Nitrous oxide production from cattle and swine manure

The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of nitrous oxide (N2O) production from manure. The article investigates the scientific literature regarding N2O emissions according to different factors, such as microclimate, season, manure composition, microbial population, management, storage conditions, and type of digestion. Nitrous oxide is formed through the microbiological processes of nitrification and denitrification. The amount of N2O produced from manure storage depends on type of manure management. The anaerobically stored farm yard manure (FYM) emitted more N2O emissions than the composted FYM. The anaerobic storage of liquid manure reduces N2O production. Covering the slurry store (SLR) with a chopped straw increased N2O emissions. Finally, emission factors from manure treatment and management are listed in table. (AU)

Nitrous oxide production from cattle and swine manure

The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge of nitrous oxide (N2O) production from manure. The article investigates the scientific literature regarding N2O emissions according to different factors, such as microclimate, season, manure composition, microbial population, management, storage conditions, and type of digestion. Nitrous oxide is formed through the microbiological processes of nitrification and denitrification. The amount of N2O produced from manure storage depends on type of manure management. The anaerobically stored farm yard manure (FYM) emitted more N2O emissions than the composted FYM. The anaerobic storage of liquid manure reduces N2O production. Covering the slurry store (SLR) with a chopped straw increased N2O emissions. Finally, emission factors from manure treatment and management are listed in table.

Immobilization of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria by polyvinyl alcohol and sodium alginate

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were immobilized by polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sodium alginate. The immobilization conditions and ammonia oxidation ability of the immobilized bacteria were investigated. The following immobilization conditions were observed to be optimal: PVA, 12%; sodium alginate, 1.1%; calcium chloride, 1.0%; inoculum concentration, 1.3 immobilized balls/mL of immobilized medium; pH, 10; and temperature, 30 °C. The immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria exhibited strong ammonia oxidation ability even after being recycled four times. The ammonia nitrogen removal rate of the immobilized ammonia-oxidizing bacteria reached 90.30% under the optimal immobilization conditions. When compared with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria immobilized by sodium alginate alone, the bacteria immobilized by PVA and sodium alginate were superior with respect to pH resistance, the number of reuses, material cost, heat resistance, and ammonia oxidation ability.(AU)

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.

Treatment of swine manure: case studies in Europeans N-surplus areas

In this study, eight different manure treatment plants were monitored. The plants were four on-farm and four centralized treatment plants, all of them at full-scale level. Assessment includes a total of seven pre-treatment and process units as follows: mechanical separation, with and without coagulant and flocculant addition, pasteurization, nitrification-denitrification, anaerobic digestion, and composting. The plants are located in nutrient surplus areas of three European Member States (Spain, Italy and Denmark), the majority of these areas being Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ). Results presented herein are data collected over a six-month period and comprise performance data of the treatment plants, pathogen indicators (E.coli and Salmonella) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data under two scenarios: 1) the baseline scenario and 2) the treatment plant scenario. The assessment includes GHG emissions of the storage facilities, transportation, and subsequent intermediate storage, electric consumption, electric production, composting, and land application. All treatment plants studied generated a significant reduction in GHG emissions (between 53 and 90 %) in comparison to the baseline scenario. Organic matter and total solids (TS) content in manure were also greatly reduced, with values ranging between 35-53 % of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and, 24-61 % of TS for anaerobic digestion (AD) treatment plants, 77-93 % COD and 70 % TS in the case of AD combined with nitrogen (N)-removal unit plants. Nitrogen concentrations were also greatly reduced (between 65-85 %) total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and 68-83 % ammonium (NH4+-N)) in plants with N-removal units.(AU)

Decline of phosphorus, copper, and zinc in anaerobic swine lagoon columns receiving pretreated influent

Land application of both anaerobic lagoon liquid and sludge can increase nutrient accumulation beyond the soils assimilative capacity and become a threat to water quality in regions with intensive, confined swine production. In a 15-month meso-scale column study, we evaluated the effect of manure pretreatment on the reduction of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), and total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in swine lagoons using (i) enhanced solid-liquid separation (SS) and (ii) solid-liquid separation plus biological nitrogen treatment with nitrification-denitrification (SS + NDN). A conventional anaerobic lagoon treatment was included as a control. A mass flow balance revealed that with both pretreatments the net mass input of TP, Cu, and Zn in the lagoon columns declined 80 to 100 % when compared to the control. Even though both pretreatments significantly reduced P in the inflow, TP and SRP were negatively correlated (r = -0.51 to -0.87) with TSS in the liquid fraction because of the dissolution of P from sludge into the overlying lagoon liquid. On the other hand, the removal of solids by both pretreatments effectively reduced Cu and Zn concentrations in the lagoon liquid, and their concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.79 to 0.90) with TSS. The decline in mass accumulation of TP, Cu, and Zn in sludge as a result of the reduction of input solids can help minimize both the frequency of sludge removal for lagoon maintenance and the land area for its disposal.

