Effects of ketamine, midazolam and methadone, combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy / Efeitos da cetamina, midazolam e metadona, associados à anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia

Different anesthetic combinations are used for orchiectomy in cats. This study aimed to evaluate the anesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects on the physiological variables of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and methadone (0.3 mg/kg), combined with local anesthesia, in cats undergoing orchiectomy (n = 19 cats). The time for lateral recumbency, degree of sedation, muscle relaxation and nociception were recorded preoperatively. The propofol rescue dose was recorded. The time to head up and quality of recovery were evaluated postoperatively. The time for lateral recumbency was 5 ± 2 minu-tes. Fifteen minutes after the administration of the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination, a greater sedative effect, muscle relaxation and less response to noxious stimulation were observed. Propofol was administered to twelve cats under local anesthesia, at a total dose of 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. Surgery was started 28 ± 5 minutes after the administration of ketamine--midazolam-methadone combination. There were no differences in the physiological variables evaluated over the other evalu-ation times (p > 0.05). The recovery quality scores were adequate, and the time to head up was 51 ± 10 minutes. Under the conditions of this study, the ketamine-midazolam-methadone combination did not allow local anesthesia for orchiectomy. Many cats required propofol rescue prior to surgery. This combination promoted minimal changes in physiological variables and prolonged anesthetic recovery.(AU)

Diferentes combinações anestésicas são usadas para orquiectomia em gatos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito anestésico e as alterações promovidas nas variáveis fisiológicas pela cetamina (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) e metadona (0.3 mg/kg), combinados com anestesia local, em gatos submetidos à orquiectomia (n = 19 gatos). O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral, grau de sedação, relaxamento muscular e nocicepção foram registrados no pré-operatório. A dose de resgate de propofol foi registrada. O tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça e a qualidade da recuperação foram avaliados no pós-operatório. O tempo para adoção do decúbito lateral foi de 5 ± 2 minutos. Quinze minutos após a administração da associação cetamina-midazolam-metadona, observou-se maior efeito sedativo e relaxamento muscular, e menor resposta à estimulação nociva. O propofol foi administrado em doze gatos para realização de anestesia local, utilizando a dose total de 1.5 ± 0.8 mg/kg. A cirurgia foi iniciada 28 ± 5 minutos após a administração de cetamina-midazolam-metadona. Não houve diferença nas variáveis fisiológicas avaliadas em relação aos demais tempos de avaliação (p > 0.05). Os escores de qualidade de recuperação foram adequados e o tempo para o gato erguer a cabeça foi de 51 ± 10 minutos. Nas condições deste estudo, cetamina-midazolam-metadona não permitiu a realização da anestesia local para orquiectomia. Muitos gatos precisaram de resgate com propofol antes de iniciar a cirurgia. Essa associação promoveu alterações mínimas nas variáveis fisiológicas e longa recuperação anestésica.(AU)

Effects of oxygen supplementation in ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum pick-up under total intravenous anesthesia / Efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas à aspiração de folículos por laparoscopia sob anestesia intravenosa total

Laparoscopy procedures are useful tools to perform some assisted reproductive biotechnologies in ewes, it requi-res general anesthesia and manoeuvres that might result in alteration of the cardiopulmonary function. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen supplementation as a therapeutic measure to mitigate these alterations in ewes submitted to laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Twenty-four healthy adult ewes were submitted to two LOPUs with a 21 days interval, under ketamine-midazolam anesthesia, and receiving each of the two experimental in random order, oxygen treatment (OT) 50 mL/kg/min of oxygen via endotracheal tube and control treatment (CT) not receive any inhalation treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2) and recovery anesthesia time were evaluated during LOPU, arterial blood gases and electrolytes were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and at the end of the LOPU. Variables were compared between groups and moments using ANOVA. MAP, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 and pH were higher in OT, while EtCO2, PaCO2, temperature loss and recovery time were lower. These results allow to conclude that oxy-gen supplementation in ewes submitted to LOPU under TIVA provides benefits in order to mitigate physiological alterations.(AU)

Os procedimentos de laparoscopia são ferramentas úteis para realizar algumas biotecnologias de reprodução assistida em ovelhas, requer anestesia geral e manobras que podem resultar em alteração da função cardiopulmonar. Por esse motivo, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio como medida terapêutica para atenuar as alterações em ovelhas submetidas à Aspiração Folicular guiada por Laparoscopia (LOPU) sob anestesia venosa total (TIVA). Vinte e quatro ovelhas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a duas LOPUs com intervalo de 21 dias, sob anestesia com cetamina-midazolam, recebendo cada um dos dois experimentos em ordem aleatória, tratamento com oxigênio (OT) 50 mL/kg/min de oxigênio via tubo endotraqueal e tratamento de controle (CT) não recebem nenhum tratamento por inalação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR), concentração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) e tempo de recuperação da anestesia foram avaliados durante LOPU, arterial gasometria e eletrólitos foram avaliados após a indução da anestesia e ao final da COL. As variáveis foram comparadas entre grupos e momentos por meio de ANOVA. PAM, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 e pH foram maiores no TO, enquanto EtCO2, PaCO2, perda de temperatura e tempo de recuperação foram menores. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas a LOPU sob TIVA proporciona benefícios no sentido de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

Hypertrophic phenotypic cardiomyopathy in an ocelot (Leopardus pardalis)

