Detection of respiratory viruses and expression of inflammatory cytokines in patients with acute exacerbation chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Mongolia China / Detecção de vírus respiratórios e expressão de citocinas inflamatórias em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica de exacerbação aguda na Mongólia, China

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was estimated to be the third cause of global mortality by 2020. Acute exacerbation COPD (AECOPD) is a sudden worsening of COPD symptoms and could be due to virus/bacterial infections and air pollution. Increased expression of inflammatory markers in patients with AECOPD is associated with viral infection. This study aimed to detect different viruses and analyze the expression of various inflammatory markers associated with AECOPD patients. Three hundred and forty-seven patients diagnosed with COPD according to GOLD criteria were included in this study. Swab samples and blood were collected for the detection of viruses by RT-PCR and expression of inflammatory markers, respectively. Of the swab samples, 113 (32.6%) of samples were positive for virus detection. Of these, HRV (39.8%) was the predominant virus detected followed by FluB (27.4%) and FluA (22.1%). The presence of HRV was significantly higher (p=0.044) among the other detected viruses. When compared to healthy controls the expression levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly higher (p<0.05) in virus-positive patients. The IL-6 and IL-8 were the next predominantly expressed in markers among the samples. The higher expression rate of IL-8 was significantly (p<0.05) associated with patients having COPD GOLD III severity level and smoking history. Although HRV was the predominant virus detected the combined prevalence of Influenza A and B surpassing the rate of HRV. The high-level expression of well known inflammatory markers of AECOPD, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8 indicates a chronic severe illness. These markers play an important role and could be used as a marker for determining the severity of AECOPD.(AU)

Estima-se que a doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) seja a terceira causa de mortalidade global em 2020. A exacerbação aguda DPOC (AECOPD) é um agravamento súbito dos sintomas da DPOC e pode ser devido a infecções por vírus/bactérias e poluição do ar. O aumento da expressão de marcadores inflamatórios em pacientes com AECOPD está associado à infecção viral. Este estudo teve como objetivo detectar diferentes vírus e analisar a expressão de vários marcadores inflamatórios associados a pacientes com AECOPD. Trezentos e quarenta e sete pacientes com diagnóstico de DPOC de acordo com os critérios GOLD foram incluídos neste estudo. Amostras de swab e sangue foram coletadas para detecção de vírus por RT-PCR e expressão de marcadores inflamatórios, respectivamente. Das amostras de esfregaço, 113 (32,6%) amostras foram positivas para detecção de vírus. Nestas, o HRV (39,8%) foi o vírus predominante detectado, seguido do FluB (27,4%) e do FluA (22,1%). A presença de VFC foi significativamente maior (p = 0,044) entre os demais vírus detectados. Quando comparados a controles saudáveis, os níveis de expressão de TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-8 foram significativamente maiores (p <0,05) em pacientes com vírus positivo. A IL-6 e a IL-8 foram as próximas predominantemente expressas em marcadores entre as amostras. A maior taxa de expressão de IL-8 foi significativamente (p <0,05) associada a pacientes com grau de gravidade GOLD III da DPOC e história de tabagismo. Embora o HRV tenha sido o vírus predominante, a prevalência combinada de Influenza A e B ultrapassou a taxa de HRV. O alto nível de expressão de marcadores inflamatórios bem conhecidos de AECOPD, TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-8 indica uma doença crônica grave. Esses marcadores desempenham um papel importante e podem ser usados como um marcador para determinar a gravidade da AECOPD.(AU)

Linfoma de células T na cavidade nasal de caprino / T-cell lymphoma in the nasal cavity in goat

Background: Lymphomas are considered uncommon in goats, being the multicentric form with the highest number of cases for the species. Primary intranasal lymphomas are often diagnosed in dogs, cats, and humans. In the literature, there is only a description of a multicentric case involving the frontal sinuses and mucosa of the nasal cavity in a goat; therefore, it is important to describe unusual cases of this disease for the inclusion of new clinical and pathological characteristics in the ruminant clinic medicine. The objective of this work is to describe a case of T-cell lymphoma in the nasal cavity of a young goat. Case: The animal had dyspnea and respiratory noise for 15 days. Clinical examination showed nodulation in the right nasal cavity associated with serosanguinous secretion. Tracheostomy was performed; however, after 30 days the animal was euthanized. A sagittal plane of the head showed a pinkish-gray mass in the right and left nasal cavity, with a smooth, multilobulated surface, smooth adhering to the rostral portion of the dorsal concha and occluding the dorsal nasal meatus. Submandibular lymph nodes were slightly enlarged. Histopathological examination of the nasal cavity revealed a non-encapsulated, poorly delimited and ulcerated tumor composed of round cells arranged in a mantle supported by a discrete fibrovascular stroma extending the mucosa and lamina propria. Cells were round with sparse, eosinophilic and poorly delimited cytoplasm. Nuclei varied from round to elongated with condensed chromatin and evident nucleoli. Occasionally, aberrant nuclei, reniform shape and multinucleated cells were seen. Pleomorphism was moderate characterized by anisocytosis and anisocariosis. Typical and atypical mitosis were frequent (0-4 per field of highest magnification [400x]). Amidst the neoplasm, there were multifocal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with a mild lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry showed positive immunostaining for Vimentin antibodies and CD3, and negative for pan CK and CD20. Discussion: The lymphomas immunophenotyping is little used when it comes to farm animals, and there are few studies that use this technique for the definitive diagnosis of these neoplasms for small ruminants. The use of this technique must be considered in each case, in order to determine the pathogenesis, the accurate diagnosis and the origin of the neoplastic lymphocytes. In goats, T-cell lymphomas are the most diagnosed, although cases of multicentric B-cell lymphomas with ocular involvement have been diagnosed. In view of the clinical picture of the case described, infectious rhinitis already described in goats, such as aspergillosis and protothecosis, should be included as differential diagnoses. However, the anatomopathological findings facilitate the direction of the diagnosis, since infectious rhinitis presents as nodules / ulcerated masses or focal areas of necrosis associated with purulent secretion and in the histopathological examination it is possible to observe the intralesional etiological agents. In addition, the enzootic ethmoidal tumor must be included, as it has similar clinical signs and affects young animals, but they are adenomas/adenocarcinomas that affect the ethmoidal nasal shells induced by a retrovirus. Lymphomas in the caprine species are rare in the Northeastern semi-arid, but that in the present diagnostic routine occasionally occurs, being important the first description of its nasal shape for its inclusion in the differential diagnoses of diseases that present with clinical obstruction and dyspnea for the species.

