Second world record for two Calvatia species (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota)

Abstract Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.

Resumo Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.

Redescription and expansion of the geographic distribution of Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata (Siluriformes: Heptapteridae)

Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata is redescribed, and the expansion of its geographic distribution is presented based on abundant new records. Morphological analysis, meristic comparison and osteological description were performed. No one autapomorphy was identified for P. nigrolineata, but the species is identified by an exclusive combination of characters of coloration of the body, morphometric and meristic data (snout length, maxillary and outer mental barbels length; number of vertebrae). A discussion of its geographic distribution, coloration pattern of the body, the putative relationships among some species of the genus, and its conservation status are presented.(AU)

Phenacorhamdia nigrolineata é redescrita e a expansão de sua distribuição geográfica é apresentada com base em abundantes novos registros. Foram realizadas análises morfológicas, comparação merística e descrição osteológica. Nenhuma autapomorfia foi identificada para P. nigrolineata, mas a espécie é identificada por uma combinação exclusiva de caracteres de colorido do corpo, dados morfométricos e merísticos (comprimento do focinho, comprimento dos barbilhões maxilares e mentais externos; número de vértebras). Uma discussão dessa distribuição geográfica, padrão de coloração do corpo, as supostas relações entre algumas espécies do gênero e seu estado de conservação são apresentados.(AU)

Studies of Brazilian birds along altitudinal gradients: a critical review

Brazil is home to many mountain ranges which harbor diverse avifauna. However, studies on the altitudinal distribution of Brazilian birds are still few and many have never been published, hampering both the dissemination of basic information and conservation actions. Here we present a critical review of ornithological studies undertaken in Brazilian mountain ranges, and propose a classification of geographic scope, altitudinal gradient, and methodology. Since 1922, 184 ornithological studies included altitude in some way in Brazil, encompassing a variety of research topics and species. About a quarter of these studies were never published in peer-reviewed journals, and 39% do not provide basic data on elevation nor link the bird species with sampling plots, thus limiting their applicability. The majority of studies are concentrated (83%) in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the Serra do Mar range, and so most data are associated with the Atlantic Forest. Gaps remain in other regions, such as Amazonia (Pantepui region). Most studies either did not sample the entire elevation gradient, were not standardized, lacked explicit hypothesis, or did not account for a seasonal sampling embracing the four seasons of the year, so interpretation of the observed patterns remains difficult. With this compilation, we organize the available information and point to future altitudinal research on birds, in addition to highlighting the importance of preserving habitats along altitudinal gradients in the mountainous regions in Brazil.(AU)

Filling in a biogeographic gap: the first Trichomycteridae from the Parnaíba River basin (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Trichomycterid catfishes have long been considered as absent in the Parnaíba River basin, Northeastern Brazil, in what constitutes their most conspicuous gap in geographic distribution. Herein we report on the first occurrence of the family in that basin. The new species is described from the riacho da Volta, right tributary to the upper rio Parnaíba, Piauí State. It is distinguished from its congeners by the combination of two or three pairs of ribs; 36­38 post Weberian vertebrae; a color pattern composed of round, similar-sized, non-coalescent spots; I,5 pectoral-fin rays; the first haemal arch on the 5th or 6th vertebrae; and the first completely fused (to the tip) haemal spine on the 15th vertebra. A putative autapomorphy is the partial (minimally 50% of their length) or total fusion between the anterior arms of the basipterygium. Preliminary evidence suggests that the new species can be related to northern South American forms, a pattern that fits the general Amazonian relationships of the fishes in the Parnaíba River drainage. Although the new species fills in an important qualitative gap in trichomycterid continental distribution, the taxon is apparently rare and extremely restricted in distribution, with the type series being its only record so far. The paucity of trichomycterids in the Parnaíba remains a puzzling biogeographical phenomenon.(AU)

