Visualizing the knowledge domain of anti-poverty research between 2011 and 2020: a bibliometric analysi in CiteSpace / Visualizando o domínio do conhecimento da pesquisa anti-pobreza entre 2011 e 2020: uma análise bibliométrica no CiteSpace

ABSTRACT: The elimination of poverty and hunger in all its forms and dimensions is one of the key objective of global sustainable development (GSD). This paper analyzed the characteristics of literature release, research progress and frontier trends in the field of anti-poverty in the past ten years by means of bibliometrics, and information visualization. Using CiteSpace to analyze the literature on anti-poverty in the core journals of Web of Science and Scopus (W&S), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The results showed that:(1) The heat of anti-poverty research is on the rise in both W&S and CNKI, the growth rate of Chinese literature published is significantly higher than that of English literature after 2015, but the international influence is not enough. (2) Researchers and institutions in W&S are more independent than in CNKI. The Chinese research team is more stable and larger, but it needs to be further strengthened in cross-institutional and interdisciplinary research. (3)The research content in W&S mainly focuses on influencing factors and poverty reduction mechanisms, ecosystem services, maternal health and sustainable development. According to the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China paid more attention to concrete ways to reduce poverty, and after completing the fight against absolute poverty by 2020, China will pay more attention to reducing relative poverty and solve multi-dimensional poverty problems by improving the security of medical care, education and housing conditions.

RESUMO: A eliminação da pobreza e da fome em todas as suas formas e dimensões é um dos principais objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável global (GSD). Este artigo analisa as características da divulgação da literatura, o progresso da pesquisa e as tendências de fronteira no campo do combate à pobreza nos últimos dez anos por meio de bibliometria e visualização de informações. Uso do CiteSpace para analisar a literatura sobre combate à pobreza nas principais revistas da Web of Science e Scopus (W&S) e da China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Os resultados mostram que: (1) O calor da pesquisa anti-pobreza está aumentando tanto na W&S quanto na CNKI, a taxa de crescimento da literatura chinesa publicada é significativamente maior do que a da literatura inglesa após 2015, mas a influência internacional não é suficiente; (2) Pesquisadores e instituições em W&S são mais independentes do que na CNKI; a equipe de pesquisa chinesa é mais estável e maior, mas precisa ser fortalecida ainda mais na pesquisa interinstitucional e interdisciplinar; (3) O conteúdo da pesquisa em W&S concentra-se principalmente nos fatores que influenciam e nos mecanismos de redução da pobreza, serviços ecossistêmicos, saúde materna e desenvolvimento sustentável. De acordo com a China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), a China prestou mais atenção a formas concretas de reduzir a pobreza e, após completar a luta contra a pobreza absoluta até 2020, a China prestará mais atenção à redução da pobreza relativa e resolverá os problemas de pobreza multidimensional em melhorar a segurança dos cuidados médicos, educação e condições de habitação.

Occurrence of Cryptosporidium in Anglonubian goats in the municipality of Teresina, state of Piauí, Brazil / Ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em cabras da raça Anglonubiana no município de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil

This research aimed to investigate the occurrence of Cryptosporidium and correlate it with types of housing, feces consistency, and physiological parameters related to the reproductive status of Anglo-Nubian goats reared in the State of Piauí, Brazil. A total of 180 fecal samples were collected from 60 non-pregnant and lactating goats with a mean weight of 35 kg, a body condition score of 3.5, and a mean age of three years from an experimental herd at the Federal University of Piauí (UFPI). Oocysts of protozoa of the genus Cryptosporidium could be found in the studied animals using the modified Ziehl-Neelsen technique in fecal smears and the image analysis system to perform morphometry. Each independent variable in the quantitative and qualitative analyses, that is, weight, body condition score (BCS), physiological status (non-pregnant or lactating), feces consistency (normal, pasty, or diarrheal), and floor types (concrete and slatted), was tested with the dependent variable (positive samples, i.e., the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts). Twenty-four out of the total number of fecal samples were considered positive for the presence of the protozoan, which means that 13.3% of the animals were parasitized. Moreover, 100% of the positive feces samples had normal consistency (firm) and all parasitized animals were reared in pens with a concrete floor. A statistical variation was observed in the BCS of parasitized animals compared to non-parasitized ones (p > 0.0253). The results showed that the occurrence of Cryptosporidium in experimental goats located in the municipality of Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil, was considered low, requiring sanitary management measures to prevent infection in animals and humans. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infection in goats in the State of Piauí.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi investigar a ocorrência de Crypstoporidium e correlacionar com tipos de alojamento, consistência das fezes e parâmetros fisiológicos ligados ao estado reprodutivo de cabras da raça Anglonubiana criadas no estado do Piauí, Brasil. Foram utilizadas 180 amostras de fezes de 60 cabra, com peso médio de 35kg, escore de condição corporal de 3,5, com idade em média de três anos, e cabras vazias e lactantes, de um rebanho experimental da Universidade Federal do Piauí (UFPI). Utilizando-se a técnica de Ziehl-Neelsen modificada em esfregaço fecal e sistema de análise de imagens para a realização da morfometria, foi possível encontrar oocistos de protozoários do gênero Crypstoporidium nos animais estudados. Nas análises quantitativa e qualitativa, cada variável independente: peso, escore de condição corporal (ECC), estado fisiológico (vazia ou lactante), consistência das fezes (normal, pastosa ou diarreica) e tipos de piso (concreto e ripado), foi testada com a variável dependente (amostras positivas, ou seja, presença de oocistos de Cryptosporidium). Do total de amostras fecais analisadas, 24 delas foram consideradas positivas à presença do protozoário, o que significa que 13,3% dos animais estavam parasitados na ocasião da pesquisa. Foi observado que 100% das amostras de fezes positivas apresentaram consistência normal (firme) e que todos os animais parasitados eram criados em aprisco com piso de concreto. Houve uma variação estatística no ECC dos animais parasitados comparados aos não parasitados (p > 0,0253). Os resultados evidenciaram que a ocorrência de Cryptosporidium em caprinos experimentais localizados no município de Teresina, no estado do Piauí, foi considerada baixa, sendo necessária medidas de manejo sanitário para prevenir a infecção nos animais e no homem. Este é o primeiro relato da infecção por Cryptosporidium em cabras no estado do Piauí.