Subclinical endometritis and postpartum ovarian resumption in respect to TNF-alpha, IL-8 and CRP in Egyptian buffaloes

The study was carried out to find the relation between subclinical endometritis (SCE) and postpartum (pp.) ovarian resumption as well as to evaluate serum and endometrial TNF-α, IL-8 and serum CRP in buffaloes with and without SCE. Thirty-nine pluriparous buffaloes at the 3rd (W3), 5th (W5) and 7th (W7) week pp. were involved in this experiment. The parity of the buffaloes ranged from 4 to 8 with an average 5.8±0.2. Subclinical endometritis was diagnosed by the percentage of polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) in uterine cytology obtained from endometrial cytobrush at W5 and W7. The cut-off point of PMNs% in buffaloes for SCE was ≥ 6% at W5 or ≥ 4% at W7. According to PMNs%, buffaloes were divided into SCE group (n=27) and non-SCE group (n=12). Ovarian cyclicity was monitored by rectal palpation, ultrasonography and progesterone assay at W3, W5 and W7. Serum and endometrial TNF-α, IL-8 and serum CRP were estimated at W5 and W7. Buffaloes with SCE (55.6%) showed delayed ovarian activity as compared to non-SCE (16.7%) animals (P=0.036). Significant increase in serum cytokines and CRP levels were detected at W5 (P ˂0.05) and W7 (P <0.01) in SCE buffaloes as compared to non-SCE. Endometrial levels of cytokines were significantly (P ˂0.05) elevated in SCE buffaloes. Serum and endometrial cytokines showed significant positive correlation. Furthermore, levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and CRP exhibited significant positive correlation with PMNs%. In conclusion, SCE delayed postpartum ovarian cyclicity in buffaloes. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-8 and CRP assessments could be efficient tools in prediction of SCE in buffaloes.(AU)

HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in experimental acute lung injury induced in rabbits / [HMGB1 e citocinas inflamatórias em lesão pulmonar aguda experimental induzida em coelhos]

The aim of this work was to measure HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum and TLR2 and TLR4mRNA expression in lung tissue of rabbits with two grades of acute lung injury (ALI). The animals were randomly assigned to groups with severe (S) and mild/moderate (MM) ALI, induced with warm saline, and a control group. HMGB1, TNF-alpha, IL-8, TLR2mRNA and TLR4mRNA were measured after ALI induction. The results showed increased levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, HMGB1 and TLR4mRNA in the ALI groups. HMGB1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha concentrations in BAL were higher in S compared MM. Increased TLR4mRNA was observed in S and MM versus control. The results suggest an early participation of HMGB1 in ALI together with IL-8 and TNF-alpha and association with severity. TLR4 has early expression and role in ALI pathophysiology but is not associated with severity.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar os níveis de HMGB1, TNF-alfa e IL-8 no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), bem como quantificar a expressão sérica de TLR2 e TLR4 mRNA em tecido pulmonar de coelhos com dois graus de lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos com LPA grave (S) e leve / moderada (MM), induzidas com solução salina morna, e um grupo controle. HMGB1, TNF-alfa, IL-8, TLR2mRNA e TLR4mRNA foram medidos após a indução de LPA e quatro horas de ventilação mecânica. Os resultados mostraram níveis aumentados de IL-8, TNF-alfa, HMGB1 e TLR4mRNA nos grupos com LPA. As concentrações de HMGB1, IL-8 e TNF-alfa no LBA foram maiores no S comparado ao MM. Aumento de TLR4mRNA foi observado em S e MM versus controle. Os resultados sugerem uma participação precoce da HMGB1 na LPA em conjunto com IL-8 e TNF-alfa e associação com a gravidade da LPA. O TLR4 foi expresso na ALI e possivelmente possui papel precoce na fisiopatologia da LPA, mas sem associação com a gravidade.(AU)

HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines in experimental acute lung injury induced in rabbits / [HMGB1 e citocinas inflamatórias em lesão pulmonar aguda experimental induzida em coelhos]

The aim of this work was to measure HMGB1, TNF-alpha, and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), serum and TLR2 and TLR4mRNA expression in lung tissue of rabbits with two grades of acute lung injury (ALI). The animals were randomly assigned to groups with severe (S) and mild/moderate (MM) ALI, induced with warm saline, and a control group. HMGB1, TNF-alpha, IL-8, TLR2mRNA and TLR4mRNA were measured after ALI induction. The results showed increased levels of IL-8, TNF-alpha, HMGB1 and TLR4mRNA in the ALI groups. HMGB1, IL-8 and TNF-alpha concentrations in BAL were higher in S compared MM. Increased TLR4mRNA was observed in S and MM versus control. The results suggest an early participation of HMGB1 in ALI together with IL-8 and TNF-alpha and association with severity. TLR4 has early expression and role in ALI pathophysiology but is not associated with severity.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar os níveis de HMGB1, TNF-alfa e IL-8 no lavado broncoalveolar (BAL), bem como quantificar a expressão sérica de TLR2 e TLR4 mRNA em tecido pulmonar de coelhos com dois graus de lesão pulmonar aguda (LPA). Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em grupos com LPA grave (S) e leve / moderada (MM), induzidas com solução salina morna, e um grupo controle. HMGB1, TNF-alfa, IL-8, TLR2mRNA e TLR4mRNA foram medidos após a indução de LPA e quatro horas de ventilação mecânica. Os resultados mostraram níveis aumentados de IL-8, TNF-alfa, HMGB1 e TLR4mRNA nos grupos com LPA. As concentrações de HMGB1, IL-8 e TNF-alfa no LBA foram maiores no S comparado ao MM. Aumento de TLR4mRNA foi observado em S e MM versus controle. Os resultados sugerem uma participação precoce da HMGB1 na LPA em conjunto com IL-8 e TNF-alfa e associação com a gravidade da LPA. O TLR4 foi expresso na ALI e possivelmente possui papel precoce na fisiopatologia da LPA, mas sem associação com a gravidade.(AU)

Haemorrhagic myelomalacia in a cat with extradural T-cell lymphoma / Mielomalacia hemorrágica em um gato com linfoma de células T extradural

Myelomalacia is a term used to indicate the softening of the spinal cord, which results from ischaemic or haemorrhagic necrosis that can occur as a sequel to acute spinal cord injury. A 10-month-old, female, mixed breed domestic cat exhibiting neurological symptoms was referred for evaluation. Neurological examination revealed symptoms consistent with thoracolumbar syndrome. Initial radiographic examination detected no changes of the thoracolumbar spine. The cat received a palliative treatment with tramadol hydrochloride and prednisolone. The patient did not respond to the treatment and one month later presented with worsening of symptoms that progressed to non-ambulatory paraplegia. Radiographic examination was performed a second time and revealed a mass inside the spinal canal at the L1 and L3 vertebral levels. The animal died and was sent for post-mortem examination. The necropsy revealed a greyish-white epidural mass inside the spinal canal that was compressing the spinal cord at the L1 and L3 vertebral levels. The spinal cord between T2 and L3 was reddish and friable. The pancreaticoduodenal lymph node was enlarged. Histologically, the spinal cord mass and pancreaticoduodenal lymph node presented neoplastic lymphocyte proliferation, and haemorrhagic myelomalacia was observed in the spinal cord from T2 to L3. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the neoplastic lymphocytes were positive for CD3 antibody (T-cell lymphoma), and the lymphoid organs showed immunostaining for feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Haemorrhagic myelomalacia due to extradural lymphoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats with spinal neurological signs.(AU)