Os bagres tricomicterídeos têm estado surpreendentemente ausentes na bacia do rio Parnaíba, Nordeste do Brasil, no que constitui sua lacuna mais evidente na distribuição. Relatamos a primeira ocorrência da família na bacia. A espécie nova é descrita do riacho da Volta, tributário do lado direito do alto rio Parnaíba em Uruçuí, Piauí. Ela é distinguida de suas congêneres pela combinação de dois ou três pares de costelas; 36­38 vértebras pós weberianas; padrão de coloração composto de manchas arredondas, de tamanhos semelhantes e não coalescentes; I,5 raios nas nadadeiras peitorais; o primeiro arco haemal na 5° ou 6° vértebra, e o primeiro espinho haemal completamente fusionado (até a extremidade) na 15° vértebra. Uma possível autapomorfia é a fusão parcial (mínimo de 50% do seu comprimento) ou total entre os braços anteriores do basiopterígio. Evidências preliminares sugerem que a espécie nova pode estar relacionada com as formas do norte da América do Sul, padrão que se encaixa nas relações amazônicas dos peixes da drenagem do rio Parnaíba. Embora a espécie nova preencha uma importante lacuna na distribuição continental dos tricomicterídeos, o táxon é aparentemente raro e extremamente restrito em distribuição, sendo a série-tipo seu único registro até o momento.(AU)

Studies of Brazilian birds along altitudinal gradients: a critical review

Brazil is home to many mountain ranges which harbor diverse avifauna. However, studies on the altitudinal distribution of Brazilian birds are still few and many have never been published, hampering both the dissemination of basic information and conservation actions. Here we present a critical review of ornithological studies undertaken in Brazilian mountain ranges, and propose a classification of geographic scope, altitudinal gradient, and methodology. Since 1922, 184 ornithological studies included altitude in some way in Brazil, encompassing a variety of research topics and species. About a quarter of these studies were never published in peer-reviewed journals, and 39% do not provide basic data on elevation nor link the bird species with sampling plots, thus limiting their applicability. The majority of studies are concentrated (83%) in southern and southeastern Brazil, especially in the Serra do Mar range, and so most data are associated with the Atlantic Forest. Gaps remain in other regions, such as Amazonia (Pantepui region). Most studies either did not sample the entire elevation gradient, were not standardized, lacked explicit hypothesis, or did not account for a seasonal sampling embracing the four seasons of the year, so interpretation of the observed patterns remains difficult. With this compilation, we organize the available information and point to future altitudinal research on birds, in addition to highlighting the importance of preserving habitats along altitudinal gradients in the mountainous regions in Brazil.(AU)

Synopsis of the parasitic wasps Bephrata (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) in Brazil / Sinopse das vespas parasitoides Bephrata (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea, Eurytomidae) no Brasil

This study is focused on the parasitic wasps Bephrata Cameron, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), a small and poorly represented genus in entomological collections. Herein we report new geographical records to Bephrata bahiae (Ashmead, 1904), B. bouceki Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. cultriformis (Ashmead, 1894), B. leptogaster Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. lorraineae Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. ruficollis Cameron 1884 and B. ticos Gates & Hanson, 2009. Except for B. bahiae, B. chica Gates & Hanson, 2009 and B. christeri Gates & Hanson, 2009, all other studied species were recorded for the first time to Brazil. Additionally, we provide maps with the geographical distribution of the studied species based on the new records and literature data, and an identification key for the species recorded in Brazil. With these new records there are currently nine species of Bephrata known in Brazil.

O presente estudo tem foco nos Bephrata Cameron, 1884 (Hymenoptera, Eurytomidae), um pequeno gênero de vespas parasitoides pouco representado em coleções entomológicas. Aqui relatamos novos registros geográficos para Bephrata bahiae (Ashmead, 1904), B. bouceki Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. cultriformis (Ashmead, 1894), B. leptogaster Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. lorraineae Gates & Hanson, 2009, B. ruficollis Cameron 1884 and B. ticos Gates & Hanson, 2009. À exceção de B. bahiae, B. chica Gates & Hanson, 2009 e B. christeri Gates & Hanson, 2009, as demais espécies estudadas foram registradas pela primeira vez para o Brasil. Adicionalmente fornecemos mapas com a distribuição geográfica das espécies estudadas baseados em novos registros e dados da literatura e uma chave de identificação para espécies conhecidas para o Brasil. Com esses novos registros há, na atualidade, nove espécies de Bephrata conhecidas no Brasil.

Second world record for two Calvatia species (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota) / Segundo registro mundial para duas espécies de Calvatia (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota)

Abstract Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.

Resumo Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.

