Thromboembolism in a bitch - diagnosis by infrared thermography

Background: Thermography is a noninvasive, non-contact, painless, and non-ionizing imaging technique that records cutaneous thermal patterns generated by infrared emission of the surface. The surface heat is closely related to dermal microcirculation. Thromboembolism is responsible for important changes in the thermal pattern of the body surface due to physical obstruction of blood flow, being the main complication in immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. The aim of this paper is to report a dog with thrombus in his left forelimb secondary to idiopathic hemolytic anemia, whose diagnostic screening was performed through infrared thermography. Case: A 9-year-old mixed breed bitch was referred to a veterinary hospital with a history of emesis, diarrhea and dark-colored urine for 2 days. The complete blood count showed hypochromic macrocytic anemia (hematocrit [HTC] 28%, reference: 37 to 55%) with the presence of nucleated erythrocyte (14/100 leukocytes, reference: 0 to 5/100 leukocytes), polychromasia and spherocytes. Leukocytosis (28,300 mm³, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³) by neutrophilia with left deviation and toxic granulations was also present, in addition to hemoglobinuria at urine exam. Therefore, treatment for immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) was instituted. After 2 days, the animal returned with acute functional impairment of the left forelimb. Physical examination revealed that the limb was cold, without pulse, proprioception, reflexes, and deep pain. New blood analyses revealed decreased hematocrit (HTC 17%, reference: 37 to 55%), and increased total leukocyte number (57,000 mm3, reference: 6,000 to 17,000 mm³). Infrared thermography revealed an important temperature difference between the limbs, with the affected limb temperature considerably lower (31.3ºC) when compared to the contralateral limb (35.0ºC). Thermography showed the site of the thrombus in the medial portion of the limb (cephalic vein), where the catheter had been placed for fluid therapy. Due to the severity of the condition, the bitch was submitted to amputation surgery, which occurred without complications. The patient had a good response to treatment, with decreased signs of hemolysis and hypercoagulability. The medications were slowly withdrawn, and the clinical discharge occurred after 4 weeks. Discussion: In humans, thermography has been widely used in the assessment of thrombotic diseases, contributing to diagnosis, localization, and prognosis. In veterinary medicine, however, the use of this tool in the diagnosis of thromboembolism is still rare. The difference of 3.7°C between the affected and contralateral limb was objectively verified using thermography. A minimum difference of 2.4°C between limbs has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing thromboembolism and occurs due to the reduction in local blood flow. In the present case this tool was essential for the anatomical location of the thrombus, which was in the middle third of the forearm, and allowed an adequate surgical planning. It is known that the main complication of IMHA is thromboembolism. Its predisposing factors include venous stasis, endothelial damage, and hypercoagulability, being exacerbated by cage confinement, decubitus and presence of a peripheral venous catheter. The reported case corroborates at least one of these factors since it had a peripheral venous catheter in the left forelimb, which later showed absence of pulse, spinal reflexes, pain and proprioception. The thermography showed to be an objective, rapid and non-invasive tool to diagnose and precisely locate the thrombus, which allowed for adequate treatment and surgical planning for the case. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about use of thermography to diagnose thromboembolism secondary to immune-mediated hemolytic anemia in a dog.

Fungal diseases in dogs and cats in Northeastern Brazil / Doenças fúngicas em cães e gatos no Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: In this retrospective study, the clinical and anatomopathological findings of fungal diseases in dogs and cats in Northeastern Brazil are described. During the study period, 6,827 histopathological examinations (4,090 necropsies and 2,737 biopsies) of companion animals were reviewed, and fungal infections were diagnosed in 54 cases. Of these, 32 cases were diagnosed in cats and 22 in dogs. Sporotrichosis was the most prevalent mycosis (19/54), followed by dermatophytosis (9/54), cryptococcosis (8/54), candidiasis (7/54), and phaeohyphomycosis (4/54). Other diseases had two cases each, including aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and histoplasmosis, whereas coccidioidomycosis occurred once. Mycoses were diagnosed through microscopic lesions associated with the histomorphological characteristics of the agent, as evidenced by routine and special histochemical stains. They were occasionally confirmed by immunohistochemistry and microbiological cultivation. This retrospective study showed that despite being uncommon, fungal diseases are important causes of death in dogs and cats in the region, with cats being the most affected species and sporotrichosis being the most prevalent mycosis. Clinical signs were correlated with the portal of entry of the infection associated with localized or disseminated superficial and deep skin lesions or affecting parenchymal organs, especially in systemic infections. Microscopic lesions were mainly characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with fungal structures. In dogs, mycoses occurred mainly owing to an immunological impairment secondary to canine distemper virus co-infection.

RESUMO: Neste estudo retrospectivo, são descritos os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos das doenças fúngicas em cães e gatos no Nordeste do Brasil. Durante o período de estudo, foram revisados 6.827 exames histopatológicos (4.090 necropsias e 2.737 biópsias) de animais de companhia e diagnosticados 54 casos de infecções fúngicas. Destes, 32 casos foram diagnosticados em gatos e 22 em cães. A esporotricose foi a micose mais prevalente (19/54), seguida pela dermatofitose (9/54), criptococose (8/54), candidíase (7/54) e feo-hifomicose (4/54). Outras doenças tiveram dois casos cada, incluindo aspergilose, mucormicose e histoplasmose, enquanto a coccidioidomicose ocorreu uma vez. As micoses foram diagnosticadas por meio das lesões microscópicas associadas às características histomorfológicas do agente, evidenciadas pelas colorações de rotina e histoquímicas especiais, e ocasionalmente confirmadas pela imuno-histoquímica e cultivo microbiológico. Esse estudo retrospectivo demonstrou que apesar de incomuns, as doenças fúngicas são importantes causas de morte em cães e gatos da região, sendo os gatos a espécie mais afetada e a esporotricose, a micose mais prevalente. Os sinais clínicos estavam correlacionados com a porta de entrada da infecção, associados a lesões cutâneas localizadas ou disseminadas superficiais e profundas ou afetando órgãos parenquimatosos, especialmente em infecções sistêmicas. As lesões microscópicas eram caracterizadas principalmente por inflamação piogranulomatosa associada a estruturas fúngicas. Nos cães, as micoses ocorreram principalmente devido ao comprometimento imunológico secundária a coinfecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina.