Mielomalácia é um termo utilizado para indicar amolecimento da medula espinhal, decorrente de necrose isquêmica ou hemorrágica que pode ocorrer como sequela de lesão medular aguda. Um felino doméstico, sem raça definida, fêmea, 10 meses de idade, com sintomas neurológicos foi avaliado. O exame neurológico constatou sinais clínicos compatíveis com síndrome toracolombar. Na primeira avaliação, no exame radiográfico não foram observadas alterações na coluna vertebral toracolombar. Foi realizado tratamento suporte a base de cloridrato de tramadol e prednisolona. O paciente não respondeu ao tratamento e um mês após a primeira avaliação clínica, apresentou piora do quadro clínico apresentando então paraplegia não ambulatória. No segundo exame radiográfico foi observada uma massa radiopaca no interior do canal vertebral, comprimindo a medula espinhal entre L1 e L3. O felino veio a óbito e encaminhado para exame post-mortem. Na necropsia, foi observada no canal medular a presença de uma massa branco-acinzentada, extradural, comprimindo à medula espinhal no segmento entre as vértebras lombares L1 e L3. A medula espinhal entre T2 até L3 estava hemorrágica e friável. O linfonodo pancreaticoduodenal estava aumentado. Na avaliação histológica, a massa observada no canal medular e linfonodo pancreaticoduodenal apresentaram proliferação de linfócitos neoplásicos e a medula espinhal entre T2 e L3 apresentou mielomalácia hemorrágica. No exame imuno-histoquímico, os linfócitos neoplásicos apresentaram marcação positiva para anticorpo CD3 (linfoma de células T) e os órgãos linfoides apresentaram imuno-marcação para o vírus da leucemia felina (FeLV). Mielomalácia hemorrágica causada por linfoma extradural deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial em felinos FeLV positivos com sinais neurológicos medulares.(AU)

Serum concentrations and renal expressions of IL-1 and TNF-a early after hemorrhage in rats under the effect of glibenclamide

PURPOSE:To investigate changes in the serum concentration and renal expression of IL-1 and TNF-α cytokines in rats that received sevoflurane and glibenclamide prior to hemorrhage.METHODS:Two groups of sevoflurane-anesthetized Wistar rats (n=10): G1 (control) and G2 (glibenclamide, 1 µg/g i.v.); hemorrhage of 30% blood volume (10% every 10 min), with replacement using Ringer solution, 5 ml/kg/h. Serum concentrations of IL-1 and TNF-α were studied in the first hemorrhage (T1) and 50 min later (T2), renal expression, at T2.RESULTS:In serum, G1 TNF-α (pg/mL) was T1=178.6±33.5, T2=509.2±118.8 (p<0.05); IL-1 (pg/mL) was T1=148.8±31.3, T2=322.6±115.4 (p<0.05); in G2, TNF-α was T1=486.2±83.6, T2=261.8±79.5 (p<0.05); IL-1 was T1=347.0±72.0, T2= 327.3±90.9 (p>0.05). The expression of TNF-α and IL-1 in the glomerular and tubular cells was significantly higher in the G2 group.CONCLUSIONS:Hemorrhage and glibenclamide elevated TNF-α and IL-1 concentrations in serum and kidneys. High levels of TNF-α already present before the hemorrhage in the glibenclamide group may have attenuated the damages found in the kidneys after the ischemia event.(AU)

Partial purification and functional characterization of Ts19 Frag-I, a novel toxin from Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom

Background The yellow scorpion Tityus serrulatus (Ts) is responsible for the highest number of accidents and the most severe scorpion envenoming in Brazil. Although its venom has been studied since the 1950s, it presents a number of orphan peptides that have not been studied so far. The objective of our research was to isolate and identify the components present in the fractions VIIIA and VIIIB of Ts venom, in order to search for a novel toxin. The major isolated toxins were further investigated for macrophage modulation. Methods The fractions VIIIA and VIIIB, obtained from Ts venom cation exchange chromatography, were rechromatographed on a C18 column (4.6 × 250 mm) followed by a reversed-phase chromatography using another C18 column (2.1 × 250 mm). The main eluted peaks were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and Edman's degradation and tested on macrophages. Results The previously described toxins Ts2, Ts3-KS, Ts4, Ts8, Ts8 propeptide, Ts19 Frag-II and the novel peptide Ts19 Frag-I were isolated from the fractions VIIIA and VIIIB. Ts19 Frag-I, presenting 58 amino acid residues, a mass of 6,575 Da and a theoretical pI of 8.57, shares high sequence identity with potassium channel toxins (KTx). The toxins Ts4, Ts3-KS and the partially purified Ts19 Frag-I did not produce cytotoxic effects on macrophage murine cells line (J774.1). On the other hand, Ts19 Frag-I induced the release of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages, while Ts4 and Ts3-KS did not affect the NO production at the tested concentration (50 μg/mL). At the same concentration, Ts19 Frag-I and Ts3-KS increased the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6). Ts19 Frag-I and Ts4 did not induce the release of IL-10, IL-1β or tumor necrosis factor-α by macrophage cells using the tested concentration (50 μg/mL). Conclusions We partially purified and determined the complete sequence and chemical/physical parameters of a new β-KTx, denominated Ts19 Frag-I. The toxins Ts4, Ts3-KS and Ts19 Frag-I showed no cytotoxicity toward macrophages and induced IL-6 release. Ts19 Frag-I also induced the release of NO, suggesting a pro-inflammatory activity.(AU)

Baccharis coridifolia Poisoning in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the North of the Province of Corrientes, Argentina

Eight of 57 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) died after grazing 30 days on 38-hectare pasture contaminated with Baccharis coridifolia in the north of the Province of Corrientes (northeastern Argentina). Most were found dead, others showed depression, anorexia, diarrhea, incoordination of movements and collision against fences. The conditions that caused the poisoning were overgrazing, poor pasture and lack of aversion to the consumption of Baccharis coridifolia. Gross findings included necrotic rumenitis, necrotic-hemorrhagic abomasitis, necrotic-hemorrhagic enteritis and marked brain edema. The histopathological findings were necrosis of the epithelium of the mucosa of the forestomachs, necrosis and hemorrhage in mucosa of the small intestine, necrosis of lymphocytes in lymph follicles in spleen and thymus and vasogenic brain edema. The lesions, except for brain edema, are typically reported in cattle intoxicated by Baccharis coridifolia. Vasogenic brain edema is not described in any animal species naturally or experimentally intoxicated with this plant; this change may be due to direct toxic effect of Baccharis coridifolia that cause vascular injury or was a secondary injury.

