Epidemiology of canine mammary gland tumours in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Background: Mammary tumours represent about 50 to 70% of all neoplasms in female dogs and their occurrence is directlyrelated to the reproductive status and patient´s age. The purpose of this research was to apply the Brazilian consensus ondiagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine mammary tumours and to define the regional epidemiological aspects ofcanine mammary gland tumours in Vitoria metropolitan region (ES, Brazil) between 2012 and 2016 and to correlate themacroscopic characteristics such as lesion size and location of the neoplasm with histopathological diagnosis, tumoursgrade and lymph node metastasis.Materials, Methods & Results: Data were collected from the archives of the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of UVV andmedical records of patients attended at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Ricardo Alexandre Hippler in 5 years (2012 to 2016). Theanimals were separated into groups by age to facilitate classification in the group with the highest occurrence of neoplasms. Theevaluation of the macroscopic characteristics was performed through the histopathological record described in the pathologylaboratory, for each patient, at the time of the initial evaluation. After descriptive analysis, data was correlated using Spearmanntest, and frequency dispersion was evaluated using chi-square test, both in the software Graph Pad Prism v. 6.01. This studyincluded 255 bitches and diagnosis of 486 lesions, once 48.6% of the dogs had more than one lesion, classified according tothe Brazilian Consensus for Canine Mammary Tumours and graded according to Elston and Ellis system. 86.8% of lesionswere consistent with actual mammary neoplasms, of which 67% were malignant and 20% were benign. Non-neoplastic lesionscorresponded to 7.2% of cases and 5.8% were extra-mammary neoplasms, with an increased incidence of lipomas (39.3%) andmast cell tumours (32.1%). Cross-breed dogs represented 26.7% of cases. Poodles (25.5%), Pinschers (9.8%) and Dachshund(4.7%)...(AU)

Epidemiology of canine mammary gland tumours in Espírito Santo, Brazil

Background: Mammary tumours represent about 50 to 70% of all neoplasms in female dogs and their occurrence is directlyrelated to the reproductive status and patient´s age. The purpose of this research was to apply the Brazilian consensus ondiagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine mammary tumours and to define the regional epidemiological aspects ofcanine mammary gland tumours in Vitoria metropolitan region (ES, Brazil) between 2012 and 2016 and to correlate themacroscopic characteristics such as lesion size and location of the neoplasm with histopathological diagnosis, tumoursgrade and lymph node metastasis.Materials, Methods & Results: Data were collected from the archives of the Laboratory of Animal Pathology of UVV andmedical records of patients attended at the Veterinary Hospital Prof. Ricardo Alexandre Hippler in 5 years (2012 to 2016). Theanimals were separated into groups by age to facilitate classification in the group with the highest occurrence of neoplasms. Theevaluation of the macroscopic characteristics was performed through the histopathological record described in the pathologylaboratory, for each patient, at the time of the initial evaluation. After descriptive analysis, data was correlated using Spearmanntest, and frequency dispersion was evaluated using chi-square test, both in the software Graph Pad Prism v. 6.01. This studyincluded 255 bitches and diagnosis of 486 lesions, once 48.6% of the dogs had more than one lesion, classified according tothe Brazilian Consensus for Canine Mammary Tumours and graded according to Elston and Ellis system. 86.8% of lesionswere consistent with actual mammary neoplasms, of which 67% were malignant and 20% were benign. Non-neoplastic lesionscorresponded to 7.2% of cases and 5.8% were extra-mammary neoplasms, with an increased incidence of lipomas (39.3%) andmast cell tumours (32.1%). Cross-breed dogs represented 26.7% of cases. Poodles (25.5%), Pinschers (9.8%) and Dachshund(4.7%)...

