Morphological and histometric features of the caudal kidney in piranha Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)

Pygocentrus nattereri is a widely distributed species in the Neotropical region and a potential bio-indicator. Kidneys have functions in fish physiology, allowing them to live in different environments. We aimed to compare the histological characteristics of caudal kidneys between males and females, associating them with the renosomatic index (RSI). For this purpose, 15 males and 14 females were used for biometric and histological analyses. Structural volumetric density (SVD), renal corpuscle histometric measures, and hemosiderin and lipofuscin deposit frequency in macrophages melanogenic (MMs) were assessed. No biometric differences were observed between the sexes, but body weight and standard length were correlated with RSI. The SVD showed difference in hematopoietic tissue between female and males, whereas the density of the other structures was not different. The RSI was positively associated with hematopoietic tissue and proximal tubule density in contrast to distal tubules, blood vessels, collecting ducts and MMs. Females exhibited a higher renal corpuscle area, glomerulus area, distal tubule diameter, collecting tubule area, and collecting tubule lumen area. These differences may be due to metabolic differences between males and females. Sex effect in P. nattereri may define punctual differences in future studies on the metabolism and immunity of this species.

Pygocentrus nattereri é uma espécie amplamente distribuída na região Neotropical e pode ser considerada como um potencial bioindicador ambiental. Os rins têm funções cruciais na fisiologia dos peixes, permitindo-lhes viver em diferentes ambientes. Nosso objetivo foi comparar as características histológicas dos rins excretores entre machos e fêmeas, associando-as ao índice renossomático (IRS). Para tanto, 15 machos e 14 fêmeas foram utilizados para análises biométricas e histológicas. Amostras do tecido renal foram processadas para densidade estrutural volumétrica, medidas histométricas do corpúsculo renal e frequência dos depósitos de hemossiderina e lipofuscina nos macrófagos melonogênicos (MMs). Não foram observadas diferenças biométricas entre os sexos, mas a massa corporal e o comprimento padrão foram correlacionados com IRS. Apenas a densidade estrutural volumétrica do tecido hematopoiético foi diferente entre machos e fêmeas. Não houve diferença nas demais estruturas. O IRS associou-se positivamente com o tecido hematopoiético e densidade dos túbulos proximais e negativamente com os túbulos distais, vasos sanguíneos, ductos coletores e MMs. As fêmeas apresentaram maior área do corpúsculo renal, área do glomérulo, diâmetro do túbulo distal, área do túbulo coletor e área do lúmen do túbulo coletor. Essas diferenças podem ser devida às diferenças metabólicas entre machos e fêmeas. Particularidade do efeito de sexo em P. nattereri pode definir diferenças pontuais em futuros estudos sobre o metabolismo e imunidade nesta espécie.

Primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch

Background: Primary lung neoplasms are uncommon in veterinary medicine, and when they develop, they are more frequently observed to be of epithelial origin. Although chondrosarcomas are the second most diagnosed type of neoplasm in dogs at skeletal sites, their development in extraskeletal tissues, including the spleen, aorta, heart, tongue, peritoneum, and lungs, corresponds to approximately only 1% of cases. Therefore, the occurrence of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma is considered very rare in domestic animals. Considering the rare occurrence and scarcity of data regarding its development, the present report describes the clinical and pathological aspects of a case of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma in a bitch. Case: A 8-year-old mixed-breed bitch, weighing 14.2 kg, was examined at one private veterinary clinic with the principal complaint of prolonged respiratory distress and resistance to exercise. Clinical evaluation revealed tachypnea with expiratory dyspnea due to intense pleural effusion, tachycardia, and diffusely pale mucous membranes. Thoracocentesis was performed with drainage of 1000 mL of modified transudate, and fluid cytology, blood count, and chest radiography were performed. Cytological analysis of the thoracic fluid did not identify neoplastic cells, the blood count showed intense regenerative anemia, and the radiograph showed an extensive area of consolidation in the left caudal lung lobe, compatible with neoplasia. The results of the tests performed, in addition to the evolution of the clinical picture and the impossibility of performing the indicated surgical intervention, culminated in the patient's unfavorable prognosis, followed by euthanasia, necropsy, and histopathological evaluation of the collected material. Necropsy revealed a white neoplastic formation with reddish areas and firm consistency that diffused into the parenchyma of the left caudal lung lobe with invasion of the rib cage, fracture of the fifth and sixth left ribs, diaphragmatic metastasis, intense hydrothorax, and moderate hydroperitoneum. Microscopically, in the histological sections of the lung and diaphragm, poorly differentiated mesenchymal cells with moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and interspersed with them, moderately differentiated chondrocytes surrounded by chondroid matrix, moderate anisocytosis and anisokaryosis, and a low mitotic index culminated in the diagnosis of primary pulmonary mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Discussion: Malignant epithelial neoplasms were suspected; however, the histopathological features observed were compatible with primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma. The characteristics of the fluid collected through thoracentesis led to its classification as a modified transudate, which is often associated with neoplastic and hemorrhagic processes; both alterations were present in this case. The diagnosis of primary pulmonary chondrosarcoma was established based on the histopathological findings since the cell type and distribution observed in the present case were compatible with the typical pattern observed in extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. An unfavorable prognosis is common in cases of primary or metastatic lung neoplasm since, in most cases, the condition is identified in the advanced stages of the disease, making therapeutic management challenging. Given the increase in the number of dog deaths due to neoplasms in recent years, this case report may contribute to a better understanding of the biological behavior of pulmonary chondrosarcoma and assist in the choice of treatment to be adopted when required.

