDM), root dry matter (RDM), and total dry matter (TDM) of the plants, relative efficiency (RE), shoot nitrogen content (SNC), and total nitrogen content in the plant (TNC). The atpD and gyrB housekeeping genes and the nifH gene were sequenced for phylogenetic analysis, and the nodC and nodD symbiotic genes of the strains were amplified. Out of the 18 strains, 16 were authenticated by nodulation capacity in the species of origin. The SPAD variable allowed for the detection of differences between treatments before the SDM. Additionally, the SPAD index showed correlation with TNC, and the strain Bradyrhizobium sp., UFLA01-839, which may represent a new species, was outstanding in Machaerium nyctitans. The nifH, nodD, and nodC genes were detected in UFLA01-839.

Morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes / Características morfológicas, sensoriais e bioquímicas de genótipos de maçã cultivada no verão

Summer apples are one of the most important plant community in Artvin province located Northeastern part of Turkey. In present study 22 local apple genotypes were characterized by phenological, morphological, biochemical and sensory properties. Harvest date was the main phenological data. Morphological measurements included fruit weight, fruit shape, fruit ground color, fruit over color, fruit over color coverage and fruit firmness, respectively. Sensory measurements were as juiciness and aroma and biochemical characteristics included organic acids, SSC (Soluble Solid Content), vitamin C, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. Genotypes exhibited variable harvest dates ranging from 11 July to 13 August and cv. Summered harvested 30 July 2017. The majority of genotypes were harvested before cv. Summered. Fruit weight were also quite variable among genotypes which found to be between 89 g and 132 g, and most of the genotypes had bigger fruits than cv. Summered. Pink, red, yellow and green fruit skin color was evident and main fruit shape were determined as round, conic and oblate among genotypes. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 and ART08-22 had distinct bigger fruits and ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 and ART08-17 had higher total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity. The results of the study showed significant differences for most of the phenological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics. Thus, the phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical characteristics of summer apple genotypes were distinguishable and these results suggest that phonological, morphological, sensory and biochemical differences of the summer apple genotypes can be attributed to differences in genetic background of genotypes which placed different groups by PCoA analysis.

As maçãs cultivadas no verão são uma das culturas vegetais mais importantes da província de Artvin, localizada no nordeste da Turquia. No presente estudo, 22 genótipos locais de maçã foram caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades morfológicas, bioquímicas e sensoriais. As características analisadas foram peso do fruto, data da colheita, forma do fruto, coloração da casca, firmeza do fruto, suculência, aroma, teor de ácidos orgânicos e de sólidos solúveis, vitamina C, teor fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os genótipos exibiram datas de colheita que variaram de 11 de julho a 13 de agosto, e a cultivar de verão foi colhida em 30 de julho 2017. A maioria dos genótipos foi colhida antes da cultivar de verão. O peso dos frutos também foi bastante variável entre os genótipos, apresentando entre 89 e 132 g, e a maioria dos genótipos apresentou frutos maiores que a cultivar de verão. As colorações rosa, vermelho, amarelo e verde da casca dos frutos foram as mais evidentes, e a forma principal dos frutos foi determinada como redonda, cônica e oblata entre os genótipos. ART08-9, ART08-4, ART08-21 e ART08-22 apresentaram frutos maiores distintos, e ART08-1, ART08-2, ART08-5, ART08-12 e ART08-17 apresentaram maior conteúdo fenólico total e capacidade antioxidante. Os resultados do estudo mostraram diferenças significativas para a maioria das características morfológicas, sensoriais e bioquímicas. Assim, essas características dos genótipos da maçã cultivadas no verão foram distintos, e esses resultados podem ser atribuídos a diferenças no contexto genético dos genótipos.

Molecular profiling of bacterial blight resistance in Malaysian rice cultivars / Perfil molecular da resistência à ferrugem bacteriana em cultivares de arroz da Malásia

Bacteria blight is one of the most serious bacterial diseases of rice worldwide. The identification of genetic potential against bacterial blight in the existing rice resources is a prerequisite to develop multigenic resistance to combat the threat of climate change. This investigation was conducted to evaluate alleles variation in 38 Malaysian cultivars using thirteen Simple Sequences Repeats markers and one Sequence Tagged Sites (STS) marker which were reported to be linked with the resistance to bacterial blight. Based on molecular data, a dendrogram was constructed which classified the rice cultivars into seven major clusters at 0.0, 0.28 and 0.3 of similarity coefficient. Cluster 5 was the largest group comprised of ten rice cultivars where multiple genes were identified. However, xa13 could not be detected in the current rice germplasm, whereas xa2 was detected in 25 cultivars. Molecular analysis revealed that Malaysian rice cultivars possess multigenic resistance.

