Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution on the vegetative propagation of bell pepper and tomato / Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na propagação vegetativa de pimentão e tomate

ABSTRACT: The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

RESUMO: A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas.

Morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristics of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu in silvopastoral and monoculture systems

To gain insights into the forage morphological and anatomical characteristics in a silvopastoral system (SPS) with Bolsa de Pastor (Zeyheria tuberculosa) and palisadegrass 'Marandu' (Urochloa brizantha) monoculture (MONO). The SPS was established through natural regeneration of the tree species. Treatments were a SPS and MONO distributed in a completely randomized design with six replicates and repeated measures were the harvest periods. Response variables were morpho-physiological and anatomical characteristicss: green: dead material ratio, leaf blade: stem+sheath ratio, leaf area index, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified areas in stems, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous areas, lignified and chlorophyllous areas in leaves, as well as cell length in longitudinal section of stem. Morpho-physiological patterns were altered (p < 0.05) under natural shading conditions due to higher photosynthetic efficiency in the SPS. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the systems on anatomical patterns, proportions of non-lignified and achlorophyllous, lignified and chlorophyllous tissues, these proportions were influenced only by the periods of the year, both for stems and leaves. Cells of the internodes of the grasses of the studied systems had the same length. The SPS alters morpho-physiological characteristics of palisadegrass and increases the concentration of chlorophyll a and b.(AU)

Biometric and morphological adjustments of Eugenia. dysenterica DC. seedlings in response to increased soil water deficit

Water stress can affect all aspects of plant growth and development, compromising its productive potential. The cultivation of fruit species native to the Cerrado and the study of their behavior under conditions of low water availability are necessary activities, in view of their socioeconomic and environmental potential. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water deficit on growth and biomass production of the cagaita tree (Eugenia dysenterica DC.), a species endemic to the Cerrado (Brazilian Savannah). The experiment was performed in a greenhouse for 120 days in a randomized block design (RBD), with a double factorial arrangement (2x5), corresponding to two cagaita mother plants and five water conditions. We evaluated the growth and leaf, stem and root functional characteristics. The most severe water deficit conditions reduced shoot growth, number of leaves, production of biomass and dry matter and increased the specific and per plant mass root length of cagaita plants. Deficit extension had negative effects on its growth and development. There was a statistical difference between mother plants, with mother plant 2 being more resistant to drought. The application of a severe or longer water deficit affected shoot growth and reduced the appearance of new leaves. The stress caused by water deficiency allowed an increase in root functional characteristics, supporting the hypothesis that plants under adverse conditions focus on higher biomass production and convert a higher amount of dry matter into the roots. Leaf area did not show to be a functional characteristic, explaining the stress effects in E. dysenterica DC plants.(AU)

Electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution on the vegetative propagation of bell pepper and tomato / Condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva na propagação vegetativa de pimentão e tomate

The optimization of resources and time in the production of quality seedlings within a legal framework is of vital importance for greenhouse vegetable crops. This study evaluated the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution and its effect on the survival and growth of bell pepper and tomato seedlings propagated by cuttings. The electrical conductivities evaluated were 0.92, 1.25, 1.50, and 1.75 dS m-1. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The number of rooted plants, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, leaf area, dry weight of leaves, stem, root, and total were determined. In addition, the following indices were determined: stem root index, slenderness index, leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and pre-transplant horticultural quality index. In both crops, the highest number of rooted cuttings was obtained with the lowest electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, the average electrical conductivity favored leaf number, leaf area, biomass, and seedling quality indices. These results showed that the production of bell pepper and tomato seedlings can be done by cuttings using Stenier nutrient solution at electrical conductivities of 1.25 to 1.50 dS m-1 without affecting seedling quality.

A otimização de recursos e tempo na produção de mudas de qualidade dentro de um quadro legal é de vital importância para as hortaliças em estufa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a condutividade elétrica da solução nutritiva e seu efeito na sobrevivência e no crescimento de mudas de pimentão e tomate propagadas por estaquia. As condutividades elétricas avaliadas foram 0,92, 1,25, 1,50 e 1,75 dS m-1. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram determinados o número de plantas enraizadas, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, área foliar, massa seca das folhas, caule, raiz e total. Além disso, foram determinados os seguintes índices: índice de raiz do caule, índice de esbeltez, razão de área foliar, área foliar específica e índice de qualidade hortícola pré-transplante. Em ambas as safras, o maior número de estacas enraizadas foi obtido com a menor condutividade elétrica. Já a condutividade elétrica média favoreceu os índices de número de folhas, área foliar, biomassa e qualidade das mudas. Esses resultados mostram que a produção de mudas de pimentão e tomate pode ser feita por meio de estacas com solução nutritiva de Stenier em condutividades elétricas de 1,25 a 1,50 dS m-1 sem afetar a qualidade das mudas.