Pyometra in a tiger (Panthera tigris)

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Thoracic spinal epidural empyema in a cat

A 2-month-old male domestic shorthair cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with a history of dyspnea and inappetence. At the clinical examination, the cat was in poor body condition, with hyperthermia and abdominal distension. No major abnormalities were observed in the thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound. A complete blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Although no clinical diagnosis was made, the cat received support therapy, but went into cardiac arrest and died. The cat was submitted for necropsy and the main gross finding was two white nodules on the ventral surface of the thoracic vertebrae (from T1 to T4). At the cut surface, the nodules were friable and filled with yellow exudate. The epidural space of the thoracic region was filled with yellowish viscous material. Histologically, the vertebrae were partially replaced by abscess formation characterized by a necrotic center with degenerate neutrophils, surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The epidural space was filled with degenerate neutrophils, necrotic debris, fibrin, and intralesional colonies of gram-negative short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria. Bacteriologic culture yielded Pasteurella multocida. This paper describes the gross, histological, and bacteriological features of a rare case of spinal epidural empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida in a cat.(AU)

EpCAM expression in canine malignant mammary tumors - immunohistochemical study

Background: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a glycoprotein responsible for multiple cellular functions that includes cell-to-cell adhesion and signal transduction. Studies in human breast cancer demonstrated that its overexpression has been linked to a more aggressive histological phenotype. However, in canine mammary tumors, its use is still scarce and its function, remains unknown. The main goal of the present study was to characterize the expression of EpCAM in canine mammary malignant tumors and associate its expression with clinicopathological features. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-eight canine mammary samples were analyzed in the present study and went through the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) routine technique for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. EpCAM expression was evaluated considering the total immunolabelling (TI) which consists of the addition of 2 parameters: proportion score (PS) and intensity score (IS). Thirteen (27.1%) cases showed weak expression, 9 (18.7%) were characterized by a moderate expression and 27 (54.2%) were classified as intense. EpCAM overexpression was described in 36 (72.9%) primary tumors and in 5 lymph node metastases (71.4%). Immunoreactivity was, mainly, characterized by a staining in the lateral cell membrane of luminal epithelial cells, both in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics, version 24. Clinicopathological features, such as histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016) demonstrated to be associated with a more aggressive histological type. Intravascular emboli and lymph node metastases were also linked to a higher histological grade. Discussion: EpCAM overexpression has been described in the literature both in canine mammary tumors and breast cancer. While the results in breast cancer could be ambiguous, depending on the tumor subtype, in the present study our findings demonstrated that overexpression was present in more than 50% of the total cases evaluated. In addition, immunoreactivity was also in accordance with the literature that describes membranous staining as the most prevalent pattern type. It was not possible to correlate overexpression with histological type and histological grade. However, those clinicopathological features are essential to evaluate tumor prognosis. For instance, our results demonstrated that histological type was statistically significant with histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016). Additionally, the Nottingham system was statistically significant with intravascular emboli (P = 0.033) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.006). These findings have also been described in similar studies using canine mammary tissues in bitches. When it comes to pattern of expression in primary tumors and lymph nodes metastases, our findings described that neoplastic cell presented the same phenotype in these 2 different locations. In addition, loss of expression was also described in cluster cells within the subcapsular area which reflects the idea that the expression of EpCAM molecule changes according to time, which could be translated into the multistep process of metastases. Finally, it demonstrates that the development of neoplasia is not something static, but rather dynamic.

Solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog

Background: Iridociliary epithelial tumors (ICETs) originate from the iris epithelium or ciliary body. They comprise ciliary body adenoma, carcinoma, pleomorphic adenocarcinomas, medulloepitheliomas, and other primitive neuroectodermal tumors. They are the second most common primary intraocular tumors in dogs and have already been reported in sheep and humans. In dogs, they occur more frequently in middle-aged to elderly animals, and the Labrador and Golden Retriever seem to be more predisposed breeds. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological aspects of solid iridociliary carcinoma in a dog. Case: A 3-year-old Poodle bitch was treated for discomfort in the left eyeball region, increased intraocular pressure and moderate buphthalmia. A direct ophthalmological examination was performed without equipment, and a mass was visualized in the posterior chamber, distorting the pupillary cleft. We opted for unilateral enucleation and forwarded the material for histological analysis. Macroscopically, the eyeball measured 3.4 cm (anteroposterior) x 2.6 cm (vertical), with a brownish mass that occupied the entire anterior chamber and part of the posterior chamber. Histologically, there was a neoformation in the ciliary body and iris pigment epithelium, partially well-delimited and densely cellular. The neoplasm was organized into predominantly solid formations interspersed with a discrete amount of blood vessels, rare bundles of fibrous stroma, and amorphous eosinophilic material forming membranes that were positive for PAS. Sections of the neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry using anti-cytokeratin AE1/AE3, anti-S100 protein, anti-vimentin, and anti-Ki-67. Positive cytoplasmic immunostaining for cytokeratin and S-100 was observed. Only 45.6% of cells were positive for Ki-67 (500 cells). No immunostaining was observed for vimentin. Discussion: The diagnosis of solid iridociliary carcinoma was based on the histological features and positive immunostaining for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 and protein S100. Iridociliary carcinomas present positive immunostaining for cytokeratin, whereas adenomas and normal iridociliary epithelium do not present this immunostaining. Moreover, the high rate of cell proliferation was indicative of malignant neoplasia, as observed by the high mitotic count and high positivity for Ki-67. The S100 protein helped in the diagnosis of ICETs, as the iridociliary epithelium showed positive staining for this protein. Some histological features are important to consider in the diagnosis of iridociliary tumors in dogs, such as noninvasive growth in the posterior chamber, pigment epithelium, and thick homogeneous membranes on the cell surface. Furthermore, the presence of positive PAS membranes favors the diagnosis of iridociliary epithelial tumors. ICETs must be differentiated from melanocytomas, anterior uveal melanoma, medulloepitheliomas, and metastatic and pleomorphic carcinomas. The histological characteristics, especially the presence of PAS-positive membranes, associated with the immunohistochemical profile of neoplasm cells, help differentiate the ICETs from these tumors. In general, the prognosis is poor for eyeball and vision maintenance in canine iridociliary tumors, and scleral invasion is associated with a higher recurrence rate.

Experimental infection of BALB/c mice with felid alphaherpesvirus 1 / Infecção experimental de camundongos BALB/c com alphaherpesvírus felino tipo 1

Felid alphaherpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is an important cause of respiratory and ocular diseases in cats worldwide. Mice have been widely used to study the pathogenesis of several human and animal viruses, especially herpesviruses. This study aimed to verify whether BALB/c mice are susceptible to FHV-1 infection. The animals were intranasally inoculated with FHV-1 and their clinical signs were observed from 3 days postinfection (dpi). At 10 dpi, the animals were euthanized and the lungs, liver, spleen, and kidneys were collected for histopathological examination and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The results showed that mice were infected with FHV-1 and reproduced several features of the disease observed in its natural host. Histological lesions and viral DNA were found in all sampled tissues, with a higher frequency of FHV-1 DNA copies detected in the lungs. All mice were seroconverted to FHV-1 at 7 dpi. To our knowledge, this is the first report of experimental infection of BALB/c mice with FHV-1. Our findings demonstrate that this murine model can contribute to understanding of FHV-1 pathogenesis and may be useful for trials against this virus.(AU)

O herpesvírus felino tipo 1 (FHV-1) é um importante agente causador de doença respiratória e ocular em gatos em todo o mundo. Camundongos têm sido amplamente utilizados para estudar a patogenia de diversos vírus humanos e animais, especialmente os herpesvírus. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se camundongos BALB/c poderiam ser suscetíveis a infecção pelo FHV-1. Os animais foram inoculados com FHV-1 intranasalmente e sinais clínicos foram observados a partir do dia 3 após a infecção (dpi). Após dez dias da inoculação, os animais foram eutanasiados e os pulmões, fígado, baço e rins foram coletados para exame histopatológico e PCR quantitativo (qPCR). Os resultados mostraram que os camundongos foram infectados com o FHV-1 e reproduziram várias características da doença que são observadas em seu hospedeiro natural. Lesões histológicas e DNA viral foram detectadas em todos os tecidos amostrados, com maior frequência de DNA do FHV-1 nos pulmões. Todos os camundongos soroconverteram para FHV-1 aos 7 dpi. Para nosso conhecimento, este estudo é o primeiro relato de infecção experimental de camundongos BALB/c com FHV-1. Nossos resultados demonstraram que esse camundongo pode contribuir para o entendimento da patogenia do FHV-1 e pode ser um modelo útil para ensaios contra esse vírus.(AU)

Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus em uma porca da Província de El Oro - Equador / Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus in a sow in El Oro Province - Ecuador

