Fermentation dynamics, nutritional quality, and heating capacity of mixed silages of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) and Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) / Dinâmica fermentativa, qualidade nutricional e capacidade de aquecimento de silagens mistas de capim elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) e leucena (Leucaena leucocephala)

Leucaena has been used to make mixed silages to obtain nutritional enrichment of the silages. Thus, the inclusion of Leucaena as an additive in mixed elephant grass silages can reduce fermentation losses, and increase the nutritional value and aerobic stability of the mixed silage without changing the fermentation profile. This study evaluated the fermentation profile, nutritional composition, and aerobic stability of elephant grass silages combined with different levels of Leucaena. A total of five inclusion levels of Leucaena (0, 20, 40, 60, and 80% on a dry matter basis) were added to elephant grass silages. A completely randomized design was adopted, with 5 treatments and 3 repetitions, totaling 15 experimental silos that were opened after 30 days of sealing. Fermentation profile, chemical composition, and aerobic stability were analyzed. A descriptive analysis of temperature and pH peaks during aerobic stability was performed. The increase in the inclusion of Leucaena in the composition of silages reduced gas and effluent losses, neutral and acid detergent fiber, cellulose, lignin, total and fiber carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients, and resulted in increased dry matter, ether extract, and crude protein. A quadratic effect of treatments was found for the temperature to reach the maximum pH (P=0.009). Aerobic stability remained constant after 40% Leucaena inclusion in the composition of elephant grass silages. The inclusion of Leucaena up to 80% in the composition of elephant grass silages reduces fermentation losses, promotes a nutritional increase, and increases the aerobic stability of the silages.(AU)

A leucena tem sido utilizada para a confecção de silagens mistas para o enriquecimento nutricional das silagens. Assim, a inclusão da leucena como aditivo em silagens mistas de capim-elefante pode reduzir as perdas fermentativas e aumentar o valor nutricional e a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens, sem alterar o seu perfil fermentativo. Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil fermentativo, composição nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens de capim elefante associadas com níveis crescentes de leucena. Um total de cinco níveis de leucena (0, 20, 40, 60 e 80% em base da matéria seca) foram incluídos em silagens de capim elefante. Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 5 tratamentos e 3 repetições, totalizando 15 silos experimentais, os quais foram abertos após 30 dias de ensilagem. Foram analisados o perfil fermentativo, a composição química e a estabilidade aeróbica. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos picos de temperatura e pH durante a estabilidade aeróbia. O aumento da inclusão da leucena na composição das silagens reduziu as perdas por gases, perdas por efluentes, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, celulose, lignina, carboidratos totais, carboidratos fibrosos e nutrientes digestíveis totais e aumentou os de teores de matéria seca, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos tratamentos sobre a temperatura para atingir o pH máximo (P=0.009). A estabilidade aeróbia permaneceu constante a partir de 40% de inclusão de leucena na composição das silagens de capim elefante. A inclusão da leucena em até 80% na composição de silagens de capim elefante reduz as perdas fermentativas, promove incremento nutricional e aumento da estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

Physiological adaptability of pregnant doe Kacang goats in a dry-land-area of Indonesia

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the physiological adaptability of pregnant doe Kacang goats in a dryland area of Indonesia. Thirty pregnant doe Kacang goats aged 2-3 years were observed. The rearing system was semiintensive without giving concentrated feeds. Local grasses and legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala leaves, Gliricidia sepium leaves, Sesbania grandiflora leaves, and drinking water were offered ad libitum. Experimental data such as respiration rate, rectal temperature, adaptability coefficient, heart rate, and heat tolerance coefficient, were collected during 2-3 months of gestation. The mean and standard deviation were calculated using a descriptive analysis method. The average humidity in the morning and afternoon and the ambient temperature in the middle of the day were outside the normal range. The THI value indicates that the experimental animals are under medium heat stress. The average values of HTC, AC, RT, HR, and RR were still typical for goats. In conclusion, although the average ambient temperature at midday and humidity in the morning and afternoon were outside of the normal range, they did not cause any effects on feed and water intake, health, and fetus growth and development of pregnant doe Kacang goats. This happened because the Kacang goat is a local breed that can adapt well to extreme environments. Therefore, pregnant doe Kacang goats in Malaka District can be allowed to graze in the paddock throughout the day and housed at night.