Production of dinizia excelsaducke (fabaceae) seedlings subjected to increasing doses of controlled release fertilizer / Produção de mudas de dinizia excelsaducke (fabaceae) submetidas a doses crescentes de fertilizante de liberação controlada

Dinizia excelsais one of the largest trees in the Amazon rainforest, with significant economic potential for the recovery of degraded areas. It is a key species for biodiversity and increased forestbiomass. However, studies related to seedling production of this species are still scarce. In this study, we evaluated the production and quality of D. excelsaseedlings in response to the application of controlled-release fertilizer doses. The experimental design was completely randomized, applying different doses of Osmocote®(T1=0; T2=4.1; T3=8.2; and T4=12.3 g.dm-³) with four replicates, using vermiculite and coconut fiber (1:1 v/v) as the substrate. We assessed the number of leaves and leaflets, shoot and root length, stem diameter, seedling height, shoot-to-stem diameter ratio, leaf area, dry mass of shoot, root, and total biomass. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression analysis. The seedlings responded positively to the use of Osmocote®, and starting from the 4.1 g.dm-³dose, biomass accumulation showed better results, making it a recommended practice that allows cost savings in seedling production of this species.(AU)

Dinizia excelsaé uma das maiores árvores da floresta amazônica, com grande potencial econômico para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Trata-se de uma espécie-chave para diversidade e aumento da biomassa florestal. Ainda são escassos os estudos relacionados à produção seminal de mudas da espécie. Nós avaliamos a produção e a qualidade de mudas de D. excelsaem resposta à aplicação de doses de adubo de liberação controlada. O delineamento adotado foi inteiramente casualizado, aplicando-se diferentes doses de Osmocote®(T1=0; T2=4.1; T3= 8.2 e T4=12.3 g.dm-³) com quatro repetições, utilizando-se como substrato vermiculita e fibra de coco (1:1 v/v). Foram avaliados número de folhas e folíolos, comprimento da parte aérea e raiz, diâmetro do coleto, altura das mudas, relação comprimento da parte aérea e diâmetro do coleto, área foliar, massa seca da parte aérea, raiz e total. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e regressão. As mudas responderam positivamente ao uso do adubo Osmocote®e a partir da dose 4.1 g.dm-³o acúmulo de biomassa apresentou melhores resultados, podendo ser recomendada, permitindo uma economia nos custos de produção seminal de mudas da espécie.(AU)

Phosphorus sources in the growth and quality of arabica coffee seedlings produced in tubes / Fontes de fósforo no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de café arábica produzidas em tubetes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and quality of arabica coffee seedlings produced in tubes under different sources of phosphorus (P). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in a randomized block design with ten treatments (control, Osmocote®, three doses of pelleted organomineral, three doses of mashed organomineral, MAP, coated MAP) and four replications, three plants per plot. The dose of organomineral, MAP, and MAP coated was based on the recommendation of P2O5for the formation of coffee seedlings.For Osmocote®, the manufacturer's recommendation was used depending on the amount, in dm³, of substrate. After 180 days of transplanting, the growth characteristics of the plants (leaf dry matter, stem, and roots) were evaluated, and the aerial part and root system ratio and Dickson's quality index were calculated, as well as regression equations were adjusted for the evaluated parameters. For the growth and quality of seedlings, it was observed that in fertilizations with pelleted and branched organomineral, coated MAP and Osmocote®, the highest averages were obtained for the contents of dry matter, height, diameter of the collection and quality indexes, when compared to the other sources of P2O5.The dose that provides the maximum growth and quality of coffee seedlings for the treatments with organomineral was calculated, this being equal to 6 g/dm³ of P2O5for bran and pelleted organomineral. According to the results, the sources that promoted the formation of a vigorous seedling, with an adequate supply of nutrients and a good quality standard are pelleted organonineral fertilization and MAP, reducing the risk of losses and consequently the need to discard the seedlings in the nursery.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de café arábica produzidas em tubetes sob diferentes fontes de fósforo(P). O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação em delineamento de blocos casualizados com dez tratamentos(controle, Osmocote®, três doses de organomineral peletizado, três doses de organomineral farelado, MAP, MAP revestido)e quatrorepetições, três plantas por parcela. A dose de organomineral, MAP e MAP revestidofoi baseada na recomendação de P2O5para a formação de mudas de café. Para Osmocote®, foi utilizada a recomendação do fabricante emfunção da quantidade, em dm³, de substrato. Após 180 dias do transplante, foram avaliadas as características de crescimento das plantas (matéria seca de folhas, caule e raízes), calculadas a razão parte aérea e sistema radicular e o índice de qualidade de Dickson, bem como ajustadas equações de regressão para os parâmetros avaliados. Para o crescimento e qualidade das mudas, observou-se que nas adubações com organomineral peletizado e farelado, MAP revestido e Osmocote®, as maiores médias para os teores de matéria seca, altura, diâmetro da coletae índices de qualidade, quando comparados as outras fontes de P2O5.Foi possível identificara dose que proporciona o máximo crescimento e qualidade de mudas de café para os tratamentos com organomineral, sendo esta igual a 6 g/dm³ de P2O5para o organomineral farelado e peletizado. De acordo com os resultados, as fontes que promoveram a formação de uma muda vigorosa, com aporte adequado de nutrientes e um bom padrão de qualidade são a adubação organomineral peletizada e MAP, reduzindo o risco de perdas e consequentemente a necessidade de descarte das mudas no viveiro.(AU)