Natural association between bovine leukemia virus and reproductive infectious diseases

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a widespread infectious disease caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which results in immune system dysfunction. The resulting immunosuppression may lead to an increased prevalence of other diseases. Dairy cows infected have altered immune function associated with decreased milk production and shortened lifespan and decreased immune response to immunization. BLV infection, however, is often asymptomatic, so any connection between subclinical infection and common reproductive diseases remains unknown. This study aimed to describe the relationship between naturally occurring subclinical BLV and infectious reproductive diseases seroconversion in the field. Materials, Methods & Results: The diseases investigated included Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), Bovine alfaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), Chlamydiosis, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and Neosporosis in dairy cattle. Six hundred fifty-five sera samples from the northern and south-central regions of Uruguay, from asymptomatic female Holstein and Holstein crosses without a history of vaccination against reproductive diseases were processed using reference diagnostic methods (Seronautalization, ELISA, MAT, Rose Bengal Plate test). The seroprevalence of BLV was 20.0%. Seroprevalence of reproductive diseases BVD, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 were 99.3%, 41.2% and 27.3% of the populations, respectively, and the total seroprevalence of Leptospirosis, bovine Neospora caninum and Chlamydiosis were 19.8%, 29.8% and 33.0% respectively. The results revealed positive associations between naturally contracted BLV and the presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 (P = 0.002), as well as between naturally contracted BLV and presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. (P = 0.028). Discussion: BLV infection can impact innate and adaptive immune system cells and alter the proper functioning of uninfected cells. BLV infection may also induce changes in the complex balance of cytokine expression, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death in T- and B-lymphocytes, which is critical for immune competence and effective response to infectious challenges. The progression of BLV infection has a substantial effect on host defense mechanisms. Indeed, lowmagnitude serologic responses to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and a J5 Escherichia coli vaccine have been observed. These results are supported by recent trial studies showing a reduced immune response to vaccination against BoHV-1 and Leptospira spp. in asymptomatic animals infected with BLV. These are 2 of the most prevalent infectious reproductive diseases in cattle worldwide, and our results provide evidence that a link between BLV and susceptibility to these diseases may exist. Although there is evidence of the co-occurrence of these diseases, it remains unknown whether there is a direct or indirect effect of BLV on infertility, embryonic loss, or abortion. Another possibility is that natural infection with these reproductive pathogens (BoHV-1, Leptospira, or others) promotes BLV expression, negatively affecting the farms where these pathogens are endemic. Considering the high seroprevalence of BLV in dairy herds in North and South America where the infection is endemic, it was explored BLV's role as an immunosuppressant by quantifying its co-occurrence with diseases that affect reproductive performance in breeding herds. Future work should clarify the role of BLV and the co-occurring pathogens in causing infertility or abortions.

Episcleroceratite nodular granulomatosa em cães / Nodular episclerokeratitis in dogs

Background: Episcleral inflammation may be assumed to be primary immune-mediated, secondary to intra- or extraocular diseases, or systemic abnormalities. We aimed to report a confirmed and another suspect case of nodular episclerokeratites (NEK) due to its rarity in the clinical setting and the paucity of case reports in Brazilian literature. Cases: Case 1. Refers to a 7-year-old castrated male, Collie-mixed breed, presenting with epiphora and an irregular ocular surface shape in the left eye (LE). Ophthalmic evaluation of this eye revealed mucoid discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, episcleral injection, and a gelatinous mass in the temporal limbic region. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous was impaired in the LE because of corneal vessels and a mild flare in the aqueous humor. Histopathology of a scleral biopsy revealed the presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and some plasma cells. Positive CD3-lymphocytes were observed by immunohistochemistry, confirming the diagnosis of NEK. Case 2. Refers to a 8-year-old, spayed female Border Collie with a history of exophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia, and inability to close the eyelid of the LE. During ophthalmic examination, an irregular espicleral nodule of approximately 9 mm was also found in the temporal limbic region, along with enlargement of episcleral vessels and scleral thinning at the equatorial region. The cornea showed mild and diffuse edema, and white crystal-like deposits were distributed in a band-like fashion at the dorsal aspect. Ultrasonography revealed scleral thinning without evidence of a mass effect arising from the iris, ciliary body, or retrobulbar space. Based on these findings, NEK was suspected. In both cases, the clinical signs reduced significantly after seven days of topical treatment with corticosteroids and cyclosporine. Discussion: It is assumed that scleral disorders are primarily immune mediated. However, such conditions may develop secondary to ocular trauma (surgery and foreign bodies), Ehrlichia canis, and Onchocerca spp. Infections and situations were ruled out in both cases. In case 1, additional histological and immunohistochemical findings supported a primary and immune-mediated scleral disease. Although the definitive diagnosis was not confirmed by histology in case 2, one can assume that the episcleral inflammation may have arisen due to an immune-mediated disorder once the eye responded positively to corticosteroid therapy. Additionally, secondary glaucoma was excluded as a possible diagnosis in case 2, because the intraocular pressure of the affected eye was below the reference range for dogs, coupled with the irregular appearance of the episclera, which is not characteristic of canine glaucoma. Moreover, in case 2, because remission of the masses of neoplastic origin after corticotherapy was not expected, the tumor was discarded. NEK has a characteristic ploriferative behavior and resistance to topical immunosuppression; clinical recurrence was not observed in the LE of either patient who remained on treatment after 60 days of follow-up. Regarding prognosis, one study showed a correlation between cellular contingent and therapeutic responses. The percentage of positive CD79a cells (B-lymphocytes) was significantly higher in cases of epicleritis and NEK, in which a poor response was achieved after topical immunosuppressive treatment. As shown by the veterinary literature and the cases described here, the complete remission of NEK is more common in unilateral cases, as confirmed after a 12-month follow-up. The 2 reported cases are useful for clarifying the common findings, diagnosis, and long-term management of NEK. Scleral abnormalities, such as NEK, must be included in the list of differential diagnoses of glaucoma, neoplasia, and endophthalmitis during ophtalmic examination.

Molecular characterization of Giardia lamblia and risk factors for giardiasis among immunocompromised patients in southern Brazil / Caracterização molecular de Giardia lamblia e fatores de risco para giardíase em pacientes imunocomprometidos no sul do Brasil

Acute Giardia infections often cause diarrhea and stomach upset. Chronic infections can lead to malnutrition, micronutrient deficiencies, malabsorption and weight loss. This study assessed the prevalence of G. lambia infection and assessed associated risk factors among immunocompomised patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment in southern Brazil. A total of 110 immunocompromised patients in Pelotas, RS, Brazil, consented to participate in this study and were recruited. Socioeconomic and epidemiological profile of patients was collected by questionnaire. The prevalence for Giardia were determined through microscopy by the centrifugation-flotation technique using stool samples of every patient. In addition, the genetic characterization of the parasite was carried out by amplifying and sequencing the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene. By microscopy, the prevalence of giardiasis was 17.3% (19/110). Furthermore, the DNA sequences revealed that 7 (36.8%) out of 19 isolates belonged to assemblage B, while 6 of them (31.6%) belonged to assemblage C, 5 (26.3%) to assemblage A and 1 (5.3%) to assemblage D. Risk factors (p ≤ 0.05) for giardiasis were schooling level (OR=8.0 (1.02 ­ 62.91) sharing a house with more than three people (OR=14.1 (3.77 ­ 52.51), water sources (OR=38.9 (10.4 ­ 145.7), sewage treatment (OR=14.2 (3.1 ­ 65.5), waste destination (OR=7.44 (2.0 ­ 27.3), owning pets (OR=4.6 (1.0 ­ 21.2) and cultivating a vegetable garden (OR=4.2 (1.3 ­ 13.6). The prevalence of G. lamblia in immunocompromised patients was considered elevate with the identification of four assemblage of the parasite (A, B, C and D).