Baccharis coridifolia Poisoning in Water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the North of the Province of Corrientes, Argentina

Eight of 57 water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) died after grazing 30 days on 38-hectare pasture contaminated with Baccharis coridifolia in the north of the Province of Corrientes (northeastern Argentina). Most were found dead, others showed depression, anorexia, diarrhea, incoordination of movements and collision against fences. The conditions that caused the poisoning were overgrazing, poor pasture and lack of aversion to the consumption of Baccharis coridifolia. Gross findings included necrotic rumenitis, necrotic-hemorrhagic abomasitis, necrotic-hemorrhagic enteritis and marked brain edema. The histopathological findings were necrosis of the epithelium of the mucosa of the forestomachs, necrosis and hemorrhage in mucosa of the small intestine, necrosis of lymphocytes in lymph follicles in spleen and thymus and vasogenic brain edema. The lesions, except for brain edema, are typically reported in cattle intoxicated by Baccharis coridifolia. Vasogenic brain edema is not described in any animal species naturally or experimentally intoxicated with this plant; this change may be due to direct toxic effect of Baccharis coridifolia that cause vascular injury or was a secondary injury.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo de neoplasias melanocíticas cutâneas espontâneas em cães: Caracterização histopatológica, morfométrica e sequenciamento de TP53

Cães são susceptíveis à tumores melanocíticos e a sobrevida de cães com melanoma geralmente é pequena devido ao prognóstico desfavorável. Pesquisas que auxiliem no discernimento do comportamento biológico e fatores prognósticos desta neoplasia na espécie canina permitirão estabelecer um diagnóstico e prognóstico mais precisos. Neste trabalho foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro teve como objetivo a caracterização histopatológica e morfométrica de neoplasias melanocíticas cutâneas espontâneas em caninos. O segundo objetivou o sequenciamento do gene tp53 em 25 neoplasias melanocíticas. Em ambos experimentos, os casos foram resgatados do arquivo de biopsias do laboratório de histopatologia da Universidade Federal de Viçosa e do laboratório PROVET. No experimento I, de cada caso, registrou-se raça, sexo, idade, tamanho e localização das lesões. Os casos foram avaliados por dois patologistas em lâminas histológicas coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e/ou despigmentadas para comprobação do diagnóstico e caracterização histopatológica: pigmentação, presença ou ausência do infiltrado pagetoide, atividade juncional e ulceração. O índice mitótico foi determinado e registrado para cada tumor. Determinou-se a proporção celular e tipo celular, infiltrado linfocitário, vasos sanguíneos e necrose. O pleomorfismo nuclear foi avaliado em uma escala de 1 a 3, por 3 patologistas distintos, os quais não compartilharam entre si seus diagnósticos e as interpretações, sendo os casos classificados mediante uma concordância dos três diagnósticos. A área e diâmetros dos núcleos de células epitelioides, fusiformes e eritrócitos foram mesurados. No experimento II, 25 neoplasias melanocíticas cutâneas caninas, fixadas em formol tamponado e embebidos em parafina, foram utilizadas para detecção de mutações do gene tp53 nos exons 5 ao 8. No experimento I, os melanomas apresentam maior tamanho quando comparados aos melanocitomas. Microscopicamente, os melanocitomas foram mais pigmentados quando comparados aos melanomas. A presença de infiltrado pagetoide esteve ausente na maioria tumores melanocíticos estudados e a atividade juncional foi observada nos melanomas e melanocitomas com frequências similares. A ulceração esteve ausente na maioria dos melanocitomas mas foi frequente nos melanomas. A maioria das lesões melanocíticas apresentaram 3 subtipos celulares: redondas, epitelioides e fusiformes. Com relação à atipia/pleomorfismo, os melanocitomas apresentaram grau discreto, enquanto os melanomas mostraram graus variando de discreto a intenso, com aumento gradual do índice mitótico à medida que o pleomorfismo aumento. Além disso, houve diferença significativa para o tamanho nuclear entre os graus de atipia/pleomorfismo dos tumores estudados. O infiltrado linfocitário foi observado com maior intensidade nos melanomas, principalmente nos melanomas classificados no grau 2. A proporção de necrose não diferiu entre melanocitomas e melanomas, porém quando considerado o grau de atipia/pleomorfismo os melanomas de grau 3 apresentaram maior porcentagem. No experimento II, todas as neoplasias melanocíticas apresentaram inserção de três bases (TAC) no éxon 5, e mutações em íntrons. Em conclusão, a avaliação da atipia/pleomorfismo em células epitelioides é um procedimento eficiente, visto que estas células representam uma grande proporção nos tumores melanocíticos e são mais fácies de avaliar que os núcleos das células fusiformes. A escala de atipia/pleomorfismo é uma ferramenta útil que pode ser facilmente aplicada na rotina de diagnóstico de tumores melanocíticos e contribuiria na avalição unificada entre patologistas, Entretanto, são necessários mais estudos para se avaliar a aplicação desta ferramenta com o prognóstico clínico. As mutações encontradas nas regiões avaliadas do gene tp53 aparentemente não foram relevantes para definir o diagnóstico nos tumores melanocíticos deste estudo.