Native legumes and spineless cactus in supplementation of goats grazing in Caatinga rangeland: intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality

The study evaluated the performance, carcass characteristics, tissue composition, and meat quality of goats raised on pasture in the Caatinga rangeland supplemented with Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Sabiá (Mimosa caesapiniifolia) hays associated or not with spineless cactus (Nopalea cochenillifera), and without supplementation. Thirty male castrated goats, no defined breed, with an average body weight of 15.5 kg ± 0.64 were used, distributed in a randomized block design, according to the initial weight of the animals. The experimental period lasted 105 days. The highest intake of DM, OM and CP occurred in the animals supplemented with Leucena hay associated or not with spineless cactus. The intake of NDF was higher (p <0.05) for animals fed only with Leucena and Sabiá hays. The highest intake of TDN was observed for diets, only grazing, and hays associated with spineless cactus. The daily weight gain for goats fed with Leucena hay and spineless cactus was 68.5% higher (p <0.05) than on grazing alone. Consequently, they obtained the highest (p <0.05) weights and yields of carcasses, shoulder, loin, and leg cuts, conformation and finishing scores, leg muscle index, and % fat in the leg of goats. The meat quality did not differ. The supplementation with Leucena hay associated with spineless cactus improves performance, weights, and yields of the carcass, commercial cuts, leg muscle of goats grazing in the Caatinga rangeland.(AU)

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.(AU)

Effect of replacing alfalfa hay with Leucaena leucocephala (L. Leucocephala) leaves on in vitro gas production, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo

This study was performed to investigate the effect of replacing alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala leaves in proportions of 25, 50 and 100% on in vitro gas production (GP) parameter, digestibility and in situ degradability in buffalo. Results showed that the volume of GP at 2 to 12 hours after incubation was significantly affected by replacing alfalfa hay with L. leucocephala leaves. In vitro digestibility of organic matter (OMD) differed significantly between treatment as it declined by increasing the alfalfa hay substitution rate from 25 to 100%. The microbial crude protein (MCP) differed significantly between treatments and was the greatest of 589 and 599 mg g-1 of dry matter (DM) when L. leucocephala leaves replaced alfalfa hay at 25 and 50%. The in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDMD) increased significantly at 50% L. leucocephala replacement rate. Moreover, substituting alfalfa hay by L. leucocephala had a significant effect on the in situ degradability parameters. The insoluble but potentially degradable fraction (B) and potential of degradability (A+B) significantly increased for treatment contain 50% L. leucocephala leaves. The effective degradability (ED) was significantly different between dietary treatments and was the greatest when alfalfa hay was replaced by 25 and 50% L. leucocephala. In conclusion, L. leucocephala leaves can substitute 25 to 50% of dietary alfalfa hay in buffalo rations without effect on rumen efficiency.

Litter decomposition and nutrient release dynamics of leaves and roots of the babassu palm in eastern Amazonia / Decomposição de serrapilheira e dinâmica de nutrientes de folhas e raízes da palmeira babaçu na periferia leste da Amazônia

The ruderal babassu palm (Attalea speciosa) is expanding on large areas of degraded Amazon landscapes. Decomposition of leaves and roots is in the center of plant:soil interactions. We evaluated decomposition and nutrient concentrations of leaves and fine roots of babassu in comparison with two exotic reference species, Acacia mangium (slow degradability) and Leucaena leucocephala (fast degradability), in a 138-day litterbag assay carried out in secondary forest stands of different age and babassu abundance. We chose 4-mm over 2-mm mesh litterbags based on a pilot study. Babassu leaves degraded slower than leaves of A. mangium and L. leucocephala, and also had lower nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium concentrations in all stages of decomposition. By contrast, potassium concentrations in babassu leaves were higher than in both reference species at 0 and 50 days. Roots of all three species decomposed slower than leaves. Compared to the leaves, both biomass loss and nutrient concentrations differed less between babassu and reference-species roots, except for lower nitrogen concentration in babassu roots. Leaf-litter decomposition of all three species was significantly faster in old than in young secondary forest, suggesting an acceleration of decomposition along succession. Babassu leaves decomposed faster in old babassu-dominated than non-dominated secondary forest, pointing to the existence of specialized decomposer communities in babassu-dominated stands.(AU)

A palmeira ruderal babaçu (Attalea speciosa) se expande em grandes áreas da Amazônia já desmatada e degradada. A decomposição é chave na dinâmica sucessional e nas interações planta:solo. Avaliamos decomposição e concentração de nutrientes de folhas e raízes finas de babaçu e de duas espécies exóticas de referência, Acacia mangium (decomposição lenta) e Leucaena leucocephala (decomposição rápida), em capoeiras de diferente idade e grau de dominância de babaçu usando litterbags durante 138 dias. Usamos litterbags com malha de 4 mm em vez de 2 mm, com base em um estudo-piloto. As folhas de babaçu se decompuseram mais lentamente que as de A. mangium e L. leucocephala, e apresentaram concentrações mais baixas de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio em todos os estágios de decomposição. Em contraste, a concentração de potássio em folhas de babaçu foi mais alta que nas espécies de referência aos 0 e 50 dias. Raízes se decompuseram mais lentamente que folhas nas três espécies. Tanto a perda de massa, como a concentração de nutrientes diferiram menos entre as raízes que entre as folhas de babaçu e as espécies de referência, exceto a concentração de nitrogênio nas raízes de babaçu. A decomposição foliar das três espécies foi significantemente mais rápida em capoeira velha que em capoeira jovem, sugerindo uma aceleração da decomposição ao longo dos estágios sucessionais. A decomposição foliar do babaçu foi mais rápida em capoeira velha com alta dominância de babaçu que em capoeira velha com baixa dominância, apontando para a existência de comunidades especializadas de decompositores em áreas dominadas por babaçu.(AU)

