Spatial analysis of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis seroprevalence in the canine population in an area of socioeconomic and environmental vulnerability / Análise espacial da soroprevalência de leptospirose e toxoplasmose no população canina em área de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica e ambiental

Leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis are zoonoses of occupational character that are spread worldwide, mainly in tropical and socioeconomically vulnerable areas. Both diseases have vertebrate hosts, which spread the infectious agent to the environment and are potentially infectious to humans and can progress to fatal cases. The present study reinforces the importance of One Health for the control and prophylaxis of leptospirosis and toxoplasmosis using sentinel animals in areas of socioeconomic vulnerability based on a serological study. A total of 336 blood samples were obtained from the canine population of the urban district, which has high rates of poverty and sanitation. The results were analyzed based on seroreactivity animals and georeferencing by kernel spatial mapping. A total of 43.3% (52/120) of the animals were seroreagents for anti-Leptospira spp., with a predominance of Canicola (35/52 = 67.3%) and Pyrogenes (5/52 = 9.6%), while 52.97% (178/336) of the dogs were seroreactive for anti-Toxoplasma gondii. The presence of seroreagent dogs for both zoonosis alert to the inadequate hygienic-sanitary conditions of the studied region, and highlight the importance of a survey of the social, economic and environmental structure to identify factors related to the links in the epidemiological chain of pathogen transmission and necessary corrective actions.

Leptospirose e toxoplasmose são zoonoses de caráter ocupacional disseminadas mundialmente, principalmente em áreas tropicais e socioeconomicamente vulneráveis. Ambas as doenças têm hospedeiros vertebrados, que espalham o agente infeccioso para o meio ambiente e são potencialmente infecciosos para o homem, as quais podem evoluir para casos fatais. O presente estudo reforça a importância da saúde única para o controle e a profilaxia da leptospirose e da toxoplasmose, mediante a utilização de animais sentinela em áreas de vulnerabilidade socioeconômica, com base em estudo sorológico. Um total de 336 amostras de sangue foi obtido da população canina de um distrito urbano que apresenta altos índices de pobreza e ausência de saneamento básico. Os resultados foram analisados ​​com base em animais sororreagentes e georreferenciados por mapeamento espacial de Kernel. Um total de 43,3% (52/120) dos animais foi sororreagente para anti-Leptospira spp., com predominância de Canicola (35/52 = 67,3%) e Pirogenes (5/52 = 9,6%), enquanto 52,97% (178/336) dos cães foram sororreagentes para anti-Toxoplasma gondii. A presença de cães sororreagentes para ambas as doenças alerta para as condições higiênico-sanitárias inadequadas da região estudada e evidencia a importância de um levantamento da estrutura social, econômica e ambiental para identificar fatores relacionados aos elos da cadeia epidemiológica de transmissão do patógeno e ações corretivas necessárias.

Seroepidemiology of leptospirosis in horses from Santarém, Pará / Soroepidemiologia de leptospirose em equinos da região de Santarém, Pará

Leptospirosis is an endemic zoonotic disease that is distributed worldwide, which has the potential to have health and economic impacts. Leptospira spp. is spiral-shaped and capable of infecting mammals, including horses, which may result in asymptomatic or clinical forms. Therefore, the current study aimed to analyze the frequency of anti-Leptospira antibodies in serum samples from horses from Santarém, Pará, Brazil. For that purpose, 88 blood samples from horses without a history of leptospirosis vaccination were serologically evaluated through the microscopic agglutination technique (MAT) with a 13 serovars, belonging to ten different serogroups. There were 58 samples that were seropositive (65.90%), which included 28 samples seropositive for Pyrogenes (48.3%), 24 for Autumnalis (41.4%), 18 for Icterohaemorrhagiae (31.0%), and 16 for Grippotyphosa (27.6%). Even without clinical suspicion of leptospirosis or a history of vaccination, the horses showed different frequency of seropositivity. Considering the well-known impact of leptospirosis in human and animal health, our results are important to establish preventive measures to reduce the economic loss in equine production as well as a reduction in public health risk.

Leptospira spp. é a bactéria causadora da leptospirose, uma doença endêmica, distribuída mundialmente, de caráter zoonótico responsável por gerar impacto sanitário e também econômico. Esse microrganismo, com característica espiralada, infecta mamíferos, dentre eles, os equinos. Estes animais, podem apresentar a doença na forma assintomáticos ou clínica. Desta forma, o atual estudo objetivou analisar amostras equinas na região de Santarém- Pará. Analisou-se 88 amostras de animais que não apresentavam histórico de vacinação contra a leptospirose, através da técnica da Microaglutinação Microscópica (MAT), utilizando um painel de13 sorovares, pertencentes a dez diferentes sorogrupos. Desses animais, 58 foram soropositivos (65,90%), distribuídos em 28 (48,3%) amostras soro reagentes para Pyrogenes, 24 (41,4%) para Autumnalis, 18 (31%) para Icterohaemorrhagiae e 16 (27,6%) para Grippotyphosa. Mesmo não havendo suspeita de leptospirose, os animais apresentaram diferentes frequências sorológicas. Considerando-se o conhecido impacto da leptospirose na saúde humana e animal, nossos resultados apontam que é de suma importância estabelecer medidas de prevenção para reduzir perdas econômicas e não oferecer riscos à saúde pública.