As infecções agudas por Giardia geralmente causam diarreia e dores de estômago. As infecções crônicas podem levar à desnutrição, deficiências de micronutrientes, má absorção e perda de peso. Este estudo avaliou a prevalência da infecção por G. lambia e os fatores de risco associados em pacientes imunocomprometidos em tratamento quimioterápico no sul do Brasil. Um total de 110 pacientes imunocomprometidos de Pelotas, RS, Brasil, consentiram em participar deste estudo e foram recrutados. O perfil socioeconômico e epidemiológico dos pacientes foi coletado por meio de questionário. A prevalência de Giardia foi determinada através de microscopia pela técnica de centrifugação-flutuação utilizando amostras de fezes de cada paciente. Além disso, a caracterização genética do parasita foi realizada pela amplificação e sequenciamento do gene da glutamato desidrogenase (gdh). À microscopia, a prevalência de giardíase foi de 17,3% (19/110). Além disso, as sequências de DNA revelaram que 7 (36,8%) dos 19 isolados pertenciam ao agrupamento B, enquanto 6 deles (31,6%) pertenciam ao agrupamento C, 5 (26,3%) ao agrupamento A e 1 (5,3%) ao agrupamento D. Os fatores de risco (p ≤ 0,05) para giardíase foram, escolaridade (OR=8,0 (1,02 ­ 62,91), dividir casa com mais de três pessoas (OR=14,1 (3,77 ­ 52,51), fontes de água (OR=38,9 (10,4 ­ 145,7), tratamento de esgoto (OR=14,2 (3,1 ­ 65,5), destinação do lixo (OR=7,44 (2,0 ­ 27,3), possuir animais de estimação (OR=4,6 (1,0 ­ 21,2) e cultivar horta (OR=4,2 (1,3 ­ 13.6). A prevalência de G. lamblia em pacientes imunocomprometidos foi considerada elevada com a identificação de quatro conjuntos do parasito (A, B, C e D).

CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and ratio in cats with chronic gingivostomatitis and naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: a preliminary study / Razão e contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e linfócitos T CD8+ em gatos com gengivoestomatite crônica e infectados naturalmente pelo vírus da imunodeficiência felina: estudo preliminar

This study aimed to evaluate the CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes counts and CD4+: CD8+ ratio in a colony of cats with chronic gingivostomatitis (CGS). We used forty domestic short-haired cats inhabiting the same colony. Ten cats with CGS were immunodeficiency virus-positive (group IV), and ten with CGS were immunodeficiency virus-negative (group III). As a control, twenty cats without CGS were used: ten cats were immunodeficiency virus-positive (group II) and ten cats were immunodeficiency virus-negative (group I). We employed flow cytometry to count CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes. In cats infected with the immunodeficiency virus, the presence of CD4+ lymphocytes were lower both for animals with and without CGS. Conversely, not immunodeficiency virus-infected cats with CGS had a higher amount of CD4+ when compared to seronegative animals without CGS. The counts of CD8+ T lymphocytes showed no significant difference among cats with CGS, whether infected with immunodeficiency virus or not. The CD4+: CD8+ ratio was only different for group III, which was higher than any other group. No difference was observed for total lymphocyte number and CD8+ among groups. By contrast, mean CD4+ levels were different, with cats from groups III and IV showing higher levels than those from groups I and II. The flow cytometry could be a useful tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of cats with CGS infected by the immunodeficiency virus.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a contagem e a razão de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ em uma colônia de gatos com gengivoestomatite crônica (CGS). Foram analisados quarenta gatos domésticos que habitavam a mesma colônia. Dez gatos com CGS foram positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo IV), e dez com CGS foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo III). Como controle, vinte gatos sem CGS foram usados: dez gatos foram positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo II) e dez gatos foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência (grupo I). Empregou-se a citometria de fluxo para contagem de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+. Nos gatos infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência, a presença de linfócitos CD4+ foi menor tanto para os animais com e sem CGS. Por outro lado, gatos não infectados e com CGS apresentaram maior quantidade de linfócitos CD4+ quando comparados a animais soronegativos sem CGS. A contagem de linfócito T CD8+ não mostrou diferença significativa entre gatos com CGS, infectados ou não com o vírus da imunodeficiência. A razão CD4+:CD8+ foi diferente apenas para o grupo III, que foi maior do que qualquer outro grupo. Não foi observada diferença para o número total de linfócitos e CD8+ entre os grupos. Em contraste, os níveis médios de CD4+ foram diferentes, com os gatos dos grupos III e IV apresentando níveis mais elevados do que os dos grupos I e II. A citometria de fluxo pode ser uma ferramenta útil para o diagnóstico e prognóstico de gatos com CGS infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência.

Discoid lupus erythematosus in dog / Lúpus eritematoso discoide em cão

Lupus erythematosus complex is an immune-mediated dermatological disease, mainly represented by the generalized and discoid forms. The last form described is milder, as it is limited to the appearance of lesions, usually on the face and in mucocutaneous regions. Its pathophysiology is considered multifactorial, however, continuous exposure to ultraviolet radiation seems to be very relevant to trigger and/or worsen clinical manifestations. DeÞ nitive diagnosis is obtained by histopathological analysis, and treatment is mainly based on immunosuppression and protection against ultraviolet radiation. The objective of this study was to report the case and clinical evolution of a mixed breed bitch, diagnosed with discoid lupus erythematosus. The bitch presented moderate desquamation, crusts and depigmentation restricted to the nasal plane. No other clinical or laboratory Þ ndings were evidenced in the screening tests. Upon conÞ rmation by histopathology, the initial therapy was started with oral prednisolone. The owners were also instructed to avoid exposure to sunlight, as well as to use topical protectors against ultraviolet radiation. The patient presented good response to therapy, showing remission of signs. Other sporadic recurrences were observed later, however, they were controlled only with topical corticosteroids, but always reinforcing the other precautions of environmental management. This work also addressed the risks, beneÞ ts and need to institute ongoing care to control discoid lupus erythematosus. Therapeutic success can vary among patients, as the intensity of the disease can be manifested in varying degrees. Therefore, in those individuals in which the condition is mild, it may be advantageous to opt for more conservative therapies in order to avoid side effects.(AU)

O complexo lúpus eritematoso é uma enfermidade dermatológica imunomediada, sendo principalmente representado pela forma generalizada e discoide. A última descrita é mais branda, pois se limita ao aparecimento de lesões geralmente em face e em regiões muco-cutâneas. Sua Þ - siopatogenia é considerada multifatorial, entretanto, a exposição contínua à radiação ultravioleta parece ser muito relevante para desencadear e/ou agravar as manifestações clínicas. O diagnóstico deÞ nitivo é obtido pela análise histopatológica, e o tratamento se baseia principalmente na imunossupressão e proteção contra a radiação ultravioleta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar o caso e evolução clínica de uma cadela sem raça deÞ nida, diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso discoide. A mesma apresentou moderada descamação, crostas e despigmentação restritas ao plano nasal. Nenhum outro achado clínico ou laboratorial foi evidenciado nos demais exames de triagem. Após conÞ rmado pela histopatologia, a terapia inicial foi instituída a partir da prednisolona por via oral. Os tutores também foram orientados a evitar exposição a luz solar, bem como, fazer a utilização de protetores tópicos contra a radiação ultravioleta. A paciente teve boa resposta à terapia, apresentando remissão dos sinais. Após este episódio, outras recidivas esporádicas foram observadas, entretanto, controladas apenas com corticoides tópicos, mas sempre reforçando os demais cuidados com o manejo ambiental. Este trabalho também abordou os riscos, benefícios e necessidade de instituir o cuidado contínuo para controle do lúpus eritematoso discoide. O sucesso terapêutico pode variar entre os pacientes, uma vez que a intensidade da doença pode ser manifestada em vários graus. Portanto, naqueles indivíduos em que o quadro é brando, pode ser vantajoso optar por terapias mais conservadoras, a Þ m de evitar seus efeitos colaterais.(AU)