Decline of phosphorus, copper, and zinc in anaerobic swine lagoon columns receiving pretreated influent

Land application of both anaerobic lagoon liquid and sludge can increase nutrient accumulation beyond the soils assimilative capacity and become a threat to water quality in regions with intensive, confined swine production. In a 15-month meso-scale column study, we evaluated the effect of manure pretreatment on the reduction of total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive P (SRP), and total copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in swine lagoons using (i) enhanced solid-liquid separation (SS) and (ii) solid-liquid separation plus biological nitrogen treatment with nitrification-denitrification (SS + NDN). A conventional anaerobic lagoon treatment was included as a control. A mass flow balance revealed that with both pretreatments the net mass input of TP, Cu, and Zn in the lagoon columns declined 80 to 100 % when compared to the control. Even though both pretreatments significantly reduced P in the inflow, TP and SRP were negatively correlated (r = -0.51 to -0.87) with TSS in the liquid fraction because of the dissolution of P from sludge into the overlying lagoon liquid. On the other hand, the removal of solids by both pretreatments effectively reduced Cu and Zn concentrations in the lagoon liquid, and their concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.79 to 0.90) with TSS. The decline in mass accumulation of TP, Cu, and Zn in sludge as a result of the reduction of input solids can help minimize both the frequency of sludge removal for lagoon maintenance and the land area for its disposal.(AU)

Dicyandiamide as nitrification inhibitor of pig slurry ammonium nitrogen in soil / Dicianodiamida como inibidor da nitrificação do nitrogênio amoniacal de dejetos líquidos de suínos no solo

Inhibition of nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen pig slurry after its application to the soil can mitigate nitrogen (N) losses by nitrate (NO3 -) denitrification and leaching, with economical and environmental benefits. However, the use of this strategy is incipient in Brazil and, therefore, requires further assessment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of dicyandiamide (DCD) nitrification inhibitor in slowing the nitrification of ammoniacal N applied to the soil with pig slurry (PS). For this, incubation was performed in laboratory, where nitrification was assessed by NO3 - accumulation in the soil. Rates of 2.8, 5.7 and 11.3kg DCD ha-1 were compared, being applied to the soil during PS addition. Nitrification was inhibited by DCD, and inhibition magnitude and duration depended on DCD applied rate. At a dose of 11.3kg ha-1 DCD, nitrification was completely inhibited in the first 12 days. During the first month after PS application, each 2.8kg of DCD increase applied per hectare promoted NO3 --N reduction in the soil of 13.3kg ha-1, allowing longer ammoniacal N maintenance in the soil.(AU)

A inibição da nitrificação do nitrogênio amoniacal dos dejetos de suínos, após sua aplicação no solo, poderá mitigar as perdas de nitrogênio (N) por desnitrificação e lixiviação de nitrato (NO3 -), com benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Todavia, o uso dessa estratégia é incipiente no Brasil e, por isso, necessita ser avaliada. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a eficiência do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD) em retardar a nitrificação do N amoniacal aplicado ao solo com dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS). Para isso, foi realizada uma incubação no laboratório, quando a nitrificação foi avaliada através do acúmulo de NO3 - no solo. Foram comparadas as doses de 2,8, 5,7 e 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, aplicadas ao solo no momento da adição dos DLS. A nitrificação foi inibida pela DCD, sendo que a magnitude e a duração da inibição foram dependentes da dose de DCD aplicada. Na dose de 11,3kg de DCD ha-1, a nitrificação foi completamente inibida nos primeiros 12 dias. Durante o primeiro mês após a aplicação dos dejetos, cada incremento de 2,8kg de DCD aplicado por hectare promoveu uma redução no aparecimento de N-NO3 - no solo de 13,3kg ha-1, o que permite a manutenção de N amoniacal por mais tempo no solo.(AU)