A ferrugem bacteriana é uma das doenças bacterianas mais graves do arroz em todo o mundo. A identificação do potencial genético contra a ferrugem bacteriana nos recursos de arroz existentes é um pré-requisito para desenvolver resistência multigênica no combate à ameaça da mudança climática. Esta investigação foi conduzida para avaliar a variação de alelos em 38 cultivares da Malásia usando 13 marcadores Simple Sequences Repeats (SSR) e 1 marcador Sequence Tagged Sites (STS), que foram relatados como associados à resistência à ferrugem bacteriana. Com base em dados moleculares, foi construído um dendrograma que classificou as cultivares de arroz em sete grandes agrupamentos a 0,0, 0,28 e 0,3 de coeficiente de similaridade. O Cluster 5 foi o maior grupo composto por 10 cultivares de arroz, no qual múltiplos genes foram identificados. No entanto, xa13 não pôde ser detectado no germoplasma atual de arroz, enquanto xa2 foi detectado em 25 cultivares. A análise molecular revelou que as cultivares de arroz da Malásia possuem resistência multigênica.

Sugar content variation in elephant grass germplasm / Variação do teor de açúcar em germoplasma de capim-elefante

The objective of this study was to estimate sugar content variation (°Brix) in 95 accessions from the elephant grass germplasm active bank of Embrapa Dairy Cattle research center, located in Coronel Pacheco, MG, Brazil. The accessions with the highest sugar content were identified, and the effect of plant age on sugar concentration was evaluated. The experiment was conducted in randomized blocks design with two replications. Sugar content analysis occurred twice during the growth-cycle (at 70 and 100 days) along two points of the stem, one 30 cm from the base and the other at the midpoint. The analysis of variance considered the split plot model, with accessions as main plots and plant age as subplots. The means were compared using the Scott Knott test. While there was sugar content variation between accessions, increased plant age had no significant effect on the sugar content. However, some accessions did have a significant increase or decrease in sugar content as they aged. The highest and lowest mean sugar content was 6.96% (in the accession BAG80) and 4.03% (in the accession BAG13) °Brix, respectively.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a variação do teor de açúcar (°Brix) existente entre 95 acessos do banco ativo de germoplasma de capim-elefante da Embrapa Gado de Leite, localizado no campo experimental de Coronel Pacheco. Foram identificados os acessos com maior teor de açúcar, bem como avaliado o efeito da idade da planta sobre a variação da concentração de açúcar. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições, 95 genótipos, duas idades de planta, 70 e 100 dias de crescimento, e análise do teor de açúcar em duas secções amostradas à 30 cm da base e na metade do colmo. A análise de variância considerou modelo de parcela subdividida no tempo, sendo os acessos, as parcelas e a idade da planta as subparcelas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Scott Knott. Observou-se variação no teor de açúcar entre os acessos, porém não foi observado efeito significativo no teor de açúcar devido ao aumento da idade da planta. Entretanto, alguns acessos apresentaram interação significativa com aumento ou redução do teor de açúcar em decorrência do aumento da idade da planta. O acesso de maior média de teor de açúcares entre as duas idades foi BAG80, com 6,96%, e o de menor foi BAG13, com 4,03%.

Variability of individuals from a population Varronia curassavica Jacq considering volatile compounds / Variabilidade de indivíduos de uma população de Varonia curassavica Jacq a partir de compostos voláteis

Varronia curassavica is a medicinal species native to Brazil; its anti-inflammatory properties are attributed to α-humulene and ß-caryophyllene. This study to investigated the population variability of V. curassavica. Leaves were collected from 40 individuals of a natural population and transferred to glass flasks (2 mL). The volatiles were extracted and analyzed using static headspace gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS). A total of 17 compounds were detected: monoterpenes (1.6% - 68%) and sesquiterpenes (25.7% - 79.0%), including α-humulene and ß-caryophyllene. Multivariate analysis was performed to estimate the dissimilarity of individuals separated the compounds into four groups. Group I was characterized by the content of α-pinene, groups II and IV by ß-caryophyllene, and group III by ß-pinene. The abundance of α-humulene showed small variations; while ß-caryophyllene showed larger variations that contributed to the population variability. This is the first report on the chemical composition analysis of volatile compounds in V. curassavica using the HS-GC-MS technique.

Varronia curassavica é uma espécie medicinal nativa no Brasil e sua propriedade anti-inflamatória é atribuída aos compostos α-humuleno e ß-cariofileno. O objetivo foi estudar a variabilidade de população de V. curassavica. Foram coletadas folhas de 40 indivíduos de população natural, sendo estas transferidas para frascos de vidro (2 mL). Os voláteis foram extraídos e analisados por headspace estático, associado à cromatografia gasosa, acoplada à espectrometria de massas (HS-CG-EM). Detectou-se 17 compostos: monoterpenos (1,6% - 68%) e sesquiterpenos (25,7% - 79,0%), incluindo o α-humuleno e o ß-cariofileno. A análise multivariada foi realizada para estimar a dissimilaridade dos indivíduos, a qual separou quatro grupos. O grupo I foi caracterizado pela presença do α-pineno, os grupos II e IV do ß-cariofileno e o grupo III do ß-pineno. O teor do α-humuleno apresentou pequenas variações, enquanto o do ß-cariofileno contribuiu mais para a variabilidade da população. É o primeiro relato de análise da composição química de compostos voláteis de V. curassavica utilizando a técnica HS-GC-MS.