First record of the heart urchin Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1791) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the coastal region of Paraná, southern Brazil

This study presents the first record of the cordiform echinoid Plagiobrissus grandis (Gmelin, 1791) (Echinoidea: Spatangoida: Brissidae) in Paraná's shallow inner shelf, in addition to a brief description of its location, body measurements, sex determination, and reproductive status. Two specimens were recorded between 2015 (bycatch by artisanal fishing) and 2016 (observed by scuba diving). The only specimen ­ with severe signs of weakness ­ captured was donated to Associação MarBrasil and kept in an aquarium for rehabilitation (8 days), where it was possible to observe digging movements, burying skills (partially), and camouflage or covering behavior. The organism was sent to the UNESPAR campus of Paranaguá and was photographed, measured (length: 155.65 mm, width: 118.93 mm, and maximum test height: 41.31 mm), fixed, and properly preserved. Digitized images of the histological preparation showed that it was a female in the recovery stage (or nutritional re-serve) of the reproductive cycle. Regardless of their limitations, the current records for the Brissidae family in South Atlantic are still concentrated on the Brazilian coast, contributing to the understanding of zoogeographic, ecological, morphophysiological, and behavioral aspects of the spatangoid echinoids.(AU)

Population level genetic divergence and phylogenetic placement of Mexican shortfin mollies (Mollienesia: Poecilia: Poeciliidae)

Mexico is a megadiverse region with a complex geological history, but it remains unclear to what extent the distribution of freshwater fish has been influenced by geographic barriers. This study examines the population level genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of species in the shortfin group of the subgenus Mollienesia (genus Poecilia), a group of live-bearing fishes that are widely distributed across Mexico, with sampling at a small geographic scale. Samples from over 50 locations were analyzed for six species by using phylogenetic and haplotype network approaches to assess genetic diversity across geographic ranges and to refine the distributions of species in this group. The results indicate that Mexican species have diversified following multiple, independent invasions from Middle America. Two species found north of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt (TMVB) and one transversal species exhibited weak phylogenetic structure, likely due to the lack of physiographic barriers, recent colonization, and high dispersal rates among regions. In contrast, three species found south of the TMVB exhibited strong phylogenetic structure, reflecting a longer presence in the area and multiple physiographic barriers that isolated populations. This study identified mechanisms driving divergence and speciation, expanded the known range of several species, and resolved taxonomic uncertainties of populations.(AU)

México es una región megadiversa con una historia geológica compleja, pero se desconoce el nivel de influencia de las barreras geográficas sobre las distribuciones de los peces dulceacuícolas. Este estudio examina las relaciones filogenéticas, a escala geográfica pequeña, de las especies del grupo de aletas cortas del subgénero Mollienesia (género Poecilia), un grupo de peces vivíparos ampliamente distribuidos en México. Se analizaron muestras de seis especies en más de 50 localidades, utilizando métodos filogenéticos y de redes de haplotipos, para evaluar la diversidad genética y precisar las distribuciones de especies en este grupo. Los resultados indican que las especies mexicanas se han diversificado a partir de múltiples invasiones independientes desde Mesoamérica. Se detectó estructura filogenética débil en dos especies distribuidas al norte del Eje Neovolcánico y una especie que atraviesa el Eje Neovolcánico, posiblemente debido a la ausencia de barreras fisiográficas, colonización reciente y altas tasas de dispersión entre regiones. En contraste, se detectaron niveles altos de estructura filogenética en tres especies distribuidas del Eje Neovolcánico, lo que refleja una presencia más prolongada en el área y la existencia de múltiples barreras fisiográficas que aislaron a las poblaciones. Este estudio identificó mecanismos que promueven la divergencia y la especiación, expandió el rango conocido de varias especies y resolvió incertidumbres taxonómicas de algunas poblaciones.(AU)

Second world record for two Calvatia species (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota) / Segundo registro mundial para duas espécies de Calvatia (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota)

Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.

Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.

Second world record for two Calvatia species (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota) / Segundo registro mundial para duas espécies de Calvatia (Agaricaceae: Basidiomycota)

Calvatia is a genus of gasteroid fungi, comprising about 47 species worldwide. In this paper we report the second worldwide occurrence of two poorly known species of Calvatia, recorded in the Cerrado biome of Brazil: C. oblongispora and C. nodulata. Detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations, including scanning electron micrographs of hyphae and basidiospores are provided, as well a discussion on their taxonomy and geographic distribution.(AU)

