Necrose tissular em equino associada ao uso de fenilbutazona / Tissue necrosis in equine associated with use of phenylbutazone

Background: Wounds that occur with tissue necrosis and that result from the application of medications through the most diverse accesses are described as drug skin medical embolism or Nicholas syndrome in human medicine, with wide description. In veterinary medicine, this subject has not yet been described extensively and specifically in veterinary medicine, especially regarding to wounds that occurred after the application of non-intravenous medications in horses, even though these lesions are recurrent in the clinical routine. This report aims to describe a case of skin necrosis in a horse, due to phenylbutazone infection. Case: A 7 year-old Mangalarga Marchador horse, weighing 400 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital for Large Animals of the Universiade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of phenylbutazone injection to the left side of the neck. The animal had an extensive wound on the neck and face on the left side and was characterized by the presence of cold and devitalized skin, with a hardened and parched appearance and that easily detached. During the anamnesis, a single administration of 10 mL of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug based on phenylbutazone was reported intramuscularly for about 10 days to control the pain resulting from the claudication present for 14 days. The medication was administered in the region of the lateral border of the neck, on the left side. After drug administration, the animal presented an increase in volume at the application site. After 24 h, the lesion spread from the inoculation region, extending to the head and chest of the animal. During debridement, it was found that the lesion did not reach the underlying muscle tissue. In addition to the wound, the animal had upper eyelid palsy, lower lip, and auricular ptosis. Treatment with surgical debridement of devitalized tissue, topical application of ozonated sunflower oil, ketanserin, and a free skin graft was instituted. During hospitalization, the animal had a corneal ulcer in the left eye with an unfavorable prognosis due to paralysis of the upper eyelid, with enucleation of the affected eyeball. The animal was under veterinary care for 180 days and was discharged when his wound was already in an advanced stage of healing. Discussion: The history of the application of phenylbutazone intramuscularly and the location and characteristics of the lesion presented by the patient in the present report suggest that this animal presented aseptic tissue necrosis resulting from the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenylbutazone. Although aseptic tissue necrosis, better known as Nicolau's syndrome or drug embolism cutis, is widely characterized and described in this species, there are studies in the literature that reproduce the syndrome in pigs and rabbits. Phenylbutazone was able to cause arterial damage, mainly in the tunica intima of the artery in which the medication was administered, with perivascular inflammatory infiltrate and subsequent skin necrosis at the site of administration. In addition to the skin lesion, the animal started to show signs compatible with the left facial nerve lesion, evidenced by the immobility of the upper eyelid and labial and ear ptosis. This resulted in corneal ulceration and subsequent enucleation. The animal also developed chewing difficulty in the first months of hospitalization. This dysfunction may be due to a lesion of the mandibular nerve, responsible for innervating the masticatory muscles and the oral mucosa. However, the animal showed improvement in this aspect, no longer showing this condition after 90 days of hospitalization. The treatment used was successful in healing the wound.

Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil / Intoxicação acidental por monensina em búfalos na Bahia, Brasil

Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic (IA) widely used for growth promotion and weight gain in the production of ruminants. However, it has caused intoxication in several species, including buffaloes, mainly because of the ignorance or disrespect of the recommendations for use in each animal species. The objective of this study was to describe, for the first time, clinical-epidemiological and anatomopathological data of an outbreak of accidental poisoning by monensin in buffalos and rediscuss the recommendation of the use of IA in the production of this species. The outbreak affected 21 adult buffaloes after consumption of remains from a feed formulated on the farm and whose constituents were mixed by hand. Clinical and first death signs were observed 24 hours after ingestion of this food. In general, the clinical picture was characterized by muscle weakness, tremors, difficulty in locomotion, and decubitus. Fifteen buffaloes presented clinical signs of poisoning (71.5% morbidity), followed by death (100% lethality), after acute to subacute evolution (<24h to 96h). Laboratory tests indicated elevated serum activity of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Three buffaloes underwent necropsy, and samples from several organs were collected for histopathological examination. The main injuries found were hyaline degeneration and multifocal segmental necrosis in the skeletal and cardiac striated muscles (myopathy and degenerative-necrotic multifocal multifocal-necrotic cardiopathy). The diagnosis was confirmed by the toxicological evaluation of suspected ration remains, which detected 461.67mg/kg of monensin. The death of 71.5% buffaloes in this lot occurred due to a succession of errors, which included faults in the formulation of the ration and, above all, due to the use of monensin in a highly sensitive species. Despite the possible beneficial effects of IA use as a dietary supplement for buffaloes, we are of the opinion that IAs should never be used in bubalinoculture since any increment in production does not compensate for the imminent risk of death due to a small safety margin for this species and the absence of antidotes.

Monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo (AI) amplamente empregado na produção de ruminantes para promoção de crescimento e ganho de peso, mas que tem causado intoxicação em diversas espécies, incluindo os búfalos, principalmente, pelo desconhecimento ou desrespeito das recomendações de uso e às particularidades de cada espécie animal. Objetivou-se descrever, pela primeira vez na Bahia, dados clínico-epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação acidental por monensina em búfalos e rediscutir a recomendação do uso de AI na produção de bubalinos. O surto acometeu um lote de 21 búfalos adultos após consumo de sobras de uma ração para bovinos formulada na fazenda e cujos constituintes eram misturados à mão. Os sinais clínicos e primeiros óbitos foram observados 24 horas após a ingestão dessa ração. O quadro clínico, em geral, se caracterizou por fraqueza muscular, tremores, dificuldade de locomoção e decúbito. Quinze búfalos apresentaram sinais clínicos de intoxicação (morbidade 71,5%), seguido de morte (letalidade 100%), após evolução aguda a subaguda (<24h até 96h). Exames laboratoriais indicaram acentuada elevação na atividade sérica das enzimas CPK e AST. Três búfalos foram necropsiados, sendo coletadas amostras de diversos órgãos para exame histopatológico. A principal lesão encontrada foi degeneração hialina e necrose segmentar multifocal nos músculos estriados esqueléticos e cardíacos (miopatia e cardiopatia degenerativo-necrótica tóxica multifocal polifásica). O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela avaliação toxicológica das sobras da ração suspeita, que detectou 461,67mg/kg de monensina. A morte de 71,5% dos búfalos deste lote ocorreu devido a uma sucessão de erros, que incluíram falhas na formulação da ração e, sobretudo, devido ao uso da monensina em uma espécie altamente sensível. Enfatizamos que, apesar dos possíveis efeitos benéficos do uso AIs como suplemento dietético para bubalinos, somos da opinião que os AIs nunca devem ser empregados na bubalinocultura, uma vez que os eventuais incrementos na produção não compensam o risco iminente de morte, devido a pequena margem de segurança para essa espécie e a inexistência de antídotos.

Aspectos da hemoplasmose em búfalos: revisão bibliográfica / Aspects of hemoplasmosis in buffaloes: literature review / Aspectos de la hemoplasmosis en búfalos: revisión de la literatura

Búfalos são animais rústicos que podem ser explorados para a produção de carne ou leite. Estes animais são susceptíveis a enfermidades que também acometem outras espécies de ruminantes, principalmente os bovinos. Entretanto, acredita-se que os bubalinos sejam mais resistentes a algumas doenças, mas ainda há poucos estudos epidemiológicos abrangendo doenças infecciosas como a hemoplasmose em búfalos. A hemoplasmose é causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos ou hemoplasmas, que são bactérias gram-negativas causadoras de anemia hemolítica em hospedeiros imunocomprometidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii e 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' são as principais espécies de hemoplasmas que podem infectar búfalos. A transmissão da doença ocorre principalmente por meio de vetores artrópodes hematófagos ou por via iatrogênica. O diagnóstico de animais infectados é realizado por meio da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR). Medidas de prevenção e controle são essenciais para o controle desta enfermidade nos rebanhos bubalinos.

Buffalo are rustic animals that can be exploited for meat or milk production. These animals are susceptible to diseases that also affect other species of ruminants, especially cattle. However, it is believed that buffalo are more resistant to some diseases, but there are still few epidemiological studies covering infectious diseases such as hemoplasmosis in buffaloes. Hemoplasmosis is caused by hemotropic mycoplasmas or hemoplasmas, which are gram-negative bacteria that cause hemolytic anemia in immunocompromised hosts. Mycoplasma wenyonii and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' are the main hemoplasma species that can infect buffaloes. Transmission of the disease occurs mainly via hematophagous arthropod vectors or iatrogenically. The diagnosis of infected animals is made by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Prevention and control measures are essential for the control of this disease in buffalo herds.

Los búfalos son animales rústicos que pueden ser explotados para la producción de carne o leche. Estos animales son susceptibles de contraer enfermedades que también afectan a otras especies de rumiantes, especialmente al ganado vacuno. Sin embargo, se cree que los búfalos son más resistentes a algunas enfermedades, pero todavía hay pocos estudios epidemiológicos sobre enfermedades infecciosas como la hemoplasmosis en búfalos. La hemoplasmosis está causada por micoplasmas hemotrópicos o hemoplasmas, que son bacterias gram negativas que causan anemia hemolítica en huéspedes inmunodeprimidos. Mycoplasma wenyonii y 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos' son las principales especies de hemoplasma que pueden infectar a los búfalos. La transmisión de la enfermedad se produce principalmente a través de vectores artrópodos hematófagos o de forma iatrogénica. El diagnóstico de los animales infectados se realiza mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Las medidas de prevención y control son esenciales para controlar esta enfermedad en los rebaños de búfalos.

Accidental monensin poisoning in buffaloes in Bahia, Brazil / Intoxicação acidental por monensina em búfalos na Bahia, Brasil