Association of porcine circovirus infection with mycotoxicosis: a case report / Infecção por circovírus suíno associado a micotoxicose: relato de caso

Circovirus is widespread in pig farming, and mainly affects piglets increasing morbidity and mortality rates, being vaccination the most effective strategy to control one. However, for an effective vaccine response, certain factors must be considered, such as the adoption of good practices during the conservation and handling of vaccines, environmental challenges, nutritional and health status of the animals, and presence of immunosuppressive agents, such as mycotoxins, in the feed. Here, we describe a circovirus outbreak associated with mycotoxin immunosuppression that occurred in the piglets during the nursery phase at a commercial farm, which initiated with a sudden increase in the mortality of vaccinated piglets. Blood samples were collected and analyzed using RT-PCR, while the feed was subjected to mycotoxicological analysis. RT-PCR analysis revealed the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) in the blood serum samples, thereby confirming the circovirus outbreak. The feed analysis revealed elevated levels of mycotoxins (deoxynivalenol, aflatoxins, and fumonisins), which were above the levels tolerated by the piglets during the nursery phase. Therefore, the contaminated feed was discarded, and a new ration was made available. Concurrently, the vaccination program was amended to normalize the mortality rate. The presence of mycotoxins in the feed could be the predisposed factor for piglet infection caused by PCV-2 and other diseases. This is an important aspect because the immunosuppressive effect of mycotoxins can alter the vaccine response, thereby making the piglets more susceptible to the diseases even after being vaccinated, although they should be immunologically protected.(AU)

O circovírus é muito difundido na suinocultura e atinge principalmente leitões, aumentando as taxas de morbi-mortalidade, sendo a vacinação a estratégia mais eficaz de controle. No entanto, para uma resposta vacinal eficaz, alguns fato-res devem ser considerados, como a adoção de boas práticas durante a conservação e manuseio de vacinas, desafios ambientais, estado nutricional e de saúde dos animais e presença de agentes imunossupressores, como micotoxinas, na ração. Descreveu-se um surto de circovírus associado à imunossupressão por micotoxinas que ocorreu em leitões durante a fase de creche em uma granja comercial, que começou com um aumento repentino na mortalidade de leitões vacinados. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas e analisadas por RT-PCR, enquanto a ração foi submetida à análise micotoxicológica. A análise de RT-PCR revelou a presença de circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV-2), confirmando assim o surto de circovírus. A análise da ração revelou níveis de micotoxinas (desoxinivalenol, aflatoxinas e fumonisinas) acima dos tolerados pelos leitões nesta fase. Portanto, o alimento con-taminado foi descartado e uma nova ração foi disponibilizada. Simultaneamente, o programa de vacinação foi alterado para normalizar a taxa de mortalidade. A presença de micotoxinas na ração pode ser o fator predisponente para infecção de leitões causada por PCV-2 e outras doenças. Esse é um aspecto importante, pois o efeito imunossupressor das micotoxinas pode alte-rar a resposta vacinal, tornando os leitões mais suscetíveis às doenças mesmo após vacinação.(AU)

Cyclosporine A increases the intensity of Toxocara canis infection in swiss mice / Ciclosporina A aumenta a intensidade da infecção por Toxocara canis em camundongos suíços

Toxocariasis is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution. The connection between parasitic diseases and conditions that depress the immune system, such as the use of immunosuppressive drugs, has been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Cyclosporine A (CsA) on the intensity of infection, humoral response and gene transcription of interleukins IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 in mice experimentally infected with Toxocara canis. To this end, mice were divided into two groups treated with CsA (G1: 10 mg/Kg and G2: 50 mg/kg), the G3 and G4 group received PBS. After the last administration of the drug or PBS (orally every 48 hours for 15 days), groups G1, G2 and G3 were inoculated with 1200 eggs of T. canis. Was collected blood samples on days zero, 15 and 30 days post-inoculation (PI), for ELISA test and the mice were euthanized 30 days PI. The organs and striated muscle tissue were collected for the recovery of larvae. The splenocytes were analyzed by RT-PCR. The intensity of infection in the mice treated with 50 mg/kg of CsA was 65.5% higher than in the control group (p=0.001). An analysis of the kinetics of anti-Toxocara antibody revealed that the groups treated with CsA showed significantly higher mean levels of antibodies on day 15 PI. The transcription of the three tested interleukins showed no statistical difference between G2 and G3 (control). It was concluded that the immunosuppression triggered by CsA (50 mg/Kg) favored the establishment of a larger number of T. canis larvae without, however, altering immunoglobulin production and IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 transcription on day 30 PI.

A toxocaríase é uma zoonose de distribuição mundial. A conexão entre doenças parasitárias e condições que deprimem o sistema imunológico, como o uso de drogas imunossupressoras, tem sido estudada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da Ciclosporina A (CsA) na intensidade da infecção, resposta humoral e transcrição gênica das interleucinas IL-4, IL-10 e IL-12 em camundongos experimentalmente infectados com Toxocara canis. Para tanto, os camundongos foram divididos em dois grupos tratados com CsA (G1: 10 mg/Kg e G2: 50 mg/kg), os grupos G3 e G4 receberam PBS. Após a última administração da droga ou PBS (via oral a cada 48 horas por 15 dias), os grupos G1, G2 e G3 foram inoculados com 1200 ovos de T. canis. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue nos dias zero, 15 e 30 dias pós-inoculação (PI), para teste de ELISA e os camundongos foram eutanasiados 30 dias PI. Os órgãos e tecido muscular estriado foram coletados para a recuperação das larvas. Os esplenócitos foram analisados ​​por RT-PCR. A intensidade da infecção nos camundongos tratados com 50 mg/kg de CsA foi 65,5% maior do que no grupo controle (p=0,001). Uma análise da cinética do anticorpo anti-Toxocara revelou que os grupos tratados com CsA apresentaram níveis médios de anticorpos significativamente maiores no dia 15 PI. A transcrição das três interleucinas testadas não apresentou diferença estatística entre G2 e G3 (controle). Concluiu-se que a imunossupressão desencadeada pela CsA (50 mg/Kg) favoreceu o estabelecimento de um maior número de larvas de T. canis sem, no entanto, alterar a produção de imunoglobulinas e a transcrição de IL-4, IL-10 e IL-12 no dia 30 PI.