Visualizing the knowledge domain of anti-poverty research between 2011 and 2020: a bibliometric analysi in CiteSpace / Visualizando o domínio do conhecimento da pesquisa anti-pobreza entre 2011 e 2020: uma análise bibliométrica no CiteSpace

The elimination of poverty and hunger in all its forms and dimensions is one of the key objective of global sustainable development (GSD). This paper analyzed the characteristics of literature release, research progress and frontier trends in the field of anti-poverty in the past ten years by means of bibliometrics, and information visualization. Using CiteSpace to analyze the literature on anti-poverty in the core journals of Web of Science and Scopus (W&S), and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The results showed that:(1) The heat of anti-poverty research is on the rise in both W&S and CNKI, the growth rate of Chinese literature published is significantly higher than that of English literature after 2015, but the international influence is not enough. (2) Researchers and institutions in W&S are more independent than in CNKI. The Chinese research team is more stable and larger, but it needs to be further strengthened in cross-institutional and interdisciplinary research. (3)The research content in W&S mainly focuses on influencing factors and poverty reduction mechanisms, ecosystem services, maternal health and sustainable development. According to the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China paid more attention to concrete ways to reduce poverty, and after completing the fight against absolute poverty by 2020, China will pay more attention to reducing relative poverty and solve multi-dimensional poverty problems by improving the security of medical care, education and housing conditions.

A eliminação da pobreza e da fome em todas as suas formas e dimensões é um dos principais objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentável global (GSD). Este artigo analisa as características da divulgação da literatura, o progresso da pesquisa e as tendências de fronteira no campo do combate à pobreza nos últimos dez anos por meio de bibliometria e visualização de informações. Uso do CiteSpace para analisar a literatura sobre combate à pobreza nas principais revistas da Web of Science e Scopus (W&S) e da China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Os resultados mostram que: (1) O calor da pesquisa anti-pobreza está aumentando tanto na W&S quanto na CNKI, a taxa de crescimento da literatura chinesa publicada é significativamente maior do que a da literatura inglesa após 2015, mas a influência internacional não é suficiente; (2) Pesquisadores e instituições em W&S são mais independentes do que na CNKI; a equipe de pesquisa chinesa é mais estável e maior, mas precisa ser fortalecida ainda mais na pesquisa interinstitucional e interdisciplinar; (3) O conteúdo da pesquisa em W&S concentra-se principalmente nos fatores que influenciam e nos mecanismos de redução da pobreza, serviços ecossistêmicos, saúde materna e desenvolvimento sustentável. De acordo com a China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), a China prestou mais atenção a formas concretas de reduzir a pobreza e, após completar a luta contra a pobreza absoluta até 2020, a China prestará mais atenção à redução da pobreza relativa e resolverá os problemas de pobreza multidimensional em melhorar a segurança dos cuidados médicos, educação e condições de habitação.

Effect of season and housing systems on various physio-behavioral attributes of local breed of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan / Efeito da estação e dos sistemas de alojamento em vários atributos fisiocomportamentais da raça local de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) no sul de Punjab, Paquistão

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of season and various housing systems on behavioral i.e. sitting, standing, walking and physiological i.e. respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), time of sexual libido (TSL) attributes of local breed of rabbits reared in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Adult rabbits (n = 40) of 6 month to 1 year old were divided into two groups (n = 20 / group). Group I was placed under traditional colony system in the soil while group II was kept under modern cage system. Sitting and standing was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher during summer and winter respectively. The RR and RT were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in summer as compared to other study seasons. Standing behavior was significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher in caged rabbits as compared to colony-reared ones. Statistically higher (p ≤ 0.05) TSL value was observed in summer as compared to other three study seasons. From this study it is concluded that rabbit's behavioral and physiological traits are significantly affected by season and housing systems. We concluded that rabbits show better physio-behavioral performance in autumn and winter season while summer stress negatively affects physiology and behavior under caged-system. This study could contribute new aspects of behavioral and physiological processes in local breed of rabbits due to different seasons and housing systems.

O presente estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito da estação do ano e de vários sistemas de alojamento nos atributos comportamentais, isto é, sentar, levantar, andar e fisiológico, isto é, frequência respiratória (RR), temperatura retal (TR), tempo de libido sexual (TSL), atributos da raça local de coelhos criados no sul de Punjab, Paquistão. Coelhos adultos (n = 40) de 6 meses a 1 ano de idade foram divididos em dois grupos (n = 20 / grupo). O grupo I foi colocado sob o sistema de colônia tradicional no solo, enquanto o grupo II foi mantido sob o sistema moderno de gaiolas. Sentar e ficar em pé foi significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maior durante o verão e inverno, respectivamente. O RR e o TR foram significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maiores no verão, em comparação com as outras estações do estudo. O comportamento em pé foi significativamente (p ≤ 0,05) maior em coelhos engaiolados, em comparação com os criados em colônia. O valor de TSL estatisticamente maior (p ≤ 0,05) foi observado no verão, em comparação com outras três temporadas de estudo. A partir deste estudo, concluiu-se que os traços comportamentais e fisiológicos dos coelhos são significativamente afetados pela estação do ano e pelos sistemas de alojamento. Concluímos que os coelhos apresentam melhor desempenho fisiocomportamental no outono e inverno, enquanto o estresse do verão afeta negativamente a fisiologia e o comportamento em sistema enjaulado. Este estudo pode contribuir com novos aspectos dos processos comportamentais e fisiológicos em raças locais de coelhos devido às diferentes estações do ano e sistemas de alojamento.