Redução na velocidade da nitrificação no solo após aplicação de cama de aviário com dicianodiamida

The fast nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen (N) of organic and mineral sources in soil can result in losses of nitrate (NO3-) to the environment. One strategy to reduce these losses involves the use of nitrification inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in laboratory conditions, the efficiency of Agrotain® Plus (AP), which contains dicyandiamide (DCD), as a nitrification inhibitor of ammoniacal nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) in soil. Were evaluated five treatments, one with PM incorporated into the soil, three with PM incorporated into the soil with AP at the doses of 3.5, 7.0 e 14.0kg ha-1 and one treatment without PM and AP. Nitrification was monitored by measuring changes in soil mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) periodically over 69 days. The highest rate of nitrification occurred in the treatment in which PM was incorporated into the soil without AP. The doses of 3.5 and 7.0kg ha-1 of AP inhibited partially the nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen of PM in the initial phase of incubation, losing the ability to inhibit this process in the period between 12 and 27 days. The treatment with the higher dose of AP (14kg ha-1) was on in which the DCD exerted more inhibitory effect on nitrification, preserving most NH4+ and delaying the onset of NO3- in soil. The results of this study indicate that the DCD, contained in the Agrotain® Plus, reduces the nitrification rate of ammoniacal nitrogen from PM in soil, that may contribute to reduce NO3- losses to the environment.

A rápida nitrificação do nitrogênio (N) amoniacal de fontes orgânicas e minerais no solo pode resultar em perdas de nitrato (NO3-) para o ambiente. Uma estratégia para a redução dessas perdas envolve o uso de inibidores de nitrificação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar, em condições de laboratório, a eficiência da dicianodiamida (DCD), presente no produto Agrotain® Plus (AP), em inibir a nitrificação do N amoniacal de cama de aviário (CA) no solo. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, sendo um com CA incorporada ao solo, três com CA incorporada ao solo com AP, nas doses de 3,5, 7,0 e 14,0kg ha-1, além de um tratamento somente com solo. A nitrificação foi monitorada através da determinação periódica dos teores de NH4+ e NO3 no solo durante 69 dias. A maior taxa de nitrificação ocorreu no tratamento em que a CA foi incorporada ao solo sem AP. As doses de 3,5 e 7,0kg de AP ha-1 inibiram parcialmente a nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA na fase inicial da incubação, perdendo a eficiência em inibir esse processo no período entre 12 e 27 dias. O tratamento com a maior dose de AP (14kg ha-1) foi aquele em que a DCD exerceu maior efeito inibitório da nitrificação, preservando maior quantidade de NH4+ e retardando o aparecimento de NO3- no solo. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a DCD, contida no Agrotain® Plus, reduz a taxa de nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA no solo, o que poderá contribuir à redução das perdas de NO3- para o ambiente.

Redução na velocidade da nitrificação no solo após aplicação de cama de aviário com dicianodiamida

The fast nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen (N) of organic and mineral sources in soil can result in losses of nitrate (NO3-) to the environment. One strategy to reduce these losses involves the use of nitrification inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in laboratory conditions, the efficiency of Agrotain® Plus (AP), which contains dicyandiamide (DCD), as a nitrification inhibitor of ammoniacal nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) in soil. Were evaluated five treatments, one with PM incorporated into the soil, three with PM incorporated into the soil with AP at the doses of 3.5, 7.0 e 14.0kg ha-1 and one treatment without PM and AP. Nitrification was monitored by measuring changes in soil mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) periodically over 69 days. The highest rate of nitrification occurred in the treatment in which PM was incorporated into the soil without AP. The doses of 3.5 and 7.0kg ha-1 of AP inhibited partially the nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen of PM in the initial phase of incubation, losing the ability to inhibit this process in the period between 12 and 27 days. The treatment with the higher dose of AP (14kg ha-1) was on in which the DCD exerted more inhibitory effect on nitrification, preserving most NH4+ and delaying the onset of NO3- in soil. The results of this study indicate that the DCD, contained in the Agrotain® Plus, reduces the nitrification rate of ammoniacal nitrogen from PM in soil, that may contribute to reduce NO3- losses to the environment.