Background: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype (HCM) is the most common cardiac disease in domestic cats but is rarely described in wild species. This phenotype is characterized by concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle and may be of familial inheritance or secondary to other diseases such as hyperthyroidism, chronic kidney disease, systemic arterial hypertension, and hyperaldosteronism. HCM can cause diastolic and systolic dysfunction and may cause congestive heart failure in affected animals. The present work aims to describe the first report of cardiomyopathy of the hypertrophic phenotype in a specimen of Leopardus pardalis, kept under human care. Case: A 11-year-old female ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) kept under human care, during a preventive care visit, had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype detected by cardiological evaluation with echocardiogram and a murmur grade III/ VI could be detected on cardiac auscultation. This preventive care occurred under chemical restraint with ketamine [6 mg/kg, i.m] associates with midazolam [0.5 mg/kg, i.m] and other evaluations have been done like complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, albumin:globulin ratio, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and globulin) and tyroid hormones [free tyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)]. Medical management based on clopidogrel, and atenolol was administered for 3 months until the patient showed manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF) 80 days later the initial evaluation. In this moment the patient presented with dyspnea, so a cardiological and laboratory evaluation was requested. On pulmonary auscultation crackling was identified, suggesting pulmonary edema and, on echocardiographic examination, some parameters had worsened. The CBC and biochemistry were all within reference ranges. Then, the beta-blocker was discontinued and replaced by pimobendan combined with furosemide as treatment of CHF, and the condition stabilized. After one year, the patient was re-evaluated and showed a slight improvement in the condition but still remained stable. Also, feline proBNP levels was tested (SNAP Feline proBNP® IDEXX) in this moment and it was increased. Discussion: The findings on echocardiography associated with the subjective evaluation associated with progressive worsening and clinical manifestation of CHF, as well as the response to treatment, even though there are no reference values for the species, reinforce the diagnosis. There is no evidence to suggest diseases that may contribute to secondary left ventricular hypertrophy. It is believed that pimobendan plays a key role in maintaining hemodynamic balance, since this has already been observed in other mammalian species. The use of beta blockers is commonly employed in domestic cats with HCM, and they have been prescribed in an attempt to promote greater ventricular relaxation, decrease left ventricular outflow obstruction, thus improving ventricular filling for maintenance of cardiac output. In view of the atrial enlargement and possible risk of thrombus formation, clopidogrel was prescribed, extrapolating what is known from domestic cats. It is reasonable to conclude that in this case, the cardiomyopathy behaved similarly to what is observed in domestic cats, both in its clinical evolution and in the means of diagnosis, and in its response to the therapy instituted.

Mastectomia a campo em ruminantes - aspectos cirúrgicos e clínico-patológicos / Field mastectomy in ruminants - surgical and clinicopathological aspects

Background: We report the case of 3 cows, 1 ewe, and 1 doe, with chronic mastitis and which underwent a mastectomy. All animals had a history of mastitis, edema with purulent secretion in the udder region, areas of abscess formation, fibrosis, hypogalactia, and agalactia. The animals had already been treated with systemic antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory drugs without response. The objective of this work is to describe the surgical and clinicopathological aspects of performing a radical mastectomy in the field in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and a partial mastectomy in a doe, with both procedures performed successfully and considered efficient to maintain the survival of the affected animals, in addition to being economically viable. Cases: In all animals reported in the study, a general and a specific clinical examination were performed, where on palpation of the udder were observed an increase in the region of the mammary apparatus, fluid fluctuation, areas of fibrosis with increased stiffness, and loss of udder functionality. In the case of the doe, there was a functional teat, which was preserved during the surgical procedure. Radical mastectomy was performed in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and the doe underwent a partial mastectomy, with preservation of the functional teat. All animals have fasted for food and water for 48 h. In cows, the anesthetic protocol consisted of 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.15 mg/kg, intramuscularly (IM)], followed by an epidural block in the lumbosacral region with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [10 mL]. The midazolam hydrochloride [0.1 mg/kg, intravenously (IV)] and 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.05 mg/kg, IM] were administered to the ewe and the doe, also associated with lumbosacral epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [5 mL]. The animals were positioned in the right lateral decubitus position and the entire abdominal and udder region were shaved and sanitized for the surgical procedures of radical mastectomy and partial mastectomy, with the use of degerming and topical povidone-iodine. The postoperative period consisted of penicillin-based antibiotic therapy associated with streptomycin [24,000 IU/kg, IM, 10 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [2 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in cows; enrofloxacin [2.5 mg/kg, IM, 7 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 5 consecutive days] in the ewe; oxytetracycline [10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in the doe. In all animals, the cleaning of the surgical wound was performed daily with 10% topical Povidone-iodine and Permethrin ointment, for 14 days, when the stitches were removed. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in improvement of the clinical conditions and increased survival of all animals, and in the case of the doe, partial mastectomy contributed to the preservation of the functional teat, preserving its productive capacity. All anesthetic protocols used and the anatomical positioning of the animals were satisfactory for performing the procedures. Although they are techniques described in the literature with great blood loss, especially in cows, blood transfusion was not required in any of the animals. The stitches were removed 14 days after the surgical procedures, and the surgical wound was completely healed.