Epizootiology of canine distemper in naturally infected dogs in Goiânia, Brazil / Epizootiologia da cinomose em cães naturalmente infectados em Goiânia, Brasil

Although the epizootiological profile of canine distemper in Goiânia is unknown, there is clinical evidence for a high incidence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infection among dogs. Therefore, this study determined the epizootiological characteristics of canine distemper in naturally infected dogs. Data of 46 dogs that tested positive for the CDV based on immunochromatography or reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction were collected. Data on the sex, breed, age, and vaccination status were obtained from these dogs, and extraneural and neural sign analyses were performed. Although, the infected dogs belonged to both sexes, different breeds, and different age groups, a greater proportion of cases were seen in adults (1-6 years), undefined breeds, and unvaccinated dogs. Among the CDV-positive dogs, 10.87% had been vaccinated. In addition, 4.35% showed neural signs, 8.69% showed extraneural signs, and 86.96% showed both. High lethality was observed, with viral antigen and/or DNA detected in 82.61% dead dogs. Only 8.70% of the total CDV-infected dogs remained alive at the time of their assessment.

Embora o perfil epizootiológico da cinomose canina em Goiânia seja desconhecido, há evidencia clínica para alta incidência da infecção pelo vírus da cinomose (CDV) nos cães. Este estudo objetivou determinar as características epizootiológicas da cinomose em cães naturalmente infectados. Dados de 46 cães positivos por imunocromatografia ou reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa para o CDV foram coletados. Dados sobre sexo, raça, idade, estado vacinal foram obtidos desses cães, e os sinais extraneurais e neurais foram analisados. Animais de ambos os sexos, diferentes raças e idades foram acometidos. A maior proporção de casos foi vista em adultos (de um a seis anos), sem raça definida e não vacinados. Dentre os cães positivos, 10,87% haviam sido vacinados. Em adição, 4,35% apresentaram sinais neurais, 8,69% sinais extraneurais e 86,96% mostraram ambos. Alta letalidade foi observada, com o antígeno viral e/ou DNA identificado em 82,61% dos cães que foram a óbito. Apenas 8,7% dos cães infectados permaneceram vivos até o momento da avaliação.

Giardiasis in children and dogs, and the first report of assemblage E in dogs from northeastern Brazil / Giardíase em crianças e cães, e o primeiro relato de infecção por assemblage E em cães do nordeste brasileiro

Diagnosis is crucial for controlling giardiasis. We determined the prevalence and genetically characterize isolates of Giardia duodenalis of children and dogs from rural communities in northeastern Brazil. G. duodenalis cysts were concentrated by centrifugal flotation/sedimentation. Molecular characterization was carried out using the loci ssu-rRNA, bg, tpi, and gdh. By parasitological techniques, Giardia spp. infection was detected in 72/192 children (37.5%; 95% CI: 30.6%-44.7%) and 24/139 dogs (17.3%; 95% CI: 11.4%-24.6%). By molecular analysis, infection was detected in 60/141 children (42.5%; 95% CI: 34.3%-51.2%) and 26/92 dogs (28.3%; 95% CI: 19.4%-38.6%). The total prevalence of giardiasis was 54.9% in children (106/193; 95% CI: 47.1%-61.6%) and 32.9% in dogs (47/143; 95% CI: 25.2%-41.2%). Zoonotic assemblages A and B of G. duodenalis were detected in children, and assemblage E of G. duodenalis was detected in one child and two dogs. Parallel use of parasitological and molecular techniques proved to be a more effective strategy for detecting giardiasis in children and dogs from endemic areas.(AU)

O diagnóstico é crucial para o controle da giardíase. Foram determinadas as prevalências e as características genéticas isoladas de Giardia duodenalis, em crianças e cães de comunidades rurais do nordeste brasileiro. Os cistos de G. duodenalis foram concentrados por centrífugo-flutuação/sedimentação. A caracterização molecular foi realizada utilizando-se os loci ssu-rRNA, bg, tpi e gdh. Pelas técnicas parasitológicas, a infecção por Giardia spp. foi detectada em 72/192 crianças (37,5%; IC 95%: 30,6%-44,7%) e 24/139 cães (17,3%; IC 95%: 11,4%-24,6%). Molecularmente, a infecção foi detectada em 60/141 crianças (42,5%; IC 95%: 34,3%-51,2%) e 26/92 cães (28,3%; IC 95%: 19,4%-38,6%). A prevalência total de giardíase foi de 54,9% em crianças (106/193; IC 95%: 47,1%-61,6%) e 32,9% em cães (47/143; IC 95%: 25,2%-41,2%). Os assemblages zoonóticos A e B de G. duodenalis foram detectados em crianças, e o assemblage E de G. duodenalis foi detectado nas duas populações. O uso paralelo de técnicas parasitológicas e moleculares mostra-se uma estratégia mais eficaz para detecção de giardíase em crianças e cães de áreas endêmicas.(AU)

Fungal diseases in dogs and cats in Northeastern Brazil / Doenças fúngicas em cães e gatos no Nordeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: In this retrospective study, the clinical and anatomopathological findings of fungal diseases in dogs and cats in Northeastern Brazil are described. During the study period, 6,827 histopathological examinations (4,090 necropsies and 2,737 biopsies) of companion animals were reviewed, and fungal infections were diagnosed in 54 cases. Of these, 32 cases were diagnosed in cats and 22 in dogs. Sporotrichosis was the most prevalent mycosis (19/54), followed by dermatophytosis (9/54), cryptococcosis (8/54), candidiasis (7/54), and phaeohyphomycosis (4/54). Other diseases had two cases each, including aspergillosis, mucormycosis, and histoplasmosis, whereas coccidioidomycosis occurred once. Mycoses were diagnosed through microscopic lesions associated with the histomorphological characteristics of the agent, as evidenced by routine and special histochemical stains. They were occasionally confirmed by immunohistochemistry and microbiological cultivation. This retrospective study showed that despite being uncommon, fungal diseases are important causes of death in dogs and cats in the region, with cats being the most affected species and sporotrichosis being the most prevalent mycosis. Clinical signs were correlated with the portal of entry of the infection associated with localized or disseminated superficial and deep skin lesions or affecting parenchymal organs, especially in systemic infections. Microscopic lesions were mainly characterized by pyogranulomatous inflammation associated with fungal structures. In dogs, mycoses occurred mainly owing to an immunological impairment secondary to canine distemper virus co-infection.