Effect of season and housing system on hematochemical attributes in rabbits of Southern Punjab, Pakistan / Efeito da estação do ano e do sistema de alojamento nos atributos hemato-químicos em coelhos do Punjab do Sul, Paquistão

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of season and housing system on hematochemical attributes of rabbits in Southern Punjab, Pakistan. Adult healthy rabbits (n=30) were divided into two groups of equal size (n=15). Group I was housed in a modern cage system and group II in traditional colony system for a period of one year. Blood samples of rabbits from both groups were collected in the summer and the winter seasons and analyzed for various hematochemical attributes. Hematochemical attributes including red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), total white blood cell (WBC) count, mixed cells (MID), granulocytes (GRA), glucose and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were lowered significantly (P<0.05) in the summer in relation to the winter, while mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), creatinine, and cholesterol level were significantly (P<0.05) higher during the summer season. Biochemical attributes as cholesterol, triglycerides and globulin were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the caged rabbits. In conclusion, the summer season caused a significant decrease in most of the hematochemical attributes whereas housing system did not affect most of the hematochemical attributes of the rabbits under the climatic conditions of Southern Punjab, Pakistan.

O presente estudo foi realizado para investigar o efeito da estação do ano e do sistema de alojamento nos atributos hemato-químicos dos coelhos no Sul do Punjab, Paquistão. Os coelhos adultos saudáveis (n=30) foram divididos em dois grupos de mesmo tamanho (n=15). O grupo I foi alojado em um moderno sistema de gaiolas e o grupo II em sistema de colônia tradicional por um período de um ano. Amostras de sangue de coelhos em ambos os grupos foram coletadas no verão e no inverno e analisadas para vários atributos hemato-químicos. Os atributos hemato-químicos, incluindo contagem de hemácias, hematócrito (HCT), volume corpuscular médio (MCV), contagem total de leucócitos, células mistas (MID), granulócitos (GRA), glicose e alanina aminotransferase (ALT) foram significativamente reduzidos (P<0.05) no verão comparado ao inverno, enquanto a hemoglobina corpuscular média (HGM), a concentração média de hemoglobina corpuscular (HGM), creatinina e nível de colesterol foram significativamente (P<0,05) mais altos durante a estação do verão. Atributos bioquímicos como colesterol, triglicerídeos e globulina foram significativamente (P<0,05) mais baixos em coelhos engaiolados. Em conclusão, a estação do verão causou uma diminuição significativa na maioria dos atributos hemato-químicos, enquanto o sistema de alojamento não afetou a maioria dos atributos hemato-químicos dos coelhos sob as condições climáticas do Punjab do Sul, Paquistão.

Productive parameters in three production models: floor, cage and grazing in layer poultry in Ocaña Norte de Santander / Parâmetros produtivos em três modelos de produção: piso, gaiola e pastejo em aves posturais em Ocaña Norte de Santander

The objective was to evaluate the three housing systems in laying birds to determine animal welfare and productivity parameters of the Isa Brown line. 135 laying hens distributed in 45 hens were used for each exploitation system; the managed feeding was 114gr/bird/day in the floor and cage systems for the entire trial period, for the grazing system 14 gr less of concentrate were used; the study had a duration of 8 weeks, of which the first was for accustoming and 7 for testing; At the end of each week, 9 eggs were collected to be studied and analyzed in the animal nutrition laboratory, using 3 eggs for each housing system. The information obtained was analyzed using SPSS for each variable. The parameters of production, consumption, feed conversion, and egg weight, were evaluated; where one-factor ANOVA and Tukey HSD test and least significant difference. The percentage production was no significant difference between the three cage floor and grazing production models being (P-Value <0.05), for the food consumption parameter there is a significant difference (P-Value> 0.05) for each housing system (34.54 ± 6.93), also happened with the conversion variable between the floor, cage production models with the grazing one (1.93 ± 0.6), for the egg weight they were similar in all housing systems (61.1 g in cage, 60.8 g in floor and 60.6 g in grazing) where there were no significant differences. In conclusion, birds with a lower housing density allow better behavior, which is an indicator of comfort, generating higher productivity.

O objectivo era avaliar os três sistemas de habitação (solo, gaiola e pasto) nas galinhas poedeiras para determinar os parâmetros de bem-estar animal e produtividade da linha Isa Brown. Foram utilizadas 135 galinhas poedeiras, distribuídas em 45 galinhas por sistema; a ração administrada foi de 114 g/ave/dia no chão e sistemas de gaiolas, e 14 g menos concentrado foi utilizado para o sistema de pastagem; o estudo durou 8 semanas; a primeira semana foi para habituação e 7 semanas para testes. Foram recolhidos três ovos por sistema por semana para serem estudados e analisados no laboratório de nutrição animal. Os dados foram analisados com SPSS para cada variável. Os parâmetros de produção, consumo, conversão alimentar e peso dos ovos foram avaliados utilizando um único factor ANOVA e o teste HSD de Tukey para a diferença menos significativa. A percentagem de produção não tinha diferença significativa entre os três modelos de produção (valor P < 0,05), para o parâmetro de consumo de ração havia uma diferença significativa (valor P > 0,05) para cada sistema de habitação (34,54 ± 6,93), a variável de conversão alimentar entre modelos de produção (1,93 ± 0,6), para os pesos dos ovos eram semelhantes em todos os sistemas de habitação (61,1 g para a gaiola, 60,8 g para o solo e 60,6 g para o pasto) onde não havia diferença significativa. Em conclusão, as aves com menor densidade de alojamento permitem um melhor comportamento, o que é um indicador de conforto, levando a uma maior produtividade.

Thermal environment characterization of laying hen-housing systems

This study systematically collected data on variables that influence the thermal environment characteristics in poultry houses. Laying poultry farming is a relevant economic activity in Brazilian agriculture and has been expressively growing mainly regarding genetics and nutrition. Thermal comfort in poultry houses is needed to achieve poultry's maximum productive potential. Therefore, laying aviaries previously naturally ventilated (positive pressure) are starting to be equipped with cage batteries and designed with lateral closures, using negative pressure ventilation and in some cases associated with adiabatic cooling. However, negative pressure ventilation systems' thermal efficiency in tunnel mode and its distribution in different cage levels is still slightly known. Consequently, this system's thermal efficiency needs to be investigated to ensure adequate climate indices recommendations and avoid costs and losses due to inadequate handling and facilities.