Calvatia é um gênero de fungos gasteroides que compreende cerca de 47 espécies em todo o mundo. Neste artigo relatamos a segunda ocorrência de duas espécies pouco conhecidas de Calvatia, registradas no bioma Cerrado do Brasil: C. oblongispora e C. nodulata. Descrições morfológicas detalhadas e ilustrações são fornecidas, incluindo micrografias eletrônicas de varredura de hifas e basidiósporos, bem como uma discussão sobre sua taxonomia e distribuição geográfica.(AU)

Subtropical high-montane forest climate refuges in Brazil

Climate change represents one of the greatest threats to global biodiversity. We investigate how climate change will affect the future potential distribution of tree species in subtropical high montane habitats in the Atlantic Forest and identify potential climate refuges for these species. The most frequent and exclusive species in this ecosystem were selected and geographic coordinates were compiled. The maximum entropy algorithm was used for climatic niche modeling. Two scenarios for 2061-2080 were considered for future predictions, one low impact (RCP 4.5) and one high impact (RCP 8.5). Isothermality, mean temperature in the driest quarter, mean temperature in the hottest quarter, rainfall in the driest month, and rainfall in the hottest quarter were the variables that best explained the climatic niche of the majority of species. The areas of potential species occurrence were reduced by 48.37 % (± 13.63 %) (RCP 4.5) and 62.49 % (± 21.87 %) (RCP 8.5) on average. The potential area of Crinodendron brasilense Reitz & L.B.Sm. decreased the most, by 82.11 % (RCP 4.5) and 90.06 % (RCP 8.5), respectively. High elevation areas in the south of Brazil were identified as priorities for conservation to ensure that climate refuges for high montane forest species are maintained in the future. Climate change events may significantly affect the species evaluated in this study.(AU)

Southern Brazilian geographic distribution of Migonemyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae), a putative vector of Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae): a systematic review / Distribuição geográfica sul brasileira de Migonemyia migonei (Diptera: Psychodidae), um vetor putativo de Leishmania infantum (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae): uma revisão sistemática

This systematic review gathered information on the spatial distribution in southern Brazil of the sandfly Migonemyia migonei, a possible vector of Leishmania species that cause visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Articles were searched from the PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the keywords: "Migonemyia migonei AND Paraná", "Migonemyia migonei AND Santa Catarina", "Migonemyia migonei AND Rio Grande do Sul", "phlebotomine AND Parana", " flebotomíneo AND Paraná" and "sandfly AND Paraná", "phlebotomine AND Santa Catarina;", " flebotomíneo AND Santa Catarina" and "sandfly AND Santa Catarina", "phlebotomine AND Rio Grande do Sul;", " flebotomíneo AND Rio Grande do Sul", and "sandfly AND Rio Grande do Sul". The initial search identified 322 articles that met the selection criteria. Empty files or duplicated were then excluded. The titles were screened, and the full texts were obtained. This review included 36 articles, covering 72 of the 399 (18.04%) municipalities in Paraná state, one of the 295 (0.33%) in Santa Catarina, and two of the 497 (0.40%) in Rio Grande do Sul. Mg. migonei was found in 54 municipalities of Paraná state, in one municipality of Santa Catarina, and in one of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the wide distribution of Mg. migonei in the municipalities of Paraná, greater monitoring is required regarding cases of VL in humans and animals in this region, in addition to epidemiological investigations of these cases of suspected autochthony, as well as increased prevention and control efforts. More studies on VL are required in Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul.

Esta revisão sistemática reuniu informações sobre a distribuição espacial no sul do Brasil do flebotomíneo Migonemyia migonei, um possível vetor de espécies de Leishmania causadoras da leishmaniose visceral (LV). Os artigos foram pesquisados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Web of Science e Scopus usando as palavras-chave: "Migonemyia migonei AND Paraná", "Migonemyia migonei AND Santa Catarina", "Migonemyia migonei AND Rio Grande do Sul", "phlebotomine AND Parana" , "flebotomíneo AND Paraná" e "flebotomíneo AND Paraná", "flebotomíneo AND Santa Catarina;", "flebotomíneo AND Santa Catarina" e "flebotomíneo AND Santa Catarina", "flebotomíneo AND Rio Grande do Sul;", "flebotomíneo AND Rio Grande do Sul" e "sandfly AND Rio Grande do Sul". A busca inicial identificou 322 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de seleção. Em seguida, arquivos vazios ou duplicados foram excluídos. Os títulos foram triados e os textos completos foram obtidos. Esta revisão incluiu 36 artigos, abrangendo 72 dos 399 (18,04%) municípios do Paraná, um dos 295 (0,33%) de Santa Catarina, dois dos 497 (0,40%) do Rio Grande do Sul. Mg. migonei foi encontrado em 54 municípios do Paraná estado, em um município de Santa Catarina e em um do Rio Gr ande do Sul. Com base na ampla distribuição de Mg. migonei nos municípios paranaenses, é necessária maior atenção quanto aos casos de LV em humanos e animais, além de investigações epidemiológicas desses casos de suspeita de autoctonia, bem como maiores esforços de prevenção e controle. Mais estudos são necessários em Santa Catarina e Rio Grande do Sul.