Prognostic Factors in Canine Mammary Carcinomas and HER2 Expression Relationship

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging.Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). The histologica

Consensus regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine mammary tumors: benign mixed tumors, carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas

Mammary neoplasms are the most frequent tumors in female dogs. Of these neoplasms, benign mixed tumors (BMTs) and carcinomas in mixed tumors (CMTs) represent a large proportion of small animal oncology diagnoses. Together with carcinosarcomas (CSs), these three neoplastic entities are characterized by the proliferation of benign or malignant epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal cells, depending on their histological types. This histological heterogeneity, in addition to their molecular heterogeneity, confers these tumors with distinct biological behavior, which results in the need for different clinical and therapeutic approaches. The present consensual document elucidates the oncological issues related to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of BMTs, CMTs, and CSs of the canine mammary gland.

Consensus regarding the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of canine mammary tumors: benign mixed tumors, carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas

Mammary neoplasms are the most frequent tumors in female dogs. Of these neoplasms, benign mixed tumors (BMTs) and carcinomas in mixed tumors (CMTs) represent a large proportion of small animal oncology diagnoses. Together with carcinosarcomas (CSs), these three neoplastic entities are characterized by the proliferation of benign or malignant epithelial, myoepithelial, and mesenchymal cells, depending on their histological types. This histological heterogeneity, in addition to their molecular heterogeneity, confers these tumors with distinct biological behavior, which results in the need for different clinical and therapeutic approaches. The present consensual document elucidates the oncological issues related to the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of BMTs, CMTs, and CSs of the canine mammary gland.(AU)

Prognostic factors in canine mammary carcinomas and HER2 expression relationship / Fatores de prognóstico em carcinomas mamários caninos e sua relação com expressão de HER2

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging. Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). [...](AU)

Prognostic factors in canine mammary carcinomas and HER2 expression relationship / Fatores de prognóstico em carcinomas mamários caninos e sua relação com expressão de HER2

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging. Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). [...]

CORRELAÇÃO CLÍNICO PATOLÓGICA ENTRE AS IMUNOMARCAÇÕES DE E-CADERINA E RECEPTORES DE ESTRÓGENO NOS TUMORES DE MAMA EM CADELAS

O objetivo do trabalho é estabelecer uma correlação de variáveis clínicas com as neoplasias mamárias encontradas e sua correlação sobre marcadores tumorais, podendo assim, demandar um tratamento melhor estabelecido. A relação entre o receptor de estrogênio (ER) e a expressão epitelial da caderina (E-), detectada por características clínico-patológicas e métodos imunohistoquímicos, foi avaliada em 111 tumores mamários caninos. A maioria (n = 95; 85,58%) dos tumores eram histologicamente malignos e subclassificados como grau I (n = 42), grau II (n = 31) ou grau III (n = 22). Houve uma associação estatística significativa entre malignidade grau III e imunomarcação negativa para estrogênio (p = 0,01). Nenhuma associação significativa pôde ser estabelecida entre a classificação histológica (neoplasia, benigna ou maligna) e imunomarcação para ER e caderina-E. Vinte e um (22,10 %) de 95 tumores mamários malignos metastatizaram. O carcinoma mamário simples (n = 9) foi significativamente associado à expressão ER negativa (p = 0,03), sugerindo um prognóstico ruim. Esses achados enfatizam a necessidade de melhorar os fatores prognósticos nos tumores mamários caninos

The relationship between the oestrogen receptor (ER) and epithelial (E-) cadherin expression, as detected by clinicopathological features and immunohistochemical methods, was evaluated in 111 canine mammary tumours. The majority (n = 95; 85.58%) of tumours were histologically malignant and subclassified as grade I (n = 42), grade II (n=31), or grade III (n=2022). There was a significant statistical association between grade III malignancy and negativeimmunostaining for oestrogen (p= 0.01). No significant associations could be established between histological classification (neoplasm, benign or malignant) and immunostaining for 23 ER and E-cadherin. Twenty-one (22.10%) of 95 malignant mammary tumours had metastasized. Twenty-four simple mammary carcinoma (n = 9) was significantly associated with negative ER expression (p = 0.03), suggesting a poor prognosis. These findings emphasize the necessity of improving prognostic factors in canine mammary tumours.