Monensin is an ionophore antibiotic (IA) widely used for growth promotion and weight gain in the production of ruminants. However, it has caused intoxication in several species, including buffaloes, mainly because of the ignorance or disrespect of the recommendations for use in each animal species. The objective of this study was to describe, for the first time, clinical-epidemiological and anatomopathological data of an outbreak of accidental poisoning by monensin in buffalos and rediscuss the recommendation of the use of IA in the production of this species. The outbreak affected 21 adult buffaloes after consumption of remains from a feed formulated on the farm and whose constituents were mixed by hand. Clinical and first death signs were observed 24 hours after ingestion of this food. In general, the clinical picture was characterized by muscle weakness, tremors, difficulty in locomotion, and decubitus. Fifteen buffaloes presented clinical signs of poisoning (71.5% morbidity), followed by death (100% lethality), after acute to subacute evolution (<24h to 96h). Laboratory tests indicated elevated serum activity of creatine phosphokinase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Three buffaloes underwent necropsy, and samples from several organs were collected for histopathological examination. The main injuries found were hyaline degeneration and multifocal segmental necrosis in the skeletal and cardiac striated muscles (myopathy and degenerative-necrotic multifocal multifocal-necrotic cardiopathy). The diagnosis was confirmed by the toxicological evaluation of suspected ration remains, which detected 461.67mg/kg of monensin. The death of 71.5% buffaloes in this lot occurred due to a succession of errors, which included faults in the formulation of the ration and, above all, due to the use of monensin in a highly sensitive species. Despite the possible beneficial effects of IA use as a dietary supplement for buffaloes, we are of the opinion that IAs should never be used in bubalinoculture since any increment in production does not compensate for the imminent risk of death due to a small safety margin for this species and the absence of antidotes.(AU)

Monensina é um antibiótico ionóforo (AI) amplamente empregado na produção de ruminantes para promoção de crescimento e ganho de peso, mas que tem causado intoxicação em diversas espécies, incluindo os búfalos, principalmente, pelo desconhecimento ou desrespeito das recomendações de uso e às particularidades de cada espécie animal. Objetivou-se descrever, pela primeira vez na Bahia, dados clínico-epidemiológicos e anatomopatológicos de um surto de intoxicação acidental por monensina em búfalos e rediscutir a recomendação do uso de AI na produção de bubalinos. O surto acometeu um lote de 21 búfalos adultos após consumo de sobras de uma ração para bovinos formulada na fazenda e cujos constituintes eram misturados à mão. Os sinais clínicos e primeiros óbitos foram observados 24 horas após a ingestão dessa ração. O quadro clínico, em geral, se caracterizou por fraqueza muscular, tremores, dificuldade de locomoção e decúbito. Quinze búfalos apresentaram sinais clínicos de intoxicação (morbidade 71,5%), seguido de morte (letalidade 100%), após evolução aguda a subaguda (<24h até 96h). Exames laboratoriais indicaram acentuada elevação na atividade sérica das enzimas CPK e AST. Três búfalos foram necropsiados, sendo coletadas amostras de diversos órgãos para exame histopatológico. A principal lesão encontrada foi degeneração hialina e necrose segmentar multifocal nos músculos estriados esqueléticos e cardíacos (miopatia e cardiopatia degenerativo-necrótica tóxica multifocal polifásica). O diagnóstico foi confirmado pela avaliação toxicológica das sobras da ração suspeita, que detectou 461,67mg/kg de monensina. A morte de 71,5% dos búfalos deste lote ocorreu devido a uma sucessão de erros, que incluíram falhas na formulação da ração e, sobretudo, devido ao uso da monensina em uma espécie altamente sensível. Enfatizamos que, apesar dos possíveis efeitos benéficos do uso AIs como suplemento dietético para bubalinos, somos da opinião que os AIs nunca devem ser empregados na bubalinocultura, uma vez que os eventuais incrementos na produção não compensam o risco iminente de morte, devido a pequena margem de segurança para essa espécie e a inexistência de antídotos.(AU)

Hipertireoidismo secundário à carcinoma de tireoide em um cão: relato de caso / Hyperthyroidism secondary to thyroid carcinoma in a dog: case report

Hipertireoidismo é uma doença causada pela disfunção do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-tireoide, na qual há um aumento na produção e secreção de T3 (triiodotironina) e T4 (tiroxina). É comum em gatos de meia idade a idosos, mas raro em cães, nos quais normalmente são causados por iatrogenia ou neoplasias da tireoide. O presente trabalho relata um caso de hipertireoidismo em um cão da raça golden retriever, secundário a um carcinoma folicular-compacto de tireoide. A enfermidade causa alterações em diversos sistemas, portanto é importante que o diagnóstico precoce seja firmado para o sucesso do tratamento e a avaliação do tamanho, da invasividade tumoral, da presença de metástases, bem como, das condições clínicas do paciente que são essenciais para a escolha da terapêutica.(AU)

Hyperthyroidism is a disease caused by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis dysfunction, in which there is an increased production and secretion of T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine). It is common in middle aged to old cats but is rare in dogs, in which are usually a result of iatrogenic cause or thyroid neoplasia. The present paper reports a case of hyperthyroidism in a golden retriever dog secondary to a thyroid follicular-compact carcinoma. The disease causes changes in several systems, so to achieve the treatment's success it must be performed an early diagnoses. The analyzis of the tumor size and invasion, presence of metastasis and the patient's clinical conditions are essential to the settlement of the therapeutic choice.(AU)

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.(AU)

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.(AU)

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.(AU)

Eficácia da pomada de barbatimão (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas iatrogênicas em gatas / Effectiveness of barbatimon oil (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) on healing iatrogenic skin wounds in cats / Eficacia de ungüento barbatimão (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) en cicatrización de heridas cutáneas iatrogénicas en gatas