Background: Macracantorhincosis is a zoonotic disease resulting from inadequate sanitary conditions, which occurs in pigs infected by acanthocephalic helminths called Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus. The eggs of these parasites are resistant to cold, high temperatures and can survive up to 3 years in the soil. They are consumed by dung beetles of the Scarabeidae family causing the parasite to evolve into its infective form, the cystacanth. The pig becomes infected after ingestion of either larvae or adult forms of these coleoptera. This work describes a case report of macracantorhincosis found in a pig from the canton of Zaruma located in the province of El Oro, Ecuador. Case: One sow, approximately 24-month-old, weighing 30 kg, presented cachexia, muscle weakness, pale oral and ocular mucosa and a body temperature above 39.4°C. The animal had a bulge on the ventral side of the neck, which evolved causing progressive discomfort to the point that the animal stopped eating. The sow was dewormed for 3 consecutive days. Fifteen days later, the animal had convulsions and muscle tremors, and died some hours after the symptoms started. During necropsy procedure, pale digestive tract membranes and nodules with fibrin were observed in the small intestine (jejunum), which was incised and the presence of parasites adhered to the granulomas detected. Two granulomas for morphological and histological studies and stool samples for coproparasitic test were collected. The collected parasites were fixed in a 10% buffered formalin solution, cross-sections were made and routinely processed for histological studies. The 5 µm thick sections were stained using the hematoxylin and eosin (HE) technique. The parasite's action involves perforation of the intestinal wall though its proboscis causing peritonitis and enteritis. Other conditions in intestinal dissection such as necrotic areas, inflammation of the submucosa and adult parasites adhered to the intestinal mucosa were also observed. The coproparasitic examination was performed using the flotation and sedimentation techniques. The coproparasitic test detected dark colored feces, semi-solid consistency and the presence of Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceu eggs. In the histological evaluation of the cross section of the parasite, the presence of circular and longitudinal muscle fibers and lemniscus with their constrictor muscles was observed. Cuticle, hypodermis with tapered fibers and a large number of developing mature eggs were also reported. Discussion: There is no pathognomonic symptomatology about this parasitosis and peritonitis can be generated by intestinal perforations. The findings at necropsy were ulcerations, inflammation in the small intestine and the presence of numerous nodules in the serous layer, where there was penetration of the parasite's proboscis. When fixed to the mucosa, these parasites cause ulcerations, inflammation and necrosis in the wall of the small intestine. The hypodermic layer is thicker than the muscular layer and the presence of leminis with their constricting muscles are typical features of acanthocephalus. It is considered appropriate to carry out epidemiological studies on the prevalence of the parasite Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus at pig farming system in the region, in order to determine the main risk factors. In Ecuador, cases of this disease in humans have not yet been reported, but have already been described in other countries, so the presence of this parasite in family swine farming may be considered a zoonotic-type risk factor.

Minimizing the damage: a methodological proposal to remove the brains of anurans and squamates

The brain is one of the most important organs of vertebrates. Over the years, several studies have investigated brain features under different approaches, such as comparative morphology. Although many recent studies use non-invasive methods, such as micro-CT scan, some methods require access to the brain, such as histological analyses and cell count methods. In addition, several researchers do not have access to those expensive devices and rely on the traditional dissection to conduct their studies. Still, for most vertebrates, very few protocols are available for removing the brain, especially those committed to minimizing the damage to the specimen for further examinations. Here we describe in detail a method to dissect the brains of anurans and squamates maintaining the specimen's external morphology as undamaged as possible. This simple method can be performed using few tools and can be achieved in the first trials, representing an incentive for more research on vertebrate's brains. This method contributes to the maximum utilization of each animal collected, a positive practice from both ethical and practical perspectives.(AU)

Digestive system of Anourosorex squamipes - appearance and morphological features

Background: Anourosorex squamipes have a wide range of feeding habits, which is a kind of omnivorous animal. As an indispensable part of organisms, the differentiation degree of digestive system indicates the evolution degree of species. The higher the evolution degree of animals, the higher the differentiation of digestive system. At present, the research on Anourosorex squamipes digestive system mainly focuses on its feeding habits and mainly depends on the direct observation of gastric contents with the naked eye, but the research on the morphology of digestive system has not been reported. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty adult Anourosorex squamipes were selected to investigate the characteristics of the appearance, including the contour parameters (body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length, tail length), digestive system parameters (length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight) and morphological structure of the small intestine by histological methods. The results showed that there were no significant differences in body weight, body length, forefoot length, posterior foot length, nasal length and tail length between males and females in Anourosorex squamipes, and no significant differences were observed in parameters of digestive system in length of esophagus, intestinal length, intestinal weight, stomach weight and liver weight. There were no significant differences in villus height, muscular layer thickness and villus height/recess depth (V/C) between males and females, but only ileal crypt depth decreased significantly in males. Discussion: Animal morphological characteristics are closely related to their life habits, unique organs and lifestyles ensure that they thrive on earth. In our study, we found that unique characters are found by observing the appearance of Anourosorex squamipes, the snout is blunt and short, the eyes are degenerated, and the tail is very short and covered with scales, which may be related to its feeding habits, the living environment-long-term nocturnal life in underground with minimal exposure to sunlight, and the unique tail can reduce the friction between tail and soil during the movement. There are certain differences in the appearance parameters of male and female Anourosorex squamipes, but are not significant. The esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver and other parameters of Anourosorex squamipes have little difference between males and females, indicating that Anourosorex squamipes don't have obvious distinctions between males and females in food intake. However, the liver weight of male Anourosorex squamipes is larger than female, indicating that the physiological metabolic capacity of male is larger than female. It is speculated that this may be related to the difference in the amount of activity between males and females in daily life. Males are more active and require more energy, but their digestion and absorption abilities are weaker than females. Therefore, the male Anourosorex squamipes needs more food to provide energy to meet the daily physiological metabolism, and the larger stomach capacity provides the essential conditions for the male to store more food. In addition, we found that the crypt depth of male Anourosorex squamipes is generally greater than that of females, especially in the ileal crypt depth, indicating that the female's cell maturation rate is greater than that of the male. It is speculated that the female has a greater demand for nutrient absorption and better digestion and absorption of food, because females need to give birth to offspring and require greater nutrition.