Dogs are susceptible to melanocytic tumors and the survival of dogs with melanoma is generally small due to unfavorable prognosis. Research that helps in the discernment of the biological behavior and prognostic factors of this neoplasm in the canine species will allow establishing a more accurate diagnosis and prognosis. In this work two experiments were performed. The first one aimed at the histopathological and morphometric characterization of spontaneous cutaneous melanocytic neoplasm in canines. The second aimed at sequencing the tp53 gene in 25 melanocytic neoplasm. In both experiments, the cases were recovered from the biopsy file of the histopathology laboratories of the Federal University of Viçosa and the PROVET. In the experiment I, we recorded data of breed, sex and age of the animals, and size and location of tumors. Two pathologists evaluated the histological slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin and/or bleached to confirm the diagnosis and histopathological characterization: pigmentation, presence or absence of the pagetoid infiltrate, junctional activity, and ulceration. Mitotic index was determined and recorded for each tumor. The proportion of total cellularity, cell type, lymphocytic infiltrate, blood vessels and necrosis was determined. Nuclear pleomorphism was evaluated on a scale of 1 to 3 by 3 different pathologists, who did not share their diagnoses and interpretations, and the cases were classified according to the agreement of the three diagnoses. The area and diameters of epithelioid cells, spindle cells and erythrocyte nuclei were measured. In Experiment II, 25 canine cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms, fixed in buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin, were included in the study to detect mutations of the tp53 gene in exons 5 to 8. In Experiment I, Melanomas were larger than melanocytomas. Microscopically, melanocytomas were more pigmented compared to melanomas. The presence of pagetoid infiltrate was observed in both types of neoplasms and the junctional activity was observed in melanomas and melanocytomas with similar x frequencies. Ulceration was absent in most melanocytomas but was frequent in melanomas. The majority of the melanocytic lesions presented 3 cellular subtypes: rounded, epithelioid and spindle. Regarding the atypia/pleomorphism, melanocytomas presented a discrete degree, whereas the melanomas showed degrees from discrete to intense, with gradual increase of the mitotic index as the differentiation decreased. Furthermore, there was a significant difference for nuclear size between the degrees of atypia/pleomorphism of the tumors studied. Lymphocyte infiltrate was observed with greater intensity in melanomas, especially in grade 2 melanomas. The proportion of necrosis did not differ between melanocytomas and melanomas, but when the degree of atypia/ pleomorphism was considered, grade 3 melanomas had a higher percentage. In experiment II, all melanocytic neoplasms presented three base insertion (CT) at exon 5, and mutations in introns. In conclusion, the evaluation of atypia / pleomorphism in epithelioid cells is an efficient procedure, since these cells represent a large proportion in melanocytic tumors and are easier to evaluate than spindle cell nuclei. The atypia/ pleomorphism scale may be a useful tool to be easily applied in the diagnosis of melanocytic tumors routine, and might contribute to the unified assessment among pathologists; nevertheless, further studies are needed to evaluate the application of this tool with clinical prognosis. melanocytic tumors of this study. Mutations found in the evaluated regions of the tp53 gene apparently were not relevant to define the diagnosis in the melanocytic tumors of this study.

Experimental diabetes exacerbates skin transplant rejection in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of chronic experimental diabetes on skin allografts in rats as a simple model that could clarify some basic aspects and mechanisms involved in transplant rejection in diabetes compared to normal animals. METHODS: Skin grafting was performed with fragments of tail skin from sex matched non diabetic Wistar rats engrafted onto the thoracic area of diabetic and non diabetic recipients. Grafts were scored for rejection every other day and were removed on day 14. Skin grafts were graded according to the following itens: no rejection; or rejection including: acute, chronic and humoral and/or cellular rejection. Statistical analysis was performed using JMP 5.1 software with ANOVA test. Diabetes was induced with IV injection of alloxan 40 mg/kg. RESULTS: Inflammatory vascular infiltrate compromising the endothelium with areas of fibrinoid necrosis and thrombosis characteristics of acute humoral rejection and subendothelial lymphocyte infiltrate typical of acute cellular rejection were significantly (p<0.003) higher in diabetic than in non diabetic recipients as the inflammatory infiltrate in the epidermis (p<0.002). CONCLUSION: Skin transplant acute rejection from chronic alloxan diabetic rats to normal tissue was significantly more intense than the acute rejection between normal rats.(AU)

Intestinal parasitic infections in HIV/AIDS patients: epidemiological, nutritional and immunological aspects

This study applied a socioeconomic questionnaire designed to evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites and characterize epidemiological, nutritional, and immunological variables in 105 HIV/AIDS patients - with and without parasitic infections, attending the Day Hospital in Botucatu, UNESP, from 2007 to 2008. Body mass index was calculated and the following tests performed: parasitological stool examinations; eosinophil, IgE, CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocyte cell counts; albumin test; viral load measure; and TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-5 and IL-10 cytokine levels. Results were positive for parasitic intestinal infections in 12.4% of individuals. Most patients had good socioeconomic conditions with basic sanitation, urban dwellings, treated water supply and sewage, good nutritional and immunological status and were undergoing HAART. Parasites were found at the following frequencies: Entamoeba - five patients (38.5%), Giardia lamblia - four (30.7%), Blastocystis hominis - three (23.0%), Endolimax nana - two (15.4%), and Ascaris lumbricoides - one (7.7%). There were no significant differences between the two groups for eosinophils, albumin, IgE, CD4+ T and CD8+ T lymphocytes, INF-γ, IL-2, or IL-10. Most patients also showed undetectable viral load levels. Significant differences were found for TNF-α and IL-5. These results show the importance of new studies on immunodeficient individuals to increase understanding of such variables.(AU)

Sawfly larval poisoning in cattle: Report on new outbreaks and brief review of the literature / Intoxicação por larvas de mosca serra: relato de novos surtos e breve revisão da literatura

Sawfly larval poisoning (SLP) is an acute hepatotoxicosis documented in livestock in Australia, Denmark and in countries of South America. It is caused by the ingestion of the larval stage of insects of the suborder Symphyta, order Hymenoptera, commonly known as "sawfly". Three species of sawfly are reportedly involved in the toxicosis. The insect involved in Australian SLP is Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae), in Denmark the cause of SLP is the ingestion of the larvae Arge pullata (Argidae), and in South American countries documented outbreaks of SLP were caused by the ingestion of yet another sawfly, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae). In all geographical areas where it occurred, SLP causes important livestock losses. In cattle, as well as in other affected species, the disease has a short clinical course and in many outbreaks affected cattle can be found dead. When observed, clinical signs include apathy, recumbence, tremors, paddling movements and death in 24-48 hours. Neurological signs such aggressiveness attributable to hepatic encephalopathy are also observed. In cases with a more protracted course icterus and photodermatitis may develop. Gross findings included ascites, petechiae and ecchymosis over serosal surfaces of thoracic and abdominal cavities, and an enlarged liver that displays accentuation of the lobular pattern and edema of the gall bladder wall. Sawfly larval body fragments and heads are consistently found in the fore stomachs and occasionally abomasum of affected cattle. Main microscopic lesions are restricted to the liver and consist of centrolobular (periacinar) to massive hepatocellular necrosis. In most lobules necrotic areas extended up to the portal triads where only a few viable hepatocytes remain. Mild to moderate lymphocyte necrosis is seen in lymphatic tissues. Cases occur in the winter months when the larval stages of the sawfly are developing. D-amino acid-containing peptides have been found to be the toxic principle in each sawfly involved in SLP. The octapeptide lophyrotomin is the major toxin in the in the larvae of Australian and Danish sawflies and is present in small amounts in the larvae of South American sawfly. The heptadecapeptide pergidin is the main toxin in the South American sawfly while small amounts of pergidin have been found in the other two species of toxic sawfly. During the winter of 2011 (July-August) four outbreaks of SLP were diagnosed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The findings in those outbreaks are reported here and a brief review of the literature regarding SLP around the world is provided.(AU)