Morphometry, productivity and bromatological analisis of purple elephant grass according to nitrogen fertilization / Morphometry, productivity and bromatological analisis of purple elephant grass according to nitrogen fertilization

The objective was to evaluate the morphometric, productive and chemical aspects of purple elephant grass as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The treatments consisted of applying 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha-1 of N, using a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. The following were evaluated: plant height, number, length and leaf mass, stem diameter and mass, leaf/stem ratio, production of green and dry mass, support capacity for dairy cows, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and mineral matter. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability. The increase in N doses did not affect (p < 0.05) the morphometry of the purple elephant grass, however it positively stimulated the productivity, the animal support capacity and the bromatological components of the harvested material. The lack of response to nitrogen fertilization may be related to the edaphocilimatic conditions during the experiment and efficiency in the use of N of the variety used. The results demonstrate the high demand of the cultivar for N, actively interfering in the forage yield.

The objective was to evaluate the morphometric, productive and chemical aspects of purple elephant grass as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The treatments consisted of applying 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha-1 of N, using a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. The following were evaluated: plant height, number, length and leaf mass, stem diameter and mass, leaf/stem ratio, production of green and dry mass, support capacity for dairy cows, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and mineral matter. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability. The increase in N doses did not affect (p < 0.05) the morphometry of the purple elephant grass, however it positively stimulated the productivity, the animal support capacity and the bromatological components of the harvested material. The lack of response to nitrogen fertilization may be related to the edaphocilimatic conditions during the experiment and efficiency in the use of N of the variety used. The results demonstrate the high demand of the cultivar for N, actively interfering in the forage yield.

Evaluation of Megathyrsus maximus genotypes under water stress conditions

The objective was to evaluate the production of Megathyrsus maximusgenotypes (Syn. Panicum maximum), under different levels of water in the soil. This was a 5x5 factorial completely randomized design conducted in a greenhouse, combining five genotypes of M. maximus(B55, C10 and PM30, cv. Massai and cv. BRS Tamani) and five levels of soil field capacities (20%, 40%, 60%, 100% and 140%), with three replications. Dry matter production was evaluated: leaf, stem, dead material, root, shoot and total dry matters, as well as the number of tillers and leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. The qualitative factor (genotypes) was subjected to Duncan test at 5% probability. The quantitative factor (% field capacity) was subjected to regression, adopting 5% as a critical level of probability. There was no interaction between the factors for any of the evaluated characteristics. Significant differences amongthe genotypes were detected for tiller number, dead material dry mass, root and total dry mass and leaf:stem ratio. There was no significant effect of the percentage of field capacity on most of the characteristics, except for leaf:stem and aboveground:root ratios. Cultivar Massai showed the best forage production compared to the other genotypes, regardless of the percentage of field capacity evaluated. In general, the evaluated genotypes were more tolerant to excess water stress than to water deficit.(AU)

Morphometry, productivity and bromatological analisis of purple elephant grass according to nitrogen fertilization

The objective was to evaluate the morphometric, productive and chemical aspects of purple elephant grass as a function of nitrogen fertilization. The treatments consisted of applying 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 kg ha-1 of N, using a randomized block design, with five treatments and four replications. The following were evaluated: plant height, number, length and leaf mass, stem diameter and mass, leaf/stem ratio, production of green and dry mass, support capacity for dairy cows, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and mineral matter. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and Tukey's test at 5% probability. The increase in N doses did not affect (p < 0.05) the morphometry of the purple elephant grass, however it positively stimulated the productivity, the animal support capacity and the bromatological components of the harvested material. The lack of response to nitrogen fertilization may be related to the edaphocilimatic conditions during the experiment and efficiency in the use of N of the variety used. The results demonstrate the high demand of the cultivar for N, actively interfering in the forage yield.(AU)

Interference of weeds in ruziziensis grass pastures

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of increasing periods of coexistence of weed plants with Urochloa ruziziensis on the canopy structure and productivity of a pasture already established with this forage species. The experiment was a randomized blocks design with four replications, and treatments consisted of seven increasing periods of coexistence of forage grass with weed plants: 0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days after regrowth (DAR). The main morpho-structural and productive characteristics of the forage plants were determined at the end of the experimental period (90 DAR). The ratio of the first green leaf height to the tiller height increases, while the leaf to stem ratio diminishes as the period of interaction with the infesting community increases. The number of green leaves per tiller and the tiller height diminishes as the period of coexistence with weed plants increases. The presence of weed plants interferes negatively with all parameters of the grass canopy structure and productivity of a grazing land already established with Urochloa ruziziensis, suggesting that measures of control of the infesting community should be adopted up to 17 days of regrowth of the forage plant.(AU)

Forage sorghum production under rainfed farming in sites with and without climate restriction for maize cultivation / Produção de sorgo forrageiro cultivado em condições de sequeiro com e sem restrição climática para o cultivo de milho