O aumento de animais domésticos tem se tornado constante e a forma mais eficaz para seu controle populacional é a castração. O tratamento de feridas cirúrgicas pode ser demorado ou ineficaz em pacientes com fatores predisponentes que desfavoreçam a cicatrização, como os idosos, diabéticos, obesos, desnutridos, e que apresentam processos infecciosos. Devido ao assunto, a busca por técnicas inovadoras e eficazes que favoreçam o processo cicatricial, impulsiona uma série de estudos científicos em todo o mundo. Diante disso pode-se utilizar a fitoterapia, a ciência na qual se proporciona o bem-estar animal e trata as enfermidades por meio das plantas medicinais, vem cada vez mais sendo usada, estimulando as defesas naturais do organismo do animal, tornando-se uma das melhores opções de tratamento não-agressivo. Assim neste trabalho foi utilizada a pomada manipulada à base de barbatimão nas porcentagens de 2,5% e 10% e placebo em gatas, para a cicatrização de ferida cirúrgica pós-operatório. Foram utilizadas no presente trabalho nove gatas hígidas, com a mesma média de idade, peso e escore corporal, divididas em três grupos com três gatas cada (G1, G2 e Grupo C). Todas as fêmeas passaram pelo procedimento de ovariohisterectomia. No pós-operatório, cada grupo recebeu um tipo de tratamento: o Grupo 1 foi tratado com pomada manipulada à base de barbatimão na concentração de 2,5%, enquanto o Grupo 02 fez uso da pomada manipulada na concentração 10% e o Grupo C recebeu a pomada de placebo.(AU)

The increase of domestic animals has become constant and the most effective way for its population control is castration. The treatment of surgical wounds can be lengthy or ineffective in patients with predisposing factors that disadvantage healing, such as the elderly, diabetic, obese, malnourished, and those with infectious processes. Due to the subject, the search for innovative and effective techniques that favor the healing process, propels a series of scientific studies around the world. Therefore, we can use herbal medicine, the science in which provides animal welfare and treat diseases through medicinal plants, is increasingly being used, stimulating the natural defenses of the animal's body, becoming one of the best non-aggressive treatment options. Thus, in this study will be used the barbatimão manipulated ointment in the percentages of 2.5% and 10% and placebo in cats, for postoperative surgical wound healing. Will be used in this study nine healthy cats, with the same average age, weight and body score, divided into three groups with three cats each (G01, G02 and Group C). All females will undergo the ovariohysterectomy procedure. In the postoperative period, each group will receive one type of treatment: Group 1 will be treated with barbatimão-manipulated ointment at a concentration of 2.5%, while Group 2 will use a manipulated ointment at a concentration of 10% and Group C received the placebo ointment.(AU)

El aumento de animales domésticos se ha vuelto constante y la forma más eficaz de controlar la población es la castración. El tratamiento de las heridas quirúrgicas puede llevar mucho tiempo o ser ineficaz en pacientes con factores predisponentes que dificultan la cicatrización, como ancianos, diabéticos, obesos, desnutridos y que presentan procesos infecciosos. Por el tema, la búsqueda de técnicas innovadoras y efectivas que favorezcan el proceso de curación, impulsa una serie de estudios científicos a nivel mundial. Por lo tanto, podemos utilizar la fitoterapia, ciencia en que se proporciona bienestar animal y el tratamiento de enfermedades a través de plantas medicinales que se utiliza cada vez más, estimulando las defensas naturales del organismo del animal, convirtiéndose en una de las mejores opciones de tratamiento no agresivas. Así, en esta investigación, la pomada a base de barbatimão se utilizó en porcentajes de 2,5% y 10% y placebo, en gatas, para la curación de heridas quirúrgicas postoperatorias. En este trabajo se utilizaron nueve gatas higidas, con la misma edad, peso y puntuación corporal promedio, divididas en tres grupos de tres gatas cada uno (G1, G2 y Grupo C). Todas las hembras se sometieron a un procedimiento de ovariohisterectomía. En el postoperatorio, cada grupo recibió un tipo de tratamiento: el grupo 1 fue tratado con ungüento manipulado a base de barbatimão en una concentración de 2.5%, mientras que el grupo 2 usó el ungüento manipulado en concentración 10% y el grupo C recibió la pomada de placebo.(AU)

Eficácia da pomada de barbatimão (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) na cicatrização de feridas cutâneas iatrogênicas em gatas / Effectiveness of barbatimon oil (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) on healing iatrogenic skin wounds in cats / Eficacia de ungüento barbatimão (Stryphnodendron barbatiman) en cicatrización de heridas cutáneas iatrogénicas en gatas

O aumento de animais domésticos tem se tornado constante e a forma mais eficaz para seu controle populacional é a castração. O tratamento de feridas cirúrgicas pode ser demorado ou ineficaz em pacientes com fatores predisponentes que desfavoreçam a cicatrização, como os idosos, diabéticos, obesos, desnutridos, e que apresentam processos infecciosos. Devido ao assunto, a busca por técnicas inovadoras e eficazes que favoreçam o processo cicatricial, impulsiona uma série de estudos científicos em todo o mundo. Diante disso pode-se utilizar a fitoterapia, a ciência na qual se proporciona o bem-estar animal e trata as enfermidades por meio das plantas medicinais, vem cada vez mais sendo usada, estimulando as defesas naturais do organismo do animal, tornando-se uma das melhores opções de tratamento não-agressivo. Assim neste trabalho foi utilizada a pomada manipulada à base de barbatimão nas porcentagens de 2,5% e 10% e placebo em gatas, para a cicatrização de ferida cirúrgica pós-operatório. Foram utilizadas no presente trabalho nove gatas hígidas, com a mesma média de idade, peso e escore corporal, divididas em três grupos com três gatas cada (G1, G2 e Grupo C). Todas as fêmeas passaram pelo procedimento de ovariohisterectomia. No pós-operatório, cada grupo recebeu um tipo de tratamento: o Grupo 1 foi tratado com pomada manipulada à base de barbatimão na concentração de 2,5%, enquanto o Grupo 02 fez uso da pomada manipulada na concentração 10% e o Grupo C recebeu a pomada de placebo.(AU)