PESQUISA DE CÉLULAS NEOPLÁSICAS EM MEDULA ÓSSEA DE CADELAS COM TUMOR DE MAMA

A glândula mamária é o segundo sítio mais comum de desenvolvimento tumoral em cadelas. Uma das formas de estadiamento destes tumores é avaliar a presença ou ausência de metástase à distância, inclusive na medula óssea. Este achado, na Medicina, associa-se a baixa sobrevida de mulheres com tumores mamários, porém na Medicina Veterinária esse estadiamento clínico é mais utilizado para pacientes com linfomas e mastocitomas. Estudos que utilizem a biópsia de medula óssea como método de pesquisa de estadiamento em tumores mamários são escassos. Desta forma o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar lesões mamárias e a medula óssea de 36 cadelas, buscando-se células tumorais disseminadas ou focos metastáticos. Para isso realizou-se a análise histopatológica dos tumores de mama, linfonodos e medula óssea dessas cadelas, corados com Hematoxilina e Eosina. Na medula óssea também foram utilizadas a coloração com Tricrômio de Masson, para avaliação de fibrose medular, e a imunohistoquímica, para a pesquisa de micrometástase. O carcinoma em tumor misto grau I fora o mais observado (18,08%), não havendo diferença estatística com relação ao tamanho tumoral e a presença de metástase em linfonodos. Na medula óssea de uma cadela com carcinossarcoma (4,35%) houve marcação citoplasmática de uma provável célula tumoral disseminada, de origem epitelial, com o anticorpo citoqueratina-19 pela imunohistoquímica. Nenhuma das cadelas que apresentou diminuição da celularidade ou fibrose medular (Tricrômio de Masson) ou tiveram marcação celular para citoqueratina. Conclui-se então que a avaliação da medula óssea pode ser utilizada como um método de estadiamento do tumor de mama em cadelas, pois células tumorais disseminadas apresentam potencial de se tornarem lesões secundárias bem como se disseminarem para focos distantes, causando metástases terciárias num período de tempo indeterminado.

The mammary glands are the second most common site of tumour development in female dogs. One way of staging these tumours is evaluate the presence or absence of distant metastasis, including those in the bone marrow. In Medicine, this finding is associated with the low survival of women with breast tumours, but in Veterinary Medicine this clinical staging is more used for patients with lymphomas and mast cells tumours. Studies using bone marrow biopsy as a method of staging research in breast tumours are scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate mammary lesions of 36 female dogs, as well as the bone marrow of them, searching for disseminated tumour cells or metastatic foci. For this, we performed histopathological analysis of mammary gland tumours, lymph node and bone marrow of these dogs, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. The Masson's trichrome staining was also used for the evaluation of bone marrow fibrosis and immunohistochemical technique for a micrometastasis research. Carcinoma in grade I mixed tumour was the most observed (18.08%), with no statistical difference between tumour size and lymph-node metastasis. In the bone marrow of a bitch with carcinosarcoma (4.35%) a probable disseminated tumor cell of epitelial origin was found using cytokeratin-19 antibody by immunohistochemistry technique. None of the female dogs presented decreased cellularity or bone marrow fibrosis (Masson's trichrome) or had cell labeling for cytokeratin. It is concluded that bone marrow evaluation can be used as a method of staging mammary tumour in female dogs, since disseminated tumor cells have the potential to become secondary lesions as well as spread to distant foci, causing tertiary metastases in an undetermined period of time.

Specificity and Sensitivity of Cytological Techniques for Rapid Diagnosis of Neoplastic and Non-neoplastic Lesions of Canine Mammary Gland