A rápida nitrificação do nitrogênio (N) amoniacal de fontes orgânicas e minerais no solo pode resultar em perdas de nitrato (NO3-) para o ambiente. Uma estratégia para a redução dessas perdas envolve o uso de inibidores de nitrificação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar, em condições de laboratório, a eficiência da dicianodiamida (DCD), presente no produto Agrotain® Plus (AP), em inibir a nitrificação do N amoniacal de cama de aviário (CA) no solo. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, sendo um com CA incorporada ao solo, três com CA incorporada ao solo com AP, nas doses de 3,5, 7,0 e 14,0kg ha-1, além de um tratamento somente com solo. A nitrificação foi monitorada através da determinação periódica dos teores de NH4+ e NO3 no solo durante 69 dias. A maior taxa de nitrificação ocorreu no tratamento em que a CA foi incorporada ao solo sem AP. As doses de 3,5 e 7,0kg de AP ha-1 inibiram parcialmente a nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA na fase inicial da incubação, perdendo a eficiência em inibir esse processo no período entre 12 e 27 dias. O tratamento com a maior dose de AP (14kg ha-1) foi aquele em que a DCD exerceu maior efeito inibitório da nitrificação, preservando maior quantidade de NH4+ e retardando o aparecimento de NO3- no solo. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a DCD, contida no Agrotain® Plus, reduz a taxa de nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA no solo, o que poderá contribuir à redução das perdas de NO3- para o ambiente.

Redução na velocidade da nitrificação no solo após aplicação de cama de aviário com dicianodiamida

The fast nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen (N) of organic and mineral sources in soil can result in losses of nitrate (NO3-) to the environment. One strategy to reduce these losses involves the use of nitrification inhibitors. The objective of this study was to evaluate, in laboratory conditions, the efficiency of Agrotain® Plus (AP), which contains dicyandiamide (DCD), as a nitrification inhibitor of ammoniacal nitrogen from poultry manure (PM) in soil. Were evaluated five treatments, one with PM incorporated into the soil, three with PM incorporated into the soil with AP at the doses of 3.5, 7.0 e 14.0kg ha-1 and one treatment without PM and AP. Nitrification was monitored by measuring changes in soil mineral N (NH4+ and NO3-) periodically over 69 days. The highest rate of nitrification occurred in the treatment in which PM was incorporated into the soil without AP. The doses of 3.5 and 7.0kg ha-1 of AP inhibited partially the nitrification of ammoniacal nitrogen of PM in the initial phase of incubation, losing the ability to inhibit this process in the period between 12 and 27 days. The treatment with the higher dose of AP (14kg ha-1) was on in which the DCD exerted more inhibitory effect on nitrification, preserving most NH4+ and delaying the onset of NO3- in soil. The results of this study indicate that the DCD, contained in the Agrotain® Plus, reduces the nitrification rate of ammoniacal nitrogen from PM in soil, that may contribute to reduce NO3- losses to the environment.

A rápida nitrificação do nitrogênio (N) amoniacal de fontes orgânicas e minerais no solo pode resultar em perdas de nitrato (NO3-) para o ambiente. Uma estratégia para a redução dessas perdas envolve o uso de inibidores de nitrificação. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de avaliar, em condições de laboratório, a eficiência da dicianodiamida (DCD), presente no produto Agrotain® Plus (AP), em inibir a nitrificação do N amoniacal de cama de aviário (CA) no solo. Foram avaliados cinco tratamentos, sendo um com CA incorporada ao solo, três com CA incorporada ao solo com AP, nas doses de 3,5, 7,0 e 14,0kg ha-1, além de um tratamento somente com solo. A nitrificação foi monitorada através da determinação periódica dos teores de NH4+ e NO3 no solo durante 69 dias. A maior taxa de nitrificação ocorreu no tratamento em que a CA foi incorporada ao solo sem AP. As doses de 3,5 e 7,0kg de AP ha-1 inibiram parcialmente a nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA na fase inicial da incubação, perdendo a eficiência em inibir esse processo no período entre 12 e 27 dias. O tratamento com a maior dose de AP (14kg ha-1) foi aquele em que a DCD exerceu maior efeito inibitório da nitrificação, preservando maior quantidade de NH4+ e retardando o aparecimento de NO3- no solo. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a DCD, contida no Agrotain® Plus, reduz a taxa de nitrificação do N amoniacal da CA no solo, o que poderá contribuir à redução das perdas de NO3- para o ambiente.