Ozolaimus megatyphlon and Ozolaimus cirratus parasitizing the Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) from Marajó Island, Pará, Brasil: new occurrence and morphological redescription / Ozolaimus megatyphlon e Ozolaimus cirratus parasitando Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) da Ilha de Marajó, Pará, Brasil: nova ocorrência e redescrição morfológica

This study aimed to redescribe two species of Ozolaimus, parasites of free-living green iguanas native to Marajó Island. The gastrointestinal system of four iguana specimens was evaluated for the presence of helminths. Altogether, 12,028 nematodes were found, with a prevalence of 100%, an infection range of 780 to 7,736 nematodes, an infection intensity of 3.007, and a mean abundance of 3,007. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to determine the species of nematodes found. The cecum was the site of infection that had the highest parasitic load. Morphologically, the nematodes were compatible with the genus Ozolaimus Dujardin, 1844, with the species Ozolaimus megatyphlon (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845, and Ozolaimus cirratus Linstow, 1906. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of small structures (serrated in Ozolaimus cirratus and rounded in Ozolaimus megatyphlon) located below the esophageal leaves. We also evidenced the phasmids in both species; this is the first record of these structures in nematodes of the genus Ozolaimus. In addition, this work expands the records on the geographic distribution of these parasites.(AU)

Este estudo tem como objetivo redescrever duas espécies de Ozolaimus, parasitas de iguanas verdes de vida livre nativas da Ilha de Marajó. O sistema gastrointestinal de quatro espécimes de iguana foi avaliado quanto à presença de helmintos. Ao todo, foram encontrados 12.028 nematoides, com prevalência de 100%, intervalo de infecção de 780 a 7.736 nematoides, intensidade de infecção de 3.007 e abundância média de 3.007. Microscopia de luz e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram utilizadas para determinar as espécies de nematoides encontradas. O ceco foi o local de infecção que apresentou maior carga parasitária. Morfologicamente, os nematoides eram compatíveis com o gênero Ozolaimus Dujardin, 1844, com as espécies Ozolaimus megatyphlon (Rudolphi, 1819) Dujardin, 1845 e Ozolaimus cirratus Linstow, 1906. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou a presença de pequenas estruturas (serrilhadas em Ozolaimus cirratus e arredondadas em Ozolaimus megatyphlon) localizado abaixo das folhas esofágicas. Também foram evidenciados os fasmídeos em ambas as espécies; este é o primeiro registro dessas estruturas em nematoides do gênero Ozolaimus. Além disso, este trabalho amplia os registros sobre a distribuição geográfica desses parasitos.(AU)

Spatial analysis of factors influencing bacterial leaf blight in rice production / Análise espacial dos fatores que influenciam a praga bacteriana foliar na produção de arroz

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causes bacterial leaf blight that is a major threat to rice production. Crop losses in extreme situations can reach up to75%, and millions of hectares of rice are affected each year. Management of the disease required information about the spatial distribution of BLB incidence, severity, and prevalence. In this study, major rice-growing areas of Pakistan were surveyed during 2018-2019 for disease occurrence, and thematic maps were developed using geographic information system (GIS). Results showed that Narowal district had highest percentage of disease incidence (54-69%), severity (42-44%), and prevalence (72-90%) meanwhile Jhung district had the lowest incidence (21-23%), severity (18-22%), and prevalence (45-54%). To understand the environmental factors contributing to this major rice disease, the research analyze, the spatial relationships between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. Those variables include relative humidity (RH), atmospheric pressure (A.P), minimum temperature, soil organic carbon, soil pH, and elevation, which were evaluated by using GIS-based Ordinary Least Square (OLS) spatial model. The fitted model had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 65 percent explanatory power of disease development. All environmental variables showed a general trend of positive correlation between BLB prevalence and environmental variables. The results show the potential for disease management and prediction using environmental variable and assessment.