The present study aimed at evaluating diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of cytology for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of various mammary affections of canines and the comparison of cytological findings with that of histopathology. Cytological evaluation was conducted on 33 dog patients having mammary gland lesions. Out of these, 28 cases were diagnosed for various mammary affections and rest five cases were inconclusive on the basis of cytological evaluation. Among various affections, 23 were diagnosed as tumors, four as mastitis and one as a case of steatitis. Comparison of cytological findings with histological diagnoses yielded 70% concordance between the two. For malignant mammary tumours, the correlation was 92.30% while for benign mammary tumours, it was quite low (66.66%). Among malignant tumours (n=13), there was one false positive case (7.69%) and one false negative case (7.69%). One case of mixed mammary tumour was misdiagnosed as simple adenocarcinoma. In benign tumours, only one false negative (3.3%) result was found and there was no false positive result. Various cytological techniques like touch impression, fine needle biopsy and teat fluid cytology were employed and these techniques yielded sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnoses as 87.5% and 85.7%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive value of cytology for diagnosing mammary tumours was 93.3% and75%, respectively. Overall, cytology was found most accurate in diagnosis of neoplastic lesions followed by inflammatory lesions and hyperplastic lesions.(AU)

Prognostic Value of Ki 67 Proliferation Antigen in Canine Malignant Mammary Gland Tumours

Canine malignant mammary gland tumours were surgically resected from 78 dogs to determine the prognostic value of Ki 67 Proliferation antigen. After post surgical follow up for minimum of 1 year, 48 dogs were still alive, while 21 dogs had died as a consequence of malignancy, while remaining nine dogs showed recurrence of tumour. Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded histological sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibody Ki 67 (MIB -1). At least 100 cells in eight to 10 representative fields were counted. The Ki 67 index was expressed as the percentage of positive cells. In malignant canine mammary gland tumours, Ki 67 index ranged from 2.23 to 26.34 (14.45 ± 0.51). A statistically significant difference in the Ki 67 index (P< 0.05) was found between alive and dead group of dogs. Ki 67 index correlated with histological staging as most tumours in stage II had higher Ki 67 index and showed tumour related deaths. A clear association between the death due to malignancy and Ki 67 index was evident using Ki 67 index median count cut off value of 14.27 Thus Ki 67 index was good indicator of malignancy and dogs having Ki67 index greater than 14.27 have poor prognosis for mammary gland tumours.(AU)

NEOPLASIAS MAMÁRIAS EM CADELAS: ESTUDO DOS FATORES CLÍNICO-PATOLÓGICOS E IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE ANORMALIDADES HEMATOLÓGICAS E BIOQUÍMICAS

Tumores mamários caninos são muito comuns em cadelas adultas a idosas; no entanto são poucos os trabalhos que estudam as variáveis clínico-patológicas e laboratoriais nesta doença. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo o estudo clínico e patológico dos tumores mamários em cadelas, assim como identificar as anormalidades hematológicas e bioquímicas relacionadas à síndrome paraneoplásica (SPN). O estudo ocorreu no Hospital Veterinário Francisco Uchôa Lopes, onde foram coletados dados e amostras de tumores em cadelas com suspeita de neoplasias mamárias. Após os resultados do exame histopatológico 51 cadelas foram confirmadas com lesões malignas ou benignas das glândulas mamárias, das quais 42 (72,41%) se referiam a lesões malignas, sendo a origem histológica mista maior representada pelos carcinomas em tumor misto, seguido dos tumores epiteliais com maior representação pelos carcinomas tubulares. Apenas 9 (15,52%) cadelas apresentaram tumores benignos com frequência mais expressiva para os tumores misto benigno (5/8,62%) e fibroadenomas (3/5,20%). A média de idade observada foi 10,3 anos caracterizando animais de idade média a idosos. Observou-se os cães da raça Poodle (27,45%), SRD (33,33%) e Pastor alemão (9,80%) como as raças mais frequentes quanto ao pequeno, médio e grande porte, respectivamente. Quanto à alimentação a maioria fazia uso de ração e comida caseira (66,7%). As cadelas não castradas apresentaram-se em quantidade elevada (72,54%), porém poucas fizeram uso de anticoncepcional (5,9%), todavia para as duas variáveis os tumores apresentaram-se malignos em sua maioria. Quanto aos parâmetros laboratoriais verificou-se anemia considerável, albumina com valores diminuídos principalmente nos estádios mais avançados da doença e uma tendência no aumento dos valores do cálcio quando avaliada a progressão da doença. Os resultados mostram um aumento da frequência de lesões malignas em cadelas portadoras de tumores mamários, sugerindo sempre a necessidade do estadiamento desses animais e acompanhamento das alterações laboratoriais potenciais indicativas de síndrome paraneoplásica, assim, contribuindo para a percepção de progressão da doença.