The increase of domestic animals has become constant and the most effective way for its population control is castration. The treatment of surgical wounds can be lengthy or ineffective in patients with predisposing factors that disadvantage healing, such as the elderly, diabetic, obese, malnourished, and those with infectious processes. Due to the subject, the search for innovative and effective techniques that favor the healing process, propels a series of scientific studies around the world. Therefore, we can use herbal medicine, the science in which provides animal welfare and treat diseases through medicinal plants, is increasingly being used, stimulating the natural defenses of the animal's body, becoming one of the best non-aggressive treatment options. Thus, in this study will be used the barbatimão manipulated ointment in the percentages of 2.5% and 10% and placebo in cats, for postoperative surgical wound healing. Will be used in this study nine healthy cats, with the same average age, weight and body score, divided into three groups with three cats each (G01, G02 and Group C). All females will undergo the ovariohysterectomy procedure. In the postoperative period, each group will receive one type of treatment: Group 1 will be treated with barbatimão-manipulated ointment at a concentration of 2.5%, while Group 2 will use a manipulated ointment at a concentration of 10% and Group C received the placebo ointment.(AU)

El aumento de animales domésticos se ha vuelto constante y la forma más eficaz de controlar la población es la castración. El tratamiento de las heridas quirúrgicas puede llevar mucho tiempo o ser ineficaz en pacientes con factores predisponentes que dificultan la cicatrización, como ancianos, diabéticos, obesos, desnutridos y que presentan procesos infecciosos. Por el tema, la búsqueda de técnicas innovadoras y efectivas que favorezcan el proceso de curación, impulsa una serie de estudios científicos a nivel mundial. Por lo tanto, podemos utilizar la fitoterapia, ciencia en que se proporciona bienestar animal y el tratamiento de enfermedades a través de plantas medicinales que se utiliza cada vez más, estimulando las defensas naturales del organismo del animal, convirtiéndose en una de las mejores opciones de tratamiento no agresivas. Así, en esta investigación, la pomada a base de barbatimão se utilizó en porcentajes de 2,5% y 10% y placebo, en gatas, para la curación de heridas quirúrgicas postoperatorias. En este trabajo se utilizaron nueve gatas higidas, con la misma edad, peso y puntuación corporal promedio, divididas en tres grupos de tres gatas cada uno (G1, G2 y Grupo C). Todas las hembras se sometieron a un procedimiento de ovariohisterectomía. En el postoperatorio, cada grupo recibió un tipo de tratamiento: el grupo 1 fue tratado con ungüento manipulado a base de barbatimão en una concentración de 2.5%, mientras que el grupo 2 usó el ungüento manipulado en concentración 10% y el grupo C recibió la pomada de placebo.(AU)

Clinical signs associated with a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal / Sinais clínicos associados a um caso de envenenamento iatrogênico de um equino com três dias de idade por um produto comercial baseado em terebintina

The aim of this study is to report a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal and the successful treatment of this condition. A 3-day-old male foal presented with acute cardio-respiratory collapse, anaphylactic shock, severe respiratory distress, dyspnea and pulmonary edema. The animal's history included previous administration of a commercial veterinary product (UNITIPAN). Clinical examination revealed: temperature: (39.9 °C), pulse: 135 bpm, respiration: 51 bpm, mucous membranes: moist and congested, capillary refill time: 3 sec or less. The foal was treated with emergency hydration, duphalyte, steroidal anti-inflammatory, atropine sulphate and antibiotic. After 6 h of treatment, the foal was stabilized and vital signs were normalized 8 h after treatment start.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto comercial a base de terebentina em um potro de três días de idade e o sucesso do tratamento dessa condição. Um potro de três dias de idade foi apresentou um colapso cardiorrespiratório agudo, choque anafilático, desconforto respiratório grave, dispnéia e edema pulmonar. A história incluiu a administração prévia de um produto veterinário comercial (UNITIPAN). Ao exame clínico: temperatura: (39,9 °C), pulso: 135 bpm, respiração 51 bpm, membranas mucosas, congestionamento úmido, tempo de enchimento capilar: três segundos ou menos. O potro foi tratado com hidratação de emergência, duphalyte, anti-inflamatório esteroidal, sulfato de atropina e antibiótico. Após seis horas de tratamento, o potro foi estabilizado e os sinais vitais foram normalizados depois de oito horas do inicio do tratamento. O presente trabalho relata um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto à base de terebintina comercial em um potro de três dias de idade com rápido desenvolvimento de sinais de toxicidade aguda e uma resposta muito favorável ao tratamento sintomático.(AU)

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.