A intoxicação por larvas de mosca serra (ILMS) é uma hepatotoxicose aguda documentada em animais de fazenda na Austrália, Dinamarca e em países da América do Sul. É causada pela ingestão de larvas de insetos da subordem Symphyta, ordem Hymenoptera, conhecidos popularmente como mosca serra. Três espécies de moscas serra são relatadas como envolvidas na intoxicação. O inseto envolvido na ILMS australiana é Lophyrotoma interrupta (Pergidae); na Dinamarca a causa da ILMS é a ingestão de larvas de Arge pullata (Argidae) e nos países de América do Sul a ingestão de larvas de ainda outra espécie de mosca serra, Perreyia flavipes (Pergidae), é a causa de ILMS. Em todas essas áreas geográficas, a ILMS causa importantes perdas na pecuária. Em bovinos, como nas outras espécies afetadas, a doença tem um curso clínico breve e em muitos surtos os bovinos afetados podem ser encontrados mortos. Quando observados, os sinais clínicos incluem apatia, decúbito, tremores, movimentos de pedalagem e morte em 24-48 horas. Sinais neurológicos como agressividade, atribuídos à encefalopatia hepática, são também observados. Em casos com curso clínico mais protraído, pode ocorrer icterícia e fotodermatite. Achados de necropsia incluem ascite, petéquias e equimoses em superfícies serosas das cavidades torácica e abdominal e um fígado aumentado de volume e com acentuação do padrão lobular, e edema da parede da vesícula biliar. Em todas as necropsias de bovinos afetados, fragmentos do corpo e cabeças de larvas são encontrados nos pré-estômagos e, ocasionalmente, no abomaso. As principais lesões microscópicas são restritas ao fígado e consistem de necrose hepatocelular centrolobular (periacinar) a massiva. Na maioria dos lóbulos as áreas de necrose estendem-se até as tríades portais onde apenas algumas lâminas de hepatócitos viáveis permanecem. Leve a moderada necrose de linfócitos é observada nos tecidos linfáticos. Os surtos de ILMS ocorrem nos meses de inverno quando os estágios larvais estão em desenvolvimento. Peptídeos que contêm D-aminoácidos constituem os princípios tóxicos de cada uma das moscas serra envolvidas na ILMS. O octapeptídeo lofirotomina é a principal toxina nas larvas das moscas serra australianas e dinamarquesas e também ocorre em pequenas quantidades nas larvas da mosca serra sul-americana. O heptadecapeptídeo pergidina é a principal toxina das larvas da mosca serra sul-americana, enquanto que pequenas quantidades de pergidina foram encontradas nas outras duas espécies tóxicas de mosca serra. Durante o inverno de 2011 (Julho-Agosto) quatro surtos de ILMS foram diagnosticados no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os achados desses surtos são relatados aqui e é feita uma breve revisão da literatura sobre ILMS ao redor do mundo.(AU)

Tumor misto de glândula sudorípara canina / Canine sweat gland mixed tumor

Background: Sweat gland mixed tumors (SGMT) are considered a rare neoplasm in dogs. This tumor present clinically as nodules large, well defined and looks similar to other skin tumors. The diagnosis of cancer is based on aspiration cytology and histopathology. Due to the rarity of the tumor, absence of appropriate criteria for analysis and divergence in the diagnosis, identification and characterization of the SGMT can be considered a challenge for veterinary medicine. Thus, it becomes necessary to adopt standardized criteria for the diagnosis and understanding of the biological behavior of these tumors. This paper aims to describe the characteristics of a histomorphological and immunophenotypic SGMT canine. Case: Microscopic examination showed a measuring 6,8x11,0x6,4cm surface, with subcutaneous mass with fi rm consistency, solid look and ulcerated. Presented to the court rangência containing well-defined multilobulated mass of soft consistency, solid look, color usually brownish with whitish spots. In some lobes the content presented was friable. On microscopic examination showed proliferation of epithelial cells forming glands or clefts lined by cubical epithelium and mesenchymal component characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells, which sometimes had starring appearance. In addition, there was also formation of cartilage and bone necrosis and mixed infl ammatory infi ltrate discreet. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense and diffuse cytoplasmic staining (++) for CK AE1/AE3 antibody in ductal epithelial cells, reactivity for p63 in myoepithelial cells and periductal myoepithelial cells of weak in myxoid matrix. The cell proliferation rate was low. Histopathology demonstrated a tumor mass composed by an epithelial component with glandular formation lined by cuboidal epithelium and a mesenchymal component characterized by a spindle cell proliferation. Cells with a stellate appearance, cartilage and bone formation, necrosis and mild mixed inflammatorry infiltrate were also observed. Discussion: The SGMT is a rare neoplasm in dogs. These tumors usually present myoepithelial proliferation with formation of chondroid metaplasia, and in some cases, osteoid. Usually, a set of molecular changes at different levels of cell regulation is responsible for the formation of tumors. Cancers of the skin appendages comprise a broad spectrum of benign and malignant tumors that exhibit morphological differentiation. Studies using immunohistochemical markers for components of the cytoskeleton are extremely useful in the diagnosis of these neoplasms. In evaluating the expression of cytokeratin AE1/AE3 positivity was observed cytoplasmic components of ductal epithelial apocrine glands. The expression of p63 for myoepithelial cells in the periductal areas was observed in this study demonstrating preservation of the basal layer, thus confi rming the benign nature of the neoplasm. Furthermore, immunostaining for the protein helped disclosure of myoepithelial cells forming the myxoid matrix. The evaluation of proliferative activity of SGMT for Ki67 proved to be weak. Low proliferative index are related to well-differentiated cancer cells and better prognosis in these cases. Before we confi rmed the histomorphological diagnosis of mixed tumor of sweat gland. Immunohistochemical markers such as CK AE1/AE3, p63 and Ki67 may aid in the diagnosis of cancer, helping in understanding the biological behavior of this tumor.(AU)