Nutritional composition of ‘Ponta Negra’ forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage / Composição nutricional da silagem de sorgo forrageiro Ponta Negra aditivada com forragem de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) desidratada

The aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fermentativas e químicas e a degradabilidade in situ de silagens de sorgo enriquecidas com Leucaena desidratada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0 - silagem controle, silagem sem leucena; 10,0, 20,0 ou 30,0% de inclusão de leucena) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. Os níveis de inclusão da leucena influenciaram (P 0,05), sendo que todas as silagens apresentaram valores acima de 90%. A perda de gases reduziu (P < 0,05), à medida que aumentou o nível de leucina na silagem de sorgo. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ≤ 0, 0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. Observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) linear decrescente a fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose e fibra em detergente ácido. À medida que se elevou os níveis de inclusão da leucena, para cada 1% de inclusão foi observada redução de 0,179; 0,059 e 0,119% para os valores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose e fibra em detergente ácido, respectivamente. A inclusão de leucena influenciou (P < 0.05) o aumento dos níveis de lignina da silagem, provavelmente pelo maior teor de lignina da leguminosa. A fração solúvel (a) das silagens aumentou juntamente com os níveis de inclusão de leucena, com maiores valores observados na inclusão de 20 e 30% da leguminosa, respectivamente. A degradação potencial (A) aumentou linearmente com os níveis de Leucaena adicionados à silagem; o maior valor para essa variável foi observado em 30% de inclusão. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) aumentou até o nível de inclusão de 20% (46,77%). Taxa de degradação (c) diminuiu acentuadamente com o uso de 30% de Leucena...

Nutritional composition of ‘Ponta Negra forage sorghum silage enriched with dried Leucaena leucocephala forage / Composição nutricional da silagem de sorgo forrageiro Ponta Negra aditivada com forragem de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) desidratada

The aim of this study was to evaluate fermentation and chemical characteristics and the in situ degradability of sorghum silages enriched with dried Leucaena. The experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with four treatments (0 - control silage, silage without leucaena; 10.0, 20.0, or 30.0% inclusion of Leucaena) and five replicates, totaling 20 experimental units. The inclusion levels of leucaena influenced (P <0.05) the pH values, and for each 1% inclusion there was a reduction of 0.0023 points in the pH value, and in all silages presented values. Dry matter recovery did not show effect (P > 0.05), with all silages having values above 90%. Gas loss decreased (P < 0.05) as the level of leucine increased in sorghum silage. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ≤ 0.0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. There was a linear (P < 0.05) linear effect on neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber. As leucaena inclusion levels increased, for each 1% inclusion a reduction of 0.179 was observed; 0.059 and 0.119% for the values of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose and acid detergent fiber respectively. The inclusion of leucaena influenced (P < 0.05) the increase of silage lignin levels, probably due to the higher lignin content of the legume. The soluble fraction (a) of the silages increased along with the Leucaena inclusion levels, with highest values observed at the inclusion of 20 and 30% of the legume, respectively. Potential degradation (A) increased linearly with the levels of Leucaena added to the silage; the highest value for this variable was observed at 30% inclusion. Effective degradability (ED) increased up to the inclusion level of 20% (46.77%). Degradation rate (c) decreased markedly with the use of 30% Leucaena...(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características fermentativas e químicas e a degradabilidade in situ de silagens de sorgo enriquecidas com Leucaena desidratada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos (0 - silagem controle, silagem sem leucena; 10,0, 20,0 ou 30,0% de inclusão de leucena) e cinco repetições, totalizando 20 unidades experimentais. Os níveis de inclusão da leucena influenciaram (P < 0,05) os valores de pH, sendo que para cada 1% de inclusão houve redução de 0,0023 pontos no valor do pH, sendo que em todas as silagens apresentaram valores ideias. A recuperação de matéria seca não apresentou efeito (P > 0,05), sendo que todas as silagens apresentaram valores acima de 90%. A perda de gases reduziu (P < 0,05), à medida que aumentou o nível de leucina na silagem de sorgo. A linear increase was observed for dry matter (P ≤ 0, 0001) and crude protein (P = 0.0008) contents in response to Leucaena inclusion. Observou-se efeito (P < 0,05) linear decrescente a fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose e fibra em detergente ácido. À medida que se elevou os níveis de inclusão da leucena, para cada 1% de inclusão foi observada redução de 0,179; 0,059 e 0,119% para os valores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose e fibra em detergente ácido, respectivamente. A inclusão de leucena influenciou (P < 0.05) o aumento dos níveis de lignina da silagem, provavelmente pelo maior teor de lignina da leguminosa. A fração solúvel (a) das silagens aumentou juntamente com os níveis de inclusão de leucena, com maiores valores observados na inclusão de 20 e 30% da leguminosa, respectivamente. A degradação potencial (A) aumentou linearmente com os níveis de Leucaena adicionados à silagem; o maior valor para essa variável foi observado em 30% de inclusão. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) aumentou até o nível de inclusão de 20% (46,77%). Taxa de degradação (c) diminuiu acentuadamente com o uso de 30% de Leucena...(AU)

Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.(AU)

Quality of sorghum silage with leucaena

This study evaluated the effect of increasing levels of leucaena forage in sorghum: forage. In addition to pure sorghum, it was evaluated different levels of inclusion of leucaena (15, 30 and 50%) at the time of ensiling. Forage was ensiled in PVC tubes (100 mm diameter, 500 mm length) under the density of 500 600 kg m-3, a total of 20 silos were prepared, which were opened 35 days after ensiling. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of leucaena inclusion levels for pH, water activity (Aw) and total ammonia nitrogen (total NH3-N). There was an increasing linear effect (p 0.05) for the content of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and lignin that increased from 33.47 to 34.75%, 7.82 to 16.05% and from 7.29 to 9.93%, at the levels from 0 to 50% inclusion of leucaena, respectively. There was a decreasing linear effect (p 0.05) for neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFcp) and hemicellulose, which reduced from 56.65 to 48.37% and from 24.07 to 17.67% at the levels of 0 and 50% inclusion, respectively. For the ash content, there was a quadratic effect (p 0.05), with a maximum at 8.3% with 8.9% inclusion of leucaena. The inclusion of up to 50% leucaena into sorghum silage is recommended, because, in addition to maintaining the fermentation quality, it also improved nutritional quality of sorghum silage.

Forage production and mineral composition of cactus intercropped with legumes and fertilized with different sources of manure / Produção de forragem e composição mineral da palma consorciada com leguminosas e adubada com diferentes fontes de esterco

The objective of this study was to evaluate the productive potential and mineral composition of the forage cactus IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck). This species was analyzed both in monoculture and intercropped with leucaena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) De Wit.] and gliricidia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq. Steud.], and was assessed with different sources of manure (cattle, sheep, goat, and broiler litter) serving as fertilizer. The experiment was conducted at the Experimental Station of the Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco in Caruaru, PE, Brazil. Treatments were allocated in a split-plot arrangement in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Main plots consisted of cropping systems, while the split-plots were dedicated to manure sources. Cactus harvest was carried out after two years of regrowth. Response variables included both production and nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) concentrations. No differences were observed for cactus production between the cropping systems, with an average value of 22.1Mg dry matter ha-1 2 years-1. In the intercropped systems, greater proximity to the legumes increased the production of the cactus in the treatments with the cattle and sheep manure, and increased the concentrations of P, K, and Mg, but not of N. The introduction of tree legumes, along with the application of manure, contributes to an increase in production and nutrient concentration of IPA-Sertânia cactus.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial produtivo e a composição mineral da palma forrageira IPA-Sertânia (Nopalea cochenillifera Salm Dyck), em cultivo isolado e consorciada com leucena [Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit.] ou gliricídia [Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Steud.], e adubada com as fontes de esterco bovino, ovino, caprino e cama de frango. O experimento foi conduzido na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco - IPA, em Caruaru. O delineamento foi casualizado em blocos, em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas foram representadas pelos sistemas de cultivo e as subparcelas pelas fontes de esterco. A colheita da palma foi realizada aos dois anos de crescimento e analisada quanto à produção e aos teores de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K), cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg). Não foram observadas diferenças de produção da palma entre os sistemas de cultivo, atingindo valor médio de 22,1t ha-1 2 anos-1 de matéria seca (MS). Nos sistemas consorciados, a maior proximidade com as leguminosas incrementou a produção da palma, nos tratamentos com os estercos bovino e ovino, e elevou os teores de P, K e Mg, mas não os teores de N. A introdução de leguminosas arbóreas, juntamente com a aplicação dos estercos, contribui para elevar a produção e os níveis de nutrientes da palma IPA-Sertânia. (AU)

Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels / Qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de erva sal

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05)...