Influence of microclimate on ketosis, mastitis and diseases of cow reproductive organs

This study investigated the influence of the farm microclimate parameters in different seasons on the incidence of ketosis, foot diseases, reproductive diseases, and mastitis in three dairy farms of North Kazakhstan. Microclimate parameters were recorded in four seasons: summer, autumn, winter, and spring. The average temperature was 1.2 °C above the established norm in summer and 1.7 °C below the established norm in winter. The humidity was below the norm by 9.7% and 1.6% in summer and autumn, respectively, and above the norm by 9.6 % and 6.6 % in winter and spring, respectively. The airflow was 0.1 m/s lower than the norm in summer, winter, and spring. The general illumination was 3.8 and 2.6 LUX lower than the norm in winter and spring, respectively. The average morbidity (cumulative incidence of all four diseases) was 63.8% (highest) in the winter, followed by spring (60.0%). Average morbidity was considerably less in summer and autumn at 46.7% and 37.1%, respectively. Study results indicate that minor deviations in microclimate parameters from the norms, particularly in winter and spring, can considerably impact the disease incidence on dairy farms in Kazakhstan. The farm management should strive to maintain microclimate conditions on the farm as close to the norm as possible during different seasons to avoid losses from livestock morbidity.

Análise quantitativa da receptividade a presença de abrigos de morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus no município de São Pedro - SP / Quantitative analysis of the receptivity of the presence of vampire bats Desmodus rotundus shelters in the municipality of São Pedro - SP / Análisis cuantitativo de la receptividad de la presencia de hematophagus bat shelters Desmodus rotundus en el municipio de São Pedro - SP

O morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus é o principal transmissor da raiva dos herbívoros, responsável por enormes prejuízos econômicos na pecuária na América Latina. Devido às interações de D. rotundus como meio ambiente, o risco da raiva nos herbívoros pode ser explicado pela vulnerabilidade e a receptividade do ambiente a capacidade do ecossistema albergar populações de D. rotundus. Utilizando de Sistema de Informações Geográficas foram analisados quantitativamente os seguintes determinantes de receptividade em que se encontravam os abrigos de morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus nomunicípio de SãoPedro - SP: tipo de solo e geologia, uso e cobertura do solo, declividade, hipsometria e proximidade a corpos de água. Foram localizados oito abrigos de D. rotundus, sendo dois abrigos naturais: uma gruta de arenito de Geologia Formação Piramboia e Neossolo Quartzarênico habitada por apenas um morcego, e outra gruta basáltica de Geologia Formação Itaqueri e Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo comum a população estimada de 100 D. rotundus. 75% dos abrigos estava em áreas de pastagem e cana de açúcar, seguido por áreas de vegetação nativa e vegetação riparia associada a pastagens. A presença de abrigos de D. rotundus em áreas de cultura canavieira e pastoril em quantidade superior a áreas de cobertura florestal ressalta a importância de oferta de abrigos artificiais em áreas agrícolas. A declividade do terreno em que se encontravam os abrigos variou de 3% a 29%. 62,5% dos abrigos estavam em áreas com baixas declividades com presença de pastagens, porém próximos a áreas de relevo mais escarpado e vegetação nativa com altitudes que variaram entre 475 m e 929 m. Todos os abrigos estavam localizados próximos a corpos d'agua. Apesar de corpos d'agua não constarem como fator de receptividade à presença de abrigos de D. rotundus no modelo epidemiológico indicado pelo Manual de Combate a Raiva dos Herbívoros - MAPA, no presente estudo a proximidade de todos os abrigos de D. rotundus a corpos d'agua evidencia a importância deste fator na receptividade ambiental à presença de abrigos destes morcegos, tornando relevante a inclusão deste fator nos modelos epidemiológicos de controle da raiva dos herbívoros. Desta forma faz-se necessária uma reavaliação da importância dos fatores de receptividade à presença de abrigos de D. rotundus nos modelos epidemiológicos, considerando a escala e particularidades de cada região em estudo, a inclusão outros tipos de formação geológica além da calcária para formação de abrigos naturais, a inclusão de novos tipos e cobertura de solo e a proximidade de corpos d'agua.

The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is the main transmitter rabies in herbivores, responsible for enormous economic losses in livestock in Latin America. Due to interactions of D. rotundus with the environment, the risk of rabies in herbivores can be explained by the vulnerability and receptiveness of the environment to the capacity of the ecosystem to support populations of D. rotundus. Using a Geographic Information System, the following determinants of receptivity were quantitatively analyzed in which the vampire bat roosts D. rotundus were found in the city of São Pedro - SP: soil type and geology, land use and cover, slope, hypsometry and proximity to water bodies. Eight D. rotundus shelters were located, two of which were natural: as and stone cave of Piramboia Formation Geology and Quartzarênic Neosol inhabited by only one bat, and another basaltic cave of Itaqueri Formation Geology and Red-yellow Latosol with an estimated population of 100 D. rotundus. 75% of the shelters were in pasture and sugar cane areas, followed by areas of native vegetation and riparian vegetation associated with pastures. The presence of D. rotundus shelters in sugar cane and pastoral areas in a greater quantity than in forest cover areas highlights the importance of offering artificial shelters in agricultural areas. The slope of the land on which the shelters were located ranged from 3% to 29%. 62.5% of the shelters were in areas with lows lopes with the presence of pastures, but close to areas with more rugged relief and native vegetation with altitudes ranging between 475m and 929m. All shelters were located close to bodies of water. Although bodies of water do not appear as a factor of receptivity to the presence of shelters of D. rotundus in the epidemiological model indicated by the Herbivore Rabies Control Manual - MAPA, in the present study the proximity of all roosts of D. rotundus to water bodies highlights the importance of this factor in environmental receptivity to the presence of roosts for these bats, making it relevant to include this factor in epidemiological models for controlling rabies in herbivores. Thus, it is necessary to reassess the importance of factors of receptivity to the presence of D. rotundus roosts in epidemiological models, considering the scale and particularities of each region under study, the inclusion of other types of geological formation in addition to limestone for the formation of natural shelters, the inclusion of new types and land cover and the proximity of water bodies.