Atypical mandibular osteomyelitis in an ewe caused by coinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis

Background: Osteomyelitis is defined as a bone inflammation involving the cortical and medullary regions, usually caused by the local invasion of opportunistic microorganisms. The inflammatory reaction of bone may extend to the periosteum and soft tissues, compromising adjacent structures far from the initially infected foci. Different classifications of transmission routes, gravity levels, and tissues involved in animal and human osteomyelitis are available. In humans, the infection can reach bone tissue by exogenous or hematogenous pathways. This paper reports an atypical case of mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in an ewe caused by concomitant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis infection. Case: The animal presented a 1-month history of progressive mandibular enlargement refractory to conventional therapy. In a physical examination, an increased volume located in the ventrolateral region of the right ramus of the mandible was observed. Fine-needle aspiration of the lesion enabled isolation in bacteriological culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDITOF MS). Besides support care procedures and antimicrobial treatment approaches for the sheep based on in vitro tests, the animal died due to the severity of the clinical signs and the progressive worsening of the general health status. The radiographic image examination of the mandibular region revealed a severe and infiltrative periodontal reaction, with a predominance of a great number of neutrophils and macrophages, necrotic areas, and bone destruction, characterized histologically as a pyogranulomatous rection. At post mortem examination, a large pyogranuloma was observed in the entire horizontal branch of the mandible as well, showing a dark yellowish content of coarse consistency, caseous appearance, and bone fragmentation. Discussion: Ovine mandibular osteomyelitis is a well-established bone inflammation involving the cortical and medullary regions, characterized clinically by local enlargement, asymmetry, pain sensitivity, edema, hyperthermia, infiltrate caseous or suppurative material, and bone rarefaction. In the current report, 1-month history of progressive enlargement of the mandibular region, prostration, and weight loss in an ewe were referred. Where clinical and epidemiological features, bacteriological, cytological, histological, and mass spectrometry diagnostic approaches were assessed to diagnostic. Most reports involving the etiology of ovine mandibular osteomyelitis have been diagnosed based on classical phenotypic tests. Here, the concomitant identification of P. aeruginosa and L. raffinolactis infection was possible using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), highlighting the importance of molecular methods in the diagnosis of animal diseases. In addition, the differentiation between Lactococcus and Enterococcus species is difficult, which could underestimate the diagnosis of Lactococcus species as a primary pathogen from animal diseases. We report, for the first time, a fatal case of mandibular pyogranulomatous osteomyelitis in a sheep caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Lactococcus raffinolactis coinfection.

A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from the tributaries of the rio Tocantinzinho, rio Tocantins basin, located in the southern portion of the Chapada dos Veadeiros, at about 1,200 meters of elevation, Goiás, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by an unusual combination of two apomorphic features present in distinct clades of Characidium, the presence of a scaleless isthmus in allied to with a single row of dentary teeth. Additionally, the new species has a unique color pattern of inconspicuous vertical bars disconnected from the dorsal midline, forming seven to nine square blotches along body sides, and the presence of a dark saddle-shaped mark at the dorsal-fin base. Osteologically, it can be diagnosed by having the first and second anal-fin proximal radials fused and contacting the third hemal spine, which is branched. The new species also has a peculiar, unusual variation of fin-ray counts among its congeners.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Characidium é descrita dos riachos tributários do rio Tocantins, bacia do rio Tocantins, localizados na vertente sul da Chapada dos Veadeiros, a aproximadamente 1.200 metros de altitude, Goiás, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser diagnosticada pela combinação não usual de dois caracteres apomórficos presentes em clados distintos de Characidium, a presença do istmo sem escama em conjunto com uma única série de dentes no dentário. Adicionalmente, a nova espécie tem um padrão de coloração único de barras verticais desconectadas na região dorsal, formando sete a nove manchas quadradas ao longo do lado do corpo, e pela presença de uma mancha em forma de sela na base da nadadeira dorsal. Osteologicamente, ela pode ser diagnosticada por possuir o primeiro e segundo radiais da nadadeira anal fusionados e em contato com o terceiro espinho hemal, que é ramificado. A espécie nova também possui uma variação peculiar e pouco usual no número de raios das nadadeiras entre os congêneres.(AU)