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal em sua composição. Para tanto, foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 níveis de inclusão de erva sal (Atriplex numulária Lindl.) (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) em silagens de Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e Pornunça (Manihot sp.), com 5 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 mini silos experimentais que foram mantidos em galpão coberto e livre de animais oportunistas. Decorridos 100 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos, desprezando-se a silagem dos primeiros 15 cm das extremidades dos silos. O material restante foi homogeneizado e amostrado para a determinação da composição bromatológica, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Os níveis de inclusão de erva sal nas silagens de leucena promoveram um efeito linear negativo para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal e um efeito linear positivo para matéria mineral, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e ácido propiônico (P < 0,05). Ainda para esta silagem, observou-se um efeito quadrático para o ácido lático. Nas silagens de gliricídia foi observado um comportamento linear positivo para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral e carboidratos totais, já a matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo apresentaram um comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05). Os teores de ácidos orgânicos lático, acético e propiônico apresentaram efeito quadrático para a silagem de glíricidia a medida em que se aumentavam os níveis de erva sal (P < 0,05)...

Quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different old man saltbush levels / Qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de erva sal

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of leucaena, gliricidia, and pornunça silages with different levels of old man saltbush inclusion in their composition. A completely randomized design was used with five levels of old man saltbush (Atriplex nummularia) inclusion (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) in leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium), and pornunça (Manihot sp.) silages, with 5 replications per treatment, totaling 75 experimental mini-silos maintained in a covered shed and free of opportunistic animals. Silos were opened after 100 days of ensilage, and the silage of the first 15 cm of their ends was discarded. The remaining material was homogenized and sampled for determining the bromatological composition, in vitro digestibility, and fermentation profile. Old man saltbush inclusion levels in leucaena silages promoted a negative linear effect for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, pH, and ammoniacal nitrogen, while a positive linear effect was found for mineral matter, in vitro dry matter digestibility, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, and propionic acid (P < 0.05). This silage also had a quadratic effect for lactic acid. Gliricidia silages showed a positive linear behavior for dry matter, mineral matter, and total carbohydrates, whereas organic matter, crude protein, and ethereal extract presented a negative linear behavior (P < 0.05). The contents of organic lactic, acetic, and propionic acids showed a quadratic effect for gliricidia silage as old man saltbush levels increased (P < 0.05). Regarding pornunça silage, dry matter, mineral matter, total carbohydrates, propionic acid, and butyric acid presented a linear increasing behavior, while organic matter, crude protein, ethereal extract, and non-fibrous carbohydrates presented a linear decreasing behavior (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a qualidade de silagens de leucena, gliricídia e pornunça com diferentes níveis de inclusão de erva sal em sua composição. Para tanto, foi adotado um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, composto por 5 níveis de inclusão de erva sal (Atriplex numulária Lindl.) (0; 25; 50; 75 e 100%) em silagens de Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala), Gliricídia (Gliricidia sepium) e Pornunça (Manihot sp.), com 5 repetições por tratamento, totalizando 75 mini silos experimentais que foram mantidos em galpão coberto e livre de animais oportunistas. Decorridos 100 dias da ensilagem, os silos foram abertos, desprezando-se a silagem dos primeiros 15 cm das extremidades dos silos. O material restante foi homogeneizado e amostrado para a determinação da composição bromatológica, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Os níveis de inclusão de erva sal nas silagens de leucena promoveram um efeito linear negativo para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, pH e nitrogênio amoniacal e um efeito linear positivo para matéria mineral, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, carboidratos totais, carboidratos não fibrosos e ácido propiônico (P < 0,05). Ainda para esta silagem, observou-se um efeito quadrático para o ácido lático. Nas silagens de gliricídia foi observado um comportamento linear positivo para as variáveis matéria seca, matéria mineral e carboidratos totais, já a matéria orgânica, proteína bruta e extrato etéreo apresentaram um comportamento linear negativo (P < 0,05). Os teores de ácidos orgânicos lático, acético e propiônico apresentaram efeito quadrático para a silagem de glíricidia a medida em que se aumentavam os níveis de erva sal (P < 0,05)...(AU)

Maturity dependent variation in composition and characteristics of potentially digestible tissues of leucena / Variação dependente da maturidade na composição e características dos tecidos potencialmente digestiveis da Leucena