El murciélago vampiro Desmodus rotundus es el principal transmisor de la rabia herbívora, responsable de enormes pérdidas económicas en la ganadería en América Latina. Debido a las interacciones de D. rotundus con el medio ambiente, el riesgo de rabia en herbívoros puede explicarse por la vulnerabilidad y receptividad del medio ambiente a la capacidad del ecosistema para sustentar poblaciones de D. rotundus. Utilizando un Sistema de Información Geográfica, se analizaron cuantitativamente los siguientes determinantes de la receptividad en los que se encontraron los refugios de murciélagos vampiro D. rotundus en la ciudad de São Pedro SP: tipo de suelo y geología, uso y cobertura del suelo, pendiente, hipsometría y proximidad a cuerpos de agua. Se ubicaron ocho refugios de D.rotundus, siendo dos refugios naturales: una cueva de arenisca de Geología de la Formación Piramboia y Quartzarênico Neosol habitada por un solo murciélago, y otra cueva basáltica de Geología de la Formación Itaqueri y Latosol Rojo-amarillo con una población estimada de 100 D. rotundus. El 75% de los refugios estaban en áreas de pastos y caña de azúcar, seguidos de áreas de vegetación nativa y vegetación de ribera asociada a pastos. La presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en áreas cañeras y pastorales en mayor cantidad que en áreas de cobertura forestal resalta la importancia de ofrecer refugios artificiales en áreas agrícolas. La pendiente del terreno en el que se ubicaron los refugios osciló entre el 3% y el 29%. El 62,5% de los refugios se encontraban en zonas de baja pendiente con presencia de pastos, pero próximas a zonas de relieve más accidentado y vegetación autóctona con altitudes que oscilan entre 475 my 929 m. Todos los refugios estaban ubicados cerca de cuerpos de agua. Si bien los cuerpos de agua no aparecen como factor de receptividad a la presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en el modelo epidemiológico indicado por el Manual de Combate a la Rabia de Herbívoros - MAPA, en el presente estudio la proximidad de todos los refugios de D. rotundus to bodies d'agua destaca la importancia de este factor en la receptividad ambiental a la presencia de refugios para estos murciélagos, por lo que es relevante incluir este factor en los modelos epidemiológicos para el control de la rabia en herbívoros. Así, es necesario reevaluar la importancia de los factores de receptividad a la presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en los modelos epidemiológicos, considerando la escala y particularidades de cada región en estudio, la inclusión de otros tipos de formación geológica además de la caliza para la formación de refugios naturales, inclusión de nuevos tipos y coberturas terrestres y proximidad de cuerpos de agua.

Economic Feasibility in Commercial Egg Production in a Conventional and Cage-Free Systems with Different Stocking Densities

Adapting existing laying facilities to meet animal welfare certifications is not a simple task. It causes higher expenses to producers, who are often hesitant to accept the need for changes. Considerations of their financial situation make them insecure to make assertive decisions in this area, as they seek to maintain the economic efficiency of laying poultry. This study aims to analyze the economic viability of laying systems (conventional cages and Cage-Free) with different housing densities. The data source was a systematized literature review. Five articles were found containing reports on systems. Further data sources were the lineage handbook and a survey with companies specializing in poultry farming. An analysis of economic viability was performed in the multiple scenarios. Densities in each system were used to compose different scenarios: Conventional: 1,500 cm²/bird, 750 cm²/bird, and 398 cm²/bird; and Cage-Free:7 birds/m² and 13 birds/m². The scenarios were evaluated in terms of Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Modified Internal Rate of Return, Discounted Payback Method, Profitability Index, Equivalent Uniform Annual Value, and Monte Carlo Simulation. The best scenario was the Conventional, with 398 cm²/bird, presenting a higher NPV. The Cage-Free system, with seven birds per square meter, had a lower NPV compared to conventional systems. All scenarios had satisfactory chances of success. The risks of negative or null financial return were low according to Monte Carlo simulations. Conventional and Cage-Free production are economically viable when using densities of 1,500 cm²/bird, 750 cm²/bird, or 398 cm²/bird (conventional), and 7 birds/m², or 13 birds/m² (Cage-Free).(AU)

Nutrient status, hematological and blood metabolite profile of mid-lactating dairy cows during wet and dry seasons raised under Indonesian tropical environmental conditions

This study was conducted to determine the nutrient status, changes in the hematological and selected blood metabolites profile of mid-lactating dairy cows during wet and dry seasons under Indonesia's tropical environment. Forty mid-lactating FH cows were selected from the Livestock Farm Complex (Dairy Community) in Yogyakarta, with an average body weight of 421.77±28.60 kg and 1st to 3rd lactation. They were housed in a semi-open housing system with concrete flooring covered with rubber mats and provided with feeders and drinkers. They were fed twice daily, and drinking water was given ad libitum. Measurements were made on the intakes of feed (and nutrients). The variables measured were nutrient intakes, blood hematology, and metabolites profile and measured over two seasons, namely wet and dry seasons. The results of the measurements made were compared using independent t-test analysis. The result indicated that intake of CP, RLYM, RNEUT, NEUT, RBC, HGB, MCV, MCHC, MPV, albumin, urea nitrogen, and total protein was differed significantly (P < 0.05) between wet and dry seasons, respectively. It was concluded that the nutrient status of mid-lactating dairy cows in the wet season was higher than during the dry season, especially the intake of CP. In the wet season, it has a positive effect on the basic hematological parameters.(AU)

Nutrient status, hematological and blood metabolite profile of mid lactating dairy cows during wet and dry seasons raised under Indonesian tropical environmental conditions

This study was conducted to determine the nutrient status, changes in the hematological and selected blood metabolites profile of mid-lactating dairy cows during wet and dry seasons under Indonesia's tropical environment. Forty mid-lactating FH cows were selected from the Livestock Farm Complex (Dairy Community) in Yogyakarta, with an average body weight of 421.77±28.60 kg and 1st to 3rd lactation. They were housed in a semi-open housing system with concrete flooring covered with rubber mats and provided with feeders and drinkers. They were fed twice daily, and drinking water was given ad libitum. Measurements were made on the intakes of feed (and nutrients). The variables measured were nutrient intakes, blood hematology, and metabolites profile and measured over two seasons, namely wet and dry seasons. The results of the measurements made were compared using independent t-test analysis. The result indicated that intake of CP, RLYM, RNEUT, NEUT, RBC, HGB, MCV, MCHC, MPV, albumin, urea nitrogen, and total protein was differed significantly (P < 0.05) between wet and dry seasons, respectively. It was concluded that the nutrient status of mid-lactating dairy cows in the wet season was higher than during the dry season, especially the intake of CP. In the wet season, it has a positive effect on the basic hematological parameters.