A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from the tributaries of the rio Tocantinzinho, rio Tocantins basin, located in the southern portion of the Chapada dos Veadeiros, at about 1,200 meters of elevation, Goiás, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by an unusual combination of two apomorphic features present in distinct clades of Characidium, the presence of a scaleless isthmus in allied to with a single row of dentary teeth. Additionally, the new species has a unique color pattern of inconspicuous vertical bars disconnected from the dorsal midline, forming seven to nine square blotches along body sides, and the presence of a dark saddle-shaped mark at the dorsal-fin base. Osteologically, it can be diagnosed by having the first and second anal-fin proximal radials fused and contacting the third hemal spine, which is branched. The new species also has a peculiar, unusual variation of fin-ray counts among its congeners.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Characidium é descrita dos riachos tributários do rio Tocantins, bacia do rio Tocantins, localizados na vertente sul da Chapada dos Veadeiros, a aproximadamente 1.200 metros de altitude, Goiás, Brasil. A nova espécie pode ser diagnosticada pela combinação não usual de dois caracteres apomórficos presentes em clados distintos de Characidium, a presença do istmo sem escama em conjunto com uma única série de dentes no dentário. Adicionalmente, a nova espécie tem um padrão de coloração único de barras verticais desconectadas na região dorsal, formando sete a nove manchas quadradas ao longo do lado do corpo, e pela presença de uma mancha em forma de sela na base da nadadeira dorsal. Osteologicamente, ela pode ser diagnosticada por possuir o primeiro e segundo radiais da nadadeira anal fusionados e em contato com o terceiro espinho hemal, que é ramificado. A espécie nova também possui uma variação peculiar e pouco usual no número de raios das nadadeiras entre os congêneres.(AU)

Eritema multiforme e suas características clínico-patológicas em um equino no Brasil / Erythema multiforme and its clinicopathological features in a horse in Brazil

Background: Erythema multiforme (EM) is an immune-mediated skin disease which may manifest as cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions. It is uncommon in horses. EM lesions have a symmetrical bilateral distribution; they are usually urticarial, necrotizing, and, less commonly, ulcerative. In equines, the trigger is usually unknown, and cases are often classified as idiopathic. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and physical and histopathological examination of lesions. According to the clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of the cutaneous lesions, this case is the first report to describe diagnosis and treatment of a horse with EM in Brazil. Case: A Quarter Horse filly was followed clinically for 12 months after sudden onset of skin lesions at 18 months of age. The initial lesions were non-alopecic papules with a symmetrical bilateral distribution. Six months after onset, the skin lesions maintained the original distribution pattern; however, they had progressed to papules and plaques with varying annular, arciform, serpiginous, targetoid, or alopecic appearance. At 8 months, the same distribution pattern and appearance remained, but the lesions had become more severe and extensive, with involvement of the labial commissures and perineal region, without any erosions/ulcerations, scaling/crusting, pain, or pruritus. At 12 months, new nodular lesions were found on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hind limbs, neck, bilateral trunk, and root of the tail. The lesions were firm, non-pruritic, and non-tender on palpation. Swabs were obtained from the papular lesions. Skin specimens were also obtained with a 6-mm punch and via incisional biopsy and histological sections were made. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. Appropriate stains did not identify fungal structures, were negative for acid-fast bacilli, and did not reveal any metachromatic granules in the sampled cell population. The histopathological findings were characteristic of immune-mediated disease, with a vacuolar interface dermatitis affecting the hair follicles more than the epidermis, necrotic keratinocytes, lymphocyte satellitosis, leukocytoclastic mixed vasculitis of the mid-dermis and deep dermis, and variable granulation tissue, consistent with erythema multiforme and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and oral supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin E were prescribed. After institution of therapy, no new lesions developed, the existing lesions remained stable (though permanent), and hair regrew in the previously alopecic areas. All physiological parameters remained normal throughout the follow-up period. Discussion: Erythema multiforme is rarely reported in horses. According to our literature review, this is the first description of EM in horses in Brazil. EM should be included in the differential diagnosis of horses that present with plaques in a diverse, geographic distribution and a negative initial dermatological screening examination. Further clinical investigation is warranted, with special attention to potential antigenic triggers. A thorough drug and dietary history and close attention to comorbidities are essential, as the suppression of potential culprit factors has important prognostic value and contributes to the elucidation of EM triggers.(AU)

Morphology, histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of the Banded tilapia, Tilapia sparrmanii (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

This study described anatomical, histological and histochemical features of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract of Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840, an omnivorous freshwater fish endemic to Southern Africa. This species exhibited a short thick oesophagus with long deep longitudinal folds (466.68 ± 16.91 µm), and a thick (173.50 ± 10.92 µm) muscular layer that allow the passage of large food items. The mucosa was lined with stratified secretory epithelium rich in goblet cells that secreted neutral and acid mucins. The stomach was a sac-like structure with simple tubular glands surrounded by connective tissue. The mucosa was lined with simple columnar epithelium and the lamina propria exhibited a well-developed layer of gastric glands that occupied the entire length of the cardio-fundic region. The stomach mucosa consisted of epithelial cells with intense neutral mucin secretion which protects against gastric juice. Neck cells of gastric glands synthesized neutral and acid mucins. The intestine was highly coiled and presented a complex pattern of transversal folds internally (villi). Villi length decreased progressively from the anterior to the posterior intestine (p 0.0001). Tunica muscularis of the mid-intestine had the thinnest thickness among all parts of the intestine (p 0.0001). Goblet cells whose numbers increased towards the rectum secreted both acid and neutral mucins. The results indicate structural similarities of T. sparrmanii GIT with other tilapia species and will be useful for understanding the physiology of the digestive systems as well as functional components of the GIT.