Canine mammary tumours are very common in the adult a elderly female dogs. Nevertheless, few are the studies evaluating the clinicopathological and laboratory variables in this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate such variables in canine mammary tumors addition to identifying hematological and biochemical changes related to the paraneoplastic syndrome (SPN) in female dogs. Thus, 58 female dogs data were obtained with suspected breast tumors treated at the Veterinary Hospital Francisco Uchôa Lopes to clinicopathological assessment beyond the obtaining the same tumor samples for histopathological examination. Histopathological analysis confirmed 51 female dogs with malign and benign lesions mammary glands, of which 42 (72.41%) were referring to malign mammary lesions, and the mixed histological origin most represented by carcinomas in mixed tumors, followed by epithelial tumors more represented by tubular carcinomas. Only 9 (15.52%) female dogs had benign tumors, with significant frequency to the benign mixed tumors (5 / 8.62%) and fibroadenomas (3 / 5.20%). It was observed also that the mean age was 10.3 years featuring animals middle age to seniors. In continuity, been found that the most frequent breeds were the Poodle (27.45%), SRD (33.33%) and German Shepherd (9.80%) and that these were using ration-based ration and homemade food (66.7%). Still, not castrated female dogs showed in large amount (72.54%) and few had used contraceptive (5.9%), was majority presence in both of malignant lesions. In addition, the female dogs presented significant anemia, hypoalbuminemia and a tendency to elevation of serum calcium levels when assessed disease progression, especially for the later stages. The findings show an increased frequency of malignant lesions in female dogs carriers of mammary tumors by suggesting the need to be accomplished to staging of such animals and follow up of potential laboratory abnormalities indicative of paraneoplastic syndrome, contribute thereby to the perception of disease progression.

Diagnostic significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours

The present study was designed to investigate the significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours. Samples from 74 grossly suspected cases of bitches for mammary tumour were collected from different veterinary hospitals in 10% buffered formalin, of which 65 were confirmed as tumours on histopathological examination. Among them, 11 (16.92%) were benign and 54 (83.08%) were malignant tumours. Benign tumours included benign mixed mammary tumour (36.36%), fibroadenoma (27.27%), duct papilloma (18.18%) and simple adenoma (18.18%). The malignant mammary tumours comprised of papillary adenocarcinoma (27.78%), malignant mixed mammary tumour (25.92%), solid carcinoma (18.52%), squamous cell carcinoma (5.56%), fibrosarcoma (5.56%), infiltrative adenocarcinoma (3.7%), mucinous carcinoma (3.7%) and each (1.54%) of osteochondrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, myxosarcoma, intraductal carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma). Mitotic index and AgNOR counts were significantly (P<0.05) differ for benign and malignant mammary tumours. Among malignant mammary tumours mitotic index ranged from 1.08 to 4.19 with solid carcinoma showing the highest index (4.197±1.570) and osteochondrosarcoma the lowest (1.08±0.0) while in benign mammary tumours, it ranged from 0.63 t0 0.9. AgNOR counts were significantly lower (2.57± 0.68) in benign mammary tumours than malignant (3.38±1.01). From this study it was concluded that mitotic index and AgNOR count was a good indicator of transformation of tumours towards the malignancy