Avaliação do desempenho produtivo/reprodutvo de vacas leiteiras mestiças antes e depois do manejo no sistema "Compost Barn" / Evaluation of the productive/reproductive performance of crossbred dairy cows before and after the managed in the system "Compost barn"

Fatores como altas temperaturas e baixa eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos detêm o avanço da produção brasileira de leite. O "Compost Barn" (CB) é um tipo de sistema de confinamento utilizado para rebanhos leiteiros, que pode propiciar maior conforto aos animais, porém, por ainda ser um sistema de manejo novo no Brasil, há poucos estudos sobre seu impacto na produtividade em ambientes tropicais. Diante disso, objetivou-se comparar o período de serviço e a produção de leite corrigida para 305 dias de lactação de vacas leiteiras mestiças (Holandesa x Gir), previamente manejadas no sistema de pastejo e depois introduzidas no sistema de "Compost Barn". Foram avaliadas 122 vacas, com uma lactação antes e uma lactação após a entrada no sistema de manejo CB. Foi detectado redução no período de serviço (p=0,02) de 104,92 para 84,46 dias, após a entrada no sistema de manejo CB, porém, a produção de leite, corrigida para 305 dias de lactação não foi afetada pelo sistema de manejo (p>0,05). Conclui-se que houve redução do período de serviço em vacas leiteiras mestiças após o ingresso dos animais ao sistema "Compost Barn", indicando melhoria na fertilidade do rebanho leiteiro.

Factors such as high temperatures and low reproductive efficiency in herds halt the advance of Brazilian milk production. The Compost Barn (CB) is a type of confinement system used for dairy herds, which can provide greater confort to the animals, but because it is still a new management system in Brazil, there are few studies on its impact on productivity in tropical environments. Therefore, the aim was to compare the service period and the corrected milk production for 305 lactation days of crossbred dairy cows (Holstein x Gir), previously managed in the grazing system and then introduced in the "Compost Barn" system. One hundred twenty two cows were evaluated, one lactation before and one lactation after entry into the CB management system. A reduction in the period of service (p=0.02) was detected from 104.92 to 84.46 days after entering the CB management system, but milk production, corrected for 305 days of lactation, was not affected by management system (p>0.05). It was concluded that there was a reduction in the service period in crossbred dairy cows after the animals entered the Compost Barn system, indicating an improvement in the fertility of the dairy herd.

Effect of housing system during pregnancy on reproductive parameters of sows / [Efeito do sistema de alojamento durante a gestação sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos de porcas]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows in individual stalls (Stall) or group-housed into groups on days 3 to 5 (Pen5) or 38 to 42 (Pen42) after breeding. The reproductive data was collected from the operating system of the farm establishing the average of the weekly performances of the sows that gave birth, for four years, except for the Pen5 system, which was evaluated for three years. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®, using MIXED (for quantitative traits), NPAR1WAY (for categorical traits) and LOGISTIC (binomial traits) procedures, using sows as a repeated measure. Sows in Stall system had piglets with higher birth weight them sows in the group-housed system (P<0.05), however the piglets born alive, total piglets weaned, average litter weight, and duration of farrowing were lower in this system than in the group-housed (P<0.0001). There was no difference between Pen5 and Stall systems for gestation period and mummified piglets. The Pen42 system had a higher percentage of mummified piglets and a shorter gestation period, when compared Pen5 and Stall systems (P<0.0001), and similar results to the Pen5 system for duration of farrowing, piglets born alive, stillbirths, total piglets weaned, average litter weight and birth weight (P<0.0001).(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance reprodutiva de matrizes suínas alojadas individualmente (Individual) ou em grupos, nos dias 3 a 5 (Grupo 5) ou 38 a 42 (Grupo 42) após a inseminação. Os dados reprodutivos foram coletados do sistema operacional da granja, estabelecendo-se a média dos desempenhos semanais das matrizes que pariram por semana, durante quatro anos, exceto para o sistema Grupo 5, que foi avaliado por três anos. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS®, usando-se os procedimentos MIXED (para variáveis quantitativas), NPAR1WAY (para variáveis categóricas) e LOGISTIC (para variáveis binomiais), tendo a matriz como uma medida repetida. As matrizes no sistema Individual tiveram leitões com maior média de peso ao nascer do que as matrizes nos sistemas de alojamento em grupo (P<0,05), porém os leitões nascidos vivos, o total de leitões nascidos, o peso médio da leitegada e a duração do parto foram menores no sistema Individual do que nos sistemas de alojamento em grupo (P<0,0001). Não houve diferença entre os sistemas Grupo 5 e Individual para o tempo de duração da gestação e o número de leitões mumificados. O sistema Grupo 42 apresentou maior porcentagem de leitões mumificados e menor período de gestação, quando comparado aos sistemas Grupo 5 e Individual (P<0,0001), e resultados semelhantes ao sistema Grupo 5 para duração do parto, leitões nascidos vivos, natimortos, total de leitões desmamados, peso médio da leitegada e peso ao nascer (P<0,0001).(AU)

