Use Carum copticum essential oil for controlling the Listeria monocytogenes growth in fish model system

This study was conducted to evaluate the antibacterial effect of Carum copticum essential oil (Ajowan EO) against Listeria monocytogenes in fish model system. Ajowan EO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography/mass spectral analysis and the highest concentration of Carum copticum essential oil without any significant changes on sensory properties of kutum fish (Rutilus frisii kutum) was assigned. Then the inhibitory effect of Ajowan EO at different concentrations in presence of salt and smoke component was tested on L. monocytogenes growth in fish peptone broth (FPB), kutum broth and cold smoked kutum broth at 4 ºC for 12 days. Ajowan EO completely decreased the number of L. monocytogenes in FPB after 12 days of storage, however, antimicrobial effect of EO significantly reduced in kutum and cold smoked kutum broth. Addition of 4% NaCl and smoke component improved the anti-listerial activity of Ajowan EO in all fish model broths.(AU)

Changes in plasma levels of steroid hormones during oocyte development of Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901)

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum; Kamensky, 1901) is an economically important Cyprinid species endemic to the Caspian Sea. In this study, the plasma levels of estradiol-17β (E2), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P4) and oocyte developmental stages were studied during the reproductive cycle of Rutilus frisii kutum. These hormones were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and histological features of developmental stages of oocytes were described in detail using light microscopy. The results showed that plasma levels of E2 and T began to increase during the cortical alveolus stage and this trend continued during the vitellogenesis process. The highest plasma levels of E2 and T were measured at the end of the vitellogenic stage (133.4 ± 19.7 and 7.0 ± 1.4 ng/ml respectively) in March. Once oocytes entered the maturing phase in April, E2 and T levels both declined sharply. By contrast, plasma 17-OHP levels started to increase in early April and reached their maximum value in the final maturation stage in mid April (4.0 ± 2.2 ng/ml). Plasma levels of P4 were very low before initiation of the maturational stage but increased notably during maturation by early April (2.6 ± 0.4 ng/ml) and declined again later. These results indicate that in Kutum, the two hormones E2 and T were functionally important during the vitellogenic phase while progestogens were probably associated with the maturational phase of ovarian growth.(AU)

Changes in plasma levels of steroid hormones during oocyte development of Caspian Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky, 1901)

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum; Kamensky, 1901) is an economically important Cyprinid species endemic to the Caspian Sea. In this study, the plasma levels of estradiol-17β (E2), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), testosterone (T), and progesterone (P4) and oocyte developmental stages were studied during the reproductive cycle of Rutilus frisii kutum. These hormones were assayed by radioimmunoassay (RIA), and histological features of developmental stages of oocytes were described in detail using light microscopy. The results showed that plasma levels of E2 and T began to increase during the cortical alveolus stage and this trend continued during the vitellogenesis process. The highest plasma levels of E2 and T were measured at the end of the vitellogenic stage (133.4 ± 19.7 and 7.0 ± 1.4 ng/ml respectively) in March. Once oocytes entered the maturing phase in April, E2 and T levels both declined sharply. By contrast, plasma 17-OHP levels started to increase in early April and reached their maximum value in the final maturation stage in mid April (4.0 ± 2.2 ng/ml). Plasma levels of P4 were very low before initiation of the maturational stage but increased notably during maturation by early April (2.6 ± 0.4 ng/ml) and declined again later. These results indicate that in Kutum, the two hormones E2 and T were functionally important during the vitellogenic phase while progestogens were probably associated with the maturational phase of ovarian growth.

The oocyte development of Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, K. with special emphasis on the zona radiata structure

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky 1901) is an economically important Cyprinid species endemic to the Caspian Sea. This species is anadromous, meaning it enters rivers for spawning. In this study, the oocyte development in the developing oocyte and fertilized egg of kutum was investigated with emphasis on the zona radiata (ZR) structure by light and scanning electron microscopy. Histological features of developmental stages of oocytes were described in detail using light microscopy. The results showed that ZR was not observed in the previtellogenic phase. The ZR was observed as a simple structure between the follicular layer and oocyte membrane during the cortical alveolus stage. The study of the ZR ultrastructure showed some pore canals and microvilli at the vitellogenic stage expanded structurally as the vitellogenesis process proceeded. The ZR maximum thickness (14.9 ± 1.6 μm) and maximum length of extended microvilli (10.8 ± 1.4 μm) was achieved at the end of the vitellogenic stage. During ovarian maturation, reduction in ZR thickness and microvilli length was found to be gradual. The transformation of ZR structure, i.e., clogging of the pore canals and retraction of the microvilli occurred functionally during fertilization and later on the ZR renamed as chorion (diameter 9.6 ± 0.4 μm). The chorion on the surface of fertilized eggs possessed microvilli (8.0 ± 1.1 μm in length) and some slender processes. In general, considering the changes of ZR thickness and microvilli length, it seems that they play an important role in easier transfer of yolk materials into the oocyte. In addition, after fertilization, the chorion (transformed ZR) helps adhesion of eggs to the bottom with regard to the environment of spawning.(AU)

The oocyte development of Kutum, Rutilus frisii kutum, K. with special emphasis on the zona radiata structure

Kutum (Rutilus frisii kutum, Kamensky 1901) is an economically important Cyprinid species endemic to the Caspian Sea. This species is anadromous, meaning it enters rivers for spawning. In this study, the oocyte development in the developing oocyte and fertilized egg of kutum was investigated with emphasis on the zona radiata (ZR) structure by light and scanning electron microscopy. Histological features of developmental stages of oocytes were described in detail using light microscopy. The results showed that ZR was not observed in the previtellogenic phase. The ZR was observed as a simple structure between the follicular layer and oocyte membrane during the cortical alveolus stage. The study of the ZR ultrastructure showed some pore canals and microvilli at the vitellogenic stage expanded structurally as the vitellogenesis process proceeded. The ZR maximum thickness (14.9 ± 1.6 μm) and maximum length of extended microvilli (10.8 ± 1.4 μm) was achieved at the end of the vitellogenic stage. During ovarian maturation, reduction in ZR thickness and microvilli length was found to be gradual. The transformation of ZR structure, i.e., clogging of the pore canals and retraction of the microvilli occurred functionally during fertilization and later on the ZR renamed as chorion (diameter 9.6 ± 0.4 μm). The chorion on the surface of fertilized eggs possessed microvilli (8.0 ± 1.1 μm in length) and some slender processes. In general, considering the changes of ZR thickness and microvilli length, it seems that they play an important role in easier transfer of yolk materials into the oocyte. In addition, after fertilization, the chorion (transformed ZR) helps adhesion of eggs to the bottom with regard to the environment of spawning.