Clinical signs associated with a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal / Sinais clínicos associados a um caso de envenenamento iatrogênico de um equino com três dias de idade por um produto comercial baseado em terebintina

The aim of this study is to report a case of iatrogenic poisoning by a turpentine-based commercial product in a 3-day-old foal and the successful treatment of this condition. A 3-day-old male foal presented with acute cardio-respiratory collapse, anaphylactic shock, severe respiratory distress, dyspnea and pulmonary edema. The animal's history included previous administration of a commercial veterinary product (UNITIPAN). Clinical examination revealed: temperature: (39.9 °C), pulse: 135 bpm, respiration: 51 bpm, mucous membranes: moist and congested, capillary refill time: 3 sec or less. The foal was treated with emergency hydration, duphalyte, steroidal anti-inflammatory, atropine sulphate and antibiotic. After 6 h of treatment, the foal was stabilized and vital signs were normalized 8 h after treatment start.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo é relatar um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto comercial a base de terebentina em um potro de três días de idade e o sucesso do tratamento dessa condição. Um potro de três dias de idade foi apresentou um colapso cardiorrespiratório agudo, choque anafilático, desconforto respiratório grave, dispnéia e edema pulmonar. A história incluiu a administração prévia de um produto veterinário comercial (UNITIPAN). Ao exame clínico: temperatura: (39,9 °C), pulso: 135 bpm, respiração 51 bpm, membranas mucosas, congestionamento úmido, tempo de enchimento capilar: três segundos ou menos. O potro foi tratado com hidratação de emergência, duphalyte, anti-inflamatório esteroidal, sulfato de atropina e antibiótico. Após seis horas de tratamento, o potro foi estabilizado e os sinais vitais foram normalizados depois de oito horas do inicio do tratamento. O presente trabalho relata um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por um produto à base de terebintina comercial em um potro de três dias de idade com rápido desenvolvimento de sinais de toxicidade aguda e uma resposta muito favorável ao tratamento sintomático.(AU)

Acute cecal tympany during chemical restraint in free-ranging capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) - iatrogenic cause and treatment

The occurrence of acute tympany, probable cause and treatment are being discussed for the first time in Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, commonly known as the capybara. As part of a capybara population control study, adult male and female (n=18), prior to intervention, were physically confined and subsequently chemically immobilized with a ketamine dexmedetomidine (KD) association. Procedures included health exams, biomaterial collection, and ID markings. For surgical events, the animals were maintained under volatile anesthesia with Isoflurane. One animal, during anesthetic recovery, developed tachycardia and tachypnea, with cyanotic mucosa, and a low SPO2. During auscultation and percussion/palpation a taut abdominal wall was recognized. Shortly thereafter, the animal suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest and failed resuscitation. Immediately performed necropsy suggested death by acute respiratory and circulatory failure due to exerted pressure against the diaphragm and compression of major blood vessels, leading to hypoxia and hypovolemic shock, secondary to cecal dilation. Three animals under general anesthesia demonstrated moderate bloating and were treated by trans-abdominal catheterization for cecal decompression, successfully preventing any potential development of severe tympany. Conclusion: During chemical restraint all animals demonstrated bloat of varies degrees, suggesting iatrogenic cause brought about by adverse effects of anesthetic agents. Acute cecal tympany in sedated capybaras must be anticipated and closely monitored to prevent fatal outcome. Trans-abdominal catheterization into the cecum proved effective in treating bloat.(AU)

Iatrogenic postvaccinal injection site granulomas in cattle

Background: The Brazilian government has established disease eradication and control programs to protect livestock from pathogens that affect animal health and compromise animal protein production and food safety and quality. Vaccination campaigns against foot-and-mouth disease and other infectious diseases in cattle except brucellosis can be carried out by non-veterinarian employees. However, vaccination errors can result in the formation of granulomas at injection sites that can affect animal welfare and production. The present study aimed to report two cases of granulomas at injection sites due to the inadvertent administration of vaccines containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants.Cases: Case 1. The history was that a 2-year-old Devon steer was down for 7 days and was vaccinated 20 days ago with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants. Case 2. A 7-month-old Holstein heifer was examinated due to a 40-day history of ataxia, forelimb paresis progressing to tetraparesis, and vaccination with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants 60 days ago. These two animals were admitted in the Veterinary Hospital from the University of Passo Fundo (UPF) with a clinical history of incoordination and permanent decubitus after vaccination. The disease had a similar clinical course in both animals. Clinical signs included the presence of a palpable cervical mass at the site of vaccination, forelimb paresis that progressed to tetraparesis, and decubitus scars. Treatment included intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory steroids, antibiotic therapy, daily cleansing of the pressure sores, all four limbs were massaged, animals underwent several physiotherapy sessions, slings were used to mantain recumbent patients in a standing position and supportive therapy consisted of fluid therapy and oral supplementation. Animals remained hospitalized for approximately 40 days.[...]