Forage sorghum is a crop that can be planted in semiarid regions, due to its greater adaptability to dry climate environments, and can replace maize in these regions, which are often unsuitable for its production. Thus, the objective of the study was to evaluate the structural, morphological and nutritional characteristics of 23 sorghum hybrids forage cultivated in rainfed conditions, planted in different climate conditions, comparing the hybrids, in order to determine what produces the best in the climatic conditions of the explored region, and also to indicate whether this crop can be planted as a replacement for maize in environments not suitable for planting it. The research was conducted in climate BSh in the Municipality of Alvorada do Gurgueia, and climate Aw in the Municipality of Bom Jesus, both in the state of Piauí from 2014 to 2015. Each trial consisted of 20 experimental forage sorghum hybrids [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and three commercial hybrids. A randomized block design was used, with three replications in a factorial scheme (2 × 23). The growth characteristics determined were hybrid × climate interaction for the variables plant height, lodging and leaf/stem ratio. For the variable number of tillers, there was a significant difference only between hybrids. There was no difference between hybrids only for the lodging variable of climate Aw. The other variables showed a difference in all hybrids evaluated. There was an interaction for production of dead matter and total dry forage mass between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. For leaf production, there was an effect only for the different environments. For the chemical characteristics, there was an interaction for all variables analyzed between the different environments and hybrids evaluated. The semi-arid region of the State of Piauí, climate BSh which presents a high climatic risk for maize cultivation, proved to be favorable for forage sorghum production. The forage sorghum also presented agronomic characteristics similar to those found in semi humid climate Aw, a favorable region for maize cultivation. In addition, the tested hybrids showed good chemical characteristics, so the BSh climate has great exploratory potential for the cultivation of forage sorghum.(AU)

O sorgo forrageiro é uma cultura que pode ser plantada em regiões semiáridas, devido a sua maior adaptabilidade a ambientes de climas secos, podendo substituir a cultura do milho nessas regiões que são impróprias para sua produção. Com isso, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar as características estruturais, morfológicas e nutricionais de 23 híbridos de sorgo forrageiro cultivados em regime de sequeiro, plantados em diferentes climas, comparando os híbridos com finalidade de determinar o que melhor produz nas condições climáticas da região explorada, e também para indicar se essa cultura pode ser plantada em substituição ao milho em ambientes não adequados para o plantio do mesmo. A pesquisa foi realizada em clima BSh no município Alvorada do Gurguéia, e clima Aw no município de Bom Jesus, ambos no estado do Piauí nos anos de 2014 a 2015. Cada ensaio consistiu de 20 híbridos experimentais de sorgo forrageiro [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] e três híbridos comerciais. O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados com três repetições, em esquema fatorial (2 × 23). Para as características de crescimento, houve interação híbrido × clima para as variáveis altura de planta, acamamento e relação folha/colmo. Para a variável número de perfilhos, houve diferença significativa apenas entre os híbridos. Não houve diferença entre os híbridos apenas para a variável acamamento clima Aw. As demais variáveis apresentaram diferença em todos os híbridos avaliados. Houve interação para produção de matéria morta e massa seca total de forragem entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. Para a produção de folhas, houve efeito apenas para os diferentes ambientes. Para as características químicas, houve interação para todas as variáveis analisadas entre os diferentes ambientes e híbridos avaliados. A região semiárida do Estado do Piauí, clima BSh que apresenta alto risco climático para o cultivo do milho, mostrou-se favorável à produção de sorgo forrageiro. O sorgo forrageiro também apresentou características agronômicas semelhantes às encontradas no clima semiúmido Aw, região favorável ao cultivo do milho. Além disso, os híbridos testados apresentaram boas características químicas, portanto o clima BSh possui grande potencial exploratório para o cultivo de sorgo forrageiro.(AU)

Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region / Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region

This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry, and end of dry season), with repeated measures over time. The following variables were evaluated: canopy height, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitro dry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore), was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction among cultivars and period of the year the similarity in animal performance among the cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.

This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry, and end of dry season), with repeated measures over time. The following variables were evaluated: canopy height, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitro dry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore), was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction among cultivars and period of the year the similarity in animal performance among the cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.

Morphogenetic and structural traits of Ipyporã grass subjected to nitrogen fertilization rates under intermittent grazing / Características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-ipyporã submetido a doses de adubação nitrogenada sob pastejo intermitente

This study examined the effects of annual nitrogen (N) rates of 100 and 200 kg ha-¹ on the morphogenetic and structural traits of Ipyporã grass (Brachiaria brizantha × Brachiaria ruziziensis) under intermittent grazing during the seasons of the year. The experiment was laid out in a randomized-block design with two treatments and three area replicates. Ipyporã grass pastures were grazed by beef cattle. Morphogenetic and structural traits of the forage canopy were evaluated using the marked-tiller technique. Forage accumulation and tiller density (TD) were also evaluated. Significant interaction effects (P < 0.05) between N rates and seasons were observed for the rest period, leaf lifespan (LLS), phyllochron, stem elongation rate (SER) and final leaf length (FLL). During winter, the rest period was shorter (40 vs. 50 days) in the pastures fertilized with 200 kg ha-¹ N. Conversely, in winter, the pastures fertilized with 100 kg ha-¹ N showed higher LLS, SER and phyllochron values, but lower FLL values. There was no isolated effect of N rates (P > 0.05) on forage accumulation rate; leaf appearance, elongation or senescence rates; leaf:stem ratio; or TD. However, the effect of seasons was significant for these variables, with the highest values occurring during spring and summer. The use of 200 kg ha-¹ N in Ipyporã grass pastures reduces the seasonality of forage production.