Empiema epidural espinhal em gato com suspeita de linfoma em canal vertebral / Spinal epidural empyema in a cat with suspect of spinal canal lymphoma

Background: Spinal epidural empyema (SEE) is a rare disease in cats that has been described as a cause of severe compressive myelopathy. It is characterized by accumulation of purulent exudate in the form of an abscess in the epidural space. Neurological signs range from spinal hyperesthesia to rapidly progressive paraplegia and may be associated with systemic signs. Spinal lymphoma is the most common neoplasm affecting the central nervous system of cats and can mimic different neoplasms and non-neoplastic diseases, such as SEE. The aim of this study is to report a case of SEE in a cat and highlight the similarities in neurological, laboratory, and imaging findings between this disease and spinal lymphoma. Case: A 8-month-old male neutered mixed-breed cat was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (HVU) of the UFSM with acute, non-progressive paraplegia. On neurological examination, the patient was paraplegic with no nociception, normal spinal reflexes, increased muscle tone in the pelvic limbs, absence of cutaneous trunci reflex, and spinal hyperesthesia between T13-L1, demonstrating injury in the T3-L3 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnoses included acute spinal cord trauma, neoplasm (lymphoma), and infectious diseases. Hemogram showed lymphocytosis (8062/µL); the biochemical examinations were unremarkable. Tests for antibodies against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) antigens were negative. Simple radiography, abdominal ultrasonography, and cerebrospinal fluid findings were also normal. Myelography showed left dorsolateral extradural spinal cord compression from T12 to L1. Based on these findings, the presumptive diagnosis was spinal lymphoma and chemotherapy was initiated. After 2 days, the animal began to show hyporexia, adipsia, vomiting, and diarrhea, in addition to an increase in subcutaneous volume in the thoracolumbar region. Antibiotic therapy was initiated; however, the patient died. Necropsy revealed an abscess in the left dorsolateral extradural space at T12-T13 and T13-L1. Bacterial cultures revealed the presence of Neisseria spp. that was resistant to various antibiotics. On the basis of these findings, the animal was diagnosed with SEE. Discussion: This case report aims to inform veterinarians about the diagnosis of SEE. SEE is a rare condition in cats compared to spinal lymphoma; however, their presentation is similar. Even in imaging examinations, such as magnetic resonance imaging, it is not possible to differentiate between these 2 conditions. The evolution of clinical signs made the diagnosis of the present case difficult since it was acute and not progressive. All cases of SEE reported in the literature were progressive, acute, or chronic. Although testing for FeLV was negative, only 56% of cats with spinal lymphoma test positive for this virus. Clinical signs reported by the owner after the start of chemotherapy may be related to adverse effects, such as immunosuppression, which led to worsening of the condition, culminating in the appearance of a subcutaneous abscess. Subsequently, SEE was suspected; however, surgical decompression was not performed as the animal died soon after. The authors of this report reinforce the need for a definitive and non-presumptive diagnosis of spinal lymphoma to initiate chemotherapy because it mimics different neoplasms and non-neoplastic diseases, such as SEE. Surgical removal of the compressive mass in the spinal cord and histopathological analyses are necessary.

Granulomatous lymphadenitis in a dog caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare

Background: Mycobacteriosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, with considerable zoonoticpotential and risk to public health. Infection in dogs is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppression, resultingfrom eating meat or contact with contaminated soil or fomites. Dogs are also known as potential sources for the spread ofatypical tuberculosis in humans and other animals. This paper aims to describe the clinical, cytological, histopathological,and molecular findings of a male canine seen at University Veterinary Hospital of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, with generalizedlymphadenomegaly associated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection.Case: A 2-year-old male Lhasa Apso dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá city, located in theMidwest region of Brazil. The patient had a history of intermittent claudication of the left pelvic limb for approximately6 months and lymphadenomegaly with progression for approximately 2 months. The dog had wheezing and generalizedlymphadenopathy (submandibular, axillary, and popliteal lymph nodes); cryptorchidism was also observed. A completeblood count revealed nonspecific results, and in the serum biochemical profile, the values of urea, creatinine, albumin, andalanine aminotransferase were within the reference range. No changes were observed on the radiography of the femurotibiopatellar joints. Considering the generalised lymphadenopathy, fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathologicalexamination through biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed. On the cytology and histopathology, numerous negativeimages of moderately refringent bacillary structures distending the cytoplasm from the macrophages was found. Thesamples were also subjected to special Ziehl-Neelsen staining, which confirmed an accentuated and diffuse granulomatouslymphadenitis associated with alcohol...

Granulomatous lymphadenitis in a dog caused by Mycobacterium intracellulare

Background: Mycobacteriosis is caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Mycobacterium, with considerable zoonoticpotential and risk to public health. Infection in dogs is rare and is usually associated with immunosuppression, resultingfrom eating meat or contact with contaminated soil or fomites. Dogs are also known as potential sources for the spread ofatypical tuberculosis in humans and other animals. This paper aims to describe the clinical, cytological, histopathological,and molecular findings of a male canine seen at University Veterinary Hospital of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, with generalizedlymphadenomegaly associated Mycobacterium intracellulare infection.Case: A 2-year-old male Lhasa Apso dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital in Cuiabá city, located in theMidwest region of Brazil. The patient had a history of intermittent claudication of the left pelvic limb for approximately6 months and lymphadenomegaly with progression for approximately 2 months. The dog had wheezing and generalizedlymphadenopathy (submandibular, axillary, and popliteal lymph nodes); cryptorchidism was also observed. A completeblood count revealed nonspecific results, and in the serum biochemical profile, the values of urea, creatinine, albumin, andalanine aminotransferase were within the reference range. No changes were observed on the radiography of the femurotibiopatellar joints. Considering the generalised lymphadenopathy, fine needle aspiration cytology and histopathologicalexamination through biopsy of the lymph nodes was performed. On the cytology and histopathology, numerous negativeimages of moderately refringent bacillary structures distending the cytoplasm from the macrophages was found. Thesamples were also subjected to special Ziehl-Neelsen staining, which confirmed an accentuated and diffuse granulomatouslymphadenitis associated with alcohol...(AU)

Indicators of immunosuppression peripartum in dual purpose cows in the tropics affected health, productive and reproductive parameters

Abstract The objective of the study was to identify immunosuppression peripartum indicators in dual purpose cows in the tropics and determine their effects on productive and reproductive parameters. The indicators used were: changes in leukocyte and neutrophils population, concentrations of energy metabolites (β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose) and body condition scores (BCS). Blood sampling and BCS (scale 1 - 5) were taken weekly during the peripartum. Uterine health was assessed (3 weeks postpartum) by ultrasonography and using a vaginal score (0-3) described by Sheldon et al. (2006). Cows (n=30) were classified as healthy or clinical endometritis (CE). CE prevalence was as high as 29.6%. Leukocyte and neutrophils populations diminished while in the peripartum and were lower (P<0.05) in cows suffering CE. Healthy cows had higher (P<0.05) daily milk production than those with CE (18.84±0.63 vs 14.76±0.84 kg). CE cows had lower (P<0.05) reproductive performance compared with healthy cows (open days: 244.40 ± 35.00 vs 178.00 ± 23.33 and services by conception 3.33 ± 0.51 vs 1.83 ± 0.34). BCS similarly (P>0.05) decreased following parturition in both groups. Concentrations of energy metabolites during peripartum fluctuated in a similar (P>0.05) manner in healthy and CE cows. In summary, dual purpose cows in tropical conditions, presented peripartum immunosuppression indicators, characterized by a decline in the leukocyte population, mainly neutrophils, as well as decreased glucose concentrations and BCS postpartum. In addition to it, there was a rise in the β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations and cows presenting CE had a negative effect in the productive and reproductive parameters.