Comparative study between S-(+)-ketamine­midazolam and fentanyl­droperidol in black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) / Estudo comparativo entre S-(+)cetamina-midazolam e fentanil-droperidol em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata)

Sedative and antinociceptive effects of two anesthetic protocols in black-tufted marmosets were compared in this study. Twenty-six marmosets underwent chemical immobilization for physical examination, blood sampling, tattooing, and microchipping. Animals were randomly treated with S-(+)-ketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) or fentanyl (12.5 µg/kg) and droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD) given by intramuscular injection. Heart and respiratory rates were recorded. Sedation, antinociception, muscle relaxation, posture, auditory, and visual responses were evaluated using a scoring system. Sedation in KM was achieved faster (p < 0.001) and lasted for a shorter period of time (p = 0.0009). KM was similar to FD in its cardiorespiratory effects, auditory and visual responses. Both protocols promoted adequate sedation to allow manipulation. Animals in KM assumed lateral recumbency while animals in FD maintained a quadrupedal posture during evaluation. FD produced less intense sedation and muscle relaxation but a higher degree of antinociception compared to KM and is suitable for procedures that require analgesia in black-tufted marmosets.(AU)

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, sedativos e antinociceptivos de dois protocolos anestésicos em saguis-de-tufo-preto (Callithrix penicillata). Vinte e seis saguis foram submetidos à contenção química para exame físico, coleta de sangue, tatuagem de identificação e microchip. Os animais foram tratados aleatoriamente com a associação de S-(+)-cetamina (10 mg/kg) e midazolam (1 mg/kg) (KM) ou fentanil (12,5 µg/kg) e droperidol (625 µg/kg) (FD), administrados por injeção intramuscular. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, sedação, antinocicepção, relaxamento muscular, postura e resposta ao estímulo auditivo e visual. A sedação em KM foi alcançada mais rapidamente (p <0,001) e teve um tempo hábil mais curto (p = 0,0009). KM foi semelhante a FD nos efeitos cardiorrespiratórios, respostas auditivas e visuais. Os dois protocolos promoveram sedação adequada para manipulação. Os animais do grupo KM permaneceram em decúbito lateral durante a avaliação, enquanto os animais em FD mantiveram postura quadrupedal. FD resultou em sedação e relaxamento muscular de menor intensidade, porém com maior escore de antinocicepção em comparação com KM, sendo adequada para procedimentos que requerem analgesia em saguis-de-tufo-preto.(AU)

Iohexol gastrointestinal transit times in cockatiels under sedation with intranasal midazolam by computed radiography / Tempos de trânsito gastrintestinal com iohexol em calopsitas, sob sedação com midazolam intranasal, por meio de radiografia computadorizada

This study used contrast radiography to evaluate gastrointestinal transit times in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) and investigated the sedative effects of intranasal midazolam in this species and its usefulness in facilitating the manual restraint required for radiographic studies. Twelve healthy adult cockatiels received intranasal midazolam at dose of 2 mg/kg, and iohexol at 15 ml/kg by crop gavage. Radiographic images were obtained before contrast administration, 3 minutes after and then each 10 minutes for 90 minutes. Sedation quality of the bird was evaluated during the radiographic study and assessed according to an adapted visual sedation scale. Three minutes after iohexol administration, the cervical oesophagus and the crop were filled in all birds. At the same time, the contrast medium reached the thoracic oesophagus, proventriculus, isthmus and ventriculus in most birds. In all cockatiels, median (range) transit times were 3 (3-10) minutes for proventriculus and ventriculus, 10 (10-40) minutes for small intestine and 45 (30-70) minutes for large intestine. The overall gastrointestinal transit time was 50 (30-90) minutes.Crop remained filled with iohexol throughout the study, while oesophagus and isthmus presented a pattern of contrast progression different from the other gastrointestinal segments. According to the visual sedation scale, cockatiels presented a moderate to intense muscular relaxation, and intranasal midazolam seems to be an appropriate sedation protocol for radiographic study. All cockatiels remained healthy after the study and presented clear and watery stools at least 12 hours after, due to gastrointestinal emptying.

O presente estudo objetivou determinar os tempos de trânsito gastrintestinal de calopsitas (Nymphicus hollandicus) por meio do estudo radiográfico contrastado e investigar os efeitos sedativos do midazolam intranasal nesta espécie, bem como a viabilidade do uso deste fármaco para facilitar a contenção manual durante o exame radiográfico. Doze calopsitas, adultas e saudáveis, receberam midazolam intranasal, na dose de 2 mg/kg, e 15 ml/kg de iohexol por gavagem. Imagens radiográficas foram obtidas antes da administração do meio de contraste, três minutos depois da administração e a cada 10 minutos, até 90 minutos de estudo. A qualidade da sedação foi avaliada durante todo o estudo radiográfico por meio de escala visual adaptada. Três minutos após a administração do iohexol, esôfago cervical e inglúvio foram preenchidos em todas as aves. Ao mesmo tempo, o meio de contraste alcançou esôfago torácico, proventrículo, istmo e ventrículo na maioria dos animais. Em todas as aves, a mediana e intervalo dos tempos de trânsito foram três (3-10) minutos em proventrículo e ventrículo, 10 (10-40) minutos em intestino delgado e 45 (30-70) minutos em intestino grosso, sendo que o tempo total de trânsito gastrintestinal foi 50 (30-90) minutos. Inglúvio permaneceu preenchido por meio de contraste durante todo o estudo radiográfico, enquanto esôfago e istmo apresentaram padrão de trânsito diferente dos demais segmentos avaliados. As aves apresentaram moderado a intenso relaxamento muscular durante o estudo e a administração de midazolam intranasal mostrou-se como protocolo sedativo apropriado em calopsitas. Todas as aves permaneceram saudáveis e apresentaram fezes com aspecto aquoso e esbranquiçado no mínimo 12 horas após o estudo radiográfico, devido ao esvaziamento gastrintestinal.

Bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen em coelha submetida à mastectomia e ovariohisterectomia / Blockade of the transverse plane of the abdomen in a rabbit submitted to mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy

Os bloqueios locorregionais vêm sendo cada vez mais estudados na medicina veterinária, principalmente em pets não-convencionais e animais silvestres. O bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP block) é uma técnica de anestesia locorregional capaz de promover anestesia e analgesia em regiões da pele, musculatura e peritônio parietal, as quais fazem parte da estratégia de analgesia multimodal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o bloqueio do plano transverso em um coelho doméstico de quatro anos de idade submetido à mastectomia regional e ovariohisterectomia. Foram realizados dois pontos bilateralmente de bloqueio do espaço TAP guiado por ultrassom com 2mg/kg de bupivacaína a 0,25%, padronizando um volume total injetado de 2,4mL. Foram utilizados dexmedetomidina (5É¥g/kg) e midazolam (0,5mg/kg) por via intramuscular como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com isoflurano na máscara de oxigênio 100% e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Os parâmetros fisiológicos mantiveram-se estáveis, sem necessidade de resgate analgésico, com extubação rápida e despertar tranquilo. Desta forma, conclui-se que o TAP block foi eficaz na analgesia para mastectomia regional e ovariohisterectomia como protocolo multimodal, aumentando o índice de segurança, além de ser de fácil execução mesmo com transdutores de baixa frequência.

The locoregional blocks have been increasingly studied in veterinary medicine, especially in non-conventional pets and wild animals. The transverse abdominis plane block (TAP block) is a locoregional anesthesia technique capable of promoting anesthesia and analgesia in the skin, muscle, and parietal peritoneum regions, which are is part of the multimodal analgesia strategy. This study aims to report the transverse plane block in a four-year-old domestic rabbit submitted to regional mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy. Two ultrasound-guided TAP space blocks were performed bilaterally with 2mg/kg of bupivacaine 0.25%, standardizing a total injected volume of 2.4mL. Dexmedetomidine (5É¥g/kg) and midazolam (0.5mg/kg) were used intramuscularly as pre-anesthetic medication, induction with isoflurane in a 100% oxygen mask, and maintenance by inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. Physiological parameters remained stable, with no need for analgesic rescue, rapid extubation, and peaceful awakening. Thus, it is concluded that the TAP block was effective in analgesia for regional mastectomy and ovariohysterectomy as a multimodal protocol, increasing the safety index. Moreover, it is easy to perform even with low-frequency transducers.

Comparative study between ketamine-S-dexmedetomidine and ketamine-S-midazolam-methadone in the anesthesia of capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) / Estudo comparativo entre quetamina-S-dexmedetomidina e quetamina-S-midazolam- metadona na anestesia de macacos-prego (Sapajus apella)

Anesthetic protocols have been developed to obtain the most effective and safe association in wildlife. This study compared the anesthetic effects and cardiorespiratory parameters of ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/dexmedetomidine (0.020 mg/kg) (KD ) and ketamine-S (+) (10 mg/kg)/midazolam (0.5 mg/kg)/methadone (1.0 mg/kg) (KMM ) in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Eight capuchin monkeys were randomly assigned to KD (n = 4) or KMM (n = 4) to evaluate induction, immobilization, and recovery scores, heart and respiratory rate parameters, besides systolic, mean, diastolic arterial pressure and arterial blood gas. There was no difference (P = 0.56) in the quality of induction, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery between the protocols. The time for anesthetic induction was 4 ± 1 min in the KD group and 5 ± 1 min in the KMM group, and these values were statistically equal (P = 0.28). The mean immobilization time in the KD and KMM groups were 35 ± 13 and 33 ± 15 min, respectively. Heart rate was lower in animals in the KD group (P < 0.001), while respiratory rate (P = 0.03), and mean blood pressure (P = 0.046) were higher than that of the animals in the KMM group. Respiratory acidosis occurred in the KMM group, with lower pH (7.25±0.047; P = 0.0055) and higher pCO2 (51 ± 6;mmHg; P = 0.008). Both protocols exhibited good induction quality, immobilization, and anesthetic recovery, despite cardiorespiratory and blood gas alterations observed, which warrants monitoring of cardiorespiratory variables during KD or KMM chemical restraint.

Protocolos anestésicos foram desenvolvidos para obter a associação mais eficaz e segura em animais selvagens. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos anestésicos e os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios de cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / dexmedetomidina (0,020 mg / kg) (KD) e cetamina-S (+) (10 mg / kg) / midazolam (0,5 mg / kg) / metadona (1,0 mg / kg) (KMM) em macacos-prego (Sapajus apella). Oito macacos-prego foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em KD (n = 4) ou KMM (n = 4) para avaliar os escores de indução, imobilização e recuperação, parâmetros de frequência cardíaca e respiratória, além da pressão arterial sistólica, média, diastólica e gasometria arterial. Não houve diferença (P = 0,56) na qualidade da indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica entre os protocolos. O tempo de indução anestésica foi de 4 ± 1 min no grupo KD e 5 ± 1 min no grupo KMM, sendo esses valores estatisticamente iguais (P = 0,28). O tempo médio de imobilização nos grupos KD e KMM foram 35 ± 13min e 33 ± 15 min, respectivamente. A frequência cardíaca foi menor nos animais do grupo KD (P < 0,001), enquanto a frequência respiratória (P = 0,03) e a pressão arterial média (P = 0,046) foram maiores do que nos animais do grupo KMM. Acidose respiratória ocorreu no grupo KMM, com menor pH (7,25 ± 0,047; P = 0,0055) e maior pCO2 (51 ± 6; mmHg; P = 0,008). Ambos os protocolos apresentaram boa qualidade de indução, imobilização e recuperação anestésica, apesar das alterações cardiorrespiratórias e gasométricas observadas, o que justifica o monitoramento das variáveis cardiorrespiratórias durante a contenção química com KD ou KMM.