RESUMO: Neste estudo retrospectivo, são descritos os achados clínicos e anatomopatológicos das doenças fúngicas em cães e gatos no Nordeste do Brasil. Durante o período de estudo, foram revisados 6.827 exames histopatológicos (4.090 necropsias e 2.737 biópsias) de animais de companhia e diagnosticados 54 casos de infecções fúngicas. Destes, 32 casos foram diagnosticados em gatos e 22 em cães. A esporotricose foi a micose mais prevalente (19/54), seguida pela dermatofitose (9/54), criptococose (8/54), candidíase (7/54) e feo-hifomicose (4/54). Outras doenças tiveram dois casos cada, incluindo aspergilose, mucormicose e histoplasmose, enquanto a coccidioidomicose ocorreu uma vez. As micoses foram diagnosticadas por meio das lesões microscópicas associadas às características histomorfológicas do agente, evidenciadas pelas colorações de rotina e histoquímicas especiais, e ocasionalmente confirmadas pela imuno-histoquímica e cultivo microbiológico. Esse estudo retrospectivo demonstrou que apesar de incomuns, as doenças fúngicas são importantes causas de morte em cães e gatos da região, sendo os gatos a espécie mais afetada e a esporotricose, a micose mais prevalente. Os sinais clínicos estavam correlacionados com a porta de entrada da infecção, associados a lesões cutâneas localizadas ou disseminadas superficiais e profundas ou afetando órgãos parenquimatosos, especialmente em infecções sistêmicas. As lesões microscópicas eram caracterizadas principalmente por inflamação piogranulomatosa associada a estruturas fúngicas. Nos cães, as micoses ocorreram principalmente devido ao comprometimento imunológico secundária a coinfecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina.

Serological frequency of Leptospira spp. in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Paraná state, Brazil / Frequência sorológica de Leptospira spp. em búfalos (Bubalus bubalis) no estado do Paraná, Brasil

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that can infect buffaloes and other mammalians, and it's caused by Gram-negative bacteria of the genus Leptospira spp. The infection occurs through contact with urine or a contaminated environment with the mucous membranes of the animals, and the disease has two phases: leptospiremia and leptospiruria. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of leptospirosis in buffaloes in the state of Paraná, Brazil, as well as the main serovars present in this area. A total of 276 blood samples were collected from buffaloes from 18 properties located in different cities and mesoregions of Paraná state. A microscopic agglutination test (MAT) was performed to detect the presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies and to identify its serovars. The prevalence was 77.17% (213/276) of buffaloes seropositive for at least one serovar. The most frequent serovar was Icterohaemorrhagiae, followed by the Pomona serovar and serovar Hardjo. This study seems to be the first to determine the frequency of buffaloes with leptospirosis in the state of Paraná. Prevention and control measures are important to control the disease in herds.

Leptospirose é uma zoonose que infecta búfalos e outros mamíferos e é causada por bactérias Gram-negativas do gênero Leptospira spp. A infecção ocorre por meio do contato com a urina ou ambiente contaminado com as membranas mucosas dos animais e a doença possui duas fases: leptospiremia e leptospirúria. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência da leptospirose em bubalinos provenientes do estado do Paraná, assim como determinar os principais sorovares presentes no estado. Um total de 276 amostras de sangue foram coletados de búfalos provenientes de 18 propriedades localizadas em 14 municípios de diferentes mesorregiões do estado do Paraná. O teste de soroaglutinação microscópica (SAM) foi realizado para detecção da presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. e identificação dos respectivos sorovares. A prevalência de búfalos soropositivos para ao menos um sorovar foi de 77,17% (213/276). O sorovar mais frequente identificado nestes búfalos foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae, seguido pelos sorovares Pomona e Hardjo. Este é o primeiro estudo a determinar a frequência de búfalos com leptospirose no estado do Paraná. Medidas de controle e prevenção são importantes para o controle do agente nos rebanhos.

Clinical and epidemiological features and impact of life habits in canine atopic dermatitis in Fortaleza, Brazil / Achados clínicos e epidemiológicos e impacto do estilo de vida na dermatite atópica canina em Fortaleza/Brasil

Canine atopic dermatitis (cAD) is a worldwide allergic skin disease. The affected dog population can show different clinical patterns according to geographic region, and a lack of studies in Brazil is observed. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the clinical and epidemiological data of cAD in dogs treated in a private clinical practice in Fortaleza, a city located in the Northeast Region of Brazil. cAD was diagnosed in 35% of dogs, being Shih-tzu and Poodle the most affected breeds. Paws and ears were frequently injured sites. Almost 50% of atopic dogs were diagnosed with superficial pyoderma and 36% with cutaneous malasseziosis. Atopic dogs with outdoor habits were less likely to develop cutaneous malassezial infection, and with routine ear, cleaning habits were less likely to develop bacterial otitis externa. In conclusion, canine atopic dermatitis is a prevalent disease in private clinical practice in Fortaleza, and lifestyle habits can be considered a risk factor for cutaneous malasseziosis infection and bacterial otitis externa in atopic dogs.