Diagnostic significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours

The present study was designed to investigate the significance of mitotic index and AgNOR count in canine mammary tumours. Samples from 74 grossly suspected cases of bitches for mammary tumour were collected from different veterinary hospitals in 10% buffered formalin, of which 65 were confirmed as tumours on histopathological examination. Among them, 11 (16.92%) were benign and 54 (83.08%) were malignant tumours. Benign tumours included benign mixed mammary tumour (36.36%), fibroadenoma (27.27%), duct papilloma (18.18%) and simple adenoma (18.18%). The malignant mammary tumours comprised of papillary adenocarcinoma (27.78%), malignant mixed mammary tumour (25.92%), solid carcinoma (18.52%), squamous cell carcinoma (5.56%), fibrosarcoma (5.56%), infiltrative adenocarcinoma (3.7%), mucinous carcinoma (3.7%) and each (1.54%) of osteochondrosarcoma, carcinosarcoma, myxosarcoma, intraductal carcinoma and spindle cell carcinoma (malignant myoepithelioma). Mitotic index and AgNOR counts were significantly (P<0.05) differ for benign and malignant mammary tumours. Among malignant mammary tumours mitotic index ranged from 1.08 to 4.19 with solid carcinoma showing the highest index (4.197±1.570) and osteochondrosarcoma the lowest (1.08±0.0) while in benign mammary tumours, it ranged from 0.63 t0 0.9. AgNOR counts were significantly lower (2.57± 0.68) in benign mammary tumours than malignant (3.38±1.01). From this study it was concluded that mitotic index and AgNOR count was a good indicator of transformation of tumours towards the malignancy (AU)

Linfodono axilar como sentinela nas neoplasias mamárias de cadelas submetidas à mastectomia unilateral total.

O estudo dos tumores de mama que afetam cadelas é de grande importância devido à alta frequência com que surgem na clínica de pequenos animais, sendo a neoplasia mais comum em cadelas. É necessário obter maior conhecimento sobre a circulação linfática na glândula mamária e suas possibilidades de comunicação para que a técnica cirúrgica adequada seja escolhida. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a importância da retirada do linfonodo axilar com auxílio do corante azul patente em neoplasias mamárias de cadelas. Nesse experimento foram avaliadas 49 cadelas com neoplasia mamária submetidas a mastectomia unilateral total. O corante azul patente 2,5% foi aplicado na região intradérmica periareolar da mama torácica cranial como forma de identificação da drenagem linfática da mama e a localização do linfonodo na região axilar das pacientes. Após sua ressecção, o linfonodo foi submetido a análise histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica para procura de metástase. Como resultado foram encontrados 8 (16,33%) animais com metástase em linfonodo axilar, sendo sete pela histopatologia e um somente pela técnica de imuno-histoquímica usando o anticorpo citoqueratina. Um animal que apresentava nódulo mamário em mama abdominal caudal apresentou metástase em linfonodo axilar, o que sugere que a presença de tumor provoca linfangiogênese, ou seja, neoformação na drenagem linfática perdendo o padrão de drenagem da cadeia mamária já descrito. Esse estudo mostrou que a técnica de coloração de linfonodo axilar foi de fácil execução, facilitou a retirada do linfonodo axilar, sendo indicada sua retirada em mastectomia de cadelas devido à significante presença de célular tumorais no mesmo.

The study of breast tumours affecting dogs is of great importance due to the high frequency in which they occur in clinical small animal, being the most common cancer in dogs. Greater insight must be obtained into the lymphatic circulation in the mammary gland and its communication possibilities for the adequate surgical technique to be chosen. This study aimed to evaluate the importance of the withdrawal of axillary lymph node in breast tumours in bitches with the help of patent blue dye. In this experiment, 49 bitches with mammary tumours undergoing unilateral total mastectomy were evaluated. The 2.5% blue dye was administered intradermally in the periareolar cranial thoracic region of the breast as a means of identifying lymphatic drainage of breast cancer and the location of the lymph node in the axilla of the patient. After resection, the lymph nodes were subjected to histopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis to search for metastasis. We found 8 (16.33%) animals with metastatic axillary lymph node, seven by histopathology and only one by immunohistochemical technique using cytokeratin antibody. One of the animals with caudal abdominal mammary gland tumour was found to have metastasis in the breast axillary lymph, suggesting that the presence of tumour lymphangiogenesis. We found that the axillary lymph node staining technique was easy to perform and facilitated the removal of axillary lymph node. Our results suggest that the removal of the axillary lymph node is indicated in bitches submitted to mastectomy due to the significant presence of metastasis in this ganglion.