Tumor misto de glândula sudorípara canina / Canine sweat gland mixed tumor

Background: Sweat gland mixed tumors (SGMT) are considered a rare neoplasm in dogs. This tumor present clinically as nodules large, well defined and looks similar to other skin tumors. The diagnosis of cancer is based on aspiration cytology and histopathology. Due to the rarity of the tumor, absence of appropriate criteria for analysis and divergence in the diagnosis, identification and characterization of the SGMT can be considered a challenge for veterinary medicine. Thus, it becomes necessary to adopt standardized criteria for the diagnosis and understanding of the biological behavior of these tumors. This paper aims to describe the characteristics of a histomorphological and immunophenotypic SGMT canine. Case: Microscopic examination showed a measuring 6,8x11,0x6,4cm surface, with subcutaneous mass with fi rm consistency, solid look and ulcerated. Presented to the court rangência containing well-defined multilobulated mass of soft consistency, solid look, color usually brownish with whitish spots. In some lobes the content presented was friable. On microscopic examination showed proliferation of epithelial cells forming glands or clefts lined by cubical epithelium and mesenchymal component characterized by a proliferation of spindle cells, which sometimes had starring appearance. In addition, there was also formation of cartilage and bone necrosis and mixed infl ammatory infi ltrate discreet. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense and diffuse cytoplasmic staining (++) for CK AE1/AE3 antibody in ductal epithelial cells, reactivity for p63 in myoepithelial cells and periductal myoepithelial cells of weak in myxoid matrix. The cell proliferation rate was low. Histopathology demonstrated a tumor mass composed by an epithelial component with glandular formation lined by cuboidal epithelium and a mesenchymal component characterized by a spindle cell proliferation. Cells with a stellate appearance, cartilage and bone formation, necrosis and mild mixed inflammatorry infiltrate were also observed. Discussion: The SGMT is a rare neoplasm in dogs. These tumors usually present myoepithelial proliferation with formation of chondroid metaplasia, and in some cases, osteoid. Usually, a set of molecular changes at different levels of cell regulation is responsible for the formation of tumors. Cancers of the skin appendages comprise a broad spectrum of benign and malignant tumors that exhibit morphological differentiation. Studies using immunohistochemical markers for components of the cytoskeleton are extremely useful in the diagnosis of these neoplasms. In evaluating the expression of cytokeratin AE1/AE3 positivity was observed cytoplasmic components of ductal epithelial apocrine glands. The expression of p63 for myoepithelial cells in the periductal areas was observed in this study demonstrating preservation of the basal layer, thus confi rming the benign nature of the neoplasm. Furthermore, immunostaining for the protein helped disclosure of myoepithelial cells forming the myxoid matrix. The evaluation of proliferative activity of SGMT for Ki67 proved to be weak. Low proliferative index are related to well-differentiated cancer cells and better prognosis in these cases. Before we confi rmed the histomorphological diagnosis of mixed tumor of sweat gland. Immunohistochemical markers such as CK AE1/AE3, p63 and Ki67 may aid in the diagnosis of cancer, helping in understanding the biological behavior of this tumor.

Histopathological examination of lymphoid organs in cattle and mice experimentally poisoned by Baccharis coridifolia: immunohistochemical characterization of B and T Lymphocytes / Analise histopatológica de órgãos linfóides de bovinos e camundongos intoxicados experimentalmente por Baccharis coridifolia: caracterização imunoistoquímica de linfócitos B e T

Baccharis coridifolia is one of the most important poisonous plants to cattle in the South of Brazil. The plant provokes necrotic lesions in the lymphoid tissues and in the gastrointestinal tract of cattle. Experimental administration to mice produces most of the lesions seen in the lymphoid tissues of cattle. This study was conducted to search possible differences in the susceptibility of T and B lymphocyte subpopulations. Lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of cattle and mice experimentally poisoned were evaluated. The results were evaluated based on cell populations affected or remaining in the organs. Immunostaining for B lymphocytes (anti-BLA-36) identified the germinal center of follicles of the lymph node, spleen and GALT in both species. Immunostaining for T lymphocyte (anti-CD3) identified the paracortical area of the germinal centers of the lymph nodes and GALT, the periarteriolar area of the spleen, and the whole thymus both in cattle and mice. Experimentally poisoned cattle and mice shows necrosis of the germinal center of secondary follicles of the lymph nodes, spleen and GALT, where necrotic cells were immunostained for B and less often for T lymphocyte. Necrotic cells in the paracortical region of the lymph node were less often and were not immunostained. Necrotic lesions of the thymus were seen only in mice, with positively stained for T lymphocyte. The distribution of the lesions in the lymphoid tissues and the immunostaining in necrotic cells suggested that the active principles of the plant are cytotoxic to B and T cells.(AU)

Baccharis coridifolia é uma das mais importantes plantas tóxicas para bovinos no Sul do Brasil. A intoxicação pela planta produz lesões necróticas nos tecidos linfóides e no trato gastrointestinal de bovinos. A administração experimental para camundongos produziu a maioria das lesões que ocorrem nos tecidos linfóides de bovinos. Este estudo foi conduzido para detectar as possíveis diferenças na susceptibilidade das populações de linfócitos T e B. Foram utilizados linfonodos, baço, timo e acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino de bovinos e camundongos experimentalmente intoxicados pela planta. Os resultados foram avaliados com base na população de células lesadas ou por aquela que permaneceram nos tecidos. Em ambas as espécies, na marcação imunoistoquímica para linfócitos B (anti-BLA-36) predominou a região do centro germinativo dos linfonodos, baço e acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino. A marcação para linfócitos T (anti-CD3) predominou na região paracortical dos linfonodos, acúmulos linfóides associados ao intestino e região periarteriolar do baço e timo de ambas as espécies. Bovinos e camundongos experimentalmente intoxicados demonstraram acentuada necrose do centro germinativo dos folículos secundários dos linfonodos, baço e intestino, onde as células necrosadas foram marcadas pela imunoistoquímica para linfócitos B e em menor freqüência para linfócitos T. Necrose celular na região paracortical do linfonodo foi discreta e sem marcação imunoistoquímica. Células necróticas no timo foram observadas somente em camundongos, com imunoistoquímica positiva para linfócitos T. A distribuição das lesões nos tecidos linfóides associadas à marcação imunoistoquímica das células necrosadas sugerem que o princípio ativo da planta é citotóxico para células T e B.(AU)

Doença das mucosas associada à dermatite generalizada em bovinos, Mato Grosso do Sul / Mucosal disease associated with generalized dermatitis in cattle, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

São descritos os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e diagnósticos de uma forma de dermatite associada à doença das mucosas (DM) em bovinos. Também são abordadas metodologias para a identificação de animais persistentemente infectados (PI) e o impacto nos índices zootécnicos no rebanho afetado. Os casos de dermatite associados com DM ocorreram em dois bovinos Nelore, de 12 e 24 meses de idade, pertencentes a uma fazenda de ciclo completo de bovinos de corte no estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Os sinais clínicos nesses animais consistiam de emagrecimento lento e progressivo, formação de crostas difusas na pele de todo o corpo, pele ressecada, múltiplas ulcerações nas gengivas e face dorsal da língua, que evoluíram para fendas longitudinais, formação de projeções cornificadas e desprendimento dos cascos. Em um caso, também ocorreu diarréia no estágio final da doença. Na necropsia observaram-se ainda erosões longitudinais no esôfago. O exame histológico revelou focos de necrose de coagulação na mucosa do esôfago e língua, com infiltrado de neutrófilos e linfócitos. As lesões da pele consistiam de necrose de coagulação da epiderme associada com infiltrado de neutrófilos e hiperqueratose. Nos dois casos, a suspeita clínica foi confirmada pelo isolamento viral e identificação dos biótipos citopático e não-citopático do vírus da diarréia viral bovina (BVDV), além da detecção de antígenos virais em tecidos por imunoistoquímica. De um lote de 300 bovinos que tiveram contato com animais afetados, 38 foram testados e apresentaram altos títulos de anticorpos para o BVDV. Amostras de sangue coletadas de 1.025 animais jovens e 40 touros da propriedade foram submetidas a pesquisa de vírus para se identificarem possíveis animais persistentemente infectados (PI). O vírus foi isolado do sangue de três bezerros no teste inicial e, 12 meses depois, em dois deles que permaneceram na propriedade. Imunoistoquímica realizada em biópsia de orelhas identificou...(AU)