A dermatite atópica canina (DAC) é uma doença alérgica cutânea de ocorrência mundial. A população canina acometida pode apresentar diferentes padrões clínicos de acordo com a região geográfica e observa-se uma carência de estudos no Brasil. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar os dados clínicos e epidemiológicos da DAC em cães atendidos em uma clínica privada em Fortaleza, cidade localizada na Região Nordeste do Brasil. A DAC foi diagnosticada em 35% dos cães, sendo Shih-tzu e Poodle as raças mais acometidas. As patas e as orelhas foram locais frequentemente afetados. Quase 50% dos cães atópicos foram diagnosticados com piodermite superficial e 36% com malasseziose cutânea. Cães atópicos com hábitos ao ar livre foram menos propensos a desenvolver malasseziose cutânea e com hábitos rotineiros de limpeza auricular foram menos propensos a desenvolver otite externa bacteriana. Em conclusão, a dermatite atópica canina é uma doença prevalente na prática clínica privada em Fortaleza e os hábitos de vida podem ser considerados como um fator de risco para infecção por malasseziose cutânea e otite externa bacteriana em cães atópicos.

In-house serological ELISA as a leishmaniosis diagnostic test: development and applications in canines from the western border of Brazil / ELISA "in house" para o diagnóstico de leishmaniose: desenvolvimento e aplicação em caninos da fronteira Oeste do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Leishmaniosis is a great public health problem affecting both humans and animals. The disease is caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp., which has a complex cycle involving a phlebotomine vector. The ELISA test (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) along with a chromatographic immunoassay was defined by the Brazil Health Ministry as the confirmatory screening protocol in 2011. Uruguaiana city is 630 km away from Porto Alegre, which makes it difficult to send samples and diagnose leishmaniasis, as well as receive quick results. In view of this, the present study evaluated an in-house indirect ELISA method compared to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and dual-path platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP-BioManguinhos®) for the detection of an immune response to Leishmania spp. in canine species. The serological evaluation included 48 canines from the western border of Brazil (Uruguaiana and Barra do Quaraí city). Among the 48 canine samples tested, 18 were positive when using the ELISA technique, 19 were positive with IFA, and 17 were positive with rapid test DPP®. The ELISA technique showed a sensitivity/specificity of 83.3%/86.7% when compared to IFA and 100%/96.8% compared to DPP®. The present study showed a prevalence of 37.5%, demonstrating that the infection circulates in the studied population. It can be concluded that the ELISA technique was valuable for use in field conditions when performing screening tests in endemic areas.

RESUMO: A leishmaniose é um grande problema de saúde pública que afeta tanto humanos quanto animais. A doença é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania spp., que possui um ciclo complexo envolvendo um vetor flebotomíneo. O teste ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), juntamente com um imunoensaio cromatográfico, foi definido pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil como protocolo de triagem confirmatória em 2011. A cidade de Uruguaiana fica a 630 km de Porto Alegre, o que dificulta o envio de amostras e o diagnóstico da leishmaniose, além da demora para obter os resultados. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um método de ELISA indireto in-house comparado ao ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) e imunoensaio cromatográfico de plataforma de dupla via (DPP-BioManguinhos®) para a detecção de uma resposta imune contra Leishmania spp. na espécie canina. A avaliação sorológica incluiu 48 caninos da fronteira oeste do Brasil (cidade de Uruguaiana e Barra do Quaraí). Das 48 amostras caninas testadas, 18 foram positivas na técnica de ELISA, 19 foram positivas com IFA e 17 foram positivas com o teste rápido DPP®. A técnica de ELISA apresentou sensibilidade/especificidade de 83,3%/86,7% quando comparada ao IFA e 100%/96,8% em relação ao DPP®. O presente estudo apresentou prevalência de 37,5%, demonstrando que a infecção circula na população estudada. Pode-se concluir que a técnica de ELISA foi valiosa para uso em condições de campo na realização de testes de triagem em áreas endêmicas.

Natural association between bovine leukemia virus and reproductive infectious diseases

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a widespread infectious disease caused by the bovine leukemia virus (BLV), which results in immune system dysfunction. The resulting immunosuppression may lead to an increased prevalence of other diseases. Dairy cows infected have altered immune function associated with decreased milk production and shortened lifespan and decreased immune response to immunization. BLV infection, however, is often asymptomatic, so any connection between subclinical infection and common reproductive diseases remains unknown. This study aimed to describe the relationship between naturally occurring subclinical BLV and infectious reproductive diseases seroconversion in the field. Materials, Methods & Results: The diseases investigated included Bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD), Bovine alfaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1), Bovine gammaherpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4), Chlamydiosis, Leptospirosis, Brucellosis and Neosporosis in dairy cattle. Six hundred fifty-five sera samples from the northern and south-central regions of Uruguay, from asymptomatic female Holstein and Holstein crosses without a history of vaccination against reproductive diseases were processed using reference diagnostic methods (Seronautalization, ELISA, MAT, Rose Bengal Plate test). The seroprevalence of BLV was 20.0%. Seroprevalence of reproductive diseases BVD, BoHV-1 and BoHV-4 were 99.3%, 41.2% and 27.3% of the populations, respectively, and the total seroprevalence of Leptospirosis, bovine Neospora caninum and Chlamydiosis were 19.8%, 29.8% and 33.0% respectively. The results revealed positive associations between naturally contracted BLV and the presence of antibodies against BoHV-1 (P = 0.002), as well as between naturally contracted BLV and presence of antibodies against Leptospira spp. (P = 0.028). Discussion: BLV infection can impact innate and adaptive immune system cells and alter the proper functioning of uninfected cells. BLV infection may also induce changes in the complex balance of cytokine expression, cell proliferation, and programmed cell death in T- and B-lymphocytes, which is critical for immune competence and effective response to infectious challenges. The progression of BLV infection has a substantial effect on host defense mechanisms. Indeed, lowmagnitude serologic responses to a commercial foot-and-mouth disease vaccine and a J5 Escherichia coli vaccine have been observed. These results are supported by recent trial studies showing a reduced immune response to vaccination against BoHV-1 and Leptospira spp. in asymptomatic animals infected with BLV. These are 2 of the most prevalent infectious reproductive diseases in cattle worldwide, and our results provide evidence that a link between BLV and susceptibility to these diseases may exist. Although there is evidence of the co-occurrence of these diseases, it remains unknown whether there is a direct or indirect effect of BLV on infertility, embryonic loss, or abortion. Another possibility is that natural infection with these reproductive pathogens (BoHV-1, Leptospira, or others) promotes BLV expression, negatively affecting the farms where these pathogens are endemic. Considering the high seroprevalence of BLV in dairy herds in North and South America where the infection is endemic, it was explored BLV's role as an immunosuppressant by quantifying its co-occurrence with diseases that affect reproductive performance in breeding herds. Future work should clarify the role of BLV and the co-occurring pathogens in causing infertility or abortions.