Iatrogenic postvaccinal injection site granulomas in cattle

Background: The Brazilian government has established disease eradication and control programs to protect livestock from pathogens that affect animal health and compromise animal protein production and food safety and quality. Vaccination campaigns against foot-and-mouth disease and other infectious diseases in cattle except brucellosis can be carried out by non-veterinarian employees. However, vaccination errors can result in the formation of granulomas at injection sites that can affect animal welfare and production. The present study aimed to report two cases of granulomas at injection sites due to the inadvertent administration of vaccines containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants.Cases: Case 1. The history was that a 2-year-old Devon steer was down for 7 days and was vaccinated 20 days ago with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants. Case 2. A 7-month-old Holstein heifer was examinated due to a 40-day history of ataxia, forelimb paresis progressing to tetraparesis, and vaccination with a vaccine containing saponins and mineral oil as adjuvants 60 days ago. These two animals were admitted in the Veterinary Hospital from the University of Passo Fundo (UPF) with a clinical history of incoordination and permanent decubitus after vaccination. The disease had a similar clinical course in both animals. Clinical signs included the presence of a palpable cervical mass at the site of vaccination, forelimb paresis that progressed to tetraparesis, and decubitus scars. Treatment included intravenous administration of anti-inflammatory steroids, antibiotic therapy, daily cleansing of the pressure sores, all four limbs were massaged, animals underwent several physiotherapy sessions, slings were used to mantain recumbent patients in a standing position and supportive therapy consisted of fluid therapy and oral supplementation. Animals remained hospitalized for approximately 40 days.[...](AU)

Sheep infection by caprine lentivirus / Infecção de ovinos pelo lentivírus caprino

The objective of this study was to demonstrate iatrogenic transmission of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) from goats to sheep and horizontal transmission between sheep. The study was conducted on a farm with separate goat and sheep rearing, and animals were monitored for lentivirus occurrence by clinical examination and testing by immunoblotting (IB), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Positive results had not been observed in the sheep flock until this study. Conversely, virus positive dairy goats were known. For this reason, the farm performed the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) control program. The study was designed with a sheep group that presented positive animals for SRLV by nPCR. It was verified that three newborn animals in this group were rejected by their mothers and consequently received milk from the goat herd. These three animals remained with another 20 sheep of the same age, totaling 23 animals. After one year, during monitoring, 11 of the 23 animals in the group presented positive results in the nPCR and three demonstrated seroconversion by IB. Of the animals that had received goat milk, two had positive results in the nPCR and IB. The 11 animals positive in the nPCR were followed and it was verified that five animals did not present further positive results in the nPCR, nor seroconversion; two continued presenting positive results in the nPCR but were negative in the IB and AGID and four were positive in the nPCR, IB, and AGID. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate iatrogenic interspecific infection and the occurrence of horizontal caprine lentivirus transmission among sheep.(AU)

O objetivo foi demonstrar a transmissão iatrogênica de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) de caprinos para ovinos e a transmissão horizontal entre ovinos. O estudo foi conduzido em propriedade com criação não consorciada de caprinos e ovinos, monitorada para ocorrência de lentiviroses, a partir de acompanhamento clínico e testes de immunoblotting (IB), imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA) e reação em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nPCR). Resultados positivos no rebanho ovino não haviam sido observados até então. Por outro lado, sabia-se que o rebanho caprino leiteiro era positivo. Por este motivo, a propriedade realizava programa de controle da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAE). O estudo foi delineado em um lote de ovinos que apresentou animais positivos para LVPR na nPCR. Verificou-se que três animais neonatos deste lote foram rejeitados por suas mães e por isso receberam leite do rebanho caprino. Estes três animais permaneceram com outros 20 ovinos de mesma faixa etária, totalizando 23 animais. Após um ano, durante a realização do monitoramento, dos 23 animais do lote, 11 apresentaram resultados positivos na nPCR e três demonstraram soroconversão por IB. Dos animais que haviam recebido leite do rebanho caprino, dois tiveram resultados positivos na nPCR e no IB. Os 11 animais positivos na nPCR foram acompanhados, verificando-se que cinco animais não apresentaram mais resultados positivos na nPCR, nem soroconverteram; dois continuaram apresentando resultados positivos na nPCR, mas negativos no IB e IDGA e quatro apresentaram-se positivos na nPCR, no IB e no IDGA. Dessa forma, foi possível demonstrar a infecção interespecífica de forma iatrogênica e a ocorrência de transmissão horizontal do lentivírus caprino entre ovinos.(AU)

Sheep infection by caprine lentivirus / Infecção de ovinos pelo lentivírus caprino

The objective of this study was to demonstrate iatrogenic transmission of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) from goats to sheep and horizontal transmission between sheep. The study was conducted on a farm with separate goat and sheep rearing, and animals were monitored for lentivirus occurrence by clinical examination and testing by immunoblotting (IB), agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), and nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR). Positive results had not been observed in the sheep flock until this study. Conversely, virus positive dairy goats were known. For this reason, the farm performed the caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) control program. The study was designed with a sheep group that presented positive animals for SRLV by nPCR. It was verified that three newborn animals in this group were rejected by their mothers and consequently received milk from the goat herd. These three animals remained with another 20 sheep of the same age, totaling 23 animals. After one year, during monitoring, 11 of the 23 animals in the group presented positive results in the nPCR and three demonstrated seroconversion by IB. Of the animals that had received goat milk, two had positive results in the nPCR and IB. The 11 animals positive in the nPCR were followed and it was verified that five animals did not present further positive results in the nPCR, nor seroconversion; two continued presenting positive results in the nPCR but were negative in the IB and AGID and four were positive in the nPCR, IB, and AGID. Thus, it was possible to demonstrate iatrogenic interspecific infection and the occurrence of horizontal caprine lentivirus transmission among sheep.