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) causa o crestamento bacteriano das folhas, que é uma grande ameaça à produção de arroz. As perdas de safra em situações extremas podem chegar a 75% e a milhões de hectares de arroz são afetados a cada ano. O manejo da doença exigia informações sobre a distribuição espacial da incidência, gravidade e prevalência de BLB. Neste estudo, as principais áreas de cultivo de arroz do Paquistão foram pesquisadas durante 2018 e 2019 para ocorrência de doenças, e mapas temáticos foram desenvolvidos usando o sistema de informações geográficas (GIS). Os resultados mostraram que o distrito de Narowal teve a maior porcentagem de incidência da doença (54-69%), gravidade (42-44%) e prevalência (72-90%), enquanto o distrito de Jhung teve a menor incidência (21-23%), gravidade (18-22%) e prevalência (45-54%). Para compreender os fatores ambientais que contribuem para esta importante doença do arroz, a pesquisa analisa as relações espaciais entre a prevalência de BLB e as variáveis ​​ambientais. Essas variáveis ​​incluem umidade relativa (UR), pressão atmosférica (PA), temperatura mínima, carbono orgânico do solo, pH do solo e altitude, que sendo avaliadas a partir do modelo espacial Ordinary Least Square (OLS) baseado em GIS. O modelo ajustado teve um coeficiente de determinação (R2) de 65 por cento de poder explicativo do desenvolvimento da doença. Todas as variáveis ​​ambientais apresentaram tendência geral de correlação positiva entre prevalência de BLB e variáveis ​​ambientais. Os resultados mostram o potencial de manejo e predição de doenças usando variáveis ​​e avaliações ambientais.

Multiple colors in anteaters: review and description of chromatic disorders in Tamandua (Xenarthra: Pilosa) with reports of new and rare coat colorations

Tamandua Gray, 1825 contains two species of anteaters: Tamandua mexicana (Saussure, 1860), which occurs in southern Mexico, throughout Central America and south to the west of the Andes in South America, and Tamandua tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1758), widely distributed in South America, from Venezuela to northern Argentina, as well as Trinidad and Tobago. Historically, different coloration patterns have been attributed to the coat of Tamandua, with T. mexicana typically showing a partial or complete dark "vest" on the dorsal portion of the body, whereas T. tetradactyla can show a complete, partial, or absent vest and a coat varying from golden, pale yellow and pale gray to brown or black. These different coat colors are sometimes treated as inherent characteristics of subspecies of Tamandua. Here, we review color variation in Tamandua and describe six chromatic disorders for the genus: albinism, leucism, "brown" variation, melanism (partial and total), xanthochromism (partial and total) and, for the first time for anteaters, erythrism. In addition, we detail the morphological expression and geographic distribution of these anomalies in populations of Tamandua from Central and South America.(AU)

Cysticercosis in free-ranging agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon / Cisticercose em cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) silvestres na Amazônia Oriental brasileira

The study describes the occurrence of cysticercosis in liver of 22 wild agoutis (Dasyprocta leporina) in the Brazilian Amazon. The phylogenetic analysis and microscopic characteristics of metacestodes in liver tissue sections, associated with the geographic distribution of the intermediate hosts indicated that a possibly novel Taenia sp. metacestode caused the parasitism. Additionally, two cases of hepatic co-infection by Taenia sp., Calodium sp. and Echinococcus oligarthra were also observed among the analyzed animals. The results point to the need for a better understanding of hepatotropic parasites among wild rodents in the Brazilian Amazon.(AU)

O estudo descreve a ocorrência de cisticercose no fígado de 22 cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) silvestres da Amazônia brasileira. A análise filogenética e as características microscópicas dos metacestódeos em cortes histológicos de fígado, associadas à distribuição geográfica do hospedeiro intermediário, indicaram que, possivelmente, uma nova espécie de Taenia sp. Causou o parasitismo. Adicionalmente, dois casos de co-infecção por Taenia sp., Calodium sp. e Echinococcus oligarthra também foram observados entre os animais avaliados. Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de um melhor entendimento dos parasitas hepatotrópicos entre roedores selvagens da Amazônia brasileira.(AU)

Extending the geographic and altitudinal range of Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) (Coleoptera: Passalidae) with taxonomical comments

Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) was known only from localities in the Cordillera Oriental of the northern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela and the southern section in Colombia between 1,350-3,000 m. Herein, we provide the first record for Bolivia at low elevations (< 1,000 m), thus extending the geographic and altitudinal range of this species. Information about characters not yet used and the first description of the aedeagus are provided, accompanied with figures of those characters that facilitate the identification of the species. An identification key for Popilius species in Bolivia and a P. gibbosus distribution map are also provided.