Morphology, histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of the Banded tilapia, Tilapia sparrmanii (Perciformes: Cichlidae)

This study described anatomical, histological and histochemical features of the mucosal layer of the digestive tract of Tilapia sparrmanii Smith, 1840, an omnivorous freshwater fish endemic to Southern Africa. This species exhibited a short thick oesophagus with long deep longitudinal folds (466.68 ± 16.91 µm), and a thick (173.50 ± 10.92 µm) muscular layer that allow the passage of large food items. The mucosa was lined with stratified secretory epithelium rich in goblet cells that secreted neutral and acid mucins. The stomach was a sac-like structure with simple tubular glands surrounded by connective tissue. The mucosa was lined with simple columnar epithelium and the lamina propria exhibited a well-developed layer of gastric glands that occupied the entire length of the cardio-fundic region. The stomach mucosa consisted of epithelial cells with intense neutral mucin secretion which protects against gastric juice. Neck cells of gastric glands synthesized neutral and acid mucins. The intestine was highly coiled and presented a complex pattern of transversal folds internally (villi). Villi length decreased progressively from the anterior to the posterior intestine (p 0.0001). Tunica muscularis of the mid-intestine had the thinnest thickness among all parts of the intestine (p 0.0001). Goblet cells whose numbers increased towards the rectum secreted both acid and neutral mucins. The results indicate structural similarities of T. sparrmanii GIT with other tilapia species and will be useful for understanding the physiology of the digestive systems as well as functional components of the GIT.(AU)

Morphology of male and female reproductive tract of the ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

The Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) is the largest species of this genus, despite having broad distribution in the Americas; it is included in the main list of endangered species. Their conservation is widely studied, but there is a lack of studies about their morphology. In order to contribute to the knowledge of its reproductive system, five male and female ocelots were examined macro- and microscopically by histological techniques. Macroscopic analysis of the male reproductive system revealed presence of prostate and bulbourethral gland located caudally to the urinary bladder and a penis with small spicules. Microscopically, the testes were encased by the tunica albuginea and divided it into lobules with 5-10 tubules per lobe. In females, macroscopic analysis demonstrated two ovaries position dorsally in the sublumbar region and caudal to the kidneys. The bicornuate uterus is composed by uterine horns (12 to 14 cm in length), which travels from the ovaries in a caudal direction to form a small uterine body (4 cm in length). The ovary analysis revealed, in longitudinal section, medullary region composed of loose connective tissue, a stroma rich in blood vessels, and an external parenchymal region surrounded by a tunica albuginea. The results of the study confirmed the similarity between ocelot's reproductive system as domestic cat's ones and showing for the first time the complete morphological tool to highlight these organs and tissue in this male and female endangered wild felid specie. The present study open venue for other researchers to consider morphological and preservationist features and aimed to help at long-term conservation of wild felines.

Cobalt deficiency in cattle and its impact on production / Deficiência de cobalto em bovinos e seu impacto na produção

Two outbreaks of cobalt deficiency in beef cattle were diagnosed in Midwestern Brazil. We discuss the clinical, epidemiological, pathological features, therapeutic measures, and impact aspects of the production system associated with these outbreaks occurring outbreaks in two farms of extensive cattle raising-system in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Seven affected cattle were euthanized and necropsied. Tissues for histopathology and microelements dosage were secured. At Farm A, 3100 cattle of all ages got sick, and 396 died; at Farm B, 148 were affected, and 110 died. In both farms, cattle were fed the same mineral supplement. The main clinical signs were weight loss and weakness, even though a good supply of forage was available in the paddocks. Many cattle stop grazing and chew at tree barks, wood chips from fence posts, and bones. In addition to the deaths, there was a compromised growth, and the reproductive rates fell sharply. The necropsied cattle were thin, with rough hair coat and pale mucous membranes. The liver was diffusely orange and showed a lobular pattern. The bone marrow was gelatinous and diffusely yellow. Histological changes included hemosiderosis in the liver and spleen, hepatocellular vacuolar degeneration, and myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia of the bone marrow. In the white matter of four cattle's brains, the myelin sheath was markedly distended (spongy degeneration). Proliferative parasitic abomasitis was observed in three cattle. The presumptive diagnosis was based on the association of the clinical picture, the necropsy findings, and the ruling out of other possible causes. The diagnosis was confirmed by the favorable response to treatment with cobalt and vitamin B12 orally and by mineral supplementation.(AU)