Neuropathology of natural canid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection in dogs

The neuropathology of canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) infection in dogs has been reported, but the importance of the cerebellar lesions in the routine diagnosis remains relatively understated in the veterinary literature. Here we characterize the neuropathology of natural CaHV-1 infection in 25 dogs. The disease affected predominantly male dogs (22 cases). Clinical signs in 15 cases varied and sudden death was reported in 10 cases. All dogs had the typical areas of necrosis and hemorrhage in multiple organs with eosinophilic intranuclear viral inclusions in epithelial and/or inflammatory cells in multiple organs in 21 cases. Cerebral swelling and reddening were reported in 3 cases. Neurohistologic changes consisted of mild lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with occasional vasculitis and widespread glial nodules. Rare intranuclear viral inclusions (4 cases) were observed in endothelial cells or inflammatory cells in glial nodules. Cerebellum was examined in 11 cases and had extensive segmental necrosis of Purkinje cell layer (8 cases) and granule neurons in the internal (9 cases) or external (2 cases) granular cell layer. Intranuclear viral inclusions were observed in 8 cases and occurred in necrotic granule neurons in the inner granular cell layer (7 cases), outer granular cell layer (2 cases), Purkinje neurons (1 case), or endothelial cells (1 case). Diagnostic confirmation in 23 cases was based on routine histology and fluorescent antibody testing for CaHV-1 on fresh or frozen tissue samples. A routine diagnosis was based solely on the visualization of intranuclear viral inclusions in 2 cases.(AU)

Patógenos transmitidos por vetores na reprodução canina / Vector-borne pathogens in canine reproduction

O artigo apresenta uma revisão sobre os efeitos reprodutivos da infecção pelos principais patógenos transmitidos por vetores que acometem cães, Leishmania spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. e Trypanosoma spp. São discutidas a patologia genital, fertilidade masculina e feminina, transmissão venérea, transmissão vertical, transmissão horizontal mãe-filho e sua relevância na epidemiologia das doenças.(AU)

The article presents a review of the reproductive effects of infection by main vector-borne pathogens of dogs, Leishmania spp., Babesia spp., Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp. and Trypanosoma spp. Genital pathology, male and female fertility, venereal transmission, vertical transmission, horizontal mother-offspring transmission and their relevance to the epidemiology of the diseases are discussed.(AU)

In-house serological ELISA as a leishmaniosis diagnostic test: development and applications in canines from the western border of Brazil / ELISA "in house" para o diagnóstico de leishmaniose: desenvolvimento e aplicação em caninos da fronteira Oeste do Brasil

Leishmaniosis is a great public health problem affecting both humans and animals. The disease is caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp., which has a complex cycle involving a phlebotomine vector. The ELISA test (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) along with a chromatographic immunoassay was defined by the Brazil Health Ministry as the confirmatory screening protocol in 2011. Uruguaiana city is 630 km away from Porto Alegre, which makes it difficult to send samples and diagnose leishmaniasis, as well as receive quick results. In view of this, the present study evaluated an in-house indirect ELISA method compared to indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and dual-path platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP-BioManguinhos®) for the detection of an immune response to Leishmania spp. in canine species. The serological evaluation included 48 canines from the western border of Brazil (Uruguaiana and Barra do Quaraí city). Among the 48 canine samples tested, 18 were positive when using the ELISA technique, 19 were positive with IFA, and 17 were positive with rapid test DPP®. The ELISA technique showed a sensitivity/specificity of 83.3%/86.7% when compared to IFA and 100%/96.8% compared to DPP®. The present study showed a prevalence of 37.5%, demonstrating that the infection circulates in the studied population. It can be concluded that the ELISA technique was valuable for use in field conditions when performing screening tests in endemic areas.

A leishmaniose é um grande problema de saúde pública que afeta tanto humanos quanto animais. A doença é causada pelo protozoário Leishmania spp., que possui um ciclo complexo envolvendo um vetor flebotomíneo. O teste ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay), juntamente com um imunoensaio cromatográfico, foi definido pelo Ministério da Saúde do Brasil como protocolo de triagem confirmatória em 2011. A cidade de Uruguaiana fica a 630 km de Porto Alegre, o que dificulta o envio de amostras e o diagnóstico da leishmaniose, além da demora para obter os resultados. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um método de ELISA indireto in-house comparado ao ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta (IFA) e imunoensaio cromatográfico de plataforma de dupla via (DPP-BioManguinhos®) para a detecção de uma resposta imune contra Leishmania spp. na espécie canina. A avaliação sorológica incluiu 48 caninos da fronteira oeste do Brasil (cidade de Uruguaiana e Barra do Quaraí). Das 48 amostras caninas testadas, 18 foram positivas na técnica de ELISA, 19 foram positivas com IFA e 17 foram positivas com o teste rápido DPP®. A técnica de ELISA apresentou sensibilidade/especificidade de 83,3%/86,7% quando comparada ao IFA e 100%/96,8% em relação ao DPP®. O presente estudo apresentou prevalência de 37,5%, demonstrando que a infecção circula na população estudada. Pode-se concluir que a técnica de ELISA foi valiosa para uso em condições de campo na realização de testes de triagem em áreas endêmicas.