Indicators of immunosuppression peripartum in dual purpose cows in the tropics affected health, productive and reproductive parameters

O objetivo do estudo foi identificar indicadores de imunossupressão periparto em vacas de duplo propósito nos trópicos e determinar seus efeitos sobre parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos. Os indicadores utilizados foram: alterações na população de leucócitos e neutrófilos, concentrações de metabólitos energéticos (β-hidroxibutirato e glicose) e escores de condição corporal (ECC). Amostras de sangue e BCS (escala 1 5) foram realizadas semanalmente durante o periparto. A saúde uterina foi avaliada (3 semanas após o parto) por ultrassonografia e usando um escore vaginal (0-3) descrito porSheldon et ai. (2006). Vacas (n=30) foram classificadas como endometrite saudável ou clínica (CE). A prevalência de EC foi de 29,6%. As populações de leucócitos e neutrófilos diminuíram no periparto e foram menores (P<0,05) nas vacas com CE. Vacas saudáveis ​​apresentaram maior (P<0,05) produção diária de leite do que aquelas com CE (18,84±0,63 vs 14,76±0,84 kg). Vacas CE tiveram desempenho reprodutivo inferior (P<0,05) em comparação com vacas saudáveis ​​(dias abertos: 244,40 ± 35,00 vs 178,00 ± 23,33 e serviços por concepção 3,33 ± 0,51 vs 1,83 ± 0,34). BCS similarmente (P>0,05) diminuiu após o parto em ambos os grupos. As concentrações de metabólitos energéticos durante o periparto flutuaram de maneira semelhante (P>0,05) em vacas saudáveis ​​e CE. Em resumo, vacas de duplo propósito em condições tropicais, apresentaram indicadores de imunossupressão periparto, caracterizada por um declínio na população de leucócitos, principalmente neutrófilos, bem como diminuição das concentrações de glicose e BCS pós-parto. Além disso, houve aumento nas concentrações de β-hidroxibutirato e vacas com CE tiveram efeito negativo nos parâmetros produtivos e reprodutivos.(AU)

Hepatozoonose canina associada a quimioterapia para linfossarcoma de Sticker em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Canine hepatozoonosis associated with chemotherapy for Sticker's Lymphosarcoma in Santa Catarina, Brazil

A hepatozoonose canina, causada pelo protozoário Hepatozoon spp, é uma enfermidade que acomete carnívoros domésticos. O desenvolvimento da doença por vezes depende do estado imunológico do animal e pode se desenvolver, na maioria dos casos, na forma subclínica e crônica. O Linfossarcoma de Sticker, também conhecido como Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT), é uma neoplasia de células redondas que acomete principalmente a membrana mucosa da genitália externa. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever o diagnóstico de Hepatozoonose em cão associado ao tratamento quimioterápico para TVT. Foi atendido na Clínica Veterinária Escola da UFSC um cão macho, idoso, SRD, não castrado. Na anamnese foi relatado aumento do volume na base da região peniana com presença de sangramento pelo orifício prepucial. À exposição da glande do pênis, nada foi observado, mas, durante a palpação interna do prepúcio, foram notadas várias massas de aspecto polipoide que, por meio de citologia, evidenciaram TVT. O paciente iniciou quimioterapia com vincristina e, após a terceira sessão, iniciou com quadro clínico de emagrecimento, conjuntivite e blefarite. Ao hemograma, observou-se gamonte de H. canis em neutrófilo. O paciente foi tratado com doxiciclina e dipropionato de imidocarb associado à atropina e recuperou-se bem. O esfregaço sanguíneo foi uma ferramenta diagnóstica muito importante nesse caso, pois as formas de H. canis foram melhor observadas em decorrência do aumento da parasitemia causada pela imunossupressão do animal.

Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by the Hepatozoon spp, is a disease that affects domestic carnivores. The development of the disease sometimes depends on the animal's immune status and it can develop, in most cases, in the subclinical and chronic form. Sticker's Lymphosarcoma, also known as Transmissible Venereal Tumor(TVT), is a round cell neoplasma that mainly affects the mucous membrane of the external genitalia. This study aimed to describe the diagnosis of Hepatozoonosis in a dog associated with chemotherapy treatment for TVT. A male dog, elderly, SRD, not neutered was seen at the Veterinary Clinic of UFSC. In the anamnesis, an increase in volume at the base of the penile with bleeding through the preputial orifice was reported. Upon exposure of the glans penis, nothing was observed, but during the internal palpation of the foreskin, several polypoid masses were noticed, which, through cytology, showed TVT. The patient started chemotherapy with vincristine and, after the third session, started having weight loss, conjunctivitis and blepharitis. At hemogram, a gamonte of H. canis was observed in neutrophils. The patient was treated with doxycycline and atropine-associated imidocarb dipropionate and recovered well. The blood smear was a very important diagnostic tool in this case, as the forms of H. canis were better observed due to the increase in parasitemia caused by the animal's immunosuppression.

Hepatozoonose canina associada a quimioterapia para linfossarcoma de Sticker em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Canine hepatozoonosis associated with chemotherapy for Sticker's Lymphosarcoma in Santa Catarina, Brazil

A hepatozoonose canina, causada pelo protozoário Hepatozoon spp, é uma enfermidade que acomete carnívoros domésticos. O desenvolvimento da doença por vezes depende do estado imunológico do animal e pode se desenvolver, na maioria dos casos, na forma subclínica e crônica. O Linfossarcoma de Sticker, também conhecido como Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT), é uma neoplasia de células redondas que acomete principalmente a membrana mucosa da genitália externa. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever o diagnóstico de Hepatozoonose em cão associado ao tratamento quimioterápico para TVT. Foi atendido na Clínica Veterinária Escola da UFSC um cão macho, idoso, SRD, não castrado. Na anamnese foi relatado aumento do volume na base da região peniana com presença de sangramento pelo orifício prepucial. À exposição da glande do pênis, nada foi observado, mas, durante a palpação interna do prepúcio, foram notadas várias massas de aspecto polipoide que, por meio de citologia, evidenciaram TVT. O paciente iniciou quimioterapia com vincristina e, após a terceira sessão, iniciou com quadro clínico de emagrecimento, conjuntivite e blefarite. Ao hemograma, observou-se gamonte de H. canis em neutrófilo. O paciente foi tratado com doxiciclina e dipropionato de imidocarb associado à atropina e recuperou-se bem. O esfregaço sanguíneo foi uma ferramenta diagnóstica muito importante nesse caso, pois as formas de H. canis foram melhor observadas em decorrência do aumento da parasitemia causada pela imunossupressão do animal.(AU)