Bezold-Jarisch reflex induced by dopamine during isoflurane anesthesia in small dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR)paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field,there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 casesinvolving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicatedwith 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kgpropofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmann’s solution IV. Therespiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IVsince the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively.Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricularblock was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administeredIV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old,8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained...

Bezold-Jarisch reflex induced by dopamine during isoflurane anesthesia in small dogs

Background: Unlike other major reflexes contributing to hemodynamic homeostasis, the Bezold-Jarisch reflex (BJR)paradoxically decreases heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) despite hypotension. In the veterinary field,there are few reported cases of BJR induced by dopamine, which is often used to manage hypotension. Herein, 2 casesinvolving small dogs exhibiting BJR due to dopamine infusion during general anesthesia are described.Cases: Case 1: A 7-year-old, 7 kg, mongrel was referred for external skeletal fixator removal. The patient was premedicatedwith 0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol intravenously (IV). General anesthesia was induced with 6 mg/kgpropofol and maintained with 1.6% isoflurane in oxygen. The patient was given 5 mL/kg/h of Hartmanns solution IV. Therespiratory rate (RR) was set to 9 breaths/min with a ventilator. The HR and MAP values were initially 120 bpm and 76mmHg and gradually decreased to 70 bpm and 40 mmHg, respectively. The end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (ETCO2) was 39mmHg, and the patient was administered 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate IV. Then, 5 μg/kg/min dopamine was administered IVsince the MAP did not improve. The HR, MAP, and ETCO2 increased to 113 bpm, 72 mmHg, and 47 mmHg, respectively.Subsequently, HR and MAP dramatically decreased to 50 bpm and 43 mmHg, respectively. A second-degree atrioventricularblock was detected, prompting dopamine infusion discontinuation, and 2.5 μg/kg glycopyrrolate was again administeredIV. Within 5 min, HR and MAP values normalized, and postoperative patient recovery was typical. Case 2: A 2-year-old,8.6 kg, mongrel underwent surgery to correct a medial luxating patella of the right leg. The patient was premedicated with0.3 mg/kg midazolam and 0.2 mg/kg butorphanol IV. Anesthesia was induced with 4 mg/kg propofol IV and maintained...(AU)

Dexmedetomidine for chemical restraint of a Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris)

Background: The Brazilian tapir (Tapirus terrestris), considered the largest land mammal in South America, is a vulnerable species in terms of its degree of conservation. In captivity, its health is evaluated through behavioral and physical observation and laboratory exams, and in some cases, chemical restraint, to reduce stress. Dissociative anesthetics and sedatives are used for the sedation of these animals, and few studies have reported the use of dexmedetomidine and its effects when associated with other drugs in chemical containment protocols; therefore, this work reports its use, in conjunction with ketamine and midazolam, in a young Brazilian tapir. Case: A male Brazilian tapir, male, weighing 89 kg, 1 and a half year old, housed at CETAS in Rio Branco, Acre, was chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine (7 µg/kg), ketamine (1.5 mg/kg), and midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) for venous blood collection, oral and rectal mucosal swabs, and microchipping. The protocol was administered intramuscularly to the right triceps brachii, after physical restraint. After 5 min of application, the animal assumed sternal recumbency and presented reflux. After 15 min, the patient was placed in the right lateral decubitus position. During collection, heart rate (48 ± 10 bpm), respiratory frequency (29 ± 1 mpm), rectal temperature (38.1 ± 0.18°C), oxyhemoglobin saturation (97 ± 1%), and electrocardiographic tracing were recorded. The tapir showed deep sedation, immobility, good muscle relaxation, discreet medial palpebral reflex, and bilateral rotation of the eyeball. After 40 min of protocol administration, sedative reversal was performed intramuscularly with 14 µg/kg atipamezole. Five min after administration, the tapir showed signs of mild sedation. After 10 min, he assumed the quadrupedal position, remained in this position for 8 min, and gently resumed the sternal decubitus. After only 20 min, he resumed the quadrupedal position, with mild ataxia and good muscular and conscious tone. After 50 min, the patient was discharged from anesthesia. Discussion: Domestic horses are phylogenetically close to tapirs, so the choice of drugs and doses of the protocol used was based on their use in horses, and on studies carried out with tapirs as well. Despite being docile and passive, the tapir was not conditioned and did not allow the manipulation and collection of samples collaboratively; therefore, it was chemically contained. The physical restraint performed did not generate satisfactory immobilization of the tapir, resulting in agitation and stress and causing the needle to break. The reflux presented by the tapir minutes after sedation and at recovery was induced by dexmedetomidine, and only the undigested banana pieces were offered to the animal. Reflux plus stress from extensive fasting and suboptimal physical restraint was responsible for the change in the tapir's eating behavior, with possible stress gastritis 24 h after chemical restraint. Only one study reported the use of dexmedetomidine in tapirs, associated with continuous infusions of ketamine, midazolam and guaiacol glyceryl ether for moderate to long-term field procedures. Sedative reversal of dexmedetomidine by atipamezole reduced the recovery time and the risk of death from cardiorespiratory depression. The anesthetic combination used was effective, promoting immobility, muscle relaxation, and stability of the physical parameters evaluated, with rapid and gentle induction and an adequate level of sedation for the objective, good sedative reversal, and anesthetic recovery.

Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico / Humerus fracture in a buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - anesthesia and surgical procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature. Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluating the limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system and the supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure. Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient's death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized.

Lumbar paravertebral block in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted to pelvic limb amputation: case report / Bloqueio paravertebral lombar em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetido à amputação de membro pélvico: relato de caso

The concern about pain management in exotic mammals is increasing. However, only a few studies describe locoregional anesthesia techniques in rabbits. Thus, this report aims to describe the lumbar paravertebral block, guided by peripheral nerve stimulation, in a rabbit undergoing mid-femoral amputation. We received a one-year-old rabbit weighing 1.27kg with a history of non-union of the right femur and osteomyelitis. The animal came to us for high pelvic limb amputation. After premedication with ketamine, midazolam, and morphine, the patient was maintained under general anesthesia in a non-rebreathing circuit under spontaneous ventilation with isoflurane vaporized in 0.6 oxygen. Using a peripheral nerve stimulator, we performed the lumbar paravertebral block, positioning the needle between the L5 and L6 vertebrae and injecting 0.2mL/kg bupivacaine. The patient remained stable throughout the procedure, without the need for analgesic rescue with opioids during surgery and postoperatively. The discharge occurred after 24 hours. The lumbar paravertebral block proved efficient for trans and postoperative analgesia for high pelvic limbic amputation in rabbits.

A preocupação quanto ao manejo da dor em mamíferos exóticos é crescente, entretanto existem poucos estudos que descrevem o uso de técnicas de anestesia locorregional em coelhos. Assim, este relato tem por objetivo descrever o bloqueio paravertebral lombar guiado por neurolocalizador em um coelho submetido à amputação mediofemoral. Um coelho de um ano de idade e 1,27kg foi atendido com histórico de não união de fêmur direito e osteomielite, sendo encaminhado para amputação alta do membro pélvico. Após pré-medicação com cetamina, midazolam e morfina, o paciente foi mantido sob anestesia geral em circuito sem reinalação de gases, sob ventilação espontânea com isoflurano vaporizado em 0,6 de oxigênio. O bloqueio do plexo lombar foi realizado pela abordagem paravertebral, com o auxílio de neurolocalizador, sendo a agulha posicionada entre as vértebras L5 e L6 e injeção de 0,2mL/kg de bupivacaína 0,5%. O paciente manteve-se estável durante todo o procedimento, sem a necessidade de resgate analgésico com opioides no trans e no pós-operatório. O paciente recebeu alta médica após 24 horas. O bloqueio lombar paravertebral demonstrou-se eficiente para analgesia trans e pós-operatória no procedimento de amputação alta de membro pélvico de coelho.

Influence of recumbency on the pulmonary shunt in sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep / Influência do decúbito na ocorrência de shunt pulmonar em ovinos anestesiados com sevoflurano

This study assessed the impact of different recumbency on sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep. Seven female sheep were premedicated with 0.1 mg.kg-1 butorfanol and subsequently administered a combination of 3 mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg.kg-1 midazolam. Animals were maintained on sevoflurane anaesthesia with pressure-controlled ventilation (12 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure) and ƒ of 10 mpm. During the anaesthetic procedure, animals underwent one out of three different recumbency: dorsal, left lateral, or right lateral positions. Treatments lasted 120 min with a 48-h washout period in between the treatments. Arterial and central venous blood samples were withdrawn for blood gas and electrolytes analysis and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) CaO2, CcvO2, and CcO2 were calculated accordingly. Results showed that Qs/Qt greatly decreased from 0 to 120 min in all the groups (dorsal: 69.3% to 27.3%; left lateral: 59.1% to 25.0%; right lateral: 67.2% to 32.4%). CaO2, CcvO2 and CcO2 improved over time points, with no difference among treatments. PaO2 and PAO2 showed higher values for 60 and 120 min compared to the 0 min value in all groups, with no differences among treatments as well. PaCO2 and ETCO2 in the lateral groups were higher than those in the dorsal group at 120 min. Pressure-controlled ventilation improved gas exchanges in sheep, thereby reducing pulmonary shunt. Recumbency did not interfere with pulmonary shunt, nevertheless, special attention must be paid to lateral recumbency.