This paper reports epidemiological, clinical, pathological and laboratory diagnostic aspects of a form of dermatitis associated with mucosal disease (MD) in cattle. It also focuses on the methods used for identifying persistently infected (PI) animals and on the impact of the disease on fertility and weaning rates in the affected herd. Cases of dermatitis associated with MD were diagnosed in two 12 and 24-month-old Nelore calves belonging to a beef cattle farm that operates the full cycle of production (calving, rearing, finishing) in Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest Brazil. The clinical signs exhibited by affected cattle 0included slow, progressive weight loss; formation of diffuse skin crusts in multiple body areas; skin dryness; multiple ulcerations on the gums and dorsal surface of the tongue which evolved to longitudinal fissures; formation of keratinized projections; and detachment of hoof horn. In addition, diarrhea affected one animal in the late stage of the disease. Necropsies also revealed longitudinal erosions in the esophagus. Histological examination showed coagulation necrosis foci in esophageal and lingual mucosae, with neutrophil and lymphocyte infiltration. Skin lesions consisted of epidermal coagulation necrosis associated with neutrophil infiltration and hyperkeratosis. In both cases, clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the isolation and identification of cytopathic and noncytopathic biotypes of the bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and immunohistochemical detection of viral antigens in formalin fixed tissues. Out of 300 cattle that had contact with the affected animals, 38 were found to be seropositive - in high neutralizing titers - to BVDV. Blood samples from 1,025 young animals and 40 bulls from the farm were examined for the presence of BVDV to identify potential PI animals. The virus was isolated from blood of three calves in the initial test and, 12 months later, from two of them which had remained...(AU)

Mensuração sérica de Interleucina-1 β, Interleucina-6, Interleucina-10 e Fator de Necrose Tumoral α em cães com doença periodontal crônica / Measurement of serum Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, Interleukin 10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in dogs with chronic periodontal disease

A doença periodontal é resultado da inflamação das estruturas periodontais em resposta ao biofilme dentário presente na superfície dental e sulco gengival. Sua etiopatogenia é multifatorial e complexa. Na periodontite crônica há bacteremia freqüente durante rotinas diárias como escovação dentária e mastigação e acredita-se que esse estímulo constante ao sistema imunológico possa causar repercussões sistêmicas nos pacientes, como arterioescleroses. Uma das formas atuais de se mensurar essa alteração é pela presença de mediadores inflamatórios séricos. Sendo as proteínas de fase aguda, como as citocinas, as mais avaliadas. Assim como os trabalhos encontrados para a espécie humana, propôsse a mensuração sérica das interleucinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α em cães com doença periodontal crônica. Como grupo controle, utilizaram-se os mesmos pacientes após tratamento periodontal, mensurando as mesmas interleucinas depois de 21 dias do tratamento. Como resultado todas as interleucinas sofreram alteração, porém somente a IL-6 teve redução estatisticamente significativa após o tratamento periodontal. Todavia atenta-se para os elevados valores encontrados em alguns pacientes, o que pode demonstrar importante alteração sistêmica

Periodontal disease is the result of inflammation of the periodontal structures in response to the biofilm present on the tooth surface and the gingival sulcus. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Bacteremia in chronic periodontitis is constant during daily routines, such as toothbrushing and chewing, and it is believed that this constant stimulus to the immune system can cause systemic effects in patients, such as arterioescleroses. One of the current ways of measuring this change is the presence of serum inflammatory mediators. The acute phase proteins, such as cytokines, are the most valued. Like the works found for the human species, the measurement of serum interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL- 10 and TNF-α in dogs with chronic periodontal disease was proposed. As controls, we used the same patients after periodontal treatment, measuring the same interleukins after 21 days of treatment. As a result, all interleukins have been changed, but only IL-6 showed statistically significant decrease after periodontal treatment. However, the high values found in some patients, which may prove important systemic change, must be highlighted

Mensuração sérica de Interleucina-1 β, Interleucina-6, Interleucina-10 e Fator de Necrose Tumoral α em cães com doença periodontal crônica / Measurement of serum Interleukin-1β, Interleukin-6, Interleukin 10 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in dogs with chronic periodontal disease

A doença periodontal é resultado da inflamação das estruturas periodontais em resposta ao biofilme dentário presente na superfície dental e sulco gengival. Sua etiopatogenia é multifatorial e complexa. Na periodontite crônica há bacteremia freqüente durante rotinas diárias como escovação dentária e mastigação e acredita-se que esse estímulo constante ao sistema imunológico possa causar repercussões sistêmicas nos pacientes, como arterioescleroses. Uma das formas atuais de se mensurar essa alteração é pela presença de mediadores inflamatórios séricos. Sendo as proteínas de fase aguda, como as citocinas, as mais avaliadas. Assim como os trabalhos encontrados para a espécie humana, propôsse a mensuração sérica das interleucinas IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 e TNF-α em cães com doença periodontal crônica. Como grupo controle, utilizaram-se os mesmos pacientes após tratamento periodontal, mensurando as mesmas interleucinas depois de 21 dias do tratamento. Como resultado todas as interleucinas sofreram alteração, porém somente a IL-6 teve redução estatisticamente significativa após o tratamento periodontal. Todavia atenta-se para os elevados valores encontrados em alguns pacientes, o que pode demonstrar importante alteração sistêmica (AU)

Periodontal disease is the result of inflammation of the periodontal structures in response to the biofilm present on the tooth surface and the gingival sulcus. Its pathogenesis is multifactorial and complex. Bacteremia in chronic periodontitis is constant during daily routines, such as toothbrushing and chewing, and it is believed that this constant stimulus to the immune system can cause systemic effects in patients, such as arterioescleroses. One of the current ways of measuring this change is the presence of serum inflammatory mediators. The acute phase proteins, such as cytokines, are the most valued. Like the works found for the human species, the measurement of serum interleukins IL-1, IL-6, IL- 10 and TNF-α in dogs with chronic periodontal disease was proposed. As controls, we used the same patients after periodontal treatment, measuring the same interleukins after 21 days of treatment. As a result, all interleukins have been changed, but only IL-6 showed statistically significant decrease after periodontal treatment. However, the high values found in some patients, which may prove important systemic change, must be highlighted (AU)