Canine hepatozoonosis, caused by the Hepatozoon spp, is a disease that affects domestic carnivores. The development of the disease sometimes depends on the animal's immune status and it can develop, in most cases, in the subclinical and chronic form. Sticker's Lymphosarcoma, also known as Transmissible Venereal Tumor(TVT), is a round cell neoplasma that mainly affects the mucous membrane of the external genitalia. This study aimed to describe the diagnosis of Hepatozoonosis in a dog associated with chemotherapy treatment for TVT. A male dog, elderly, SRD, not neutered was seen at the Veterinary Clinic of UFSC. In the anamnesis, an increase in volume at the base of the penile with bleeding through the preputial orifice was reported. Upon exposure of the glans penis, nothing was observed, but during the internal palpation of the foreskin, several polypoid masses were noticed, which, through cytology, showed TVT. The patient started chemotherapy with vincristine and, after the third session, started having weight loss, conjunctivitis and blepharitis. At hemogram, a gamonte of H. canis was observed in neutrophils. The patient was treated with doxycycline and atropine-associated imidocarb dipropionate and recovered well. The blood smear was a very important diagnostic tool in this case, as the forms of H. canis were better observed due to the increase in parasitemia caused by the animal's immunosuppression.(AU)

Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins / Efeito da bentonita na saúde e produção leiteira de vacas submetidas à dieta naturalmente contaminada por micotoxinas

Mycotoxins often contaminate cattle food, which can cause liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced milk production. Although previous studies have shown the benefits of adsorbents in farm animals, knowledge regarding their mechanism of action is limited, especially when intoxication occurs due to naturally contaminated diets. The present study aimed to assess whether the daily oral administration of mycotoxin adsorbent bentonite clay based on aluminosilicate for 56 days, would attenuate these changes in 18 dairy cows, which were multiparous in the middle of the lactation stage, and were consuming a diet containing fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and desoxynivalenol. The animals were divided into treatment (TG, n = 9) and control (CG, n = 9) groups, and subjected to assessment of liver functions, hematological assessments, assessment of oxidative leucocyte metabolism by the tetrazolium nitroazul (NBT) technique, and physical chemical analysis of milk, every week for two months, totaling eight analyses. It was observed that the use of the adsorbent caused a reduction in the milk excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an increase in levels of serum protein (p = 0.03) and albumin (p = 0.0001), an increase in leukocyte oxidative metabolism from day 24 of treatment(p = 0.05), and increased milk production from the day 16 of treatment (p = 0.08). There was no improvement in the physicochemical indices of the milk. It was concluded that the use of an aluminosilicate-based adsorbent was able to attenuate the effects of mycotoxins on the function of leukocytes and increase milk production.(AU)

Micotoxinas podem contaminar alimentos de bovinos, levando a distúrbios hepáticos, imunodepressão e redução da produção. Embora existam estudos mostrando os benefícios de adsorventes em animais de produção, há limitado conhecimento sobre sua ação quando a intoxicação de bovinos ocorre por dietas naturalmente contaminadas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a administração oral diária do adsorvente de micotoxinas, argila bentonita a base de aluminossilicato durante 56 dias atenuaria alterações promovidas pelas micotoxinas em 18 vacas leiteiras, multíparas no meio do estágio da lactação, consumindo dieta contendo fumonisina B1 e B2, zearalenona (ZEA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). Os animais foram divididos, grupos tratamento (GT, n=9) e controle (GC, n=9), e submetidos às avaliações de enzimas e função hepática, hematológicas, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos pela técnica do nitroazul de tetrazolium (NBT) e análise físico-química do leite, a cada semana, durante dois meses, totalizando oito análises. Observou-se que o uso do adsorvente promoveu redução da excreção láctea de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1), aumento de proteína (p = 0,03) e albumina séricas (p= 0,0001), e aumento do metabolismo oxidativo leucocitário a partir do dia 24 (p = 0,05). Houve também elevação da produção leiteira a partir do 16º dia de tratamento (p= 0,008). Não foi observado melhora nos índices físico-químicos do leite dos animais e houve pouca influência na atividade das enzimas hepáticas. Conclui-se que o uso do adsorvente a base de aluminossilicato foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos das micotoxinas na função de leucócitos e de elevar a produção leiteira.(AU)

Aspergilose sistêmica em potro (Equus caballus) / Systemic aspergillosis in a foals - Equus caballus

O gênero Aspergillus compreende espécies de fungos saprotróficos, globalmente distribuídos, sendo os Aspergillus seção Fumigati conhecidos por causarem doença em humanos e animais imunocomprometidos. Os sinais clínicos dependem do sistema acometido, podendo apresentar febre branda, cólicas intensas, pneumonias, micose de bolsa gutural, e, ocasionalmente, lesões no sistema nervoso central. O presente trabalho objetiva relatar os sinais clínicos, os achados de necropsia e a histologia de um caso de aspergilose sistêmica em um potro de oito meses de idade. O animal apresentava refluxo enterogástrico, peristaltismo aumentado, fezes pastosas, dor abdominal e desidratação intensa. O quadro clínico evoluiu para óbito e o cadáver foi encaminhado para a necropsia. Macroscopicamente, havia sufusões e equimoses na serosa do trato gastrointestinal e ulcerações na mucosa do intestino delgado. No pulmão, havia nódulos multifocais, esbranquiçados e firmes que, ao corte, apresentavam-se císticos, com revestimento interno vinhoso e friável. O coração exibia áreas esbranquiçadas multifocais no miocárdio e os rins continham nódulos avermelhados nas regiões cortical e medular. No encéfalo, havia áreas multifocais amareladas e hemorrágicas com bordos avermelhados. Microscopicamente, observaram-se áreas multifocais de necrose com infiltrado inflamatório granulomatoso no intestino, pulmão, encéfalo, miocárdio e nos rins. Hifas fúngicas intralesionais e intravasculares foram observadas no encéfalo e no pulmão. Estruturas de fenótipo compatível com Aspergillus fumigatus foram observadas na cultura fúngica. Amostras encaminhadas para virologia apresentaram-se positivas para Herpesvírus Equino (HVE) tipo 1 e 4. O diagnóstico de aspergilose sistêmica foi determinado pelo histórico clínico, imunossupressão, achados macroscópicos, histológicos, isolamento do fungo e à infecção concomitante por HVE.

The Aspergillus genus comprises globally distributed species of saprotrophic fungi, with the Aspergillus section Fumigatus known to cause diseases in humans and immunocompromised animals. Clinical signs depend on the affected system, exhibiting mild fever, severe colic, pneumonia, guttural bag mycosis and occasionally lesions in the central nervous system. The present work aims to report the clinical signs, necropsy findings and histology of a case of systemic aspergillosis in an eight-months-old foal. The animal had enterogastric reflux, increased peristalsis, pasty feces, abdominal pain and severe dehydration. The condition evolved to death and the cadaver was sent for necropsy. Macroscopically, there were suffusions and ecchymosis in the serosa of the gastrointestinal tract and ulcerations in the mucosa of the small intestines. In the lung, there were multifocal, whitish and firm nodules that were cystic when cut with a friable winey internal lining. The heart had whitish multifocal areas in the myocardium and the kidneys contained reddish nodules in the cortical and medullary regions. In the brain there were yellowish and hemorrhagic multifocal areas with reddish borders. Microscopically, multifocal areas of necrosis with granulomatous inflammatory infiltrate were observed in the intestine, lung, brain, myocardium and kidneys. Intralesional and intravascular fungal were observed in the brain and lung. Structures with phenotype compatible with Aspergillus fumigatus were observed in the fungal culture. In virology, samples were positive for equine herpesvirus (HVE) types 1 and 4. The diagnosis of systemic aspergillosis was determined due to the clinical history, immunosuppression, macroscopic and histological findings, fungal isolation and concomitant HVE infection.