O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos das doses anuais de 100 e 200 kg ha-¹ de nitrogênio (N) sobre as características morfogênicas e estruturais do capim-ipyporã, em lotação intermitente durante as estações do ano. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com dois tratamentos e três repetições de área. Os pastos de capim-ipyporã foram submetidos ao pastejo por bovinos de corte. Foram avaliadas as características morfogênicas e estruturais do dossel forrageiro por meio da técnica de perfilhos marcados. Também foi avaliado o acúmulo de forragem e a densidade populacional de perfilhos (DPP). Foi observada interação significativa (P < 0,05) das doses de N e estações do ano para o período de descanso (PD), duração de vida das folhas (DVF), filocrono, taxa de alongamento de colmos (TAlC) e comprimento final das folhas (CFF). Durante o inverno, o PD foi menor (40 vs 50 dias) nos pastos adubados com 200 kg ha-¹ de N. Em contra partida, no inverno, os pastos adubados com 100 kg ha-¹ de N apresentaram maiores valores para DVF, filocrono e TAlC, e menores para o CFF. Não foi observado efeito isolado de doses de N (P > 0,05) para as taxas de acúmulo de forragem; de aparecimento, alongamento e de senescência de folhas, relação folha:colmo e para a DPP. No entanto, o efeito das estações foi significativo para estas variáveis, com os maiores valores observados durante a primavera e verão. O uso de 200 kg ha-¹ de N para pastos de capim-ipyporã promove redução da estacionalidade de produção da forrageira.

Paclobutrazol reduces growth and increases chlorophyll indices and gas exchanges of basil (Ocimum basilicum) / Paclobutrazol reduz o crescimento e aumenta os índices de clorofila e trocas gasosas de manjericão (Ocimum basilicum)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) is a medicinal, ornamental and aromatic plant, however, its size can be an obstacle to its commercialization as a potted ornamental plant. Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a substance that can retard plant growth by inhibiting the synthesis of gibberellins. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol on growth regulation and gas exchange of basil (var. Cinnamon). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with five treatments (PBZ doses: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg L-1), with eight replicates. Growth (plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf dry mass, stem dry mass, inflorescence dry mass, and total), growth rates (leaf mass ratio, stem mass ratio, inflorescence mass ratio, and robustness quotient), chlorophyll indices, gas exchange (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE and iCE) were evaluated. Paclobutrazol reduced the growth of basil plants and increased the chlorophyll indices, A, gs, and WUE. Paclobutrazol can be used to regulate plant growth of basil plants var. Cinnamon, without altering its physiological and ornamental characteristics.(AU)

Manjericão (Ocimum basilicum) é uma planta medicinal, ornamental e aromática, contudo, seu porte pode ser um entrave para a sua comercialização como planta ornamental de vaso. O paclobutrazol (PBZ) é uma substância que pode retardar o crescimento de plantas, através da inibição da síntese de giberelinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do paclobutrazol na regulação do crescimento e trocas gasosas no manjericão (Ocimum basilicum var. Cinnamon). O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 5 tratamentos (doses de PBZ: 0; 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 mg L-1), com oito repetições. O crescimento (altura de planta, número de folhas, diâmetro de caule, massa seca da folha, do caule, da inflorescência e total), taxas de crescimento (razão de massa da folha, do caule e da inflorescência e quociente de robustez), índices de clorofilas a e b, trocas gasosas (gs, A, E, Ci, WUE, iWUE e iCE) foram avaliados. Paclobutrazol reduziu o crescimento de plantas de manjericão e aumentou o índice de clorofilas, A, gs e WUE. Paclobutrazol pode ser usado para regular o crescimento de plantas de manjericão var. Cinnamon, sem alterar suas características fisiológicas e ornamentais.(AU)

Height management strategies of sudangrass 'BRS Estribo' / Estratégias de manejo de altura para capim-sudão cultivar BRS

The productive, morphological and chemical composition of Sudangrass 'BRS Estribo' submitted to different heights of management was evaluated. The design was in randomized blocks with four replicates in a 3x2 factorial scheme, with three pre-defoliation heights (40, 55 and 70 cm) and two post-defoliation heights (20 and 10 cm). There was no significance between post-defoliation heights for accumulated forage production (AFP), percentages of leaf blades (%F) and of stem and sheath (%S). The AFP at 70 cm pre-defoliation height (10,071.1 kg ha-1) was higher than at 40 cm height (7,471.3 kg ha-1) and did not differ from defoliation at 55 cm (8,562.3 kg ha-1). Pre-defoliation at 40 cm showed a higher %F (67.67%) than at the heights of 55 cm (61.74%) and 70 cm (55.15%), which differed from each other. The %S was higher for pre-defoliation at 70 cm (35.57%) than at the heights of 55 (32.08%) and 40 cm (27.75%), which also differed from each other. The different handling heights did not change the contents of dry matter, insoluble fiber in neutral detergent, insoluble fiber in acid detergent and ash, which presented averages of 15.87; 60.34; 28.53; and 10.48%, respectively. However, there was a significant interaction between pre-and post-defoliation heights for crude protein (CP) contents, which the management heights at 40 x 20 cm and 70 x 10 cm presented, respectively, the highest (18.78%) and lowest (12.22%) CP contents of the study. Pre-defoliation heights of 55 cm with 10 or 20 cm of residual height should be used to improve the botanical composition and crude protein content of Sudangrass BRS Estribo forage.