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cutting age on the production, chemical composition, degradation kinetics and anatomy of Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 2x4 (two types of tissues and four cutting ages) for the production data of dry matter and 3x4 (three degrees of degrees of digestion of tissues and four cutting ages). Observed effect (P<0.05) for the total production of DM of Leucena in function of different ages. The tissue types grain and non-grain showed maximum production at 70 days of age, with production of 2333,00 and 716.60 kg DM ha-1, respectively. The parameters of degradation of DM evaluated decreased significantly with the increase in the maturity of the plant, in the same way the chemical composition presented behavior inherent to the advance of age. The effective degradability DM also decreased with the increase in the rate of passage (2, 5, and 8% h-1). The highest rate of degradation (c) was obtained for 30 days. With the advance in plant maturity increases the proportion of vascular tissue lignificad influencing parameters of ruminal degradation of Leucena. The ages assessed influenced the chemical composition of the Leucena (P<0.05), where the levels of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin and ash showed increasing linear behavior. The cutting age of 70 days offers an optimal point regarding the proportion of anatomical tissues correlated with the degradation and chemical composition of the Leucena.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da idade de corte sobre a produção, composição química, cinética de degradação e anatomia da Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x4 (dois tipos de tecidos e quatro idades de corte) para os dados de produção de matéria seca e 3x4 (três graus de digestão dos tecidos e quatro idades de corte). Verificou-se efeito (P<0,05) para a produção total de MS da Leucena em função das diferentes idades de corte. Os tecidos tipos forrageiros e não forrageiros apresentaram produção máxima aos 70 dias de idade, com produção de 2333,00 e 716,60 kg de MS ha-1, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de degradação da MS avaliadas diminuíram significamente com o aumento na maturidade da planta, da mesma forma a composição química apresentou comportamento inerente ao avançar da idade. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS também diminuíram com o aumento na taxa de passagem (2, 5 e 8% h-1). A maior taxa de degradação (c) foi obtida aos 30 dias. Com o avanço na maturidade da planta aumenta a proporção de tecido vascular lignificado influenciando nos parâmetros de degradação ruminal da Leucena. As idades avaliadas influenciaram a composição química da Leucena (P<0,05), onde os teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido e Lignina e cinzas apresentaram comportamento linear crescente. A idade de corte de 70 dias apresenta um ponto ótimo quanto à proporção de tecidos anatômicos correlacionados com a degradação e composição química da Leucena.

Maturity dependent variation in composition and characteristics of potentially digestible tissues of leucena / Variação dependente da maturidade na composição e características dos tecidos potencialmente digestiveis da Leucena

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cutting age on the production, chemical composition, degradation kinetics and anatomy of Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala). The experimental design was a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement 2x4 (two types of tissues and four cutting ages) for the production data of dry matter and 3x4 (three degrees of degrees of digestion of tissues and four cutting ages). Observed effect (P<0.05) for the total production of DM of Leucena in function of different ages. The tissue types grain and non-grain showed maximum production at 70 days of age, with production of 2333,00 and 716.60 kg DM ha-1, respectively. The parameters of degradation of DM evaluated decreased significantly with the increase in the maturity of the plant, in the same way the chemical composition presented behavior inherent to the advance of age. The effective degradability DM also decreased with the increase in the rate of passage (2, 5, and 8% h-1). The highest rate of degradation (c) was obtained for 30 days. With the advance in plant maturity increases the proportion of vascular tissue lignificad influencing parameters of ruminal degradation of Leucena. The ages assessed influenced the chemical composition of the Leucena (P<0.05), where the levels of dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber and lignin and ash showed increasing linear behavior. The cutting age of 70 days offers an optimal point regarding the proportion of anatomical tissues correlated with the degradation and chemical composition of the Leucena.(AU)

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da idade de corte sobre a produção, composição química, cinética de degradação e anatomia da Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial 2x4 (dois tipos de tecidos e quatro idades de corte) para os dados de produção de matéria seca e 3x4 (três graus de digestão dos tecidos e quatro idades de corte). Verificou-se efeito (P<0,05) para a produção total de MS da Leucena em função das diferentes idades de corte. Os tecidos tipos forrageiros e não forrageiros apresentaram produção máxima aos 70 dias de idade, com produção de 2333,00 e 716,60 kg de MS ha-1, respectivamente. Os parâmetros de degradação da MS avaliadas diminuíram significamente com o aumento na maturidade da planta, da mesma forma a composição química apresentou comportamento inerente ao avançar da idade. A degradabilidade efetiva da MS também diminuíram com o aumento na taxa de passagem (2, 5 e 8% h-1). A maior taxa de degradação (c) foi obtida aos 30 dias. Com o avanço na maturidade da planta aumenta a proporção de tecido vascular lignificado influenciando nos parâmetros de degradação ruminal da Leucena. As idades avaliadas influenciaram a composição química da Leucena (P<0,05), onde os teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido e Lignina e cinzas apresentaram comportamento linear crescente. A idade de corte de 70 dias apresenta um ponto ótimo quanto à proporção de tecidos anatômicos correlacionados com a degradação e composição química da Leucena.(AU)