Canine visceral leishmaniasis: risk factors and spatial analysis in an endemic area of Northeastern Brazil / Leishmaniose visceral canina: fatores de risco e análise espacial em uma área endêmica do Nordeste do Brasil

Canine visceral leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoon Leishmania infantum, an important agent of zoonotic concern. In this study we determined the seroprevalence, risk factors and spatial distribution of infection by L. infantum among dogs in the Pajeú microregion of the Sertão region of Pernambuco, Brazil. Canine serum samples (n = 247) were tested using the Dual Path Platform (DPP®) rapid screening test and ELISA/S7® confirmatory test; and risk factors were assessed through univariate analysis and logistical regression. The spatial distribution of reactive dogs was analyzed by drawing a map using QGIS. Seroprevalence of 13.7% (34/247) was detected, with cases predominating in the municipality of Tabira (26.4%; 9/34). Age above 10 years was considered to be a risk factor associated with the presence of anti-L. infantum antibodies. The high overall prevalence and spatial distribution of positive cases showed wide dispersion of reagents dogs in the study area. Therefore, preventive measures are needed in order to reduce the risk of infection for animals and humans.(AU)

Leishmaniose Visceral Canina é uma doença causada pelo protozoário Leishmania infantum, importante agente zoonótico. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a soroprevalência, avaliar os fatores de risco e a distribuição espacial da infecção por L. infantum em cães da microrregião do Pajeú, Sertão de Pernambuco, Brasil. Amostras de soro canino (n=247) foram testadas ("Dual Path Platform Rapid Test" - TR DPP® (triagem); ELISA/S7 (confirmatório)), e os fatores de risco avaliados por meio de análise univariada e regressão logística. A distribuição espacial dos cães reagentes foi analisada por meio de mapas confeccionados no programa QGIS. Detectou-se soroprevalência de 13,7% (34/247), com predominância dos casos no município de Tabira (26,4%; 9/34). A idade acima de 10 anos foi considerada fator de risco associado à presença de anticorpos anti-L. infantum. A alta prevalência e distribuição espacial dos casos positivos revelou ampla dispersão de cães reagentes na área de estudo. Portanto, medidas preventivas são necessárias a fim de reduzir o risco de infecção para os animais e humanos.(AU)

Phlebotomine sand flies (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in an area of canine infection caused by Leishmania infantum in the state of Amapá, eastern Amazon / Flebotomíneos (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) em área de infecção canina por Leishmania infantum no estado do Amapá, Amazônia Oriental

In 2017, the Brazilian State of Amapá registered the first occurrence of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in 17 dogs in the outskirts of the capital, Macapá. Given the lack of knowledge on phlebotomines in that area, this study aimed to survey the fauna of these Diptera. Sampling was performed using CDC light traps placed at ten sampling sites. The specimens captured were Evandromyia walkeri (n=237), Nyssomyia antunesi (n=65) and Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (n=6). The phlebotomine species composition resulted in low species diversity, and none of the main vectors of the etiological agent of VL were identified in the study area.(AU)

Em 2017, o estado do Amapá registrou a primeira ocorrência de Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) em 17 cães, na periferia da capital, Macapá. Tendo em vista a falta de conhecimento sobre flebotomíneos nessa área, este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento da fauna desses dípteros. A amostragem foi realizada usando-se armadilhas de luz CDC, colocadas em dez locais de amostragem. Os espécimes capturados foram Evandromyia walkeri (n=237), Nyssomyia antunesi (n=65) e Bichromomyia flaviscutellata (n=6). A composição de espécies de flebotomíneos resultou em baixa diversidade de espécies, e nenhum dos principais vetores do agente da LV foi identificado na área de estudo.(AU)

First description of sarcoptic mange in a wild coati (Nasua narica), in Ecuador, and cooccurrence of canine distemper virus / Primeira descrição da sarna sarcóptica em um coati selvagem (Nasua narica), no Equador, e coocorrência do vírus distemper canino

Abstract We present a case of Sarcoptes and canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in a white-nosed coati (Nasua narica) that was trapped in the dry tropical forest of Cerro Blanco reserve, located in the coastal region of Ecuador. Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious and zoonotic disease with worldwide distribution that causes epidemics. Mange is produced by Sarcoptes mites that causes severe epidermal damage. Secondary infections and physiological constrictions without treatment can lead to death of the host. In addition, cooccurrence of canine distemper virus was detected via iiRT-PCR from serum samples. Physical analyses showed that 90% of the skin was affected by severe alopecia due to the sarcoptic mange infection. The presence of mites and histopathological analyses confirmed the diagnosis of infection. This coati was taken to a veterinary clinic and was fed every day, but it died after four days. This is the first report of sarcoptic mange and the first report of CDV in white-nosed coatis in South America. Further studies are needed in this region, to seek out other suspected cases, given the high capacity for disease transmission. Preventive actions to avoid epidemic and zoonotic episodes are needed.