Avaliaram-se as características produtivas, morfológicas e a composição bromatológica do capim-sudão BRS Estribo submetido a diferentes alturas de manejo. O delineamento em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três alturas de pré-desfolhação (40, 55 e 70 cm) e duas alturas de pós-desfolhação (20 e 10 cm). Não houve efeito de alturas de resíduo pós-desfolhação para a produção total de forragem acumulada (PTA), porcentagens de lâminas foliares (%F) e de colmo e bainha (%C). A PTA das plantas submetidas a pré-desfolhação de 70 cm (10.071,1 kg ha-1) foi maior que aquelas desfolhadas com 40 cm (7.471,3 kg ha-1) e não diferiu estatisticamente das desfolhadas com 55 cm (8.562,3 kg ha-1). A pré-desfolhação à 40 cm apresentou a maior %F (67,67%) que as alturas de 55 (61,74%) e 70cm (55,15%). Já a %C foi maior para altura de pré-desfolhação à 70 cm (35,57%) em relação às alturas de 55 (32,08%) e 40cm (27,75%). As diferentes alturas de manejo não alteraram os teores de matéria seca, fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro, fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido e cinzas da forragem, que apresentou médias de 15,87; 60,34;28,53; e 10,48%, respectivamente. Houve interação significativa entre as alturas de pré e pós-desfolhação para os teores de proteína bruta (PB), onde o manejo à 40 x 20 cm e 70 x 10 cm, apresentaram, respectivamente, o maior (18.78%) e menor (12,22%) teor de PB do estudo. Alturas de pré-desfolhação de 55 cm de altura deixando-se 10 ou 20 cm de resíduo devem ser preconizadas como forma de melhorar a composição morfológica e o teor de proteína da forragem.

Chemical composition and fatty acid profile of a seed-propagated elephant grass genotype, ensiled at different regrowth ages / Composição química e perfil de ácidos graxos de um genótipo de capim-elefante propagado por sementes, ensilado em diferentes idades de rebrota

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of forage and silage of a seed-propagated elephant grass genotype called "PCEA" harvested at 75, 90, 105 and 120 days of regrowth. A randomized block design with five replications was used. The results were analyzed by mixed models (P < 0.05) that included treatment (regrowth age) as a fixed effect and block as a random effect. Linear and quadratic effects of the treatments were analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. There was linear increase on total dry matter (DM) forage production and linear decrease on leaf:stem ratio as a function of the increase in regrowth age (P < 0.05). In response to the advance of regrowth age, "PCEA" forage and silage showed linear decreases on crude protein (CP) content (g kg-1 DM) and in vitro DM digestibility (g kg-1); and linear increases on DM (g kg-1), lignin (g kg-1 DM), and acid detergent insoluble protein (%CP) contents (P < 0.05). All "PCEA" silages had DM content < 200 g kg-1, pH > 4.0, and ammonia N content > 10% total N. In response to the advance of regrowth age, linear decreases (P < 0.05) were observed on forage and silage linoleic, α-linolenic, and total FA contents (g kg-1 DM). From 75 to 120 days of regrowth, the seed-propagated elephant grass genotype "PCEA" presents forage and silage with low nutritional quality for feeding dairy cattle, moderate to high linoleic acid contents, and moderate to low α-linolenic acid contents. The "PCEA" forage and silage obtained from 75 to 120 days of regrowth presents low potential for production of milk naturally enriched with bioactive FAs beneficial to human health.(AU)

Objetivou-se por meio deste estudo avaliar a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da forragem e da silagem de um genótipo de capim-elefante propagado por sementes denominado "PCEA", colhido aos 75, 90, 105 e 120 dias de rebrota. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com cinco repetições, sendo os resultados analisados por modelos mistos (P<0,05), que incluíram tratamento (idade de rebrota) como efeito fixo, e bloco como efeito aleatório. Os efeitos lineares e quadráticos dos tratamentos foram analisados por contrastes ortogonais. Houve aumento linear na produção total de matéria seca (MS) de forragem e decréscimo linear na relação folha:colmo, em função do aumento na idade de rebrota do capim (P < 0,05). Em resposta ao avanço na idade de rebrota, houve redução linear no teor de proteína bruta (PB) (g kg-1 MS) e na digestibilidade in vitro da MS (g kg-1); e aumento linear nos teores de MS (g kg-1), lignina (g kg-1 MS) e proteína insolúvel em detergente ácido (% da PB) da forragem e da silagem de "PCEA" (P < 0,05). Todas as silagens produzidas apresentaram teor de MS < 200 g kg-1, pH > 4,0 e teor de N amoniacal > 10% do N total. Em resposta ao avanço da idade de rebrota, decréscimos lineares (P < 0,05) foram observados nos teores (g kg-1 MS) dos ácidos linoleico, α-linolênico e AG totais. De 75 a 120 dias de rebrota, o genótipo de capim-elefante propagado por sementes "PCEA" apresenta forragem e silagem com baixa qualidade nutricional para alimentação do gado leiteiro, com moderado a alto teor de ácido linoleico, e moderado a baixo teor de ácido α-linolênico. A forragem e a silagem do "PCEA" obtidas de 75 a 120 dias de rebrota apresentam baixo potencial para produção de leite naturalmente enriquecido com AG bioativos benéficos à saúde humana.(AU)

Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region

This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3x3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry,and end of dry season), with repeated measuresover time. The following variables were evaluated: canopyheight, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitrodry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore),was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction amongcultivarsand period of the year the similarity in animal performance amongthe cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.(AU)

Forage performance and cattle production as a function of the seasonality of a Brazilian tropical region

This study aimed to evaluate forage yield, tiller population density, canopy height, nutritional value as well as cattle performance in alternate stocking from three tropical forage cultivars. The experiment followed a randomized block design, in a 3 x 3 factorial scheme with three replications. Three forage cultivars (Marandu, Massai and Xaraés) distributed in nine hectares were evaluated in three dry season periods (transition wet/dry, dry, and end of dry season), with repeated measures over time. The following variables were evaluated: canopy height, leaf: stem ratio, forage mass, leaf mass, stem mass and dead material mass. Total digestible nutrients, crude protein and in vitro dry mass digestibility were evaluated regarding forage nutrition. Animal performance, using 36 eleven-month-old animals (half-blood Nelore), was evaluated by the daily average gain and weight gain by area. During pre-grazing, canopy height presented interaction among forage cultivars and the evaluated periods. The average daily gain showed no interaction among cultivars and period of the year the similarity in animal performance among the cultivars Marandu and Massai show that the Massai grass can be used as an alternative for forage diversification under an alternate management system.(AU)

Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia / Influência de Trichoderma harzianum e Bacillus thuringiensis na redução das taxas de NPK no crescimento, fisiologia e qualidade de frutos de Citrus aurantifolia

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers gradually shrinks the crop yield and quality, and these adverse effects can be reduced by adopting new sustainable practices such as the use of manure, biofertilizers, and nano fertilizers. Limited information is existed on the application of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis microbes to improve lemon seedlings growth, physiology, and fruit formation. Therefore, the current study is aimed to evaluate the effects of T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis microbes mixing with low levels of inorganic fertilizer (NPK) on the plant growth, development, and quality of limau nipis (key lemon) fruits. The lemon seedlings growing media were inoculated during transplanting with T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis at various NPK fertilizers under polybagged conditions. The seedlings were grown around eighteen (18) months after inoculation with biofertilizers followed by Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five (5) replications. The results showed that T. harzianum with 50 g of NPK treatment (T2) increased the seedling's height, branch number, leaf height, ground area, and absolute growth rate (AGR) plant height by 50.12%, 107.84%, 17.91%, 17.91%, 116.93%, and 56.02%, respectively, over the control treatment. The number of leaves (60.82%), leaf area (42.75%), stem diameter (27.34%), specific leaf area (SLA) (39.07%), leaf area index (LAI) (54.40%), and absolute growth rate for leaf number (73.86%), leaf area (306.85%) and stem diameter (46.8%) of lemon seedlings increased significantly with B. thuringiensis plus 50 g NPK treatment (T3). The applications of B. thuringiensis with 25 g NPK fertilizer treatment (T5) increased leaf fresh weight (LFW), leaf dry weight (LDW), leaf moisture content (LMC), specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf relative growth rate (RGR), and chlorophyll content by 96.45%, 56.78%, 13.60%, 24.76%, 45.45%, and 16.22%, respectively, over the control group. In addition, T5 treatment increased the fruits number, individual fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit dimension, leaf total soluble solids (TSS), and fruit TSS content of lemon tress by 81.81%, 55.52%, 43.54%, 25.69%, 89.47%, and 70.78% compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, soil inoculation of B. thuringiensis significantly increased the pulp to peel ratio and juice content of lemon fruits. From this study, it can be concluded that soil inoculation of both T. harzianum and B. thuringiensis with 25-50% NPK during transplanting improved plant growth, physiology, and fruit quality of limau nipis trees.