ESTUDO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DE NEOPLASIAS MAMÁRIAS EM CÃES (Canis familiares) EM UBERABA - MG

Casos de neoplasias mamárias acometendo cães são cada vez mais frequentes. Diversos são os fatores associados a essa patologia como ambientais, nutricionais, químicos e hormonais potencialmente carcinogênicos. O método de eleição para o diagnóstico preciso é o exame histopatológico, sua realização é fundamental para o estabelecimento da orientação terapêutica e prognóstico. Foi utilizado o banco de dados do Hospital Veterinário de Uberaba, analisando os atendimentos realizados durante o período de 21 de junho de 2004 até 29 de junho de 2015. Com o objetivo de determinar a prevalência dos casos de neoplasias mamárias em cães, correlacionar com fatores como sexo e raça, assim como classificar por meio de exame histopatológico em malignos e benignos. O número de casos positivos pela avaliação clínica aumentou significativamente em 110,15% de 2004 a 2015 (p<0,05) em contrapartida a relação de casos negativos para positivos no diagnóstico clínico tem diminuído nos últimos 11 anos, permanecendo com uma tendência a diminuir, aumentando o número de casos positivos na triagem tumoral. A média da relação do número de casos negativos pelo número de casos positivos atendidos mensalmente, que foi de: 4,23 casos negativos para 1 caso positivo; com um desvio padrão de 1,19 e um coeficiente de variação (%) de 28,24%. Ocorreu uma diminuição do número de casos positivos em machos em relação ao número de casos de fêmeas e uma grande variabilidade entre as diferentes raças. Os dados demonstraram uma elevação em percentual para achados de tumores malignos, 74%, em relação a benignos, 26%, uma taxa expressiva associada ao pior prognóstico. Dentre os malignos o mais frequente foi o tumor misto mamário e dentre os benignos o adenoma. O alto índice de diagnóstico clínico de tumor mamário com baixa confirmação por histopatológico são preocupantes. Com isso, fica um alerta em virtude da significativa quantidade de tumores malignos confirmados dentre os que foram realizados. Conclui-se uma maior frequência de consultas atua como uma possibilidade preventiva ao câncer em associação com o diagnóstico precoce e confirma a necessidade de realização de exame histopatológico para o estabelecimento da melhor conduta terapêutica e prognóstico.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY OF MAMMARY CANCER IN DOGS (Canis familiaris) Mammary tumors have become very frequent in dogs. There are several carcinogenic factors associated with this pathology, such as the environmental, nutritional, chemical and potentially carcinogenic hormones.The methodology chosen was the histopathological study, which is the method for accurate diagnosis and its guidelines are essencial for the prognosis and therapy approaches.The research database was taken from the Veterinary Hospital of Uberaba and it evaluated the veterinary visits from June 21, 2004 to June 29, 2015. The main goal of the study was to determine the prevalence of cases of mammary tumors in dogs, correlate with the carcinogenic factors, such as gender and race, as well as sort through histopathological examination in malignant and benign cases. The number of positive cases by clinical evaluation increased significantly by 110.15 % from 2004 to 2015 (p < 0.05), on the other hand, the number of negative to positive cases in the clinical diagnosis has decreased in the last 11 years, which shows a tendency of decreasing the number of negative cases and increasing the number of positive cases in the tumor screening. The average of the number of negative cases by the number of positive cases seen monthly was: 4.23 negative cases to one positive case; with a standard deviation of 1.19 and a coefficient of variation (%) of 28.24 %. The study results showed that there was a decrease in the number of positive cases in males compared to the number of cases of female, as well as a wide variability among different dog breeds. The data also listed an increase in the percentage of malignant tumors, 74 %, compared to the benign ones, 26%, which is a significant rate associated with the worst prognosis. The mammary mixed tumours are among the most common type of malignantcancer, however, the adenoma is considered the benign one. The high clinical diagnosis rate of breast dog tumors with low histological confirmation is a matter for concern. This situation is an alert due to the significant amount of malignant tumors confirmed among those that have been evaluated. In conclusion, a high frequency of veterinary visits is a possibility to prevent cancer, in combination with early diagnosis and the confirmation of the need of the histopathological examination can establish the best treatment and prognosis.