O objetivo foi demonstrar a transmissão iatrogênica de lentivírus de pequenos ruminantes (LVPR) de caprinos para ovinos e a transmissão horizontal entre ovinos. O estudo foi conduzido em propriedade com criação não consorciada de caprinos e ovinos, monitorada para ocorrência de lentiviroses, a partir de acompanhamento clínico e testes de immunoblotting (IB), imunodifusão em gel de agarose (IDGA) e reação em cadeia da polimerase do tipo nested (nPCR). Resultados positivos no rebanho ovino não haviam sido observados até então. Por outro lado, sabia-se que o rebanho caprino leiteiro era positivo. Por este motivo, a propriedade realizava programa de controle da artrite-encefalite caprina (CAE). O estudo foi delineado em um lote de ovinos que apresentou animais positivos para LVPR na nPCR. Verificou-se que três animais neonatos deste lote foram rejeitados por suas mães e por isso receberam leite do rebanho caprino. Estes três animais permaneceram com outros 20 ovinos de mesma faixa etária, totalizando 23 animais. Após um ano, durante a realização do monitoramento, dos 23 animais do lote, 11 apresentaram resultados positivos na nPCR e três demonstraram soroconversão por IB. Dos animais que haviam recebido leite do rebanho caprino, dois tiveram resultados positivos na nPCR e no IB. Os 11 animais positivos na nPCR foram acompanhados, verificando-se que cinco animais não apresentaram mais resultados positivos na nPCR, nem soroconverteram; dois continuaram apresentando resultados positivos na nPCR, mas negativos no IB e IDGA e quatro apresentaram-se positivos na nPCR, no IB e no IDGA. Dessa forma, foi possível demonstrar a infecção interespecífica de forma iatrogênica e a ocorrência de transmissão horizontal do lentivírus caprino entre ovinos.

Avaliação anatomopatológica das complicações da peritonite fecal em equinos tratados com lavagem peritoneal / Anatomopathological evaluation of fecal peritonitis complications in horses treated with peritoneal lavage

Background: Reproductive management in horses when performed with malpractice or by an unqualified person can cause many lesions of various degrees. When the rectum is affected it can compromise the mucous layer of the rectal ampulla and may even cause total perforation of this intestinal segment. Once the rectum ruptured, its contents gets into the abdominal cavity and generates severe abdominal infection, which may cause intense adhesions between organs and even to the abdominal wall and requires a particular intensive intervention. This work reports the use of peritoneal lavage protocol in three horses with septic peritonitis caused by rectal laceration, correlating with post-mortem findings.Cases: Three horses were referred to the Veterinary Hospital Rancho Belo Vista, in the city of Serra - ES, with an accident report during reproductive management in different properties. In all cases, blood loss and loss of continuity of the rectal mucosa were reported by the technicians. Patients were referred at different post-accident times. When they arrived at the hospital, they were examined and a sample of blood and peritoneal fluid were collected and sent to the laboratory. They presented intense apathy, mucosa coloration ranging from hyperemic to pale with halo toxemia, high cardiac and respiratory rate, reduction of globular volume and prolonged time of capillary refill. Patients were given fluid therapy support with lactated Ringers solution and systemic therapy protocols such as antibiotic therapy, peritoneal lavage with antibiotic containing solution and anticoagulant, and other supportive treatments were instituted. Peritoneal lavages were instituted every eight hours, in the first 48 hours and every twelve hours, until five days were completed. All patients had to be sacrificed. Euthanasia occurred at different times according to response to treatment and onset of clinical signs of shock.[...](AU)

Avaliação anatomopatológica das complicações da peritonite fecal em equinos tratados com lavagem peritoneal / Anatomopathological evaluation of fecal peritonitis complications in horses treated with peritoneal lavage

Background: Reproductive management in horses when performed with malpractice or by an unqualified person can cause many lesions of various degrees. When the rectum is affected it can compromise the mucous layer of the rectal ampulla and may even cause total perforation of this intestinal segment. Once the rectum ruptured, its contents gets into the abdominal cavity and generates severe abdominal infection, which may cause intense adhesions between organs and even to the abdominal wall and requires a particular intensive intervention. This work reports the use of peritoneal lavage protocol in three horses with septic peritonitis caused by rectal laceration, correlating with post-mortem findings.Cases: Three horses were referred to the Veterinary Hospital Rancho Belo Vista, in the city of Serra - ES, with an accident report during reproductive management in different properties. In all cases, blood loss and loss of continuity of the rectal mucosa were reported by the technicians. Patients were referred at different post-accident times. When they arrived at the hospital, they were examined and a sample of blood and peritoneal fluid were collected and sent to the laboratory. They presented intense apathy, mucosa coloration ranging from hyperemic to pale with halo toxemia, high cardiac and respiratory rate, reduction of globular volume and prolonged time of capillary refill. Patients were given fluid therapy support with lactated Ringer’s solution and systemic therapy protocols such as antibiotic therapy, peritoneal lavage with antibiotic containing solution and anticoagulant, and other supportive treatments were instituted. Peritoneal lavages were instituted every eight hours, in the first 48 hours and every twelve hours, until five days were completed. All patients had to be sacrificed. Euthanasia occurred at different times according to response to treatment and onset of clinical signs of shock.[...]

Experimental and iatrogenic poisoning by sodium selenite in pigs / Intoxicação iatrogênica e experimental por selenito de sódio em suínos

Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.(AU)

A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do "H" medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.(AU)