O uso contínuo de fertilizantes químicos diminui gradualmente o rendimento e a qualidade das culturas, e esses efeitos adversos podem ser reduzidos com a adoção de novas práticas sustentáveis, como o uso de esterco, biofertilizantes e nanofertilizantes. A informação limitada existe sobre a aplicação de micróbios Trichoderma harzianum e Bacillus thuringiensis para melhorar o crescimento de mudas de limão, fisiologia e formação de frutos. Portanto, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da mistura de micróbios T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis com baixo nível de fertilizante inorgânico (NPK) no crescimento, desenvolvimento e qualidade de frutos de limau nipis (limão-chave). Os meios de cultivo de mudas de limão foram inoculados durante o transplante com T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis em vários fertilizantes NPK sob condições de polybag. As mudas foram cultivadas em torno de 10 meses após a inoculação com biofertilizantes seguidas de delineamento em blocos completos randomizados (RCBD) com 5 repetições. Os resultados mostraram que T. harzianum com 50 g de tratamento NPK (T2) aumentou a altura de plântulas, número de ramos, altura de folha, área do solo e taxa de crescimento absoluto (AGR) em 50,12%, 107,84%, 17,91%, 17,91%, 116,93% e 56,02%, respectivamente, em relação ao tratamento controle. O número de folhas (60,82%), área foliar (42,75%), diâmetro do caule (27,34%), área foliar específica (SLA) (39,07%), índice de área foliar (IAF) (54,40%) e taxa absoluta de crescimento para número de folhas (73,86%), área foliar (306,85%) e diâmetro do caule (46,8%) das mudas de limão aumentaram significativamente com B. thuringiensis mais 50 g de tratamento NPK (T3). As aplicações de B. thuringiensis com 25 g de tratamento com fertilizante NPK (T5) aumentaram a massa fresca da folha (LFW), massa seca da folha (LDW), teor de umidade da folha (LMC), peso específico da folha (SLW), taxa de crescimento relativo da folha (RGR) e teor de clorofila em 96,45%, 56,78%, 13,60%, 24,76%, 45,45% e 16,22%, respectivamente, em relação ao grupo controle. Além disso, o tratamento T5 aumentou o número de frutos, peso individual do fruto, diâmetro do fruto, dimensão do fruto, sólidos solúveis totais foliares (SST) e teor de SST do fruto do limão em 81,81%, 55,52%, 43,54%, 25,69%, 89,47% e 70,78% em relação ao tratamento controle. Além disso, a inoculação no solo de B. thuringiensis aumentou significativamente a relação polpa/casca e o teor de suco de frutos de limão. A partir deste estudo, pode-se concluir que a inoculação no solo de T. harzianum e B. thuringiensis com 25-50% de NPK durante o transplante melhorou o crescimento das plantas, a fisiologia e a qualidade dos frutos de limau nipis.

Induction of salt stress tolerance in cherry tomatoes under different salicylic acid application methods / Indução a tolerância ao estresse salino em tomate cereja sob diferentes métodos de aplicação de ácido salicílico

Salinity is among the biggest challenges of irrigated agriculture, as it induces several limitations to the growth and physiology of plants; therefore, strategies should be sought that minimize its impacts on plants. In this scenario, the present study was developed to examine the effects of different salicylic acid (SA) application methods on photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchange, and biomass accumulation of cherry tomato under salt stress. The study was carried out in a greenhouse, using a Regosol soil (Psamments) with a sandy-loam texture. The treatments were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement consisting of two levels of electrical conductivity in the irrigation water (0.6 or 2.6 dS m-1) and four salicylic acid application methods (M1 = without SA [control] application; M2 = foliar spray; M3 = irrigation; or M4 = spray and irrigation), with five replicates. Irrigation with 2.6 dS m-1 salinity water negatively affected chlorophyll a fluorescence and the total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, and carotenoid contents, in addition to inhibiting stem dry biomass production and root/shoot ratio. Foliar spray with salicylic acid minimized the deleterious effects of salt stress on gas exchange and chlorophyll content and increased leaf and root dry biomass accumulation and the root/shoot ratio of cherry tomatoes at 120 days after sowing.(AU)

A salinidade está entre os maiores desafios da agricultura irrigada, induzindo várias limitações no crescimento e na fisiologia das plantas, fazendo necessária a busca por estratégias que visem minimizar seus impactos sobre as plantas. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes métodos de aplicação de ácido salicílico sobre os pigmentos fotossintéticos, a fluorescência da clorofila a, as trocas gasosas e o acúmulo de fitomassa de tomate cereja sob estresse salino. O estudo foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, utilizando-se um Neossolo Regolítico Psamitico de textura franco-arenosa. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizados, em arranjo fatorial 2 × 4, sendo dois níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (0,6 e 2,6 dS m-1) e quatro métodos de aplicação de ácido salicílico (M1= Testemunha - sem aplicação de AS, M2= via pulverização, M3= via irrigação e M4= pulverização e irrigação), com cinco repetições. A irrigação com água de 2,6 dS m-1 afetou de forma negativa a fluorescência da clorofila a, os teores de clorofila a, total e carotenóides, além de inibir a produção de fitomassa seca de caule e a relação raiz/parte aérea. O método de aplicação de ácido salicílico via pulverização foliar minimizou os efeitos deletérios do estresse salino sobre as trocas gasosas e teores de clorofila b e proporcionou maior acúmulo de fitomassa seca de folha e raiz, aumentando também a relação raiz/parte aérea de tomate cereja, aos 120 dias após a semeadura.(AU)