O estudo avaliou o impacto de diferentes decúbitos em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano. Sete ovelhas foram pré-medicadas com 0,1 mg.kg-1 de butorfanol e induzidas à anestesia com 3 mg.kg-1 de cetamina e 0,5 mg.kg-1 de midazolam. Os animais foram mantidos em anestesia por sevofluorano, em ventilação mecânica controlada por pressão, com pico inspiratório em 12 cm H2O e f de 10 mpm, sendo mantidos por 120 minutos. Durante esse período os animais foram submetidos a um dos três tratamentos: decúbito dorsal, lateral esquerdo ou lateral direito, com intervalo de no mínimo 48 horas entre eles. Amostras de sangue arterial e venoso central foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos e eletrólitos, bem como para cálculo da fração de shunt pulmonar (Qs/Qt), CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2. Os resultados mostraram que Qs/Qt diminuiu expressivamente de 0 a 120 minutos em todos os grupos (dorsal: 69,3% para 27,3%; lateral esquerdo: 59,1% para 25,0%; lateral direito: 67,2% para 32,4%). Os índices de CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2 melhoraram ao longo do tempo, sem diferença entre tratamentos. PaO2 e PAO2 apresentaram valores maiores, em todos os grupos, nos minutos 60 e 120 em comparação ao momento 0, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos. PaCO2 e ETCO2 apresentaram maiores valores nos grupos laterais em comparação ao grupo dorsal ao final do procedimento. Conclui-se que a ventilação controlada por pressão melhorou as trocas gasosas em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano, reduzindo o shunt pulmonar. O decúbito não interferiu na formação de shunt pulmonar, porém, deve ser dada atenção especial aos decúbitos laterais.

Hip dislocation in a calf - treatment with iliofemoral suture

Background: Coxofemoral dislocation is uncommon in large animals, due to anatomical particularities that provide greater stability to this joint. The most common causes of hip dislocation in large animals are related to hypocalcemia, mount trauma, sudden falls on hard surfaces or dystocia. Treatment can be performed by closed reduction, but the reported results are not satisfactory with complications. Several surgical techniques have already been described and successfully used in small animals in the treatment of hip dislocation. The present work aims to describe the technique and the result of the iliofemoral suture in the treatment of hip dislocation in a Girolando heifer. Case: A heifer was attended with a history of difficulty in getting up. According to the owner, the clinical manifestation was sudden, after remaining in a paddock with other animals of different age groups. The calf had reduced skin sensitivity on the croup, and it was impossible to remain in the quadrupedal position, often remaining in sternal recumbency with the left pelvic limb in extension. From the clinical examination, spinal cord injury was suspected and clinical treatment was instituted with dexamethasone, vitamins B1, B12 and dimethylsulfoxide. At the end of the clinical treatment, the animal did not show a favorable evolution, so radiographic examination of the coxofemoral region was performed, revealing dislocation of the left femoral head, indicating surgical correction. Xylazine was administered as pre-anesthetic medication, followed by anesthetic induction with midazolam associated with ketamine, followed by orotracheal intubation. Anesthetic maintenance was instituted with isoflurane and monitoring was performed with a multiparameter monitor. An epidural block was performed with bupivacaine and morphine. A craniolateral approach to the left hip joint was performed. After the dislocation was reduced, sutures were used to better stabilize the joint in question. Following the evolution of the surgical procedure, it was possible to confirm that the femoral head remained in place. After 15 days, the skin stitches were removed and the animal was discharged from the hospital and returned to its original property. The calf was asked to remain in the stall for at least 60 days, gradually releasing it into larger spaces and only after 120 days could it remain in the paddock with other animals. During three months, the tutor was consulted about the evolution of the condition, reporting that the animal was clinically well, being able to get up and walk without difficulty and with a mild degree of lameness, thus suggesting the success of the surgical procedure. Discussion: There are few studies of successful surgical treatments of hip dislocation in large animals, and that number is even smaller when considering cattle alone. It is believed that this is due to difficulties related to the surgical technique and to postoperative handling, given the animal's weight. The iliofemoral suture technique performed on the animal in the present study is commonly employed in small animals, and excellent results have been observed. However, reports on the use of this technique in large animals have not been found. The iliofemoral suture technique has advantages over other reported surgical techniques in cattle. When compared to the femoral head and neck resection, the iliofemoral suture has several advantages, as it allows preservation of the joint and achievement of superior biomechanical results. When compared to the technique of reinforcement of the joint capsule with synthetic material, also reported in cattle, the iliofemoral suture appears to be faster, simpler and more economic, and provides similar stability. We conclude that the iliofemoral suture proved to be a satisfactory alternative for the treatment of hip dislocations in young cattle.

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Anestesia de cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) com dextrocetamina e midazolam / Anesthesia of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) with dextroketamine and midazolam