Effect of glycerol addition time on the cryopreserved Korean native brindle cattle (Chikso) sperm quality

Although cryopreservation is an efficient method for maintaining the biological and genetic resources of sperm, the sperm damage during the cryopreservation process cannot be ignored. It should be possible to obtain the most effective cryopreservation performance by accurately grasping the effects of various factors on the cryopreservation of sperm. The previous study demonstrated that a suitable standard protocol for cryopreservation of Korean native brindled cattle (Chikso) does not exist, based on the methods for semen cryopreservation of Chikso differ in each research center. The most obvious difference between most of protocols is the addition of glycerol before and after cooling during the Chikso cryopreserved semen process. Therefore we focused on the effects of glycerol addition time on the quality of cryopreserved Chikso sperm. In the present study, 27 individual Chikso samples were collected by transrectal massage and divided into two parts: the "cryopreservation method A" group (adding glycerol before cooling) and the "cryopreservation method B" group (adding glycerol after cooling). Meanwhile, the values of various sperm parameters were derived from each group, including sperm motility, kinematics, capacitation status, cell viability, and intracellular ATP levels, which we used to compare and evaluate sperm function. The results of this study indicated that during the semen cryopreservation process of the Chikso, the addition of glycerol after cooling yielded superior results in a variety of sperm parameters, such as sperm motility, progressive motility, rapid motility, VCL, VSL, VAP, ALH, capacitation status, viability, and intracellular ATP level after freezing and thawing. Our study is suggested that the glycerol addition time during the cryopreservation process for Chikso should be considered. In addition, our results may be provided reference to develop suitable the cryopreservation procedure of the Chikso sperm.(AU)

Importance of the study of reproduction in small animals and preservation of species / Importancia del estudio de la reproducción en animales pequeños y la preservación de especies / Importância do estudo da reprodução em pequenos animais e preservação das espécies

Although reproduction in small animals is relatively current, its objectives are very varied. Initially they were used as a study model in physiology and various pathologies. In the same way, many small animals are produced as food and finally, in the last 20 years, the importance of pets and the intensification in the selection of canine and feline breeds, has caused an important impulse in the development of new scientific information. Although currently technical resources have advanced substantially, there are still many basic and important issues that have not yet been elucidated by formal science. Global threats facing wild species include the consequences of climate change, population growth, urbanization, air and water pollution, and the release of chemicals into the environment, causing, on average, 25% of animals are in danger of extinction. Wild animal populations are small and dispersed in their habitat with little or no opportunity for genetic exchange, which has generated in recent years many programs to preserve wild species and design appropriate strategies that lead to sustainable populations. Fortunately, recent and inspiring advances in the science of wildlife reproduction have been reported that will set directions for future research and will surely lead to further successes in conservation biology.(AU)

Biobancos para a conservação da vida silvestre: desafios e perspectivas / Biobanks for wildlife conservation: challenges and prospects

Um repositório de amostras biológicas, ou biobanco, pode ser definido como uma coleção-base de amostras orgânicas de origem humana, animal, vegetal ou microbiana, destinados para a conservação da ampla variabilidade dos recursos genéticos, apresentando-se como uma alternativa para a manutenção da biodiversidade. Esses repositórios são instrumentos indispensáveis no proposito de salvaguardar e coordenar um conjunto de informações da fauna silvestre, dando origem a uma rede de dados para o desenvolvimento de estratégias para a conservação de espécimes com genótipos raros ou ameaçados. Portanto, esta revisão tem como objetivo ressaltar a importância e aplicabilidade dos biobancos para a conservação da vida silvestre, destacando o estado da arte, e enfatizando os aspectos técnicos, procedimentos necessários para sua implementação e quais os principais desafios e pespectivas para o aprimoramento e utilização desse recurso na biotecnologia reprodutiva.(AU)

A repository of biological samples or biobanks can be defined as a base collection of organic samples of human, animal, plant or microbial origin, intended for the conservation of the wide variability of genetic resources, presenting itself as an alternative for the maintenance of the biodiversity. These repositories are indispensable instruments for the purpose of safeguarding and coordinating a set of information on wildlife, giving rise to a data network for the development of strategies for the conservation of specimens with rare or endangered genotypes. Therefore, this review aims to highlight the importance and applicability of biobanks for the conservation of wildlife, highlighting the state of the art, and emphasizing the technical aspects, as well as the necessary procedures for its implementation and what are the main challenges and perspectives for the improvement and use of this resource in reproductive biotechnology.(AU)