Evaluation of reproductive and animal welfare parameters of swine females of different genetic lines submitted to different reproductive management and housing systems during pregnancy / [Avaliação de parâmetros reprodutivos e de bem-estar animal de fêmeas suínas de diferentes linhagens genéticas submetidas a diferentes sistemas de manejo reprodutivo e de alojamento durante a prenhez]

The aim of this study was to evaluate swine females of different genetic lines submitted to different reproductive management and housing systems during pregnancy on reproductive performance and animal welfare parameters. After artificial insemination protocol, 524 females were divided into two gestation housing systems: PEN1=animals housed in individual stalls during the breeding and after group-housed; PEN32=animals housed in individual stalls from breeding until 32 days of pregnancy and after group-housed. The number of piglets born, and the pregnancy and farrowing rates were evaluated. Welfare parameters related to the pregnancy phase were used. Females who weaned more piglets in the previous farrowing had a higher number of piglets born at the next farrowing. The pregnancy rate was affected by the number of semen doses. The farrowing rate was not influenced by the evaluated parameters, with average value of 91.36%. There was no effect of the gestation housing system and the genetic lines on pregnancy and farrowing rates, with values above 90.0%. The animal welfare indicators showed more compromised parameters in PEN1 system. PEN1 system did not impair the reproductive performance although it presented more compromised animal welfare parameters.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fêmeas suínas de diferentes linhagens genéticas submetidas a diferentes sistemas reprodutivos de manejo e alojamento durante a prenhez sobre parâmetros de desempenho reprodutivo e bem-estar animal. Após o protocolo de inseminação artificial, 524 fêmeas foram divididas em dois sistemas de alojamento de gestação: PEN1=animais alojados em baias individuais durante o protocolo de inseminação artificial e, depois, alojados em grupo; PEN32=animais alojados em baias individuais desde o protocolo de inseminação artificial até 32 dias de prenhez e, depois, alojados em grupo. O número de leitões nascidos e as taxas de prenhez e parto foram avaliados. Parâmetros de bem-estar relacionados à fase gestacional foram utilizados. As fêmeas que desmamaram mais leitões no parto anterior tiveram um maior número de leitões nascidos no próximo parto. A taxa de prenhez foi afetada pelo número de doses de sêmen. A taxa de parto não foi influenciada pelos fatores avaliados, com valor médio de 91,36%. Não houve efeito do sistema de alojamento gestacional e das linhas genéticas sobre as taxas de prenhez e parto, com valores acima de 90,0%. Os indicadores de bem-estar animal mostraram parâmetros mais comprometidos no sistema PEN1. O sistema PEN1 não prejudicou o desempenho reprodutivo, embora tenha apresentado parâmetros de bem-estar animal mais comprometidos.(AU)

Characterization of boar studs in Brazil / Caracterização das centrais de coleta e processamento de sêmen no Brasil

Understanding the flow of processes in swine production systems and how they work is fundamental to improving reproductive performance. We surveyed 32 boar studs in Brazil, representing 61.53% of the total in the country. Commercial lines were the most common breed (59.38%) used in the studs. Individual pens and stalls were the most commonly used as housing system (71.9%), and 81.25% of the studs reported having some form of thermal control system. For most of the studs (62.51%), average weekly sperm concentration was higher than 200 million cells per mL. Also, for most studs (71.88%) average weekly ejaculate volume was more than 250 mL. In 46.88% of the studs each ejaculate yielded 26 to 40 semen doses. In 6.25% of the studs, 3.5 billion sperm cells per dose were used for artificial, intracervical insemination. Sperm concentration in 46.88% of the studs was determined using a computer-assisted system analysis. The assessment of sperm quality was conducted using morphology, concentration, and microbiological testing. Employees working on semen collection had formal education of elementary/middle school (34.38%) and high school (37.5%). Most of the laboratory technicians had frequented high school (75%). The most time-consuming task was semen processing, taking 16 to 25 h a week (46.8%) and 6 to 10 h was allotted for the cleaning of stud facilities (46.8%). The data collected in the present study allow greater knowledge of this important part in the pig production chain in Brazil.(AU)

O entendimento dos processos na suinocultura e como estes funcionam é fundamental para o incremento da performance reprodutiva. Por via eletrônica, foi realizada uma investigação com 32 centrais de coleta e processamento de sêmen no Brasil, representando 61,53% do total no país. O número médio de reprodutores por central foi de 122. Reprodutores da linhagem comercial foram os mais frequentemente (59,38%) utilizados nas centrais. As baias para alojamento individual dos reprodutores foram as mais comuns (71,9%) e 81,25% das centrais relataram possuir algum sistema de climatização. Na maioria das centrais (62,51%), a média da concentração espermática foi maior que 200 milhões de espermatozoides/mL. Da mesma forma, a maioria das centrais (71,88%) apresentaram um volume do ejaculado superior a 250 mL. Em 46,88% das centrais um ejaculado produziu de 26 a 40 doses inseminantes. Em 6,25% das centrais eram utilizadas uma concentração de 3,5 bilhões de espermatozoides por dose inseminante na inseminação intracervical. A concentração espermática em 46,88% das centrais era determinada através do sistema CASA. A avaliação da qualidade espermática era realizada através da análise de morfologia, concentração e exame microbiológico das doses inseminantes. Os colaboradores envolvidos com a coleta de sêmen tinham nível de instrução fundamental (43,38%) e médio (37,5%). A maioria dos técnicos no laboratório das centrais tinham ensino médio (75%). A atividade que mais consumia tempo foi o processamento do sêmen, com 16 a 25 horas/semana (46,8%) e 6 a 10 horas era utilizada na limpeza das instalações (46,8%). Os dados coletados no presente estudo permitem um maior conhecimento desse elo da cadeia produtiva da suinocultura no Brasil.(AU)

Dynamics of dairy calf rearing systems during the suckling period: a conceptual model / Dinâmica do sistema de criação de bezerras no período de aleitamento: modelo conceitual