Dois surtos de deficiência de cobalto em bovinos de corte foram diagnosticados. Os aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos, anatomopatológicos, terapêuticos e impactos no sistema de produção são descritos e discutidos. Os surtos ocorreram em duas fazendas de criação extensiva estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Centro-Oeste brasileiro. Sete bovinos afetados foram eutanasiados e necropsiados. Na necropsia foram colhidas amostras para exames histopatológicos e dosagem de microelementos. Na Fazenda A, 3100 bovinos de todas as idades adoeceram e 396 morreram e na Fazenda B, 148 bovinos adoeceram e 110 morreram. Ambas as fazendas utilizavam o mesmo suplemento mineral. Os principais sinais clínicos observados foram emagrecimento e fraqueza, apesar da boa oferta de forragem nos piquetes, muitos bovinos deixaram de pastejar e comiam cascas de árvores, madeira das porteiras e ossos. Além das mortes, tiveram crescimento comprometido e os índices reprodutivos tiveram queda acentuada. Os bovinos necropsiados estavam magros, com os pelos arrepiados e mucosas pálidas. O fígado estava difusamente alaranjado e com evidenciação do padrão lobular. A medula óssea estava de consistência gelatinosa e difusamente amarelada. Alterações histológicas incluíam degeneração vacuolar hemossiderose que era moderada no fígado e marcada no baço. Hipoplasia mieloide e eritoide era vista na medula óssea. Na substância branca do encéfalo de quatro bovinos, a bainha de mielina estava marcadamente distendida (degeneração esponjosa). Abomasite parasitária proliferativa foi observada em três bovinos. O diagnóstico presuntivo baseou-se na associação do quadro clínico, nos achados de necropsia e na eliminação de outras possíveis causas. O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela resposta favorável ao tratamento com cobalto e vitamina B12 por via oral, e a suplementação mineral.(AU)

Ovários policisticos epidermóides e hipoplasia uterina em uma vaca bovina / Epidermoid polycystic ovaries and uterine hypoplasia in a cow

Background: Ovarian cysts originate from mature follicles that do not ovulate within the predicted time according to the oestrous cycle. Dermoid cysts are structures lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, without adjacent epidermal structures, filled by keratinic debris and amorphous proteinaceus material. They are small, located below the cortex, near the hilus. There is controversy regarding the teratogenicity of the dermoid cyst. Some authors use the nomenclature of benign cystic ovarian teratoma, others, reports that although the fibrous wall and histological features are similar to teratomas, it is not associated with this germ cell-derived neoplasia. Case: Ovaries and uterus were received from a female, adult bovine, Nelore, from a slaughterhouse. The left ovary measured 6.5x5.0x3.9 cm and weighed 80 g; the right ovary measured 5.7x3.7x3.0 cm and weighed 60 g. Grossly, the ovaries were similar, presenting floating consistency, multilobulated and pointed aspect, and at the cut surface, there was extravasation of mucopurulent content of whitish colour. Regarding to the uterus, macroscopically, the uterine horns were infantile and decrease in the diameter. Fragments of the tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination and the staining of the slides was done with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, in the ovaries, it was observed rare vestigial elements of ovary identifying an atresic follicle. Polycystic formation with cysts exhibiting partial or total coating of a keratinized squamous epithelium was also observed. In the lumen abundant keratinous material was present. The uterine microscopy revealed compact endometrium with areas variably infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and occasional neutrophils. Areas devoid of endometrial glands were observed

Ovários policisticos epidermóides e hipoplasia uterina em uma vaca bovina / Epidermoid polycystic ovaries and uterine hypoplasia in a cow

Background: Ovarian cysts originate from mature follicles that do not ovulate within the predicted time according to the oestrous cycle. Dermoid cysts are structures lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, without adjacent epidermal structures, filled by keratinic debris and amorphous proteinaceus material. They are small, located below the cortex, near the hilus. There is controversy regarding the teratogenicity of the dermoid cyst. Some authors use the nomenclature of benign cystic ovarian teratoma, others, reports that although the fibrous wall and histological features are similar to teratomas, it is not associated with this germ cell-derived neoplasia. Case: Ovaries and uterus were received from a female, adult bovine, Nelore, from a slaughterhouse. The left ovary measured 6.5x5.0x3.9 cm and weighed 80 g; the right ovary measured 5.7x3.7x3.0 cm and weighed 60 g. Grossly, the ovaries were similar, presenting floating consistency, multilobulated and pointed aspect, and at the cut surface, there was extravasation of mucopurulent content of whitish colour. Regarding to the uterus, macroscopically, the uterine horns were infantile and decrease in the diameter. Fragments of the tissues were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histopathological examination and the staining of the slides was done with hematoxylin and eosin. Microscopically, in the ovaries, it was observed rare vestigial elements of ovary identifying an atresic follicle. Polycystic formation with cysts exhibiting partial or total coating of a keratinized squamous epithelium was also observed. In the lumen abundant keratinous material was present. The uterine microscopy revealed compact endometrium with areas variably infiltrated by lymphocytes, plasmocytes and occasional neutrophils. Areas devoid of endometrial glands were observed…(AU)