Specificity and sensitivity of cytological techniques for rapid diagnosis of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of canine mammary gland

The present study aimed at evaluating diagnostic accuracy and efficacy of cytology for rapid diagnosis and differentiation of various mammary affections of canines and the comparison of cytological findings with that of histopathology. Cytological evaluation was conducted on 33 dog patients having mammary gland lesions. Out of these, 28 cases were diagnosed for various mammary affections and rest five cases were inconclusive on the basis of cytological evaluation. Among various affections, 23 were diagnosed as tumors, four as mastitis and one as a case of steatitis. Comparison of cytological findings with histological diagnoses yielded 70% concordance between the two. For malignant mammary tumours, the correlation was 92.30% while for benign mammary tumours, it was quite low (66.66%). Among malignant tumours (n=13), there was one false positive case (7.69%) and one false negative case (7.69%). One case of mixed mammary tumour was misdiagnosed as simple adenocarcinoma. In benign tumours, only one false negative (3.3%) result was found and there was no false positive result. Various cytological techniques like touch impression, fine needle biopsy and teat fluid cytology were employed and these techniques yielded sensitivity and specificity of cytological diagnoses as 87.5% and 85.7%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive value of cytology for diagnosing mammary tumou

Prognostic value of Ki 67 proliferation antigen in canine malignant mammary gland tumours

Canine malignant mammary gland tumours were surgically resected from 78 dogs to determine the prognostic value of Ki 67 Proliferation antigen. After post surgical follow up for minimum of 1 year, 48 dogs were still alive, while 21 dogs had died as a consequence of malignancy, while remaining nine dogs showed recurrence of tumour. Formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded histological sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibody Ki 67 (MIB -1). At least 100 cells in eight to 10 representative fields were counted. The Ki 67 index was expressed as the percentage of positive cells. In malignant canine mammary gland tumours, Ki 67 index ranged from 2.23 to 26.34 (14.45 ± 0.51). A statistically significant difference in the Ki 67 index (P 0.05) was found between alive and dead group of dogs. Ki 67 index correlated with histological staging as most tumours in stage II had higher Ki 67 index and showed tumour related deaths. A clear association between the death due to malignancy and Ki 67 index was evident using Ki 67 index median count cut off value of 14.27 Thus Ki 67 index was good indicator of malignancy and dogs having Ki67 index greater than 14.27 have poor prognosis for mammary gland tumours. 

Prognostic Factors in Canine Mammary Carcinomas and HER2 Expression Relationship

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging.Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). The histologica

Prognostic Factors in Canine Mammary Carcinomas and HER2 Expression Relationship

Background: The human epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) receptor is a membrane glycoprotein tyrosine kinase. In woman, HER2 expression is diagnosed in 30% of breast carcinomas and it is associated with a worse prognosis, higher rate of recurrence and mortality. In the bitch, the HER2 overexpression in canine mammary tumors is still controversial and the prognostic value remains uncertain. Thus, we aimed to verify the HER2 expression in canine mammary carcinomas and relate it to the type and histological grade, lymph node metastasis and clinical staging.Materials, Methods & Results: Ninety bitches diagnosed with mammary carcinoma were included in this study. The inclusion criteria were bitches with complete clinical examination, thoracic radiographic examination and submitted unilateral or bilateral mastectomy. Ninety-nine samples of mammary carcinoma were used and the fragments of tumor and regional lymph nodes were fixed in 10% neutral formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemistry analysis. The lesions were evaluated by two pathologists and classified according to the type and histological grade. HER2 expression was performed by semi-quantitative analysis of the slides according to the HerceptTestTM (Dako) recommended score. Simple carcinomas were the most frequent (51.51%) followed by complex carcinomas (46.47%) and in situ carcinoma (2.02%). The histologica