Research has increasingly focused on wild animals, and this requires the use of chemical restraints that are safe for both the species and the team involved. Dextroketamine is the levorotatory ketamine isomer that has been used on domestic species as an alternative that is more potent and safer than the racemic form. Midazolam is a benzodiazepine that induces muscle relaxation and minimal cardiorespiratory changes. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a combination of dextroketamine and midazolam can be safely used for the chemical restraint of agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha), and the effects of this protocol on physiological and anesthetic parameters. This study was carried out under conditions similar to those found for wild animals in captivity or in zoos. A pre-evaluation was also made to compare the baseline values of this study with those of other studies on the same species. Nine healthy adult agoutis were used, weighing between 1.5 kg and 2 kg. All the parameters were evaluated and recorded before the drugs were applied, and this was considered the baseline moment (M0). The dextroketamine and midazolam combination was then administered intramuscularly, in the same syringe, in dosages of 15 mg/kg and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively. Successive evaluations were made every 10 min over a period of 40 min (M10, M20, M30 and M40). The latency stage of anesthesia, effective stage and recovery stage were observed. Heart rate (HR) and breathing frequency (f), body temperature (BT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and electrocardiogram were recorded. HR and SBP showed no significant difference between moments. Breathing frequency (f) showed a significant decline at M10 and M20 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). BT decreased from the moment the drugs were administered until the end of the experimental period, with a significant difference between M0 and M40, and M10 and M40 (P < 0.05). SpO2 decreased significantly at M10 and M20 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the duration and amplitude of the P wave or in the duration of the QRS complex, QT interval and amplitude of the R wave. Regarding the PR interval, there was a significant difference only at M40 when compared to baseline values (P < 0.05). No arrhythmia was observed. An evaluation of the effects of anesthesia indicated that the animals had an average latency stage of 2 min, an effective stage of 87 min, and an average recovery stage of 111 min. Adverse effects observed during the anesthetic recovery period consisted of tearing, salivation, tongue protrusion, vocalization and chewing reflex. The results indicated that the association of anesthetic drugs under study caused minimal changes in the animals' physiological parameters, except for the breathing frequency (f), which declined considerably, resulting in a reduction in SpO2 , which was compensated during the study. In addition, there was a rapid onset of restraint and a satisfactory duration. Thus, from the cardiorespiratory standpoint, the combination of dextroketamine and midazolam in the doses used provides a safe anesthetic protocol for agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) and can be used for the chemical restraint of these animals for the performance of non-invasive and short-term procedures.(AU)

Bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen guiado por ultrassom em felino submetido a mastectomia regional / Blocking of the abdomen transverse plan guided by ultrasound in feline submitted to regional mastectomy

Os bloqueios locorregionais vêm sendo cada vez mais utilizados na medicina veterinária. O bloqueio do plano transverso do abdômen (TAP Block) é uma técnica de anestesia locorregional, faz parte da estratégia de analgesia multimodal, capaz de promover anestesia e analgesia em regiões de pele, musculatura e peritônio parietal. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o bloqueio do plano transverso em um felino macho de dois anos de idade submetido a mastectomia regional. Foram feitos dois pontos de bloqueio do espaço TAP guiado por ultrassom, em cada lado do abdômen: um na parte caudal da região abdominal média, cranial a crista ilíaca, e o outro ponto, caudal a última costela, com 0,5mg/kg de bupivacaína a 0,25% em cada ponto, padronizando um volume injetado de 0,6mL. Foi utilizado acepromazina (0,05mg/kg), petidina (3mg/kg), cetamina (2mg/kg) e midazolam (0,3mg/kg) como medicação pré-anestésica, indução com propofol (3mg/kg) e manutenção por anestesia inalatória com isoflurano. Conclui-se que o TAP block foi eficaz para mastectomia regional abdominal, com alto índice de segurança e de fácil execução com treinamento adequado, mesmo com transdutores de baixa frequência.

Locoregional blocks have been increasingly used in veterinary medicine. Blocking the transverse plane of the abdomen (TAP Block) is a technique of locoregional anesthesia, it is part of the multimodal analgesia strategy, capable of promoting anesthesia and analgesia in regions of skin, musculature and parietal peritoneum. The aim of this study is to report the transverse plane block in a two-year-old male cat undergoing regional mastectomy. Two ultrasound-guided TAP space block points were made on each side of the abdomen: one in the caudal part of the middle abodminal region, cranial to the iliac crest, and the other point, caudal to the last rib, with 0.5mg/kg of 0.25% bupivacaine at each point, standardizing an injected volume of 0.6mL. Acepromazine (0.05mg/kg), pethidine (3mg/kg), ketamine (2mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3mg/kg) were used as pre-anesthetic medication, induction with propofol (3mg/kg) and maintenance by inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane. It is concluded that the TAP block was effective for regional abdominal mastectomy, with a high safety index and easy to perform with adequate training, even with less frequent transducers.

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...

Bloqueio do plexo-braquial e peridural lombossacra em um quati (Nasua nasua) / Brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural in a South American coati (Nasua nasua)

Background: The South American coatis (Nasua nasua) are capable of adapting to different habitats, which allowed themto exchange between domestic and wild areas, increasing the occurrence of traumas. Procedures performed in this speciesdemand anesthetic protocols that take comorbidities into account and cause minimal cardiorespiratory depression as wellas rapid recovery. It is in such context that locoregional anesthesia has become an essential tool. Thus, we aim to reportthe use of two techniques of locoreginal block: brachial plexus block and lumbosacral epidural block, in a Nasua nasuasubmitted to osteosynthesis of the radius and caudectomy due to trauma.Case: A adult male coati weighing 2.3 kg was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the UniversidadeFederal do Paraná (UFPR) - Setor Palotina with a history of trauma. Physical examination showed crackling in the radius and ulnar region, and also abnormal angulation in the distal portion of the tail. After taking x-rays, fractures wereconfirmed in the distal radius and in the distal portion of the tail. The patient was referred for surgery. After 8 h of waterand food withdrawal, the animal was premedicated with a combination of ketamine (10 mg/kg), midazolam (0.3 mg/kg)and methadone (0.2 mg/kg), intramuscularly (IM). Induction of anesthesia was performed with propofol titrated to effect(total dose 4 mg/kg) and anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in spontaneous ventilation using a non-rebreathingcircuit (Baraka). It was evaluated heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RF), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2), expired isoflurane fraction (FE´Iso), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and coretemperature (CT) using a multiparametric monitor. After the stabilization period, the animal was positioned in lateral...(AU)