Resumo Apresentamos um caso de Sarcoptes e infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) em um quati-do-nariz-branco (Nasua narica) que ficou preso na floresta tropical seca da reserva de Cerro Blanco, localizada na região costeira do Equador. A sarna sarcóptica é uma doença altamente contagiosa e zoonótica de distribuição mundial que causa epidemias. A sarna é produzida por ácaro do gênero Sarcoptes que causa graves danos epidérmicos. Infecções secundárias e constrições fisiológicas sem tratamento podem levar à morte do organismo. Além disso, a coocorrência do vírus da cinomose canina foi detectada, via iiRT-PCR, a partir de amostras de soro. As análises físicas mostraram que 90% da pele estava afetada por alopecia severa devido à infecção pelo ácaro da sarna sarcóptica. A presença de ácaros e análises histopatológicas confirmaram o diagnóstico de infecção. Esse quati foi levado a uma clínica veterinária e foi alimentado todos os dias, mas morreu após quatro dias. Esse é o primeiro relato de sarna sarcóptica e o primeiro relato de CDV em quatis-de-nariz-branco na América do Sul. São necessários mais estudos nessa região, para buscar outros casos suspeitos, dada a alta capacidade de transmissão da doença. Ações preventivas para evitar episódios epidêmicos e zoonóticos, são necessárias.

Leptospirosis in dairy cattle from southern Brazil - risk factors

Background: Cattle are susceptible to chronic leptospirosis infection, that results in reduced milk production and reproductive disorders such as abortions, stillbirths, fetal malformation, and mummified fetuses, causing significant economic losses.Commercially available vaccines against leptospirosis offer limited protection to cattle because they contain only the mostprevalent serovars worldwide, even though they are not prevalent in the specific region. This study aimed to evaluate theprevalence of specific antibodies against Leptospira serogroups, reproductive disorders and the risk factors in dairy herdsfrom different mesoregions of Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: An epidemiological survey was conducted, and serum samples from the bovine population representative of three mesoregions (MR1, MR2, and MR3) were studied; the samples were collected and tested forleptospirosis using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for 12 serogroups checking for the presence of agglutination.A total of 442 blood samples were collected from dairy cattle from November to December 2019 (MR1, 187; MR2, 88;and MR3, 167), including cows vaccinated with different commercial vaccines during the three months before sample collection (n = 295) and non-vaccinated against leptospirosis (n = 147). At the time of collection, an interview was conductedwith the owners with questions about the health of the animals, management, habitat, feeding and reproduction. Chi-squaretests univariate analysis with the SPSS® version 20.0 were performed to estimate the association of serogroup Djasimanseroreactivity with the occurrence of reproductive problems and related risk factors. The mean prevalence of antibodiesagainst leptospires was 78.7% (MR1, 74.9 %; MR2, 84.1 %; and MR3, 80.2 %). Serogroup prevalence was different in...

Diversidade genética em Brucella canis: aplicação no desenvolvimento de vacinas / Diversidad genética en Brucella canis: aplicación en el desarrollo de vacunas / Genetic diversity in Brucella canis: application in vaccine development

La prevalencia de la brucelosis canina por B. canis, está aumentando a nivel mundial, al igual que los reportes en personas. La ausencia de vacunas y de programas de control, permiten predecir una rápida expansión de la enfermedad, con el consecuente impacto en la reproducción canina y en la Salud Pública. Por lo anterior, es urgente analizar candidatos vacunales que consideren las características genómicas de las cepas circulantes a nivel mundial, toda vez que se ha comprobado variabilidad genética, particularmente en genes asociados a factores de virulencia tales como proteínas de membrana externa y sistema de secreción tipo IV. La presencia de un conglomerado genético de cepas Latinoamericanas de B. canis debe ser considerado en estudios futuros de tal manera de generar productos vacunales sin limitaciones geográficas.(AU)

A prevalência da brucelose canina por B. canis está aumentando em todo o mundo, assim como os relatos em humanos. A falta de vacinas e programas de controle prevêem uma rápida disseminação da doença, com conseqüente impacto sobre a reprodução canina e a saúde pública. Portanto, é urgente analisar os candidatos a vacina que consideram as características genômicas das cepas que circulam pelo mundo, uma vez que a variabilidade genética foi comprovada, particularmente nos genes associados a fatores de virulência, como as proteínas da membrana externa e o sistema de secreção tipo IV. A presença de um grupo genético de linhagens latino-americanas de B. canis deve ser considerada em estudos futuros a fim de gerar produtos vacinais sem limitações geográficas.(AU)

Immunophenotypical and pathological changes in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis / Alterações imunofenotípicas e patológicas em cães experimentalmente infectados por Ehrlichia canis

Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is one of the most important tick-borne diseases worldwide, with multisystemic presentations. Immune dysregulation has been proposed as the primary mechanism involved in its pathogenesis and in tissue injury in dogs with CME. Experimental infection of German Shepherd dogs in the present study demonstrated that CME caused marked pathological changes in their lymph nodes and spleen, and also gave rise to mononuclear infiltration in organs and tissues. Immunophenotyping of cells in lymph nodes, spleen and injured tissues highlighted differences in lymphocyte subsets, local expression of immunoglobulin subclasses and MHCII molecules between infected and control dogs. These findings suggest that the immunophenotypic and immunopathological changes in dogs with acute experimental CME are related to Th1 bias and compartmentalized immune response.(AU)

A erliquiose monocítica canina (EMC) é uma das doenças veiculadas por carrapatos com apresentações multisistêmicas mais relevantes em todo o mundo. A desregulação do sistema imune vem sendo proposta como o principal mecanismo envolvido na patogênese e lesão de tecidos em cães com EMC. A infecção experimental de pastores alemães nesta pesquisa evidenciou marcadas alterações patológicas em linfonodos, baço e também infiltração mononuclear em órgãos e tecidos. A imunofenotipagem de células em linfonodos, baço e tecidos lesados destacou diferenças em subconjuntos de linfócitos, expressão local de subclasses de imunoglobulinas e de moléculas MHCII entre cães infectados e controle. Esses achados sugerem que um viés Th1 e uma resposta imune compartimentalizada estão relacionados às alterações imunofenotípicas e imunopatológicas em cães com EMC experimental aguda.(AU)

Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. in horses from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Soroprevalência de Leptospira spp. em equinos do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies in horses reared in the Eastern and Western Potiguar mesoregion, State of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil. Seven hundred and eighty-five animals (785) were used from 90 properties from 2018 to 2019. The serological diagnosis was performed by the microscopic agglutination technique (MAT), using a collection of live antigens composed of twenty serovars belonging to sixteen serogroups. Variable data associated with risk factors were obtained from questionnaires carried out to herd owners and statistically analyzed. The absolute and relative frequencies were determined by descriptive analysis and risk factors by univariate analysis of the variables using the Pearson's chi-square test and Fisher's exact test, when necessary, and then assessed by Poison regression. The positivity frequency among animals was 97.2% (763), and from all properties, there was at least one seropositive animal. The main reactive serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (72.88%), followed by reactive animals to Australis (14,94%), Sejroe (4.43%), Shermani (2.77%), Autumnalis and Pomona (1.29%). It was observed occurrences lower than 1% to serogroups Canicola, Ballum, Grippotyphosa and Hebdomadis, with titles ≤400 in 78,97% of cases. The significant occurrence of seropositive horses and the serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae predominance highlights the importance of vaccination and hygiene in Potiguares herds facilities to prevent leptospirosis cases and the consequent elimination of the agent in the environment.

Este estudo objetivou determinar a prevalência e os fatores de risco associados à presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira spp. em equinos criados na mesorregião Leste e Oeste Potiguar, estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizados 785 animais oriundos de noventa propriedades durante o período de 2018 e 2019. O diagnóstico sorológico foi realizado pela técnica de soroaglutinação microscópica (MAT) utilizando coleção de antígenos vivos composta por vinte sorovares, pertencentes a dezesseis sorogrupos. Os dados das variáveis associadas aos fatores de risco que podem predispor a presença de equinos soropositivos, foram obtidos a partir de questionários aplicados aos proprietários dos rebanhos e analisados estatisticamente. As frequências absolutas e relativas foram determinadas por análise descritiva e os fatores de risco por análise univariada das variáveis de interesse pelo Teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher, quando necessário, e em seguida submetidos à análise de regressão de Poison. A frequência de equinos soropositivos foi de 97,2% (763), sendo que em todas as propriedades houve pelo menos um animal com presença de anticorpos. O sorogrupo predominante foi o Icterohaemorrhagiae (72,88%), seguido do Australis (14,94%), Sejroe (4,43%), Shermani (2,77%), Autumnalis e Pomona (1,29%). Ocorrências menores que 1% foram observadas para os sorogrupos Canicola, Ballum, Grippotyphosa e Hebdomadis, com títulos ≤400 em 78,97% dos casos. Devido à alta ocorrência de equinos soropositivos e a predominância do sorogrupo Icterohaemorrhagiae, ressalta-se a importância da vacinação e da higiene das instalações nos rebanhos Potiguares na prevenção de casos de leptospirose e a consequente eliminação do agente no ambiente.

Leptospira spp. of the urinary tract of female carrier goats in semi-arid conditions

Background: Leptospirosis is an important infectious disease in goat farming, with a worldwide distribution. It is usually transmitted by rodents and the genital route, may cause reproductive losses, negatively impacting goat farming. The diagnosis lies on serological, molecular and isolation techniques. Considering the importance of this disease for small ruminants, this work aimed to evaluate the serological, molecular findings and isolation of pathogenic leptospires in the urinary tract (kidney and bladder tissues) of goats. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-four adult goats were used for slaughter. Renal samples (n = 34), bladder (n = 34), were collected for isolation of the agent and molecular detection of Leptospira sp. and blood samples (n = 34) for serological testing. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used as a molecular test and the microscopic serum agglutination test (MAT) was used as a serological test. Samples with DNA amplification were subjected to genetic sequencing. The presence of Leptospira DNA was found in the tissues of 8 (23.4%) goats, and of these, only 2 were positive in PCR and MAT. There was a slight agreement between the PCR and MAT techniques (k = 0.150; P = 0.436). In 6 (17.6%) samples of renal tissue and 2 (5.8%) bladder samples, Leptospira DNA was detected. The genes in a kidney tissue sample were sequenced and demonstrated 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. Anti-Leptospira sp. were detected in 6 (17.6%) of the animals tested. Discussion: Serology identified 3 predominant serogroups: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Tarassovi and Autumnalis, serogroups that are related to the presence of rodents that coexist in rural environments. Autumnalis has been reported in small ruminants, raising the hypothesis that goats are adapted, becoming chronic carriers and possible maintenance hosts. The frequency obtained (17.6%) may be the result of the mixed breed pattern and rustic characteristics inherent to the goat species. Given the characteristics of the semi-arid region, such as low rainfall and high solar incidence, it is essential to use an adapted methodology, with a lower cut-off point (1:50), as the serological titer is an established relationship between the animal species, the level of exposure throughout its evolution and the region studied. Molecular findings and bacterial isolation reveal the agent's ability to colonize the urinary tract of goats. These data show the importance that urine has in the epidemiological chain, being able to transmit the agent through direct contact with this product or through contamination of soil and water. There was no statistical agreement between the diagnostic techniques used in this study, in this case, an association between PCR and MAT is recommended to obtain data with high sensitivity and specificity. A bladder sample was sequenced and showed 99% similarity to Leptospira interrogans. In the semiarid region, the most common form of leptospirosis spread is through the sale of animals in business fairs for breeding, rearing or slaughter, as well as sharing the same property with several breeders. The introduction of chronic and asymptomatic carriers on the properties represents a serious risk for the spread of the disease. The results show the presence of Leptospira spp. in semi-arid goat herds, having as risk factors the presence of rodents and intercropping. The association of MAT and PCR is necessary for a better diagnosis of the disease.