Behavioral studies help to understand the needs of animals and serve as a basis to justify  welfare criteria on farms. This study used the systems dynamics to identify causal loops that influence the behavior of dairy calves during suckling when kept in different housing systems (individual or collective in the presence or absence of a tactile stimulus). The results showed that the conceptual model of dairy calf development consists of three subsystems : (a) subsystem of growth with three reinforcing loops linked to the weight of the calves; (b) subsystem of social development with two reinforcing loops associated with calf learning and two balancing loops associated with reactivity, and (c) subsystem of thermoregulation with three balancing loops associated with body temperature and one reinforcing loop associated with thermal stress. In conclusion, conceptual modeling provided additional information  on the behavior of dairy calves by making explicit the interconnections between the subsystems that comprise the overall calf development system.(AU)

O estudo do comportamento ajuda a entender as necessidades dos animais e serve de base para justificar os critérios de bem-estar nas fazendas. Este trabalho utilizou a dinâmica de sistema para encontrar os ciclos causais que influenciam os comportamentos das bezerras leiteiras durante a fase de aleitamento, mantidas em diferentes sistemas de criação (individual ou coletivo com presença ou ausência de estímulo tátil). Como resultado da modelagem, o modelo conceitual de desenvolvimento de bezerras leiteiras possui três subsistemas: (a) subsistema de crescimento, onde existem três ciclos de reforço ligados ao peso das bezerras; (b) subsistema de desenvolvimento social com dois ciclos de reforço associados à aprendizagem das bezerras e dois ciclos de balanço associados à reatividade; e (c) subsistema de termorregulação com três ciclos de balanço associados à temperatura corporal e um ciclo de reforço associado ao estresse térmico. A modelagem conceitual proporcionou maiores informações sobe o comportamento de bezerras leiteiras por tornarem explicitas as integrações entre os subsistemas que compõem o sistema de desenvolvimento geral de bezerras.(AU)

Dynamics of dairy calf rearing systems during the suckling period: a conceptual model / Dinâmica do sistema de criação de bezerras no período de aleitamento: modelo conceitual

Behavioral studies help to understand the needs of animals and serve as a basis to justify  welfare criteria on farms. This study used the systems dynamics to identify causal loops that influence the behavior of dairy calves during suckling when kept in different housing systems (individual or collective in the presence or absence of a tactile stimulus). The results showed that the conceptual model of dairy calf development consists of three subsystems : (a) subsystem of growth with three reinforcing loops linked to the weight of the calves; (b) subsystem of social development with two reinforcing loops associated with calf learning and two balancing loops associated with reactivity, and (c) subsystem of thermoregulation with three balancing loops associated with body temperature and one reinforcing loop associated with thermal stress. In conclusion, conceptual modeling provided additional information  on the behavior of dairy calves by making explicit the interconnections between the subsystems that comprise the overall calf development system.

O estudo do comportamento ajuda a entender as necessidades dos animais e serve de base para justificar os critérios de bem-estar nas fazendas. Este trabalho utilizou a dinâmica de sistema para encontrar os ciclos causais que influenciam os comportamentos das bezerras leiteiras durante a fase de aleitamento, mantidas em diferentes sistemas de criação (individual ou coletivo com presença ou ausência de estímulo tátil). Como resultado da modelagem, o modelo conceitual de desenvolvimento de bezerras leiteiras possui três subsistemas: (a) subsistema de crescimento, onde existem três ciclos de reforço ligados ao peso das bezerras; (b) subsistema de desenvolvimento social com dois ciclos de reforço associados à aprendizagem das bezerras e dois ciclos de balanço associados à reatividade; e (c) subsistema de termorregulação com três ciclos de balanço associados à temperatura corporal e um ciclo de reforço associado ao estresse térmico. A modelagem conceitual proporcionou maiores informações sobe o comportamento de bezerras leiteiras por tornarem explicitas as integrações entre os subsistemas que compõem o sistema de desenvolvimento geral de bezerras.

Optimization Algorithm Applied to Environmental Control in Broiler Houses

The present study aimed to apply the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm to find the ideal control of broiler housing rearing environment at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of growth. Data from four types of houses using environmental control and similar flock density were recorded weekly in the morning and afternoon, during two seasons (summer and winter). The variables related to environmental and air quality data (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentrations) were registered and organized into the database to provide a descriptive analysis. The ideal rearing conditions were established as a goal, and we used the Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm to process the data. Such an approach may be applied in the cases that the ideal condition of optimization has multiple objectives, and when each variable is the result of a process. The model was implemented considering the optimal controlled environmental condition that depends on the age of broilers. Results indicated that there was a large dispersion of the data collected from the environmental variables. The process suggested that the optimized functions lead to absolute values obtained by the algorithm for each of the environmental factors of the controlled environmental system, representing the optimal condition of the environment found for each broiler age, considering the interactions of the variables. The maximum optimization was prominent to 21 and 35-d old birds, representing 40-48% of the improvement of the process. 28 and 42-d old birds might benefit from the controlled environmental optimization process by up to 30%.(AU)

Optimization Algorithm Applied to Environmental Control in Broiler Houses

The present study aimed to apply the Simulated Annealing (SA) optimization algorithm to find the ideal control of broiler housing rearing environment at 21, 28, 35, and 42 days of growth. Data from four types of houses using environmental control and similar flock density were recorded weekly in the morning and afternoon, during two seasons (summer and winter). The variables related to environmental and air quality data (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, ammonia, and carbon dioxide concentrations) were registered and organized into the database to provide a descriptive analysis. The ideal rearing conditions were established as a goal, and we used the Simulated Annealing optimization algorithm to process the data. Such an approach may be applied in the cases that the ideal condition of optimization has multiple objectives, and when each variable is the result of a process. The model was implemented considering the optimal controlled environmental condition that depends on the age of broilers. Results indicated that there was a large dispersion of the data collected from the environmental variables. The process suggested that the optimized functions lead to absolute values obtained by the algorithm for each of the environmental factors of the controlled environmental system, representing the optimal condition of the environment found for each broiler age, considering the interactions of the variables. The maximum optimization was prominent to 21 and 35-d old birds, representing 40-48% of the improvement of the process. 28 and 42-d old birds might benefit from the controlled environmental optimization process by up to 30%.