Extending the geographic and altitudinal range of Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) (Coleoptera: Passalidae) with taxonomical comments

Abstract Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) was known only from localities in the Cordillera Oriental of the northern Andes in Colombia and Venezuela and the southern section in Colombia between 1,350-3,000 m. Herein, we provide the first record for Bolivia at low elevations ( 1,000 m), thus extending the geographic and altitudinal range of this species. Information about characters not yet used and the first description of the aedeagus are provided, accompanied with figures of those characters that facilitate the identification of the species. An identification key for Popilius species in Bolivia and a P. gibbosus distribution map are also provided.

The role of topographic-derived hydrological variables in explaining plant species distributions in Amazonia / O papel de variáveis hidrológicas derivadas da topografia em explicar a distribuição de espécies de plantas na Amazônia

In Amazonian terra-firme non inundated forests, local floristic composition and species occurrence are explained by water availability as determined by topographic conditions. Topographic complexity can render these conditions quite variable across the landscape and the effects on plant ecological responses are difficult to document. We used a set of topographically defined hydrological metrics to evaluate community composition and single-species responses of four plant groups [pteridophytes (ferns and lycophytes), Melastomataceae, palms (Arecaceae) and Zingiberales] to topographic conditions in the middle Juruá River region, in western Brazilian Amazonia. The area spans two geological formations (Içá and Solimões) with contrasting topography. River terraces are also found along the main rivers in the area. Local topographic conditions were approximated by height above the nearest drainage (HAND), slope, and Strahler´s drainage order, all obtained from a SRTM digital elevation model (DEM). Data were analyzed using linear and generalized linear mixed models and regression trees. HAND was most successful in explaining floristic composition for all plant groups, except for Melastomataceae, and was more important in the hilly Içá formation than in the Solimões. Individual occurrences of 57% species were predicted by at least one of the topographic variables, suggesting a marked habitat specialization along topographic gradients. For these species, response models using SRTM-DEM-derived variables gave similar results than models using field-measured topography only. Our results suggest that topographical variables estimated from remote sensing can be used to predict local variation in the structure of plant communities in tropical forests.(AU)

Nas florestas de terra firme não inundáveis da Amazônia, a composição florística e a ocorrência de espécies podem ser explicadas pela disponibilidade hídrica relacionada com a topografia. Dada a complexidade topográfica, a disponibilidade de água pode ser bastante variável e seus efeitos na resposta das plantas, difícil de documentar. Neste estudo avaliamos as respostas individuais de espécie de quatro grupos de plantas [pteridófitas (samambaias e licófitas), Melastomataceae, palmeiras (Arecaceae) e Zingiberales] às condições topográficas na região do médio Rio Juruá, no oeste da Amazônia brasileira. A área abrange duas formações geológicas (Içá e Solimões) com topografias contrastantes. Terraços fluviais também são encontrados ao longo dos rios principais. As condições topográficas foram medidas usando a altura acima da drenagem mais próxima (HAND), declividade e ordem de drenagem de Strahler, todas obtidas a partir de um modelo digital de elevação SRTM-DEM. Os dados foram analisados usando modelos lineares generalizados mistos e árvores de regressão. HAND foi a principal variável explicativa da composição florística para todos os grupos de plantas, exceto Melastomataceae, tendo maior efeito na formação Içá do que na Solimões. Ocorrências individuais de 57% das espécies foram explicadas por pelo menos uma das variáveis, sugerindo uma especialização marcada de habitat ao longo de gradientes topográficos. Para essas espécies, modelos usando variáveis derivadas do SRTM-DEM deram resultados semelhantes aos modelos usando apenas a topografia medida em campo, o que indicam que variáveis topográficas derivadas do SRTM-DEM podem ser usadas para prever variações locais na estrutura de comunidades de plantas em florestas tropicais.(AU)