Effect of dietary inclusion of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Banana flour (Musa cavendishii) on performance of laying hens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Banana flour (Musa cavendishii) on performance of laying hens. Fifty laying hens (3 months of age) were randomly distributed into five experimental groups, each consisting of 10 laying hens. The groups were control (10 laying hens); L6 (Leucaena, 6 g/day (10 laying hens)); L8 (Leucaena, 8.0 g/day (10 laying hens)); L10 (Leucaena, 10 g/day (10 laying hens)); and L12 (Leucaena, 12 g/day (10 laying hens)), in addition, five levels of Banana flour control (10 laying hens); 25% (10 laying hens); 50%, (10 laying hens); 75% (10 laying hens); and 100% (10 laying hens), were assessed respectively. The experimental period lasted from 4 to 8 weeks. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between of treatments L6, L8, L10, and L12 for body weight during the first 30 days compared with the control, whereas for weight gain, statistically significant differences were observed between the control compared with the treatments L6, L8, L10, and L12 for days 10, 20 and 30 (p<0.05). Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between different levels of Banana flour for weight gain (g) between the control with the levels 25, 50 75, 100%, respectively for days 20 and 30. In the case of feed intake (g) statistically significant differences were found during day 30 between the control and 100%, also between the control and levels 25, and 75%, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena and banana flour have effects on weight gain, body weight and feed intake of laying hens.(AU)

Effect of dietary inclusion of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Banana flour (Musa cavendishii) on performance of laying hens

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and Banana flour (Musa cavendishii) on performance of laying hens. Fifty laying hens (3 months of age) were randomly distributed into five experimental groups, each consisting of 10 laying hens. The groups were control (10 laying hens); L6 (Leucaena, 6 g/day (10 laying hens)); L8 (Leucaena, 8.0 g/day (10 laying hens)); L10 (Leucaena, 10 g/day (10 laying hens)); and L12 (Leucaena, 12 g/day (10 laying hens)), in addition, five levels of Banana flour control (10 laying hens); 25% (10 laying hens); 50%, (10 laying hens); 75% (10 laying hens); and 100% (10 laying hens), were assessed respectively. The experimental period lasted from 4 to 8 weeks. The results of this study showed that there were no significant differences between of treatments L6, L8, L10, and L12 for body weight during the first 30 days compared with the control, whereas for weight gain, statistically significant differences were observed between the control compared with the treatments L6, L8, L10, and L12 for days 10, 20 and 30 (p<0.05). Additionally, statistically significant differences were found between different levels of Banana flour for weight gain (g) between the control with the levels 25, 50 75, 100%, respectively for days 20 and 30. In the case of feed intake (g) statistically significant differences were found during day 30 between the control and 100%, also between the control and levels 25, and 75%, respectively. From the results, it can be concluded that the inclusion of Leucaena and banana flour have effects on weight gain, body weight and feed intake of laying hens.

Effect of pigeon pea intercropping or shading with leucaena plants on the occurrence of the coffee leaf miner and on its predation by wasps in organic coffee plantings / Efeito da consorciação com feijão-guandu ou sombreamento com plantas de leucena na ocorrência do Bicho-mineiro e sua predação por vespas em lavouras de café orgânico

The infestation of coffee leaf miner and its predation by wasps were assessed in commercial organic coffee plantings shaded with leucaena or intercropped with pigeon pea. Plantings in northern Paraná were assessed every two weeks from June 2011 to December 2012. The percent of infested leaves, number of mines per leaf and the percent of predation by wasps (indicated by lacerations) were determined. Fewer coffee leaf miners and fewer mines per leaf were found in pigeon pea intercropped plantings (28.4% and 0.3, respectively) than in shaded plantings with leucaena (48.1% and 0.8, respectively). More predation by wasps was found in the shaded (27.2%) than in the intercropped (13.2%) plantings. Suggestions for new studies are presented along with suggestions for managing the leaf miner in coffee plantings.(AU)

A infestação de bicho-mineiro e a sua predação por vespas foram avaliadas em lavouras comerciais de café orgânico sombreadas com leucena ou consorciadas com feijão guandu. As lavouras situadas na região Norte do Paraná foram avaliadas a cada duas semanas de junho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Determinou-se o percentual de folhas infestadas, o número de minas por folha e a porcentagem de predação por vespas (indicada pela laceração das minas). Menor infestação do Bicho-mineiro e o menor número de minas por folha foi verificada na lavoura consorciada com feijão guandu (28,4% e 0,3; respectivamente) em relação a lavoura sombreada com leucina (48,1% e 0,8; respectivamente). Maior predação por vespas foi verificada na lavoura sombreada (27,2%) em relação a lavoura consorciada (13,18%). Sugestões de novas pesquisas e para o manejo do bicho-mineiro em lavouras de café são apresentadas.(AU)

Effect of pigeon pea intercropping or shading with leucaena plants on the occurrence of the coffee leaf miner and on its predation by wasps in organic coffee plantings / Efeito da consorciação com feijão-guandu ou sombreamento com plantas de leucena na ocorrência do Bicho-mineiro e sua predação por vespas em lavouras de café orgânico