Seroprevalence and influence of bovine leukemia virus on the incidence of mastitis in dairy herds

Background: The enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral disease with a chronic aspect and its etiological agent is anoncogenic deltaretrovirus called bovine leukemia virus (VLB). It has a wide distribution in dairy cattle herds, and it maytake several years before the first clinical manifestations occur. Animals seropositive for VLB are more susceptible todeveloping infectious diseases such as mastitis. The objective of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of EBL, theprevalence of mastitis, the possible association between leukosis and mastitis, and the risk factors related to leukosis inmunicipalities of the Caparaó region of Espírito Santo, Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: The prevalence of enzootic bovine leukosis and its association with mastitis were evaluatedin an 854 clinically healthy crossbred (Bos tauros tauros x Bos taurus indicus) dairy cows were used, in different lactationphases, from farms located in the 12 municipalities that compose the Caparaó Capixaba micro-region, in the southernpart of Espírito Santo, Brazil, in the period from February to December 2015. The seroprevalence of EBL was determinedby the agar gel immunodiffusion test, the presence of clinical mastitis was ascertained by the black background mug testand of subclinical mastitis by the CMT. The reuse of needles, type of milking, reproductive management, calf mortality,presence of reproductive problems and milk yield were the risk factors assessed. The association between the variableswas estimated by the odds ratio (95% confidence interval). The significance of the associations was determined by theChi-square test. The prevalence of EBL, clinical and subclinical mastitis was 56.79%, 5.50% and 43.55%, respectively.There was a positive association between the EBL virus and the presence of...

Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides, Procamallanus sp. (Baylis, 1923) infections, and microbial colonization in African Snakehead fish sampled from Lekki lagoon, Lagos, Nigeria / Bioacumulação de pesticidas organoclorados, infecções por Procamallanus sp. (Baylis, 1923) e colonização microbiana em peixes africanos Snakehead coletados na lagoa Lekki, Lagos, Nigéria

The exponential rise in the Nigerian population has necessitated the use of agrochemicals for enhanced agricultural yields to meet the ever-rising demand for food. However, agrochemicals such as organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have caused several devastating health and ecological challenges. The study was therefore aimed at assessing the bioaccumulation of OCPs and the associated parasitological and microbial susceptibility in P. obscura to determine the possible ecological impacts of the chemical. A total of 106 specimens of Parachanna obscura fish species were sampled between July and November 2019 from Lekki Lagoon in Lagos, Nigeria. Four culture media, namely nutrient agar (NA), MacConkay agar (MCA), eosin methylene blue (EMB), and sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) were employed in microbial culture. These microbes were subjected to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, gentamicin, ofloxacin, augmentin, nitrofurantoin, ciprofloxacin, and erythromycin to test for resistance, susceptibility and intermediate statuses before and after curing. OCPs were tested in the water, sediment, and tissues of P. obscura using gas chromatography flame ionization detector (GC-FID). P. obscura sampled in the lagoon had poor growth exponent which was characterized by negative allometry (slenderness) in the sampled fish. Although the incidence of parasitic infection in the fish was not alarming, the situation might be aggravated if the prevalent anthropogenic activities persist, resulting in immunosuppression. Regulation of anthropogenic activities in the catchment area is recommended to forestall the prognosis of health and environmental hazards associated with the agricultural, industrial, pharmaceutical, and municipal activities around the lagoon. Bacteria that conferred the most resistance to the majority of the antibiotics were Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella sp., testing positive to plasmid profile. They conferred high resistance to the antibiotics before plasmid curing but became highly susceptible post- plasmid curing. This implies that the gene for resistance in the bacteria isolates was plasmid-mediated, that is, they were obtained from the environment. In the event of an outbreak of waterborne diseases such as cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and diarrhea, there may be non-response to treatment among the infected inhabitants. The incidence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria colonies recorded in this study is of great public health concern, given the possibility of the antibiotic-resistant bacteria strains being passed to humans through fish consumption, resulting in increased multi-drug resistance in humans. Regulation of anthropogenic activities around the lagoon is recommended to forestall prognosis of health and environmental hazards associated with OCPs from agricultural, industrial, pharmaceutical, and municipal sources.(AU)

O aumento exponencial da população nigeriana exigiu o uso de agroquímicos para aumentar a produção agrícola e, assim, atender à crescente demanda por alimentos. No entanto, agroquímicos como pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) causaram vários problemas de saúde e ecológicos. Portanto, o estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a bioacumulação de OCPs e a suscetibilidade parasitológica e microbiana associada em Parachanna obscura, a fim de determinar os possíveis impactos ecológicos desse produto químico. Foi amostrado um total de 106 espécimes de P. obscura entre julho e novembro de 2019 da lagoa Lekki, em Lagos, Nigéria. Quatro meios de cultura, como o ágar nutritivo (NA), o ágar MacConkay (MCA), o ágar eosina azul de metileno (EMB) e o ágar sabouraud dextrose (SDA), foram empregados na cultura microbiana. Esses micróbios foram submetidos a ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, cefuroxima, gentamicina, ofloxacina, augmentin, nitrofurantoína, ciprofloxacina e eritromicina para testar resistência, suscetibilidade e status intermediário antes e depois da cura. Os OCPs foram testados na água, sedimentos e tecidos de P. obscura usando um detector de ionização de chama por cromatografia em fase gasosa (GC-FID). Os peixes amostrados de P. obscura da lagoa apresentaram um expoente de crescimento ruim, caracterizado por alometria negativa (esbelteza). Embora a incidência de infecção parasitária nos peixes não tenha sido alarmante, a situação pode ser agravada se as atividades antropogênicas prevalecentes persistirem, resultando em imunossupressão. Recomenda-se a regulamentação de atividades antropogênicas na área de captação para prevenir o prognóstico de riscos à saúde e ecológicos associados a atividades agrícolas, industriais, farmacêuticas e municipais ao redor da lagoa. As bactérias que conferiram maior resistência à maioria dos antibióticos foram Staphylococcus sp., Micrococcus sp., Escherichia coli e Klebsiella sp., com teste positivo para o perfil plasmidial. Elas conferiram alta resistência aos antibióticos antes da cura do plasmídeo, mas se tornaram altamente suscetíveis após a cura dele. Isso implica que o gene de resistência nos isolados de bactérias foi mediado por plasmídeo, ou seja, foi obtido do ambiente. No caso de surtos de doenças transmitidas pela água, como cólera, febre tifoide, disenteria e diarreia, pode haver não resposta ao tratamento entre os habitantes infectados. A incidência de resistência a antibióticos nas colônias de bactérias registradas neste estudo é de grande preocupação para a saúde pública, dada a possibilidade de que as cepas de bactérias resistentes a antibióticos sejam transmitidas aos seres humanos por meio do consumo de peixes, resultando em maior resistência a múltiplas drogas em seres humanos. Recomenda-se a regulamentação de atividades antropogênicas ao redor da lagoa para impedir o prognóstico de riscos à saúde e ecológicos associados aos OCPs de fontes agrícolas, industriais, farmacêuticas e municipais.(AU)