The infestation of coffee leaf miner and its predation by wasps were assessed in commercial organic coffee plantings shaded with leucaena or intercropped with pigeon pea. Plantings in northern Paraná were assessed every two weeks from June 2011 to December 2012. The percent of infested leaves, number of mines per leaf and the percent of predation by wasps (indicated by lacerations) were determined. Fewer coffee leaf miners and fewer mines per leaf were found in pigeon pea intercropped plantings (28.4% and 0.3, respectively) than in shaded plantings with leucaena (48.1% and 0.8, respectively). More predation by wasps was found in the shaded (27.2%) than in the intercropped (13.2%) plantings. Suggestions for new studies are presented along with suggestions for managing the leaf miner in coffee plantings.

A infestação de bicho-mineiro e a sua predação por vespas foram avaliadas em lavouras comerciais de café orgânico sombreadas com leucena ou consorciadas com feijão guandu. As lavouras situadas na região Norte do Paraná foram avaliadas a cada duas semanas de junho de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Determinou-se o percentual de folhas infestadas, o número de minas por folha e a porcentagem de predação por vespas (indicada pela laceração das minas). Menor infestação do Bicho-mineiro e o menor número de minas por folha foi verificada na lavoura consorciada com feijão guandu (28,4% e 0,3; respectivamente) em relação a lavoura sombreada com leucina (48,1% e 0,8; respectivamente). Maior predação por vespas foi verificada na lavoura sombreada (27,2%) em relação a lavoura consorciada (13,18%). Sugestões de novas pesquisas e para o manejo do bicho-mineiro em lavouras de café são apresentadas.

Rendimento produtivo e viabilidade econômica de fenos de forrageiras em rações para frangos pescoço pelado / Productive yield and economic feasibility of forage hays in feed for naked neck chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a resposta produtiva e a viabilidade econômica de rações com inclusão de fenos de forrageiras alternativas para aves em sistema semi-intensivo, realizou-se o ensaio de desempenho, onde 600 aves da linhagem Label Rouge foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de vinte aves cada. A ração controle (RCO) foi formulada com milho grão e farelo de soja e utilizada como referência para a inclusão de fenos de forrageiras, sendo 20% pelos fenos de Flor de Seda (Calotropis procera) (RFS), Maniva de Mandioca (Manihot esculenta) (RMM), Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) (RMP) ou Leucena (Leucaena leucocephala) (RLE). As médias para consumo de ração RCO, RMM, RFS, RMP e RLE foram de 0,1050; 0,1470; 0,0888; 0,1411 e 0,1441 kg/ave/dia, respectivamente; e os custos das rações foram 1,489; 1,209; 1,189; 1,179 e 1,249 (R$/kg), respectivamente; assim, o custo total com alimentação no período de 84 dias de semiconfinamento das aves para cada ração foi de 1.950,67; 1.790,70; 1.061,90; 1.676,04 e 1.813,60 (R$ reais), respectivamente. Esses resultados demonstraram uma queda relativa no custo com alimentação com a inclusão dos fenos das forrageiras alternativas nas rações, mas ao avaliar o desempenho produtivo em ganho de peso e rendimento de carcaça das aves, a receita total foi menor em cada uma das rações com os fenos de forrageiras, e assim, os índices de eficiência econômica e custo médio foram melhores com a ração RCO, entretanto, a RMM apresentou rentabilidade superior às outras rações com fenos.

In order to evaluate the productive response and economic viability of diets that included hays as alternative forage for birds in a semi-intensive system, a performance test was held, in which 600 Label Rouge birds were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments, six replications, and twenty birds per plot. The control diet (RCO) was based on corn grain and soybean meal and used as a reference for the inclusion of forage hay, 20% by hays Silk Flower (Calotropis procera), Maniva Cassava (Manihot esculenta) , Mata Pasto (Senna obtusifolia) , or Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala). The average for RCO feed intake, RMM, RFS, RMP, and RLE were 0.1050, 0.1470, 0.0888, 0.1411, and 0.1441 kg/bird/day, respectively, and feed prices were 1,489, 1,209, 1,189, 1,179, and 1,249 (R$/kg), respectively. Therefore, the total costs of food in the 84-day period of semi-confinement of the birds per ration were 1950,67, 1790,70, 1061,90, 1676,04, and 1813,60 (actual R$), respectively. These results showed a relative decline in power with regard to cost via including hay as an alternative forage in diets, but after evaluating the performance in weight gain and carcass yield of birds, the total revenue was lower in each of the feeds with hay forage and thus the economic efficiency and average cost rates were better with the RCO feed; however, the RMM had superior profitability compared to other diets with hay.